Nasa - cr-1452 Alternator and Voltage Regulator-Exciter For A Brayton Cycle Space Power System

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N A S A CONTRACTOR
REPORT
4
C A
4
2
ALTERNATOR A N D VOLTAGE
REGULATOR-EXCITER
FOR A BRAYTON CYCLE
SPACE POWER SYSTEM
I1 - Unbalanced Electromagnetic Forces
by J. E. GreenweZZ, E. F. RnsseZZ, una L. J. Yedger
Prepared by
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY
Erie, Pa.
for Lewis Research Center
NATIONAL
AERONAUTICS
AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON,
D. C. MAY 1970
TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM
!
-~
1. Report No.
NASA CR-1452
2. GovernmentAccossion,No.
. ~-
I 3. Recipient'sCatalog No.
5. ReportDate
REGULATOR-EXCPTER.FOR A BRAYTON 'CYCLE May 1970
SPACEPOWERSYSTEM 6. PerformingOrganizotionCode
-
II UNBALANCED ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCES
7. Authods) 8. Performing Organizotion Report No.
J. E.Greenwell, E. F. Russell,
. .
L. J. Yeager A69-003 VOl. II
9. Performing Orgmization Nome and Address 110. Work U n i t No.
General ElectricCo.
11. Contract or Grant No.
Erie, Pennsylvania NAS 3-6013
13. Type of Report and Period Covered
2. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Contractor Report
Space Administr.ation
National Aeronautics 'and.
Washington, D.C. 20546
14. SponsoringAgencyCode
- ~~
5 . Supplementary Notes
.~ ~
. --- .- . . ~
6 . Abstract
The unbalanced magnetic forces in a homopolar inductor alternator due to rotor eccen-
tricity were determined both analytically and experimentally. Analytic expressions con-
sisting of cosinusoidal terms are given for forcesin the X and Y axes of the stator.
Forces were measuredthrough the use of specially constructed end shields instrumented
with strain gages. Output from the gages was displayed on an oscilloscope in the form of
a Lissajous pattern. A correlation between measured and predicted forces is given.
~~ ~~~ I
17. Key Words ( S u g g e s t e d b y A o t h o t ( s ) ) 18. Distribution Statement

Unclassified - unlimited
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19. SecurityClassif.(ofthisreport) 20. SecurityClassif.(ofthis page) 21. No. of Pages 22. P r i c e *
Unclassified Unclassified 167 $3.00
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*For sale by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information
Springfield, Virginia 22151
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I FOREWORD 1
I1 SUMMARY 2
I11 INTRODUCTION 3
IV ORIGIN OF FORCE AND ANALYTICAL DEVELOPMENT 6
V NOMENCLATURE - ANAI;YTICAL STUDY 15
v1: RESULTS 16
Form a n d S i g n i f i c a n c e of E q u a t i o n s 16
SUnUnary of A n a l y t i c a l R e s u l t s 17
Summary of E x p e r i m e n t a l R e s u l t s 18
ExperimentalandAnalyticalCorrelation 19
ConclusionsandRecommendations 20
VI1 TEST AF'PARATUS ANI TEST "H.OD 36
APPENDICES
VIII Complete Analytical Expressions 46
M Derivation of Analytical Expressions 65
X Experimental Data 87
XI Eccentricity Measurements 137
XI1 Transducer Design and Calibration 1 40
XI11 Spectrum Analysis 152
XIV Analytical and Ekperimental Correlation 158
XV REFERENCES 163
iii
SECTION I
FOREWORD
The r e s e a r c h d e s c r i b e d h e r e i n , w h i c h was conducted by G e n e r a l E k c t r i c Company
of Erie, Pennsylvania under subcontract to Pratt andWhitney A i r c r a f t Division

of United Aircraft Corporation, w a s performed under NASA c o n t r a c t NAS 3-6013.
The P r o j e c t Manager f o r NASA was Mr. Henry B. Tryon, Space Power Systems
Division,LewisResearchCenter. The r e p o r t was o r i g i n a l l y i s s u e d as General
E l e c t r i c r e p o r t M9-003 Vol. 11.

SECTION I1
SUMMARY
The B r a y t o n C y c l e t u r b o a l t e r n a t o r will r u n o n g a s b e a r i n g s , t h e d e s i g n o f which

depends t o a l a r g e e x t e n t o n t h e u n b a l a n c e d e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c f o r c e s e x i s t i n g in
t h e a l t e r n a t o r as a r e s u l t o f e c c e n t r i c i t y b e t w e e n t h e r o t o r and s t a t o r . Due
t o c o n f l i c t i n g l i t e r a t u r e on t h e s u b j e c t , and a need t o have good d e s i g n d a t a ,
a n a n a l y t i c a l andexperimentalbearingforce program was i n i t i a t e d t o d e t e r m i n e
t h e n a t u r e andmagnitudeoftheforces.
The a n a l y t i c a l r e s u l t s c o n s i s t e d o f e q u a t i o n s made up of c o s i n u s o i d a l terms

f o r a n X-axisandY-axis f i x e do nt h es t a t o r . The Y-axis equationproduced
a DC component and a l a r g e 2 p e r r e v o l u t i o n term f o r t h e b a l a n c e d l o a d c a s e s ,
andhigherharmonic terms f o r t h e s i n g l e p h a s e l o a d i n g a n d s i n g l e p h a s e s h o r t
c i r c u i t cases. S i m i l a r terms appeared i n t h e X-axis e q u a t i o n ,b u t no DC
component e x i s t e d S . a t u r a t i o nr e d u c e dt h ef o r c em a g n i t u d e as expected.Forces
p r e d i c t e d from the above equations were modified by d i v i d i n g by t h e number of
stator circuits to reflect a circuit effect.
Forces were measuredthroughtheuse of s p e c i a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d e n d s h i e l d s

i n s t r u m e n t e dw i t hs t r a i ng a g e si nb o t ht h e X and Y axes.Outputfromthegages
was p a s s e d t h r o u g h a p p r o p r i a t e e l e c t r o n i c equipmentand d i s p l a y e d o n a n o s c i l l o -
scope as a L i s s a j o u s p a t t e r n . The a l t e r n a t o r was d r i v e n by a ni n d u c t i o nm o t o r .
The a l t e r n a t o r andthemotor were f l a n g e mounted o n t o a t e s t s t a n d which was
isolated from surrounding vibration by v i b r a t i o n mounts.
The n a t u r e of t h e measured f o r c e s was as p r e d i c t e d , b u t t h e m a g n i t u d e was

s i g n i f i c a n t l y less. F u r t h e rt e s t i n g a t t h e no l o a d case r e v e a l e dt h a tt h e
f o r c e r e d u c i n g e f f e c t of t h e s t a t o r c i r c u i t s a n d p o s s i b l y t h e a m o r t i s s e u r
winding was about twice a s g r e a t a s assumed. D i f f e r e n t i a l s a t u r a t i o n of t h e
o p p o s i n gs t a t o rt e e t hp r o d u c e df u r t h e rr e d u c t i o nw h i c h , when f a c t o r e d i n w i t h
theabovecircuiteffectgavereasonablecorrelation betweenmeasuredand
p r e d i c t e df o r c e sf o rt h eb a l a n c e dl o a d and s i n g l ep h a s el o a d i n gc a s e s . The
Lissajouspatternforthesinglephaseshortcircuitcase was very complex
r e f l e c t i n gt h eh i g h e rh a r m o n i cc o n t e n tp r e d i c t e d ,b u tt h em a g n i t u d e was s i g -
n i f i c a n t l y l e s s due t o time v a r i a n t s a t u r a t i o n a n d t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d f a c t o r s .
Recommendations f o r f u t u r e work i n c l u d e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t o s t a t o r c i r c u i t
e f f e c t ,a m o r t i s s e u re f f e c t , and time v a r i a n t s a t u r a t i o n .
2
SECTION I1 I
INTRODUCTION
Thework covered i n t h i s r e p o r t was doneundersubcontract PWASC 6013-2 t o

P r a t t & Whitney A i r c r a f t who served as P r i m e C o n t r a c t o r t o NASA f o r c o n t r a c t
NAS3-6013. NASA h a se n v i s i o n e dt h ef u t u r e need f o rl a r g eb l o c k s of power f o r
s p a c e a p p l i c a t i o n s , andone of theenergyconversion schemesbeing investigated
i s the Brayton Cycle which includes rotating machinery as shown i n
F i g u r e 1. T h i st u r b o a l t e r n a t o ru s e sa r g o ng a s as t h ew o r k i n gf l u i d and r u n s
onhydrodynamic g a sb e a r i n g s to providelong l i f e and eliminatetheproblem
o fw o r k i n gf l u i dc o n t a m i n a t i o nt h a t would e x i s t if c o n v e n t i o n a l o i l l u b r i c a t e d
b e a r i n g s were used.Sincegasbearingshave l i m i t e d a b i l i t yt oc a r r yl a r g e
r a d i a l l o a d s and o p e r a t e w i t h e x t r e m e l y s m a l l r a d i a l c l e a r a n c e s , i t became
i m p o r t a n tt od e t e r m i n et h en a t u r e and magnitudeoftheradialelectromagnetic
loadforproperbearingdesign and t o a v o i d b e a r i n g i n s t a b i l i t y .
Withthecenterline of t h e a l t e r n a t o r r o t o r c o i n c i d e n t w i t h t h e c e n t e r l i n e of
i t s s t a t o r( u n i f o r ma i rg a p ) ,t h eu n b a l a n c e dr a d i a lm q g n e t i cf o r c es h o u l d be
zero. A s t h e r o t o r is d i s p l a c e df r o mt h es t a t o rc e n t e r l i n e ,t h ea i rg a p s
become u n e q u a l a n d t h e r e s u l t i n g c h a n g e s i n f l u x d e n s i t y causethemagnetic
f o r c e s between r o t o r and s t a t o r t o become unbalanced. The f o r c eb e t w e e nr o t o r
and s t a t o r becomes h i g h e r on t h e s i d e w i t h s m a l l a i r gapand h i g h f l u x d e n s i t y
andlower on t h e s i d e w i t ht h eg r e a t e r gap. The r e s u l t i s a netunbalanced
r a d i a lf o r c ei nt h eg e n e r a ld i r e c t i o n of t h er o t o rd i s p l a c e m e n t .I no r d e rt o
more prnpet1.y d e f i n e t h e f o r c e , t h e problem was a t t a c k e d from two d i r e c t i o n s ,
a n a l y t i c a l l y and e x p e r i m e n t a l l y .
The a n a l y t i c a l s t u d y produced equations which describe the force under various

c o n d i t i o n s of a l t e r n a t o rl o a d i n g and e c c e n t r i c i t y d i r e c t i o n . These e q u a t i o n s
c o n t a i nt h ee f f e c t s of r o t o r p o l e s a l i e n c y , s t a t o r s l o t t i n g , a m o r t i s s e u r
s l o t t i n g ,a r m a t u r er e a c t i o n , andmagneticsaturation. They a r ei nr h ef o r m
of F o u r i e r series whichcanreadily be introduced as i n p u t t o g a s b e a r i n g
s t a b i l i t y computerprograms. The e f f e c t s of s t a t o r c i r c u i t s and a m o r t i s s e u r
r e a c t i o n were n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s , b u t a r e recommended f o r f u t u r e
study;especiallythestatorcircuits whichappeartohave a
stronger force reducing capability than assumed.
I n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l program, t h e A l t e r n a t o r R e s e a r c h Package was equipped with

speciallydesigne.dendshields and a n t i - f r i c t i o n b e a r i n g s so that the bearing
r e a c t i o n sc o u l d bemeasured.The forcesdeveloped a t t h e a i r gapcouldthen
b ec a l c u l a t e db y moment summation. The e n d s h i e l d s hadnecked-down portions
w h i c hs u p p o r tt h eb e a r i n gh o u s i n g s .S t r a i ng a g e s on t h e s es u p p o r t sg a v ea n
e l e c t r i c a l r e a d o u t of i n s t a n t a n e o u sb e a r i n gr e a c t i o n s . The a l t e r n a t o r was
drivenfrom a s e p a r a t e i n d u c t i o n motor r a t h e r t h a n a turbine.Four sets of
bearinghousings were made. By c h a n g i n gb e a r i n gh o u s i n g s ,t h ee c c e n t r i c i t y
of r o t o r w i t h r e s p e c t t o s t a t o r c o u l d be v a r i e d from e s s e n t i a l l y z e r o t o .006"
( o u t of a .040" nominal a i r gap). T e s t s were s t a g e d by l o a d i n g t h e a l t e r n a t o r
3
a t d i f f e r e n t WA pawer o u t p u t s , d i f f e r e n t power f a c t o r s a n d w i t h b a l a n c e d and
unbalancedloads and s h o r t s .
Detailed d e s c r i p t i o n s of t h e a n a l y t i c a l p r o c e d u r e and e x p e r i m e n t a l t e s t i n g c a n
be found in S e c t i o n s IV andVI1.The various Appendices cover related tests,
a n a l y s i s ofproblemsencounteredduringthecourse of t h e t e s t i n g , t h e a c t u a l
test data, analytical d e r i v a t i o n s , andcomputerprogramsdeveloped for the
analysis.
4
BRAYTONCYCLETURBOALTERNATOR
NAS 3-6013
FIGURE 1
SECTION IV
Origin of theForceandAnalyticalDevelopment
The l i k e l i h o o d of b u i l d i n g a machine with a p e r f e c t l y c o n c e n t r i c r o t o r and

s t a t o r is v e r y srnall. The problemmightbecompared t o t h a t of p l a c i n g a steel
b a l l e x a e t l y between the poles of a horseshoe magnet so t h a t i t won't m o v e when
a l l r e s t r a i n t i s t a k e n away.
Considerthesketch below:
Assume t h a t t h e above f i g u r e r e p r e s e n t s a .002" " e r r o r " i n m a n u f a c t u r i n g so

t h a t one pole of t h e r o t o r on oneend i s c l o s e r t o t h e s t a t o r t h a n t h e o t h e r .
Fortheabovefigure l e t t h ee x c i t i n gm a g n e m n o t i v ef o r c e ("F) be 635 amp t u r n s
and t h e s u r f a c e a r e a of eachpole 6 sq. inches.
It canbe shown t h a t
r
For t h e l e f t gap
= 505
0 = P i X MMF = 505 X 635 = 320,675
= = 320,675 = 53,500
A 6
6
Where:
F = Force i n pounds
> = Flux d e n s i t y i n K LINE/IN2
A = Area i n sq. inches
/c"= P e r m e a b i l i t y of medium
1 - Magnetic path length i n inches

PI = Permeance
0 = Flux in lines
F = 28*6X lo8 X 6 = 237 l b s .
72 X 1
0'
For the right handgap
P r = 455
)3 * 48,100 l i n e s / i n 2
F = 193 lbs . (right side)
This can be pictured vectorially as
-
2 37 193
4 --
or
44 l b s .
So a s h i f t of .002" i n t h e s p a c i n g of t h e qxample g i v e s a n e t 44 l b . p u l l t o
theleft.Thispullthen arises from t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n f l u x d e n s i t i e s of t h e
unequal a i r gapswhich r e s u l t from t o l e r a n c e i n t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g p r o c e s s and
assembly.
The 44 poundsof t h i s example is r o u g h l ye q u i v a l e n tt ot h eB r a y t o nC y c l e F cal-

c u l a t e d f o r c e of Fig. 3, S e c t i o n V I when o p e r a t i n g a t 15 KVA, 8 P.F withouf a
c i r c u i tr e d u c i n ge f f e c t . The "I? of 635, t h ep o l e area of 6 i n 2 , and t h e a i r
gapof .038" c o r r e s p o n dt ot h eB r a y t o nC y c l eA l t e r n a t o rf o rt h es t a t e dl o a d
c o n d i t i o n .F a c t o r i n gi n a c i r c u i t e f f e c t of 2 r e d u c e s the f o r c e t o 22 pounds.
S i n c e t h e two s t a t o r c i r c u i t s are connected i n p a r a l l e l , a c i r c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t

w i l l flowreducingthefluxandthustheforce a t t h e smaller gapand i n c r e a s -
ing t h e s e a t t h e l a r g e r g a p , y e i l d i n g a net r e d u c t i o n .
7
A n a l y t i c a l Development
The b e a r i n g f o r c e s e x p e r i e n c e d i n a n a l t e r n a t o r are somewhat more complex

t h a nt h ep r e v i o u se x a m p l e . The m f ' s i n a n a l t e r n a t o r s t a t o r are moving i n
time andspace. If t h el o a d i s balanced,thefundamental m f i s moving i n
synchrmism with the rotor while the harmonics rotate backward o r forward a t
some speedotherthansynchronous, . I ft h el o a d i s unbalanced,large mf
wavesmoving i n t h e backward d i r e c t i o n (as r e f e r r e d t o t h e r o t o r ) are g e n e r a t e d .
A l l oftheseinteractingmf'simpressedacrosssaturable s t e e l and a changing

a i r gapcause a n o n - u n i f o r m l y d i s t r i b u t e d f l u x wave a c r o s s t h e r o t o r p o l e s .
T h i s f l u x wave modulated by t h e s t a t o r a n d r o t o r s l o t permeances i s p r e d i c t a b l e .
I n most c a s e s , t h e c e n t e r o r p e a k of t h e armature mmf's i s o u t of l i n e w i t h t h e
rotor direct axis and r e s u l t s i n a maximum f o r c e d i s p l a c e d from t h e c e n t e r o f
t h er o t o rp o l e and t h ep o i n t of minimum a i r gap. Under unbalancedconditions,
t h e a n g l e between minimum a i r gapand maximum f o r c e may evenbe s h i f t i n g w i t h
time
S a t u r a t i o nf u r t h e rc l o u d st h ef o r c ep i c t u r e . The ampere t u r n so f mmf ( b o t h

f i e l d andarmaturereaction) are r e l a t i v e l y f i x e d i n magnitude a t a g i v e n p o i n t .
The e f f e c t i v e ampere t u r n s v a r i e s as a f u n c t i o n of t h e l o c a t i o n a r o u n d t h e
machine w h i l et h e permeance i s a l s ov a r y i n gw i t hl o c a t i o n . Becauseof these
factorstheratio betweenampere t u r n s i n t h e i r o n andampere t u r n s i n t h e g a p
v a r i e s from p o i n t t o p o i n t a r o u n d t h e m a c h i n e .
The B r a y t o n C y c l e B e a r i n g F o r c e A n a l y t i c a l S t u d y c e n t e r s a r o u n d t h e t y p e of
e c c e n t r i c i t y shown below. The s k e t c h r e p r e s e n t s a n a x i a l view of oneend of
thealternatorand shows t h e s t a t o r b o r e and r o t o r o u t l i n e .
.042"
8
Illustrated:
Case whereB = 0 , eccentricity = 0.002"*
All angles positive clockwise Y axis (B from
from negY - axis)
The analytical development begins with the equation:
Eq #1
Where F is directed radially outward
F~ F ( r i a l direction)
X
X
and the component of force .in the "y" axis direction
is F cos 8 and the component
"x" axis direction is
-of force in the F sin 0 , as shown above.
-- and -- Eq #2
Eq # 3
where P is a per unit permeance
for exai:!e, permeance is defined by the following
equation :
Permeance
=e Eq %4
where A = Cross sectional area perpendicular to flux

L = Length of flux path
/ u = Permeability of medium
rearranging Eq 8 4 results in:

P = per unit permeance = Permeance = -
1 Eq t 5
The modulated per unit gap

Ppermeance
A L
is expressed as:
'ga
'p
rotor x 'stator x 'eccentricity
and the ampere turns of mmf are:
nnnf gap = m f ac + ATdc = mmf ( e , wt , @)+ ATdc Eq il6
where: -8 = mechangle g = pawer

angle
The rotor permeance is in two parts, the amortisseur and main saliency,
SOProtor
Pamort
that + saliency.
Pmain
Eq. #7
* B is definedas the angle between the negative
Y axis and the line connect-
It is measured
ing the rotor magnetic center with stator magnetic center.
in a clockwise direction in radians.
I
The f o l l o w i n g a n a l y t i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t d e a l s w i t h t h e r e c i p r i c a l of t h e g a p as
t h e permeanceof the machine.
The r o t o r g a p r e p r e s e n t a t i o n andpermeance e x p r e s s i o n i s obtained by a F o u r i e r

analysisoftherotorusingthefollowingsaliencyrepresentation:
P = pole
<= perunitpole arc
g = gapoverpole
g l = g a po v e rs a l i e n c y
2
From t h eF o u r i e ra n a l y s i s ,( S e eS e c t i o n I X ) t h e D-C o rc o n s t a n t term is:
Po = (5 + 1-oc)
gl 82
and t h e mainpermeanceharmonics are:
Eq #9
where n r e p r e s e n t s t h e h a r m o n i c number.
Combining t h e s e g i v e s t h e t o t a l r o t o r main s a l i e n c y permeance e x p r e s s i o n
The a m o r t i s s e u r permeance i s given by a similar e x p r e s s i o n
P - cos Eq b l l
amort - 'An
where NA = e f f e c t i v e a m o r t i s s e u r s l o t s = 50
10
The stator slot permeance expression
is
P s = PSn cos (n NSO) Eq #12
where NS = 48 stator slots
and P h, P are coefficients for anortiseeur and stator slot harmonic

permeance ta& from a paper by Freeman.( 1)
For the Brayton Cycle,the Coefficientsare:
and is the average permeance of the gap over the rotorpoles. It is

also possible to express eccentricity as a permeance. This has been so done
that the only termsin the expression for flux density are permeance mnf.and
The permeance expression representing eccentricity

is:
Eq 1/13
The current in the stator winding and field coil can be expressed as a series
of turns times current asa function of position and time. For most conditions
the series is:
mmf, = M K pn Ka cos (n e (0 - ut + - )"e )) + ATdc Eq 1/14
Kpn = pitch factor Kdn = distribution factor
where M is a constant containing the currents and number

of turns.
From the variousperiueances and the mnf expression, a complete expression for
> can be written.
(1) The Calculation of Harmonics D u e to Slotting in the Flux Density Waveform

in Dynamo Electric Machines, IEE paper #523U, June 1962, Freeman. Dr.
11
Then s u b s t i t u t i n g E q u a t i o n s 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 i n t oE q u a t i o n %3y i e l d s :
Eq. ill5
With n a n u n l i m i t e d v a r i a b l e t h i s e q u a t i o n t a k e s o n r a t h e r l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n s .
For t h e a n a l y t i c a l s t u d y , n was l i m i t e d t o s i g n i f i c a n t v a l u e s f o r e a c h permeance
a n dr e s u l t e di na ne x p r e s s i o nf o r B of approximately 8000 terms.. * S i n c ef o r c e
i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o B2 t h e 8000 terms J3 e x p r e s s i o n mustbesquared.
To k e e pt r a c k of t h e terms, t h e n o t a t i o n
B E q . 1/16
x1x2x3x4x5
was introduced.
The x ' s r e p r e s e n tr o t o r ,s t a t o r ,a m o r t i s s e u r ,e c c e n t r i c i t y , and MMF harmonic

numbers r e s p e c t i v e l y .
The following example shows how 'a f o r c e a r i s e s from a g i v e n s e t ofpermeance

harmonics. Choose thecase B ~ O O O OX B l o O 1 l which i s one of t h ec r o s sp r o d u c t
terms of t h e B2 e x p r e s s i o n . The f i r s t ]3 i s madeup of t h er o t o rf u n d a m e n t a l
permeanceandzeroorderpermeance o r MMF terms, thesecond i s made up of the
r o t o rf u n d a m e n t a l ,e c c e n t r i c i t yf u n d a m e n t a l , MMF fundamental, and z e r oo r d e r
terms f o r t h e s t a t o r and a m o r t i s s e u r permeance.
* The harmonicsusedwere -5- 0+5 for the rotor, - 2 3 0++2 for the stator
-2-wO-2 f o rt h ea m o r t i s s e u r , 0-91 f o r e c c e n t r i c i t y and t h r o u g ht h e1 3 t hf o r
"I?.
12
* + 112 cos (28 - 2~ t - 38 + 4 wt - B - 'iy +ye)
T h i sm u l t i p l i e db yc o s 8 t o d e n o t ed i r e c t i o na n di n t e g r a t e do v e r 2 results i n
Fy = - 2.09 COS (-2wt + B - W + ye)

Eq #21
- 4.18 COS (2wt - B - + pe)'?T+
Note w e c o u l d h a v e r e d i c t e d that o n l y t h e terms marked w i t h * would integrate

to other than zero 8)
since they have an angle which contains 2 0 which when
combined w i t h t h e c o s 8 (directionterm)cancelstoeliminate 0 from t h e
integral.
T h e r ea r eo t h e rc o n s i d e r a t i o n si nt h i sf o r c e . Forexample,each term of t h e
r o t o r permeance is reduced i n magnitudeand s h i f t e d i n space t o r e f l e c t s a t u -
r a t i o ni nb o t ht h er o t o r and s t a t o r t e e t h . S a t u r a t i o n i s c a l c u l a t e d as a
f u n c t i o n of t i m e andmechanicalangleforeachoperatingcondition. To accom-
plish this the flux wave i n t h e a l t e r n a t o r is analyzed t o y i e l d permeanceharmonic
c o e f f i c i e n t s which a l t e r t h e u n s a t u r a t e d r o t o r permeanceharmonic coefficients
b e f o r eb e a r i n gf o r c e i s c a l c u l a t e d . A t t h e same t i m e , t h e a n g l e pe associated
w i t h mmf, t h e e x a c t v a l u e of ATdc a s s e e n a t t h e a i r gap,and f r m g i n g between
therotorpoles i s c a l c u l a t e d and i n t r o d u c e d i n t h e mmf o r permeance s e r i e s .
Unbalanced e l e c t r i c a l l o a d i n g on t h e s t a t o r t e r m i n a l s i n t r o d u c e s n e g a t i v e and
zerosequencecurrentsleadingtoadditionalarmaturereaction terms r o t a t i n g
opposite to the rotor a t t h e same speed or standing s t i l l i n mechanicalposition.
Themmf's are handled by adding two a d d i t i o n a l sets of terms t o t h e mmf t e r m
a l r e a d yc o n t a i n i n gt h ep o s i t i v es e q u e n c ec u r r e n t and ATdc. (See Equation814)
The B r a y t o n C y c l e ' s m u l t i c i r c u i t s t a t o r w i n d i n g r e d u c e s m a g n e t i c b e a r i n g f o r c e .
Windings 180 mechanical degrees apart are connected i n p a r a l l e l s o t h a t i f t h e y
haveunequalinducedvoltages a circulatingcurrentflowstendingtooffsetthe
e f f e c t of d i f f e r i n gp e r m e a n c e s .T h i se f f e c t i s dependentonspeedandthe
r e l a t i v er e a c t a n c e and r e s i s t a n c e of themachine. A s speed i s i n c r e a s e d ,t h e
force drops sharply to a r e d u c e d l e v e l andremains e s s e n t i a l l y c o n s t a n t w i t h
f u r t h e rs p e e di n c r e a s e . For theBraytonCyclegenerator,thebreakoffpoint is
about 300 rpm w i t h f o r c e r e l a t i v e l y c o n s t a n t i n t h e 300 - 12000 rpm range.
13
Computer Approach
The Fourier approach to the problem allows a direct force expression be to

calculated that gives harmonic content, space angles and time angles.Hwever
it involves a large number of very similar multiplications and integrations.
If each of theB terms were integrated for each of six 384 cases
million inte-
grations would be necessary, followed s bym ian g up of all the terms alike
in time and space. For this reason, the entire problem has been computerized
The computer decks perform the following operations:
(1) Compute saturation, ATdc,)b e.
(2) Compute series for permeance and mmf
(3) Compute expression for3
( 4 ) Compute expression for

$2
(5) .Eliminate terms which will integrate to zero
(6) Integrate >L

(7) Combine force terms to simplest expression
The program is broken down into several decks interconnected by magnetic t
14
SECTION V
NOMENCLATURE - ANALYTICAL STUDY
A Area in square inches of magnetic surface

Amp turns of d.c. excitation/stator half
ATdc
B Mechanical reference angle of minimum air gap (radians)
D Air gap diameter (inches)
F Force (pounds)
g Air gap length (inches)
I Amps
K Appropriate constant
L Period length (radians)
1 Length of magnetic path (inches)
M orMMF Armature ampere turn series
mmf Magneto motive force
NA Number of amortisseur slots (effective)
*a Amortisseur harmonic order number
ne Eccentricity harmonic order number
nr Rotor saliency harmonic order number
NS Number of stator slots
"S Slot (Stator) harmonic order number
P Main electromagnetic poles
P.U.. Per unit , .,
R Resistance
V Volts
W Mechanical angular velocity (radians/sec)
t Time (seconds)
X AC reactance
0 Flux or phases
e Mechanical position angle (radians)
Pa Amortisseur slotting permeance (per unit)
Pe Eccentricity effective permeance (per unit)
Flux density (lines or kilo lines per square inch)
Pairs of poles
Per unit pole arc
Permeativity of air in English units (1/313)

/u
ye Power angle (radians)
Radially measured eccentricity (inches)

6
Pr Rotor saliency permeance (per Unit)
Stator slotting permeance (per unit)
15
SECTION V I
RESULTS
This R e s u l t s S e c t i o n c o n t a i n s b o t h analytical and e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a w h i c h are

p r e s e n t e d in t h e f o l l o w i n g o r d e r :
A. Form a n dS i g n i f i c a n c e of Equations
B. Summary
of Analytical Results
C. Summary ofExperimentalResults(Tables I1 and 111)
D. Experimental and A n a l y t i c a lC o r r e l a t i o n
E. Conclusionand Recommendations
A. Form and S i g n i f i c a n c eo fE q u a t i o n s
The r e s u l t s of t h e a n a l y t i c a l s t u d y are a set of f o r c e e q u a t i o n s d e s c r i b i n g

radial magneticbearingforce. The f o r c e e q u a t i o n s a r e i n terms of a
Cartesian c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m f i x e d i n t h e m a g n e t i c c e n t e r ofone stator
perpendiculartotheaxis of t h e rotor s h a f t as i n d i c a t e d i n F i g u r e 2.
Foreachdefinedloadcondition of t h e machine, a radial m a g n e t i c f o r c e
is r e p r e s e n t e d by six m u l t i term e q u a t i o n s . The six e q u a t i o n sd e s c r i b e
Fy,Fx, 9, E,9, dFx. Forexample,below is t h ee q u a t i o nf o r Fy
dB dB 8
w i t h t h e machine o p e r a t i n g a t 11.25 KVA.
where:
Fy = Force i n Y d i r e c t i o n (pounds)
w = mechanical angular velocity
t = time (seconds)
B = mechanical angle between n e g a t i v e Y axis -
and d i r e c t i o n of e c c e n t r i c i t y ( r a d i a n s )
f = eccentricity(inches)
= fl - Power Angle
Power = E l e c t r i c a l a n g l e( r a d i a n s )b e t w e e nl o a dc u r r e n at n dd i r e c t
m3le a xm
i sa g n e t i z i ncgu r r e n t
16
Assuming t h a t t h e f o r c e is i n v e r s e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e number of c i r c u i t s ,
t h e e q u a t i o n shown on t h e p r e v i o u s p a g e c a n be divided by 2 and t h e n r e p r e -
sents a 10.0 pound d c f o r c e w i t h a two p e r r e v o l u t i o n c o s i n u s o i d a l p e a k of
17-50 pounds. For t h i sc a s e I T - 0,625 r a d i a n s i, n d i c a t i n gt h a t h e
maximum f o r c e o c c u r s s l i g h t l y o f f center from t h e minimum a i r gap point.
Summary of Analytical R e s u l t s
Table I summarizes t h e a n a l y t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s . Tocompare t h e s e f o r c e s

w i t h measured values, Fx and Fy must b e r e f l e c t e d t o t h e b e a r i n g s from t h e
s t a t o r c e n t e r , and t h e n added v e c t o r i a l l y t o o b t a i n a magnitude and angle.
The f o l l o w i n g comments can be made c o n c e r n i n g t h e analytical results:
Withbalanced f u l l load (15 KVA, 0.8 P F ) , t h e r a d i a l m a g n e t i c b e a r i n g

f o r c e a p p e a r i n g a t t h e a i r gap i n t h e B r a y t o n C y c l e a l t e r n a t o r is
about10lbs/mil of e c c e n t r i c i t y ,
The major force a s defined by (F,

"m
+ FY) i s two p e r r e v . and u n i d i r e c t i o n a l
in nature.
The r e s u l t s of s a t u r a t i o n t e n d t o l c w e r t h e overall m a g n e t i c f o r c e
about 18%a t f u l l l o a d ,
A l l the results correspond to the six load cases and a l l are a t

2.0 mils (.002") of r a d i a l e c c e n t r i c i t y w i t h B=O, i.e., t h e r o t o r
d i s p l a c e d s t r a i g h t down.002".
The a n a l y t i c a l r e s u l t s are f o r oneendof t h e machine,assuming the

r o t o r is symmetrical about i t s center i n a n y p l a c e p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o
t h es h a f t .
The analytical r e s u l t s do n o t a c c o u n t f o r any mechanicalunbalance

or t h e e f f e c t s of g r a v i t y .
The six c a s e s i n v e s t i g a t e d were:
Case 1. The machine is a t 15 KVA 0.8 PF laggingbalanced 351 load.

Case 2. Themachine is a t 11.25 KVA 0.8 PF laggingbalanced 351
load.
Case 3, Themachine i s a t n ol o a dw i t hf i e l de x c i t e d .
Case 4. Themachine is under a 3g s h o r t c i r c u i t c o n d i t i o n .
Case 5. The machine h a s a 3-33 KVA, 1.0 PF load on onephase
o n l y (L-N). The o t h e rp h a s e s are open.
Case 6, Themachine is running as p e r Uase 1 and one phase is
shorted to neutral.
17
(8) For t h e s ec a s e s ,t h em a c h i n ec o n s i s t s of t h e a l t e r n a t o r and v o l t a g e
regulator exciter, with excitation being determined by the regulator.
Graphsof the force for the six c a s e s are shown i n F i g u r e s 3,.4, 5,
6, 7 and 8. The equationsfromwhichthegraphs were p l o t t e d are
g i v e n in S e c t i o n VI1 I.
C. Summarv
of EkDerimentalResults
A summary of experimental results is g i v e ni nT a b l e s I1 and 111. Table I1

is f o r t h e o p p o s i t e d r i v e endof t h e a l t e r n a t o r andTable I11 f o r t h e
d r i v e end. A l l v a l u e sr e p r e s e n tt h e maximum forceobservedand i t s angle
r e l a t i v et ot h ee c c e n t r i c i t yd i r e c t i o n .R e s u l t s were obtainedfromthe
L i s s a j o u sp a t t e r n sg i v e ni nS e c t i o n X. Data was t a k e n on t h e t e s t s e t u p
shown i n F i g u r e 9 , and recorded a t a speed of 3000 rpm f o r t h e r e a s o n s
presented in Section X I I I .
D, E m e r i m e n t a l and A n a l v t i c a lC o r r e l a t i o n
Table I V shows t h e c o r r e l a t i o n o b t a i n e d between a n a l y t i c a l and experimental

data. The a n a l y t i c a l r e s u l t s of Table I were r e f l e c t e d t o t h e b e a r i n g s as
shown in S e c t i o n X I V and t h e n m u l t i p l i e d by 3 t o r e f l e c t a 0.006" e c c e n t r i -
city. (See 4 below f o rv a l i d i t y . )R e s u l t so b t a i n e d are shown i nt h e 2nd
column of Table IV. Column 3 shows themodified results f a c t o r i n g i n t h e
greater circuit effect obtained experimentally and d i f f e r e n t i a l s a t u r a t i o n .
(See 1 and 8 belowand a l s o S e c t i o n XIV.) The following comments canbe
made r e g a r d i n g t h e d a t a a s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e s e R e s u l t s and t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l
d a t a of S e c t i o n X.
1. Magnitude
Experimental results show s i g n i f i c a n t l y less f o r c e t h a n a n a l y t i c a l

calculations.Exactingcomparisons were made on t h e noloadcase,and
indicatethattheforcereducingeffect of s t a t o r c i r c u i t s i s g r e a t e r
t h a n assumed. D i f f e r e n t i a l s a t u r a t i o n of t h eo p p o s i n gs t a t o rt e e t h
alsoreducestheforce and c o n t r i b u t e s t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e as does
different Carter's coefficients.
2. Harmonic
Ccmtent
The a n a l y t i c e x p r e s s i o n s a g r e e well w i t h t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l results i n

harmoniccontent and p r o p o r t i o n s of DC and time v a r i a n t f o r c e s f o r t h e
balancedloadcases. An e x c e p t i o n i s t h et h r e e - p h a e e s h o r tc i r c u i tw h e r e
a f a i r l y c o n s t a n t f o r c e was p r e d i c t e d b u t e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a shows a
time v a r i a n t e x i s t i n g . The complex n a t u r e of theunbalancedloadcases
was v e r i f i e d , a l t h o u g h it is d i f f i c u l t t o i d e n t i f y t h e c o n t r i b u t i n g
harmonics. i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a .
3. Time 8t SpaceAngles
The a n a l y t i c a l p r e d i c t i o n of t h e maximum f o r c e s o c c u r r i n g o f f c e n t e r
from t h e minimum a i r gapandhavingcomponents 90 mechanical degrees
away from t h e minimum a i r gap pointewere proven correct.
18
4. L i n e -a r i t y of F o r c e w i t h E c c e n t r i c i t y
. . ..
The a n a l y t i c a l e x p r e s s i o n f o r . f o r c e (Eq's 20 and 21) implies that f o r c e i s

. . d i r e c t l yp r o n o r t i o n a lt oe c c e n t r i c i t y .F i n u r e1 0 i s a p l o t o ft h ed a t a
g i v e n i n T a b i e I1 andshows e x c e l l e n t a g r e e m e n t w i t h the analytical predic-
t i o n . However, when the o t h e rb e a r i n gd a t a of Table I11 w a s p l o t t e d i n
,. F i g u r e 11, agreement w a s poor. 'No expla-tion is known as t o why t h e
.004" e c c e n t r i c i t y p o i n t s measured lower than expected.
' 5. - of
Effect
~ .. Negative and Zero Sequence Currents
The a n a l y t i c a l e x p r e s s i o n . f o r u n b a l a n c e d l o a d w a s r a t h e r complex w i t h
c o u n t e r r o t a t i n g harmonic terms r e s u l t i n g i n time v a r i a n t s a t u r a t i o n . .
E k p e r i m e n t a l d a t a bears o u t t h e complex n a t u r e of t h e unbalanced
f o r c e s , e s p e c i a l l y that of the s i n g l e p h a s e s h o r t c i r c u i t u n d e r load
c'onditions.(SeeSection X.) D e s p i t et h i sc o m p l e x i t y , a reasonable
comparison w a s made f o r t h e u n b a l a n c e d single phase loading case
(Table IV). Althoughnegativeandzerosequencereactances were used
w i t h a l t e r n a t o r test data t o o b t a i n t h e p o s i t i v e , n e g a t i v e , and z e r o
sequence c u r r e n t s f o r t h e single p h a s e s h o r t c i r c u i t a n a l y s i s , a
f u l l e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e a m o r t i s s e u r r e a c t i o n e f f e c t on t h e f o r c e
is needed.
6. Saturation
The analytical r e s u l t s r e f l e c t t h e e f f e c t ofuniform s a t u r a t i o n on

opposingstatorteeth,butnotthedifferentialeffectnotedin (1)
aboveandcovered i n S e c t i o n XIV. Time v a r i a n t s a t u r a t i o n f o r t h e
single phase short circuit case was h a n d l e d i n d i r e c t l y as g i v e n i n
S e c t i o n VI11 and may r e p r e s e n t t h e main r e a s o n f o r the l a r g e discre-
pancybetween t h e a n a l y t i c a l andexperimental results. However,
S e c t i o n X, F i g u r e s V-9, V-33, V-16, V-40, V-23 and V-47 show the
v e r y complex L i s s a j o u s p a t t e r n and r e p r e s e n t a v e r y f o r m i d a b l e
analytical problem. Time v a r i a n t s a t u r a t i o n c o u l d be f a c t o r e d i n t o
the present analysis but only with a major e f f o r t .
7. Exc i t a t ion
The c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r s a t u r a t i o n n e c e s s a r i l y i n c l u d e
harmonics,permeanceharmonics,andexcitationrequzrements
c a l c u l a t i o n s have been borne out experimentally.
.
power a n g l e , mmf
These
8. M u l t i c i r c u i t W_i _
n d_i _
n g and Variation of F o r c e w i t h Speed
As noted in (l), a f o r c e r e d u c i n g f a c t o r of 2 w a s a p p l i e d t o t h e
analytical r e s u l t s s i n c e t h e B r a y t o n C y c l e A l t e r n a t o r has 2 c i r c u i t s .
Figure12givestheexperimental results a t no load obtained by
v a r y i n g the speedfromzero ( 0 ) t o 3000 rpm. Note t h a t 'the f o r c e is
reduced by about 4 t o 1 and that it s t a y s r e l a t i v e l y c o n s t a n t above
300 rpm. . A t t h i s speed t h e machine reactance predominates wer its
resistance, and since r e a c t a n c e is d i r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l to speed,
it h o l d s the f l u x and t h u s t h e f o r c e c o n s t a n t as speed i n c r e a s e s .
Induced voltage in the amortisseur winaing would also reduce the
force andmight explain the large reduction factor.
19
9, ''One P e r Rev" Force
The a n a l y t i c a l s t u d y i n d i c a t e d t h a t n o f o r c e s would occur a t t h e

generatormechanicalfundamentalspeed. Some f o r c e d i d o c c u r a t t h e
mechanical fundamental frequency which may b e a t t r i b u t e d t o d i f f e r e n c e s
i n themechanicalstructureoftherotorpoles,butthisforce was v e r y
small.
10 . CoggingTorques
Coggingtorque was b r i e f l y e v a l u a t e d a n a l y t i c a l l y andfound t o be

s m a l li nc o m p a r i s o nw i t ht h er a d i a lc o m p o n e n t s of f o r c e . No e x p e r i -
mental vork was done on t h i s a s p e c t of magneticforce.
11. Transients
No t r a n s i e n tc a s e s were a n a l y z e do re x p e r i m e n t a l l y measured. The

a n a l y s i si m p l i e st h a th i g hf o r c e sc o u l d be encounteredifarmature
r e a c t i o n was suddenly r e d u c e d allowing f u l l f i e l d t o be momentarily
a p p l i e da c r o s st h ea i r gap. However, s t a t o r t o o t h s a t u r a t i o n would
putanupper limit on t h e f o r c e .
E. Conclusions andReconmendat ions
The f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s c a n bedrawnfrom thestudy:
1. It i s p o s s i b l e t o d e r i v e a n a l y t i c a l e x p r e s s i o n s t h a t p r o p e r l y d e s c r i b e
t h e n a t u r e of theunbalancedmagneticforce.
2. The f o r c e c a n be measuredby t h e u s e of s t r a i n - g a g e s on s p e c i a l l y
designed end s h i e l d s .
3. The measured f o r c e s were s i g n i f i c a n t l y less i n magnitudethanthe

a n a l y t i c a lp r e d i c t i o n s . A l a r g e rt h a ne x p e c t e df o r c er e d u c i n ge f f e c tf r o m
s t a t o r c i r c u i t s and d i f f e r e n t i a l s a t u r a t i o n a r e b e l i e v e d t o be the main
causes of t h ed i f f e r e n c e .
4. The s i n g l e p h a s e s h o r t c i r c u i t c a s e p r o d u c e d t h e mostcomplex L i s s a j o u
p a t t e r n and r e f l e c t e d t h e time v a r i a n t s a t u r a t i o n and a m o r t i s s e u r
r e a c t i o n which a r e p r e s e n t d u r i n g t h i s t y p e of o p e r a t i o n .
5. The e f f e c t of s t a t o r o r a m o r t i s s e u r s l o t t i n g is small.
Recommendations f o r f u t u r e work include t h e f o l l o w i n g :
1. I n v e s t i g a t et h ee f f e c t of c i r c u i t s on t h ef o r c e .
2, F a c t o rd i f f e r e n t i a ls a t u r a t i o n and d i f f e r e n t Carter's c o e f f i c i e n t s
into the present analysis.
3. I n v e s t i g a t et h ee f f e c t of a m o r t i s s e u rr e a c t i o nd u r i n gu n b a l a n c e d
loadconditions.
4. I n v e s t i g a t et h ef e a s i b i l i t y of f a c t o r i n g time v a r i a n t s a t u r a t i o n i n t o
thepresentanalysis.
20
SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS
FOR .002" ECCENTRICITY*
Anglebetween
-c Force Center Line
Power F a c t o r Load F Max Fx Max F y Max Fx Ave FyAve and Min A i r Gap
0.8 Balanced 1 5 KVA 24.5 -*** 24.5 -*** 13.5 18'

(Unsaturated)
0.8 Balanced15 KVA 21.94 8.5 20.2 0 .o 11.44 18'

(Saturated)
0.8 Balanced11.25 19.04 7.5 17.5 0.0 10.01 loo

KVA
No Load w i t h 13.75 6.0

15.0 0.0 7.64 O0
Excitation
1.0 3.33 IWA 10 17.84 9.0 15.4 0.0 7.86 23'
30 Short 13.09 0.0 13.09 0.0 13.09 -**

0.8. 30 F u l l Load 54.0 -*** 54 .O ,*** 33.4 4 30
(beforeshort) 18 S h o r t
These r e s u l t s are i n terms of f o r c e i n t h e x andydirections a t the center of t h e

a r m a t u r es t a c k .
* Eccentricity is distance in inches between r o t o r c e n t e r and s t a t o r m a g n e t i c

c e n t e r . Minimum a i r gap i s i n t h e y axis.
** This i s a d . c . f o r c e w i t h no g s s o c i a t e d a n g l e .
*** C a l c u l a t e d ( S e c t i o n V I I I ) butnotreducedto a final force.
TABLE I
21
EXPERIMENTALBEARINGLOADING
(MAGNITUDE & Y ~ C T I ORELATIVE
N M ECCENTRICITY DIRECTION)
AT OPPOSITE DRIVE END OF ALTEXNATOR
3 * 33** 11.25 .15 KVA 3 - 15 KVA 3-

Eccentricity++ Power No Load-No F i e l d KVA KVA 15 KVA Phase,then Phase,then
( Inches ) Factor Single Phase 3-Phase 3-Phase 1-Phase Shorted +Phase Shorted
I
Ref. Ir Act.
0 I .ooog 1 1 2.0 l b
1+1060
1.8 l b
/+96O
1.5 l b
/+56O
N.A. N.A. N.A.
1.5 l b 3.0 l b 3.0 l b

/ -169' N.A. N.A. N.A.
0.002 I I .0025 ~ 8; ;
l ai n )
/-No /+lo
2.5 l b 7.1 l b 8.0 l b /

N .A. N.A. N.A.
/+170 -3O
0.004 .m48 0.8 8.1 l b 1.0 l b 11.2 l b 12.2 l b

Not Applicable N.A. -30
(lagging) /+2O -13' /+2O
0.006 .0063 1 1.2 l b 9.1 l b 10.8 Ib/ N.A. N.A. N.A.

I-123' -13' -13O
0.006 .0063 0.8
( la6ginf3
Not Applicable N.A. u .8u3 14.2lb 14.9 l b 16.0 lb
/-*o 1-230 L 3 O 1-80
*Eccentricity is defined here as the displacement of the rotor center from t h e s t a t o r c e n t e r .

( t o t a l i n d i c a t o r r e a d i n g would be twice the eccentricity)
**The other two phases a r e onopen circuit.
TABU I1
EWERPiENTAL BEARINGLOADING
(MAGNITUDE & DlRECTION RELWIVE TO ECCENTRICITY DIRECTION)
AT DRIVE END OF ALTERNATOR
3 :33H 11.25 1 5 KVA 3- 1 5 KVA 3-

Eccentricity+ Power No Load-No F i e l d KVA KVA 1 5 KVA Phase,thenPhase,then
( Inches ) Factor Single Phase 3-Phase 3-Phase 1-Phase Shorted 3-Phase Shorted
Ref. Act.
0 .0005 1 2.5 l b 2.2 l b 2.1 Ib N.A. N .A. N.A.

/+150° /+1700 L2O0
0.002 .002 1 1.8 l b 2.0 l b 2.8 l b N.A. N.A. N.A.
/ -180' /OO 100
w
W
o*006 o*8 Not Applicable N .A. 9.2 l b U.8lb 15.0 l b 13.1 l b

laming /+TO /+30 f +12O f -loo
*Eccentricity i s defined here as the displacement of t h e r o t o r c e n t e r from t h e s t a t o r c e n t e r .

( t o t a l i n d i c a t o r r e a d i n g wouldbe t w i c e t h e e c c e n t r i c i t y )
**The o t h e r two phases are on open c i r c u i t .
TABLE I11
..
ANALYTICAL AND MPERIMENTALCORRELATIOW
.006" ECCENTRICITY
Mod i f ied
Exper
iment
a 1 A n a l y tA
i cnaal l y t i c a l * *
(DatafromTable I1
e x c e p t f o r NL p o i n t )
No Load w i t h
2.7 amps E x c i t a t i o n 9 32 11.7
15 KVA, .8 PF 14.2 47.4 17.3
3.33 KVA, S i n g l e 9.1 40 .O 14.6

phase
* Datapresented i s maximum f o r c e o c c u r r i n g a t the b e a r i n g s and is

i n pounds.
** Reflects a 4:lratherthan a 2 : l c i r c u i t e f f e c t and f a c t o r s i n

d i f f e r e n t i a ls a t u r a t i o n .L a t t e r was c a l c u l a t e d f o r No Load c a s e
and same r e d u c t i o n a p p l i e d t o o t h e r two cases.
TABLE I V
24
MODEL
STATOR CENTER
ROTOR CENTER
NOMINAL GAP
.040"
+X
QI = FLUX P A T H
ROTOR POLES ON
OTHER END
E N D VIEW
SIDE
VIEW
FIGURE 2
25
BRAYTONCYCLEALTERNATOR
CALCULATED RADIAL MAGNETIC FORCE *
15 KVA, . 8 P. F. 120/208 VOLTS, 400 CPS, 0.002 'I ECCENTRICITY
t10
t8
t6
+4
t2
L
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
- 20
- 22
0
ROTOR POSITION (RADIANS)
* DIVIDED BY TWO TO REFLECT CIRCUIT EFFECT
FIGURE 3
BRAYTON CYCLE ALTERNATOR
CALCULATED RADIAL BEARING FORCE *
11.25 KVA, 120/208 VOLTS, 400 CPS, 0.002" ECCENTRICITY
t10
t8
t6
t4
t2
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
- 20
2.0 1.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6. 0
ROTOR POSITION ( RADMNS)
* DIVIDED BYTWO TO REFLECT CIRCUIT E F F E C T
FIGURE 4
CALCULATED RADIAL BEARING FORCE 98
NOLOAD, 120/208 VOLTS, 400 CPS, 0.002" ECCENTRICITY
t12
+lo
t8
t6
t4
t2
8 0
z
5
0 -2
PI
CI
-4
w
u
P; -6
0
r.4
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
- 7.n
"
1. 0 2. 0 3.0 4. 0 5. 0
FIGURE 5
CALCULATED RADIAL BEARING FORCE *
3 PHASE BALANCED SHORT CIRCUIT - . 0 0 2 ECCENTRICITY
t2
-0
-2
-4
-6
-8
- 10
- 12
-14 1. 0 2. 0 3. 0 4.0 5.0 6.0

R 0TOR POSITION (RADIANS)
FIGURE 6
CALCULATED RADIAL MAGNETIC FORCE*
3 . 3 3 KVA, 1 . 0 P. F. SINGLE PHASE LOAD-0.002"ECCENTRICITY
+6
+4
+2
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16

FIGURE 7
30
CALCULATED RADIAL U G N E T I C FORCE *
w
c

* DIVIDED BYTWO TO REFLECT CIRCUIT E F F E C T
FIGURE 8
ALTERNATOR AND DRIVE MOTOR FORBEARINGFORCETESTING
__..
F ""1, ._ r
TABLE I1 DATA -- OPPOSITE DRIVE END
22
20
18
16
14
z
3
0
PI
Y
12
w
u
0
cr 10
.002 .004 .006 .008

ECCENTRICITY (INCHES)
FIGURE 10
33
TABLE III DATA ---
DRIVE END
22
20
18
16
A
SE
Ez
a
0
14
PI
Y
w SE
u
12
3!cr
10
6 SE
.002 .004 .006 .008

ECCENTRICITY (INCHES)
FIGURE 11
34
18
8
z l6
3
0
PI
Y
14
w
u
8
c"12
10
35
SECTION V I 1
TESTAPPARATUS AND TEST METHODS
The B r a y t o n C y c l e a l t e r n a t o r u s e d i n t h e b e a r i n g f o r c e measurement t e s t s con-

sisted of stator wound SIN BC-374-318 and t h e r o t o r from t h e i n - h o u s e a l t e r n a -
t o r research package.
T h i s r o t o r had small d i a m e t e r s h a f t e x t e n s i o n s s u i t a b l e f o r u s e w i t h a n t i - f r i c -
t i o nb e a r i n g s ,a n dc a n be s e e n i n F i g u r e 13. The bearingsused were MRC R type
bearingswhich had a reducedshoulder and a l a r g e number of b a l l s f o r i n c r e a s e d
r a d i a ls t i f f n e s s . The b e a r i n g s had phenoliccagesandtheinnerraces were made
t o ABEC-9 t o l e r a n c e sa n dt h eo u t e r races t o ABEC-7 t o l e r a n c e st oe l i m i n a t e as
much as p o s s i b l ea n yc o n t r i b u t i o no ft h eb e a r i n g st or o t a t i n gu n b a l a n c e . The
b e a r i n g s were p r e l o a d e d a x i a l l y w i t h a b o u t 80 poundsof forcetoeliminateany
r a d i a l p l a y and t o i n c r e a s e t h e i r r a d i a l s t i f f n e s s .
The t e s t s t a n d i n w h i c h t h e a l t e r n a t o r was mounted i s shown i n F i g u r e s 14 and

15. The a l t e r n a t o r was f l a n g e mountedand i t s o p p o s i t ed r i v e end s t a b i l i z e d by
a na d d i t i o n a lb r a c k e t . The a l t e r n a t o r was d r i v e n by a small inductionmotor,
which i s a l s o f l a n g e mountedand can be s e e n on t h e o p p o s i t e f a c e o f t h e t e s t
s t a n d . The t o r q u eo ft h ed r i v e motor was t r a n s m i t t e dt h r o u g h a Thomas F l e x i b l e
Couplingwhichcan be s e e n i n F i g u r e 14. The v e r y l o n g c e n t e r p o r t i o n o f t h i s
coupling allows a r e l a t i v e l y g r e a t o f f - c e n t e r d i s p l a c e m e n t of t h e a l t e r n a t o r
rotorwithoutincurringhighbendingforcesinthealternatorshaft.
The t e s t stand was mountedon r u b b e r i s o l a t i o n mountswhich had a r e s o n a n t f r e -

quency i n t h e below t e nc y c l e sp e rs e c o n dr a n g e . The B r a y t o nC y c l ea l t e r n a t o r
was water-cooled,usingthe same c o o l i n g p a s s a g e s t h a t w i l l be used i n t h e e v e n -
t u a la p p l i c a t i o n .A d d i t i o n a lc o o l i n gw a t e r was p i p e dt ot h ef a c eo fe a c ho ft h e
b e a r i n gh o u s i n g so ft h ea l t e r n a t o r .O t h e rw a t e r was d i r e c t e dt ot h et r a n s d u c e r
arms t os t a b i l i z et h e i rt e m p e r a t u r e( s e eS e c t i o n XII). The i n d u c t i o n motor ( t o
the right in Figure 14) was a i r - c o o l e d w i t h a coolingarrangementwhich was added
l a t e r andthereforedoesnot show i n t h i s p i c t u r e . A t t h ee x t r e m er i g h t end of
t h e i n d u c t i o n motorcanbeseenthedisc and magneticpickupwithwhichtiming
information was g e n e r a t e d f o r u s e i n d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n and r e d u c t i o n .
Since the B r a y t o n C y c l e a l t e r n a t o r was t o b e d r i v e n a t e x a c t l y 3000 RPM by a n

inductionmotor, and t h e i n d u c t i o n motorhad some s p e e dr e g u l a t i o nd u et o slip,
i t was n e c e s s a r yt oh a v e a v a r i a b l ef r e q u e n c yd r i v et o power t h i s s e t u p . A
schematicofthe power flowandthe many u n i t s i n v o l v e d i s shown i n t h e s k e t c h
i nF i g u r e1 6 . Workingbackwardfrom theBraytonCycle,thesketch shows t h a t
theBraytonCyclealternator i s d r i v e n by aninductionmotorwhich is in turn
d r i v e n by a n a l t e r n a t o r . The r o t a t i o n a l s p e e d o f t h i s a l t e r n a t o r must v a r y t o
makeup f o rt h e s l i p involved a t d i f f e r e n tl o a d si nt h ei n d u c t i o nm o t o r .T h i s
a l t e r n a t o r was t h e r e f o r e d r i v e n by a DC motorand t h a t DC motor i n t u r n d r i v e n
by a n a d j u s t a b l e v o l t a g e power s u p p l y , w h i c h , i n t h i s c a s e , was a motor-generator
s e t . Thismotor-generator s e t had a ni n d u c t i o n motorand a DC g e n e r a t o r .T h i s
s e t u p worked verysmoothlyand was w o n d e r f u l l y f l e x i b l e , b u t d i d h a v e bhe d i s a d -
vantageofhaving a f a i r amount o fs p e e dr e g u l a t i o n as loadswerechanged. If
36
w
a load were suddenly applied as i n t h e s h o r t c i r c u i t tests, t h e r e wouldbe a

f a i r amountofspeedchange i n t h e wholesetupand,ofcourse,particularly
intheBraytonCyclealternator.This was overcome by s e t t i n g t h e noload
speed or the pre-short speed a t some h i g h e r v a l u e and l e t t i n g t h e whole setup
sag dawn t o t h e 3000 RPM f i g u r e a f t e r t h e l o a d was a p p l i e d . The f i e l d w i n d i n g
of the Brayton Cycle alternator was poweredfrom a b a t t e r y w h i c h , of c o u r s e ,
hadno r i p p l e c u r r e n t t o add more c o n f u s i o n t o t h e d a t a .
An e x t e n s i v e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e f o r c e t r a n s d u c e r d e s i g n and t h e accompanying
system i s g i v e n i n S e c t i o n X I I . B a s i c a l l y , f o r c e s were measured by measuring
the force between the bearing housings aqd the stator by mounting the bearing
h o u s i n g si nv e r yt h i n arms whichwerethen s t r a i n gaged. The outputofthe
s t r a i n gages then gave an indication of t h e b e a r i n g f o r c e s i n v o l v e d .
The d e c i s i o n was made d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e of t h e s e tests t o r u n a l l of t h e tests

a t 3000 RPM r a t h e r t h a n t h e 12,000 RE" f i g u r e o r i g i n a l l y s p e c i f i e d i n t h e c o n -
t r a c t . Some ofthe many r e a s o n sf o r making t h i s d e c i s i o n and t h es u p p o r t i n g
d a t a a r e shown and d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n X I I I .
F i g u r e 1 7 i s a s c h e m a t i co ft h es y s t e mu s e dt oa c q u i r et h ed a t ap r e s e n t e di n
t h i sr e p o r t . The bearingforcetransducerswerearrangedinsuch a way t h a t
theygave a "X" and "Y" componentof t h e f o r c e f e l t a t thebearinghousing.
Both t h e "X" and t h e "Yl' f o r c e c o m p o n e n t sw e r ef e di n t os t r a i n gage a m p l i f i e r s ,
i nt h i sc a s e ,T e k t r o n i x I'Q" u n i t s . The o u t p u to ft h es t r a i ng a g ea m p l i f i e r s and
thetiminginformationwere a l l recorded onmagnetictape. A l l o ft h ed a t a
recorded was monitored on an oscilloscope.
The e c c e n t r i c i t y of t h e B r a y t o n C y c l e a l t e r n a t o r r o t o r w i t h r e s p e c t t o its stator

was a d j u s t e d by u s i n g oneof four s e t s ofbearinghousings. One of t h e s e s e t s of
bearing housings was groundwiththe I D c o n c e n t r i c t o i t s OD andeachofthe
o t h e r s e t s wereground w i t h t h e ID e c c e n t r i c t o t h e OD by .002", .004", and -006"-
Once t h e B r a y t o n C y c l e a l t e r n a t o r was s e t up w i t h some p a r t i c u l a r amountof eccen-

t r i c i t y , a t e s tc y c l ec o u l db e g i n . A complete s e r i e s of t e s t s wouldbe taken
under a l l ofthespecifiedloadconditionswhiletakingforcedata a t oneendof
t h ea l t e r n a t o r . The "X" componentof f o r c e ,t h e "Y" componentof f o r c e and timing
information would a l , l berecordedsimultaneouslyonmagnetictape.Beforeeach
s e r i e s of t e s t s would s t a r t , a c a l i b r a t i n g s i g n a l g e n e r a t e d i n e a c h o f t h e s t r a i n
gage a m p l i f i e r s was a l s or e c o r d e d on t a p e . T h i s c a l i b r a t i n g s i g n a l w a s used t o
set the gain for a l l subsequenttreatment of d a t a , t h u s e l i m i n a t i n g a great deal
of confusion and worry about phase inversion and proper amounts of a m p l i c a t i o n .
E a c ho ft h er e q u i r e dt e s t s( l o a dc o n d i t i o n s ) wouldbe stagedandrecorded in turn.
A f t e r a complete series of tests w a s r u n , t a k i n g d a t a a t oneendof the alternator,
t h e whole series of t e s t s wouldbe r e p e a t e d w h i l e d a t a was taken a t t h e o t h e r end
ofthealternator. When d a t a from eachend of t h e a l t e r n a t o r w a s complete,the
a l t e r n a t o r wouldberemovedfrom the test setup and the bearing housing for thenext
eccentricity condition installed.
37
A s c h e m a t i co ft h ed a t ar e d u c t i o ns e t u pu s e d i s shown i n F i g u r e 18. E a r l i e r
t e s t s d i s c l o s e d t h a t there was a g r e a t d e a l o f m e c h a n i c a l n o i s e b e i n g s e n s e d
by the f o r c e t r a n s d u c e r s a t frequenciesaboveabout 300 c y c l e sp e rs e c o n d (see
S e c t i o n XIII). Running t h e t e s t s a t 3000 RPM a l l o w e dt h ef i r s tt h r e eh a r m o n i c s
o fp o l ef r e q u e n c yt ob e examined (100, 200 and 300 c y c l e sp e rs e c o n d )a n dt h e
m e c h a n i c a ln o i s eo c c u r r i n g a t higherfrequenciestobefilteredout.
When making L i s s a j o u s f i g u r e s , p l o t t i n g X f o r c e v e r s u s Y f o r c e , f i l t e r s were

s e t t o pass a l l f r e q u e n c i e s below300 c y c l e sa n da t t e n u a t ef r e q u e n c i e sa b o v e
300 c y c l e s a t t h e rate of 32 DB p e ro c t a v e . The DC p o r t i o n o f f o r c e was passed
w i t ha d d i t i o n a l o lw p a s s f i l t e r s , s i n c e t h e v a r i a b l e f r e q u e n c y f i l t e r s d i d n o t
h a v et h i sc a p a b i l i t y . To
make a c l e a nL i s s a j o u sf i g u r e , i t was n e c e s s a r yt o
displaythedataacquiredduringonly one r e v o l u t i o n o f t h e B r a y t o n C y c l e alter-
n a t o r .T h i s was done by u s i n gt h et i m i n gt r a c et ob r i g h t e nt h es c o p e beam f o r
onlythe time r e q u i r e dt od i s p l a y one r e v o l u t i o n . Some ofthehigherfrequency
mechanicalnoise s t i l l coming t h r o u g h t h e f i l t e r would c a u s e t h e o s c i l l o s c o p e t o
d i s p l a ym u l t i p l e( b u tq u i t es i m i l a r ) imageswhichwere more d i f f i c u l t t o i n t e r -
p r e t t h a nt h es i n g l er e v o l u t i o nt r a c e .
To s e t up t h ep r o p e ra m p l i f i c a t i o n and p h a s e r e l a t i o n t o t h e f i l t e r n e t w o r k , t h e
c a l i b r a t i n gs i g n a lg e n e r a t e di nt h e two Q u n i t s was used. A f t e r t h e f i l t e r s were
s e t , theoscilloscopeamplifierswereadjustedtogivetheproper beam d e f l e c t i o n
d u r i n gt h ed i s p l a yo ft h ec a l i b r a t i n gs i g n a l . The a t t e n u a t i o n of t h e v a r i o u s f i l -
t e r s was c o r r e c t e d by using a c a l i b r a t e d v o l t a g e s o u r c e a t t h e p a r t i c u l a r f r e q u e n c y
involved.
The L i s s a j o u s f i g u r e s , h a v i n g b e e n t r e a t e d w i t h a f i l t e r which was s e t f o r a low

passof 300 c y c l e s , had some phase s h i f t i n v o l v e d i n t h e two and t h r e e hundred
c y c l ep o r t i o n . The types of f i l t e r s w e w e r ef o r c e dt ou s ed i dh a v ea ne f f e c to n
p h a s en e a rt h es e tf r e q u e n c y .T h i sp h a s es h i f th a sl i t t l ee f f e c t on
t h eb a s i cs h a p e of t h eL i s s a j o u sf i g u r e s .
When X f o r c e v e r s u s time o r Y f o r c e v e r s u s time d a t a was t o bedisplayedand

r e c o r d e d ,t h ef i l t e r i n ga r r a n g e m e n t was used i n a d i f f e r e n t manner. I n t h i s
case, i t was d e s i r e d t o g e n e r a t e a t r a c e t h a t would be u s e f u l i n comparing a n a l y -
t i c a l l yg e n e r a t e df o r c ep r e d i c t i o n sw i t he x p e r i m e n t a ld a t a .I nt h i sc a s e , i t was
i m p o r t a n tt h a tt h e r e beno p h a s es h i f te x i s t i n g and t h a t t h e p h a s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s
betweenpolefrequency and thesecondandthirdharmonicofpolefrequencybepre-
s e r v e dw i t h o u td i s t o r t i o n . To do t h i s , t h e DC p o r t i o n of t h ef o r c e was p a s s e dw i t h
a separate o lw passnetwork and theinformation a t polefrequency(100cycles per
second) was added t o t h i s . The f i l t e r s were s e t w i t hb o t hh i g h pass and low p a s s
a t 100 c y c l e sp e rs e c o n d ,c r e a t i n g aband pass f i l t e r . The f i l t e r s a t t e n u a t e d a t
t h er a t eo f 32 DB p e ro c t a v e on eachsideofthedesiredfrequency.Usingthe
filtersinthisfashiongenerated no phase s h i f t ,s i n c et h e yw e r es y m m e t r i c a la b o u t
thefrequency of i n t e r e s t .T h i sp r o c e d u r e was r e p e a t e dw i t ht h e filters set t o
p a s s 200 and 300 c p s t o o b t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n a t thesecondandthirdharmonicofpole
frequency.
38
None of the tests were taken by r u n n i n g t h e B r a y t o n C y c l e a l t e r n a t o r t o a tem-
perature equilibrium because i t w a s f e l t t h a t t h i s would accomplish no r e a l
purpose.Foreachoftheloadconditions,there wouldbe a d i f f e r e n tt e m p e r a -
t u r ed i s t r i b u t i o ne s t a b l i s h e di nt h e machine. Any t e m p e r a t u r e e f f e c t on t h e
resistance of amortisseur or armature windings wouldbe d i f f e r e n t f o r e a c h o f
t h e s e cases and t h e d a t a would b e u much i n e r r o r h a v i n g r u n t h e a l t e r n a t o r t o
one h i g h l y v a r i a b l e t e m p e r a t u r e e q u i l i b r i u m as t o r u n i t t o a v a r i a b l e t r a n s i e n t
condition.Thisallowed a g r e a ts a v i n g si nt i m eo v e rr u n n i n gt ot e m p e r a t u r ee q u i -
l i b r i u m . The d a t a r e s u l t i n g from this series of tests probably is of anaccuracy
that would mask any of t h e s e t e m p e r a t u r e e f f e c t s .
39
a
cp
0
BEARINGFORCE TEST RIG-ALTERNATOR AND DRIVE MOTOR
FIGURE 14
BEARING FORCE TEST RIG ALTERNATOR, DRIVE MOTORjAND TEST APPARATUS
FIGURE 15
P
w
FIGURE 16
Y
7
SECTION VI1 I
Complete A n a l y t i c a l E x p r e s s i o n s
-
Case Page
Unsaturated Case 1 (15 KVA, 0.8 PF, balzcxedload)

S a t u r a t e d Case 1 (15 KVA, 0.8 PF, balancedload)
S a t u r a t e d Case 2 (11.25 KVA, 0.8 PF, balancedload)
S a t u r a t e d Case 3 (noload)
S a t u r a t e d Case 4 (balanced 3 p h a s es h o r t )
S a t u r a t e d Case 5 (3.33 KVA Singlephaseload)
S a t u r a t e d Case 6 ( s i n g l ep h a s es h o r t / 5 KVA on two phases)
Each Case i s Broken Down I n t o
F o r c ei nt h eY - d i r e c t i o n( p o u n d s )
Rate ofchangeofforce inthe Y directionwithrespecttoeccentricity
(pounds/inch)
Rate of changeof forceinthe Y directionwithrespect to eccentricity
angle(pounds/radian)
Force i n t h e X - d i r e c t i o n
Rate ofchangeof f o r c ei nt h e X d i r e c t i o n w i t h respect t o e c c e n t r i c i t y
(poundslinch).
Rate ofchangeof forceinthe X directionwithrespecttoeccentricity
angle(pounds/radian)
D e f i n i t i o n of terms fortheaboveexpressions.
46
CASE I UNSATURATED
15 KVA, 0.8 PF BALANCED LOAD
The a n a l y t i c a l e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e r a d i a l b e a r i n g f o r c e o n one endofthe

Brayton Cycle A l t e r n a t o r when o p e r a t i n g a t 15 M A , .8 PF lagging,balanced
l o a d i s given below. An e c c e n t r i c i t y o f .002" has beenused i n a r r i v i n g a t
t h ef o r c ec o e f f i c i e n t s . These e x p r e s s i o n s are f o rt h eu n s a t u r a t e dc a s e . The
e f f e c t of s a t u r a t i o n i s t od e c r e a s et h eb e a r i n gf o r c e .S i n c et h eB r a y t o n
C y c l eA l t e r n a t o rh a s two ( 2 ) c i r c u i t s i n t h e s t a t o r w i n d i n g s , tk c a l c u l a t e d
f o r c e s havebeendivided by two (2) a n d t h e g i v e n e x p r e s s i o n r e f l e c t s t h i s
d i v i s i o n . All harmonic f o r c e s less than 0.1 poundshavebeenneglected. The
co-ordinatesystem is f i x e d i n t h e s t a t o r .
47
G. Definition of terns in above expressions
48
CASE I SATURATED
15 KVA, 0.8 PR
BAIANCED LQAD
The a n a l y t i c a l e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e r a d i a l b e a r i n g f o r c e on one endof the

Brayton Cycle Alternator when o p e r a t i n g a t 15 KVA, .8 PF lagging,balanced
l o a d are g i v e n below. An e c c e n t r i c i t y o f .002" hasbeenused in arriving at
t h ef o r c ec o e f f i c i e n t s . These e x p r e s s i o n s are f o rt h e. s a t u r a t e dc a s e . The
e f f e c t of s a t u r a t i o n i s t od e c r e a s et h eb e a r i n gf o r c e .S i n c et h eB r a y t o n
C y c l eA l t e r n a t o rh a s two (2) c i r c u i t s i n t h e s t a t o r w i n d i n g s , t h e c a l c u l a t e d
f o r c e s havebeendivided by two (2) and the g i v e n e x p r e s s i o n r e f l e c t s t h i s
d i v i s i o n . A l l harmonicforces less than 0.1 poundshave be- n e g l e c t e d . The
co-ordinatesystem i s f i x e d i n t h e s t a t o r .
A. F o r c ei nt h e Y d i r e c t i o n pounds
FY
= - .045 COS (2 w t - B + 56) - 18.25 (2 COS W t -B + 6)
-35.14 COS ( B ) - 0.11 ( B - 56)- 0.11
COS COS (B + 5 8)
-14.88 COS ( B + 6) - 14.82 ( B -6) COS
-28.62 COS (2 w t -B ) - 7.62 COS (2 w t - B - 6)

H.04 COS (2 w t- B + 46) - 0.07 (2 w t - B - 26) COS
-1.18 COS ( B + 26) - 2.28 (2 w t - B + 26) COS
B. Rate ofchangeof FY w i t hr e s p e c t oe c c e n t r i c i t y( p o u n d s / i n c h )
%, = -22.5 COS (2 w t -B + 56) - 9125.0 COS (2 w t - B + 6)

-17570.0 COS ( B ) - 55.0 COS ( B- 58) - 55.0 COS (B +56)
-7440.0 COS (B + 6) - 7410.0 COS (B - 6)

-14310.0 COS - 3810.0 (2 w t - B - 6)
(2 w t -B ) COS
+20.0 COS (2 w t -B + 4d) - 35.0 (2 w t -B - 26) COS
-590.0 COS (B + 26) - 1140.0 (2 w t -B + 26) COS
-620.0 COS (B -26)

C. Rate ofchangeof Fr w i t hr e s p e c tt oe c c e n t r i c i t ya n g l e( p o u n d s j r a d i a n )
dF, =
d8
-.w5 s i n (2 w t -B + 56) - 18.25 s i n .(2 w t -B -16)
+35.14 s i n ( B) + 0.11 s i n (B - 56) + 0.11 s i n (B + 56)

+14.88 s i n ( B + 6) + 14.82 sin ( B - 6)
49
-28.62 s i n (2 w t - B) - 7.62 s i n (2 w t - B - 6)
"0.04 s i n (2 w t - B + 46) - 0.07 s i n (2 w t - B - 26)
+ 1.18 s i n ( B + 26) - 2.28 s i n (2 w t - B + 26)
+1.24 s i n (B - 26)
D. F o r c ei nt h e X d i r e c t i o n( p o u n d s )
Fx = -.045 s i n (2 w t - B + 56) - 18.25 s i n (2 w t - B + e )

-35.14 s i n (E) - 0.11 s i n (B - 56) - 0.11 s i n (B + 56)
-14.88 s i n (B + d) - 14.82 s i n (B - 6)
-28.62 s i n (2 w t - B) - 7.62 s i n (2 w t - B - 6)
+0.04 s i n (2 w t - B + 46) - 0.07 s i n (2 w t - B - 26)
-1.18 s i n (B + 26) - 2.28 s i n (2 w t - B + 26)
-1.24 s i n (B - 26)
E. Rate of change of Fx w i t hr e s p e c t oe c c e n t r i c i t y( p o u n d s / i n c h )
- = -22.5
dFX s i n (2 w t - B + 56) - 9125.0 s i n (2 w t - B + 6)
dS
-17570.0 s i n (B) -55.0 s i n (B - 56) - 55.0 s i n (B + 56)
-7440.0 s i n (B + 6) - 7410.0 s i n (B - 6)
-14310,O s i n (2 w t - B) - 3810.0 s i n (2 w t
+20.0 s i n (2 w t - B + 46) - 35.0 s i n (2 w t

-590.0 s i n (B + 26) - 1140.0 s i n (2 w t - B
-620.0 s i n (B - 2d)
F. Rate of change of F,_ . w i t hr e s p e c tt oe c c e n t r i c i t y angle(pounds/radian)
&
d
d6
= +.045 cos (2 w t - B + 56) + 18.25 cos (2 w t -B+6)
-35.14 COS (B) - 0.11 COS (B-56) - 0.11 COS (B + 56)
- 14.88 COS (B + 6) - 14.82 COS (B - 6)
+28.62 s i n (2 w t - B) + 7.62 cos (2 w t - B - 6)
-0.04 COS (2 W t - B + 4d) + 0.07 COS (2 - B - 26)
W t
50
-1.18 COS (B + 26) + 2.28 COS ( 2 wt - B + 26)
-1.24 COS (B - 26)
G. Def i n i tione same as unsaturated Case I except use
6 = 2,5646 or (Tt- - 0.577 radians)
51
CASE I1
11.25 KVA 0.8 PF BALANCED LOAD
The a n a l y t i c a l e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e r a d i a l b e a r i n g f o r c e o n oneendofthe
B r a y t o nC y c l eA l t e r n a t o r when o p e r a t i n g a t 11.25 KVA, .8 PF l a g g i n g ,
balancedloadgivenbelow. An e c c e n t r i c i t y of .002" hasbeen used i n ar-
r i v i n g a t t h ef o r c ec o e f f i c i e n t s .S i n c et h eB r a y t o nC y c l eA l t e r n a t o rh a s
two (2) c i r c u i t s i n t h e s t a t o r w i n d i n g s , t h e c a l c u l a t e d f o r c e s havebeen
d i v i d e d by two (2) and t h e g i v e n e x p r e s s i o n r e f l e c t s t h i s d i v i s i o n . The
co-ordinatesystem is fixed in the stator.
A. Force i n t h e Y d i r e c t i o n( p o u n d s )
- -.(I6 COS (3wt-B+ 56)
FY - -12.045 (2wt-B+$)
COS 25.395 COS (B)-
-0.03 C O S (B-56)
4 . 0 3 cos (B+-56) -9.81 C O G (B+@)
-9.77 C O S (B-6)
-ZO.C7 C O S (2Wt-B) -1b.97 COS ( h t - B - $ )
-0.04 cos (mt-U-:'@)
-.C7 C C ) ~(B+2!6) -
1.31 COS (2wt-Bi2d)
-.7 COS (B-24)
B, Rate of change oL' Fy w i t hr e s p e c t t o e c c c n t r i c i t y( p o u n d s j i n c h )
dF
= -30.0 COS (%t-B+'jv)
-6,022 COS (2wt-B-rd)-12,697.5 COS (B)
-15 COS (B-59)
-15 COG (B+5C) -4,905.0 COS (B+0)
-4,885.0 C O S (B-dj
-10,348 CC)O ( a t - B ) -2,485.0 (2Wt-B-8)
-2s. 0 cos (2Wt -3 -2G)
-332.5 C O S (B+2d) - 6 5 5 . ~ COS (ZWt-BT29)
-350.0 CQS (E-&)
L: Kate of' change of

" Fy w i t h respect to e c c c n t r i c i t y angle (pounds/
radian).
52
D. F o r c ei n t’ne X d i r e c t i o n( p o u n d s )
Fx = ”06 s i n (2wt-B+56)
-l2.&5 s i n (2ut-3+(d)-25.935 s i n (B)
-0.03 s i n ( ~ - 5 $ )
-0.03 s i n (TI+>$) -9.81 s i n (i)+d)
-9.77 s i n (3-d)
-20.69 s i n ( 2 ~ t - 3 ) -1r.97 s i n (%.It-B-6)
-0.04 s i n (2wt-13-26)
-.67 s i n (B+2@) -1.31 s i n (2wt-B+2d)
-.70 s i n (B-26)
E. R a t e of change of F, v i t hr e s p e c tt oe c c e n t r i c i t y( p o u n d s / i n c h ) .
d-6-
dFx = -30. sin (Zwt-B+5d)
d -6,022 s i n (2wt-D+QI)
-12,697.0 s i n (B)
-15.0 s i n (B-56)
-15.0 s i n (B+56) -4,905.0 s i n (B+d) 4,885 - SIN (B-$)
-10,348 sin (2w-L-3) -2,485.0 s i n (%It-B-d)
-20.0 s i n (%rt-B-2,@)
-332.5 s i n (13+2$) -655.0 s i n (2wt-B+26)
-350.0 s i n (B-26)
F. Rate of change of F, w i t hr e s p e c tt oe c c e n t r i c i t ya n g l e( p o u n d s /
radian)
dF
-” = +0.06 COS (2wt-B+5@)
dB +12.045 COS (2wt-’B+d)
-25.395 COS (B)
-0.03 COS (B-56)
-0.03 COS (B+56) -9.81 COS (S+B)
-9.77 c o s (B-6)
+20.69 COS (at-5) +4.97 COS (2wt-B-0)
+0.04 COS ( a t - B - 2 6 )
-.67 COS (B+2$) +1.31 COS ($dt-B+26)
-..TO COS (B-2d)
G. DefinitLon o r terns i n above e:rpressl.ons
t- tim (secs)
W= m e c h a n i caanlg u v l aerl o c (i t1y2r5a6d i a n s / s e c )
B= mechanical angle between Y a x i s and d i r e c t i o n of
eccentricity(radians)
s= e c c e n(tirni c ihteys )
d= R -power angle ( r a d i a n s )
Power Angle = e l e c t r i c a l a n g l e b e t w e e n load c u r r e n t and d i r e c t
axis m a g n e t i z i n g c u r r e n t ( u s e .625 r a d i a n s )
53
CASE 111 NO LOAD
The f o l l o w i n g force e x p r e s s i o n i s for t h e no l o a d case where t h e machine is

o p e r a t i n g a t 120 V L-N b a l a n c e d 36 with no armature current.
A. -
Fy -
-40.0 C O S (B-@) -3,825.0 COS ( B )

-50.0 C O S (B+#) -15.0 c O s ( 2 w t -B-$J)
-3085.0 C O S ( a t - B ) -65.0 C O S ( 2 ~ t - B + 6 )
+0.08 s i n (B-g) +7.65 s i n (B)

+o.lo s i n (B+@) "0.03 s i n ( a t - B - 6 )
-6.17 s i n ( a t - B ) -0.13 s i n (2wt-B+@)
-0.08 s i n (B-$4) -7.65 s i n (B)-
-0.10 s i n (B+(d) -0.03 s i n ( a t - B - d )
-6.17 s i n ( 2 w t - B ) -0.13 s i n (2wt-B+d)
dFx
-4n.n s i n (B-6) -3,825.0 .sin (B)
E- r=-50.0 s i n (B+@) -15.0 s i n ( a t - E - d )
-3085.0 s i n (at-13)-65.0 s i n (2wt-B.'"'!
dFx
F. = -O.O8 COS (B-6) -7.65 COS ( B )
-0.10 COS ( B + @ ) +O.O3 COS ( 2 w t - 3 4 )
+6.17 COS ( 2 w t - B ) "0.13 C O S (2wt-B+d)
G. D e f i n i t i o n of terms i n above e x p r e s s i o n s
t = t i m e (secs)
w = m e c h a n i c aaln g u l avre l o c i t y (1256 r a d i a n s / s e c )
B = mechanicalanglebetween Y a x i s and d i r e c t i o n of e c c e n t r i c i t y( r a d i a n s )
-
- e c c e n t r i(ciint cy h e s )
6 = -
power a n(grlaed i a n s )
Power Angle = e l e c t r i c a l a n g l e between load current and d i r e c t a x i s m a g n e t i z i n g
c u r r e n t( u s e 1.505 r a d i a n s ) .
54
CASE I V
3 Phase Balanced Short Circuit
The analytical expression for the radial bearing force on one end of the Brayton
Cycle Alternator when operating a t a 3 phase balanced s h o r t c i r c u i t c o n d i t i o n is
given below. An e c c e n t r i c i t y of .002" has been used i n a r r i v i n g a t theforce
coefficients.Sincethe Brayton Cycle Alternator has two ( 2 ) c i r c u i t s i n t h e
s t a t o r winding, the calculated forces haebeen divided by two (2) and thegiven
e x p r e s r i o n r e f l e c t s this division. The co-ordinatesystem i s f i x e d i n t h e s t a t o r .
A. -0.02 COS (-B+66) -155.87 COS (5-6)

PY =
-22.89 COS (B-26) -0.53 COS (B-46)
-1.19 cos (B-56) - 0.56 cos (B-GQI)
-0.12 COS (B-76) -280.72 COS (B)
-155.94 COS (B+d) -22.01 COS (B+26)
-0.29 COS (B.46) -1.19 C O S (Bi5d)
-0.52 C O S (B+66) -0.12 COS (B+7$)
-87.31 COS ( a t - B - 6 ) -4.00 COS (at-B-26)
-0.52 C O S (211t-B-46) -0.69 COS (2~t-B-56)
-0.18 cos (2wt-B-6$) +0.02 cou (2ut-B-7d)
-232.62 cos ( a t - B ) -188.04 cos (Zwt-B+@)
-39.20 COS (2wt-B+26) +0.36 ( 2 ~ t - 3 + 4 d )
-0.80 COS ( a t - B + 5 6 ) -0.98 C O S (2\1t-B+€d)
-0.37 C O S (2wt-B+7d) -0.06 COS (211t-B+8@)
+0.02 COS (2wt+B-7@)+O.Cl COS (h\~t-B+7d)
+O.O1 COS ( 4 ~ t + m d )+O.Ol C O S (6wt-B-46)
+0.01 COS (6wt+B+b@) +0.02 C O S ( 8 ~ t - B - I i d )
+0.02 cos ( 8 ; ~ t - ~ - 5 d+0.02
) COS (8vt+B+hd)
@ ) COS ( m r t - ~ - 5 @ )
40.02 C O S ( 8 ~ t + ~ + 5+0.03
+0.01 cos (lc~rt-B-6d) +O.O3 cos (lGvt+B+5d)
+o.o1. C O S (l(x1t+a+6d)-0.04 COS ( 1 2 r ~ t - ~ - 4 d )
+O.W COS (1Wt-B-66) -0.04 C O S (1%t+5+4d)
+0.02 COS (lhrt+B+G@)-0.08 COS (14wt-B-bd)
-0.08 cos (14wt-B-56) -0.08 C O S (14wt+3+4d)
-0.08 cos (14wt+3+5$) -0.12 COS (lGwt-B-4d)
-0.16 COS (16wt-s-5d) - 0 . ~ 4 COS (l€:~t-3-5$)
-0.12 cos (1611t+s+hd) -0.16 cc)s (&t+B+Sd),
-0.04 cos (16vt+13+Gd) -0.08 C O S (1Evt-3-49)
-0.24 cos (lfht-B-56) -0.08 C O S (lewt-3-6d)
-0.08 COS (1811t+a+4d)-0.21; COS ( 1 8 ~ t + 3 + 5 d )
-0.08 C O S . (18i.rt+13+66)-0.04 C O S (2mt-3-46)
-0.16 cos (20rrt-B-5d) -0.12 COS (20wt-B-f$)
-0.04 cos (20rrt+B+4d) -0.16 COS (2Gvt+B+@)
-0.12 cos ( 2 m t + ~ + 6 d )-6.08 C O S (22vt-B-56)
-0.08 COS (2Z3Jt-B-66) -0.08 C O S (2z?~t+I3+5d)
-0.08 COS (22~t+B+6@) +0.02 COS (241~t-E-h6)
-0.04 COS ( 2 4 ~ t - 3 - 6 6 ) +0.02 COB (24~t+B+46)
-0.04 COS (2411t+B+6d)+O.Ol COS (2&t-~-1+d)
+0.03 COS (26r~t-13-56)+0.01 C O S (2&t+b+l:.d)
+0.03 COS (2&t+a+5d) +o.o2 C O S (2Blt-s-5d)
+0.02 COS ( 2 8 ~ t - 3 - 6 6 ) +0.02 COS ( 2 h t + 2 + 5 d )
+O.O2 COS (23~t+B+Gd)~0.01 COB (3Cn~t-B-6$)
+0.01 cos (3owt+9+66) -0.20 C O S (45Yt-3)
-
-0.211 COS ( 4 6 ~ t - B t d ) 0.Ca C O S (4.6Ii.lt-3+2$)
-0.16 COS (48~t+B-d)-0.h8 COS ( k % t + 3 )
-
4.16 COS (4811t+B+@) 0.24 C O Y (5@dt-B-$)
-0.42 COS ( 5 O ~ t - 3 )-0.24 COS ( 5 3 ~ t - s + @ )
-0.08 COS (g8ut-s-d) -0.12 C O S ( ~ E w ~ - B )
55
56
C. Rate of change of Fy with r e s p e c t to eccentricity a n g l e (pounds/
radian).
dF
v
dB
= 4 . 0 2 sin (-B+6$) +155.87 s i n (B-@)
+22.89 s i n (B-2@) +0.53 s i n (B-46)
+1.19 s i n (B-59) +0.56 sin (B-66)
+0.12 s i n (B-78) "280.72 sin ( 5 )
+155.94 s i n (B+!$) +22.02 s i n (B+2d)
M.29 s i n (B+491) +l.lg s i n (B+5#)
*O, 52 s i n (B+66) +0.12 sin (B+7d)
-87.31. s€n (2wt-B-@) -4.00 s i n (2r~t-B-2%)
-0.52 s i n (2wt-B-46) -0.69 s i n (2wt-B-5Sd)
-0.18 s i n (2wt-B-6d) +.O2 s€n (at-3-76)
-232.62 s i n (2wt-B) -183.04 s i n ( a r t - B + @ )
-39.20 sin (2wt-B+2d) +0.36 s i n (2wt-E+4d)
-0.89 s i n ( 2 1 1 t - ~ + 5 d )-3.98 s i n (!&t-%-G$)
-0.37 s i n (2wt-B+76) -0.06 s i n (%1t-B+8$)
-0.02 sin ( h r t + H $ ' $ ) +0,01 sin (4wt-B+7d)
-0.01 s i n ( h t + B - 7 @ ) +0.01 s i n (6wt-B-hd)
-0.01 s i n (6wt+B+4$) +0.02 sin (&t-B-4$)
+0.02 sin ( 8 ~ t - ~ - 5 6 -0.02 ) s i n (8vt+a+b$)
-0.02 sin (8ut+~-+d)+0.03 s i n ( L G X ~ - B - ~ $ )
+O.G1 s l n (101:rt-3-44) -0.03 s i n (LGV7t-i3+5d)
-0.01 s i n (1Ovt+3+6$) -0.04 sin (l'&t-3-k6)
+0.02 s i n (12.1.lc-3-56>+O.& s i n (1'&1t+E+4d)
-0.02 s i n (12n1;+3+6$) - 0.08 s i n (14ut-5-46)
-0.08 s i n (14wC-B-5@) +O.O8 s i n ( l ~ ~ b ~ E + - h ~ )
+0.08 s i n (1417t+B+5$) -0.12 s i n ( 1 6 ~ t - 3 - h @ )
-0.16 s i n (16wt-B-5$) -0.04 s i n (1&t-~-6QI)
+0.12 s i n ( L 6 ~ t + ~ + h d +0.16
) s i n (lGwt+E+S@)
+0.04 s i n ( 1 6 ~ 1 ; + ~ + 6 @ -0.08
) s i n (3.8:1C-B-4$)
-0.24 s i n (18r.rt-B-5d) -0.08 sin (18-~t-~3-66)
+0.08 s i n (18vt+E+hfj) +0.24 sin (l&t+D+5$)
+0.08 s i n ( 1 8 ~ 1 i ; + ~ + 6 d-0.04
) sin (2931t-B-bd)
-0.16 s i n (2Ovt-s-5d) -0.12 s i n (2G:ct-5-/J$)
+O.& s i n (20G1t+3+1:-1$) +O.L6 s i n (20.7t+13+56)
+0.12 s i n ( 2 0 w t + ~ + G $ ) -0.08 s i n (22~t-a-5d)
-0.09 s i n (2~wt-13-Gd) +0.08 s i n ('22wt+I3+5$)
+0.08 s i n (22wt+3+6d)+0.02 s i n (24;.rt-E-&@)
-0.04 s i n (24vt-B-6d) -0.02 s i n ( 2 ~ ! . ~ $ + 3 + b @ )
+0.04 s i n (24wt-G3+G@)+0.01 sin (2&1t-i3-4@)
+0.03 sin (26wt-B-56) -0.01 sin (251~t+3*4@)
-0.03 s i n (26:1t+B+5@) +O.C2 s i n (23:~t-B-5d)
+0.01 s i n (2&t-~-6d) -9.02 s i n (2&t+3+56)
-0.01 s i n (28wt+B+6d) +0.01 s i n ( 3Owt-B-66)
-0.01 s i n (3017t+~+Gd) -0.20 s i n ( 4 6 v t - ~ )
-0.24 s i n (hfht-E+@) -0.04 s i n (46vt-E+26)
+0.16 s i n (l&lt+B-d) +0.48 s i n (hevtt-B)
+0.&6 s i n (48wt+~+pl)-0.24 s i n (5Wt-B-6)
-0.42 s i n (5Ovt-B) -0.24 s i n (5otlt-B+$)
-0.08 sin ( 9 8 ~ t - ~ - ( d-0.12
) s i n (gdvt-B)
57
F, = r q x n t all of A. (force i n Y d i r e c t i o n )
e x c e p t rcp!-acc eachcoSirie(cos) by sir2
(sin).
E. Rate of change of' F, w i t hr e s p e c t t o e c c c n t r k i t y (pounds/

inch).
dFx = repeat all of B. (dF, /<I& ) e x c e rpet p l e c e
or all c o s i c e s by sincs.'
I?. Rato 02 chanze of F, v i t hr e s p e c t t o e c c e n t r i c i t y cnzle (poundr;/
radian)
" dFx = R e p e 2 t 211 Gf C ( d F y /i3) e x c c g tr e p l - c c a l l

a3 sin?:; by cos i n n s an3 c%anze t h e s i z n of' czch
tei-12, l e i f t k r c i s a "+I' i n c rcpl::ce it by
I' -11
and V:'LGS vc-rca.
58
CASE V
3.33 KVA 1.0 PF 1 Phase Only
O t h e r 2 Phases open Circuited
The analytical expression for the radial bearing force on one end ofthe
Brayton Cycle a l t e r n a t o r when operating a t 3.33 RVA unity pcwer f a c t o r w i t h
the loadconnected from one phase t o n e u t r a l i s given below.
An e c c e n t r i c i t y of .002" has beenused i n a r r i v i n g a t the force coefficients.

Since the Brayton Cycle Alternator has two (2) c i r c u i t s i n t h e stator windings,
the calculated forces have been divided by two (2) and the given expression
r e f l e c t s this division. The coordinatesystem is f i x e d i n t h e s t a t o r .
A. Force i n the Y d i r e c t i o n (pounds)
FY - -7.88
-4.41
-1.43
COS
COS
COS
(B)-1.49 COS (2wt-B-6)
( 2 ~ t - B ) - 0 . 3 8 ~ 0(2wt+B+P)
(4wt-B-0)-0.59
~
COS (4wt-B+b)
-0.04 COS (B+26) -1.93 COS (4wt+B-P)
-2.68 COS (4wt+B+fJ)-2.67 COS (6wt-B+b)
-0.45 COS (6~t+B+b)-0.07 COS (8wt+B-20)
-0.12 COS (8wt+B+26)
B. Rate of change of F withrespecttoeccentricity (pounds/inch)

Y
-3940 COS (B)-745 COS (2wt-B-6)
-2205 COS (2wt-B) -190 COS (2wt+B+b)
-715 COS (4wt-B-6) -295 COS (4wt-B+b)
-20 COS (B+26) -965 C O S (4wt+B-lb)
-1340 COS (4wt+B+b)-1335 COS (6wt-B+b)
-225 COS ( 6 ~ t + B + b ) -35 COS (8wt+B-26)
-60 COS (8wt+B+26)
C. Rateof change of F~ withrespecttoeccentricity angle

(pounds/radian).
dFy = +7.88 sin (B) -1.49 s i n (2wt-B-6)
dB -4.41 sin (2wt-B)+0.38 s i n (2wt+B+b)
-1.43 sin (4wt-B-fl) -0.59 s i n (4wt-B+b)
+0.04 sin (B+26) +1.93 s i n (4wt+B-0)
+2.68 sin (4wt+B+D)-2.67 s i n (6wt-B+0)
+0.45 sin (6wt+B+b)+0.07 s i n (8wt+B-26)
+0.12 sin (8wt+B+20)
D. Force i n the X d i r e c t i o n ( pounds )

-7.88 s i n (B)-1..49 Sin (2wt-B-6)
-4.41 s i n (2wt-B) -0.38 s i n (2wt+B+b)
-1.43 s i n (4wt-B-6)-0.59 s i n (4wt-B+fl)
-0.04 s i n (B+2P)-1.93 s i n (4wt+B-6)
-2.68 s i n (4wt+B+6)-2.67 s i n (6wt-B+b)
-0.45 s i n (6wt+B+b) -0.07 s i n (8wt+B-26)
-0.12 s i n (8wt+B+2p)
59
P
E. Ratc of change of Fx w i t h r e s p c c t eo c c c c n t r i c i t y( p o x d s / i n c h )
-=
dFx
d b
-3940 s i n (C)-71:.5 s i n ( h 7 t - i 3 - $ )
-2205 s i n (2wt-C)-190 ( 2 r s. ~i nt - ; ~ ; - 9 )
-715 s i n (41.~t-C-O)-295 s i n (4k~t-S-lb)
- 2 0 s i n ( E - I - ~ ~ J-9G5
) s i n (ht+3,-fi)
-1340 s i n ( k t - m - 0 ) -1335si.n (657t-~+$j
-225 s i n (6:.7t4-3-:-9) -35 s i n (ht-1-3-2b)
- 6 0 s i n (3wt+%1-2$)
F. R a t e of changeof F, w i t h r e s p e c t t ue c c e n t r i c i t ya n z l e( p o u n d s /
radian)
G. D e f i n i t i o n of terms i n a b o v ee x p r e s s i o n
t=tir,:? (seconds)
w = m 2 c h a n i c a la n z u l a rv c l o s i t y( 1 2 5 6r s d i a n s j s c c )
B=n?echanicalanzlcbet\.lcen Y a s i s and d i r e c t i o n o f e c c e n t r i c i t y ( r a d i a n s )
= e c c e n t r i c i t y( i n c h e s )
f j = r - p o w e r2 n g l e( r a d i a n s )
Power a n g k = c l e c .a n g l eb e t w e e nl o a dc u r r e n t . and d i r e c t a x i s r r . q n l t i z i l l z
c u r r e n t ( u s e 1 . 0 4 2r a d i a n s )
60
CASE VI
SinglePhaseShort
The a n a l y t i c a l e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e r a d i a l f o r c e on one endoftheBraytonCycle

a l t e r n a t o r when o p e r a t i n g a t 15 KVA, 0.8 PF, 3 phase and a s h o r t between one
l i n e and ground is g i v e n below. An e c c e n t r i c i t y of .002" hasbeenused in
a r r i v i n g a t t h ef o r c ec o e f f i c i e n t s .S i n c et h eB r a y t o nC y c l ea l t e r n a t o rh a s two '(2)
c i r c u i t s i n the s t a t o r w i n d i n g , t h e c a l c u l a t e d f o r c e s h a v e b e e n d i v i d e d by two
(2)andthe given e x p r e s s i o n s r e f l e c t t h i s d i v i s i o n . The coordinatesystem is
f i x e d i n the s t a t o r .
A. Force in the Y d i r e c t i o n (pounds)
Fy = +.7088 cos (-B-&X1) +.8447 COS (-B-b+XZ)

-.3485 cos (-B-fl) -.649 COS (-B-X1)
- . O ~ O ~ C O S(-B+X2) -5.634 COS (-B)
+.0689 cos (-B+0-X1) -.0275 COS (-B+fl)
+.0689 C O S ( B - h X l ) -.OS5 COS (B-a)
-1.529 cos ( B - X I ) -1.697 C O S (B-X2)
-.I909 cos (B-X3) -1.577 cos (B+X1)
-1.646 C O S (B+X2) -.
1909 C O S (B+X3)
-32.749 C O S [B) +. 8447 C O S (B+b-X2)
+.7797 C O S (BSB-kXX) +.572 COS (BSO)
-.0832 C O S (2wt-B-fl-X1-0.2886) -
.0698 COS (2wt-B-0-X2-0.2886)
-.0528 COS (2~t-B-fl+X1-0.2886) -
.0898 COS (Zwt-B-fl+X2-0.2886)
-1.444 COS (2wt-B-6-0.2886) -
.2209 C O S (2wt-B-X1-0.2886)
m.2264 COS (2wt-B-X2-0.2886) -
.0284 C O S (2~t-B-X3-0.2885)
w.2098 COS (2~t-B+X1-0.2886) -
,2383 C O S (2~t-B+X2-0.2886)
-0284 COS (2~t-B+X3-0.2886) -
3.489 C O S ( h t - B - 0 . 2 8 8 6 )
+.0344 C O S (2wt-B-kfbX1-0.2886) ..
.0059 C O S (2wt-B+b+X2-0.2886)
-.0135 C O S (2wt-B+fl-0.2886) -
.1132 COS (2wt+B-fl-X2-0.2886)
-.0650 C O S (2~t+B-b+X1-0.2886) . .0177 C O S (2~t+B-fl-0.2886)
-Dl19 COS (2~t+B-X2-0.2S85) -
.0111 COS (2~t+B+X1-0.29SG)
-1.592 COS (2wt+B-0.2886) + ,0120 COS (2~t+B+&X2-0.2886)
+.0112 COS (2~t+B+fl+X1-0.2886)
-.218 cos (4wt-B-a-X1-&.05)-.235
-
.1795 COS (2wt+B+0)
COS (4Wt-B-fi+X2&.05)
-.727 COS ( b t - B - f l d . 0 5 ) -.01 C O S (4Wt-B-20-X1&.05)
-.011 COS (4~t-B-2f~+X2+4.05)-.748 COS (4~t-B-20-1-4.05)
-.032 cos (kJt-B-X1+4.05) -
.041 COS (4~t-B+X2+4.05)
"350 COS ([iWt-B+4.05) -
-345 COS (4Wt-B+D-Xl-fd.05)
-.412 C O S (ht-B+O+X24.05) -
.057 COS (4~t-B+&4.05)
-.246 COS (4Wt+B-b-X1+4.05~-.635 COS (4~t+B-fl-X2+4.05)
-.551 COS (4wt+B-&X1+4.05) -.266 COS (4wt+B-o+X2+4.05.)
-5.293 cos (4wtt-B-fh4.05)+.006 COS (ht+B+X1+4.05)
-.050 COS (ht+B+4.05)-.249 COS (4\5t+B+fl-X1+4.05)
-.509 COS (4wt+B+b-X2+4.05) --
.472 COS (4wt+B+f?+X1&.05)
-.269 COS (4wt+B+&!-X2+4.05) 6.001 COS (4wt+B+$&.05)
-.0657 COS (6wt-B-&X1+1.66) -
,0701 COS (6wt-B-a+X2+1.66)
0.0928 COS (6wt-B-h1.66) -
.0194 COS (6~t-B-2fl-Xl+1.66)
61
B. Rate of change of Fy w i t hr c s p z c t oe c c e n t r i c i t y (pc,unds/inch)
-’--
dF
d cr
= +351t.4 c o s J-C-fl-Xl)
-174.25 COS (-E-$) - +422.35 C O S (-B-o+X2)
32.45 COS ( - 3 - X l )
-40.1) C O S (-8tS2)-2517.0 COS (-E)
+34.45 C O S (-G+g-Xl) -13.75 C O S (-H+$)
+34.45 COS (E-$+Xl) -27.5 COS ( 6 - C )
-764.5 C O S ( B - X I ) -&48.5 C O S ( B - X Z )
-95.45cos ( R - X 3 ) - 7 c s . 5c o s (Z-i-Xl)
-823.0 C O S (E-CS2) - 95.45 C O S (E+X3)
-16,374.5 C O S (E) + 422.35 COS (B-tfl-X2)
+389.85 cos (a+&Xl) + 286.0 cos (€+a)
-41.6 C O S (2~t-E-0-X1-0.2856) . 34.9 C O S (2vt-E-~-XZ-O.28S6)
-26.4 C O S (2vt-E-~-i.Y,l-0.2GGC) 44.9 C O S (2wt-B-~-~:2-.0.2aS6) -
-
-722 COS ( 2 ~ t - B - @ - 0 . 2 8 8 6 ) 110.45 COS (21~t-E-Xl-0.2SS6)
-113.2 C O S (2\7t-B-X2-0.2S86) -
14.2 COS (2~t-E-X3-0.2886)
-104.9 C O S (2?7t-E+X1-0.2&86) -
119.15 C O S (?.~7t-11-!:!?-0.2~S6)
-14.7. COS (2\7<-BtS3-0.2526) -
1,7ft1+.5 COS (21:t-S-O,2SSG)
+1.7.2 C O S ( 2 ~ 7 t - B . t ~ - : . ; 1 - 0 . 2 & ~ ~2.35 ) -
COS ( Z ~ . I ~ - € - ; ~ ~ - : : ~ - O . ? . E S ~ )
-6.75 COS (2\~t-3+$0.26SG) -
56.6 C O S (2~.7t-tS-1-0-X2-0.2886)
-32.5 COS (211:+3-5+Xl-0.2CsG) - 8 . 8 5 C O S (2t;t-1-2-9-0.2G36)
-5.95 COS (2~L+B-X3-0.2&36) - 5.55 C O S (21.~t+3+S1-0.2886)
-796.0 COS (Z~;.t-tB-O.ZSC6) +6.0 C O S (2~.7t-I5+3-X2-0.2256)
+5.6 COS ( 2 i ~ t - t E . t f 3 - t S l - O . 2 ~ S 6 ) 8- 9 . 7 5 COS ( ? \ ~ t + ~ - ! - 3 - 0 . 2 8 9 6 )
-109 cos (l;wt-~-~-:;I.~4..Oj) - 117.5 cus (L:r.:t-E-p-tS2-t!t.OS)
-363.5 C O S ( 4 ~ t - I ; - & 4 . 0 5 ) -
5.0 COS (h~~t-B-2~~-Xl-t4.05)
-5.5 COS (4\7t-B-Zfi+X2+A.05) -
399 COS (L;~t-R-2$+4.05)
-16 COS (4~t-E-X1-&,05) -20.5 COS ([t:~t-B-:-S!-t4.05)
-175 C ~ S(k~~t-3-A .OS) -172.5 C O S (I~It”C-tfi-X1+S.05)
-206 COS (417t-B+D+X2-t4.05) - 28.5 COS (4;:lt-E+c+3.05)
-
-123 COS (rt:;i~+a-~-X1.+4.0_:,) 317.5 C O S (r;,.~t-t.G-~-S2+lc.05)
-275.5 C O S ( ~ t i . J t - t ~ - ~ - ~ ~ { 1-- ~133 ~ ~ . C0O5S) (r:;.?t+Tj-9+);2-I-/t.05)
-2646.5 COS (4~;7t+B-O+4.05) +3.0 C O S ( ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ - ! - ~ ~ : ~ l + ~ + . O . ~ )
-
-25 COS (4~1t-!-B+5.05) 124.5 c o s ( 1 ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - 3 ~ . ~ - X l ~ - ~ ~ . O ~ )
-254.5 C O S (4y~t-l-r:tb-:.:2+4.05) -
2 2 6 c o s (r,.:Jt+Er~-l.X1+4.0~)
-
-134.5 C O S (4~7t+B+fJ$-Y2-t4.05) 3 , 0 0 0 . 5 COS (4y:t+F,+$i;4.05)
-32.85 COS (€\\lt-B-O-X1+1.66) .. 35.05 COS (6r.~t-G-~;-~2+4.05)
-46.4 COS ( G w t - B - n + l . 66) -
9.7 C O S (G\?t-B-20-Xl-1-1.66)
-9.85 C O S (6~t-B-2;kS2+1.66)
+138.6 C O S ( 6 ~ t - 2 + 1 . 6 6 )
62
-278.6 COS (6wt-B+&X1+1.66) --
118.5 COS (6wt-B+$-X2+1.66)
-109.7 COS (6~t-B+p+X1+1.66) 300.8 COS (6wt-B+&X2+1.66)
-2681.5 COS (6wt-B+B+1.66)
-112.4 COS (6wt+B-&X2+1.66)
-441.15 COS (6~t+B-O+l.66)
-
1Q3.95 COS (6wt+B-&X1+1.66)
+150.55 cos (6wt+B+1.66)

-214.95 COS (6wt+B+$-X2+1.66)
- --
199.€5 COS (6~t-t-B+fi+X1+1.66)
-172.7 COS (6~t+B+fl+1.66) 11.45 COS (6~t+B+2a-X2+1.66)
-10.65 COS (6wt+B+2&X1+1.66) 83.7 COS (6Wt+B+2&1.66)
C. Rate of change of F with respect t o e c c e n t r i c i t ya n g l e ( pounds/radian).

Y
+- +.7088 s i n (-B-&X1) +.8447 s i n (-B-&X2)
-.3485 s i n (-B-O ) -
.0649 s.in (-B-X1)
-;0808 s i n (-B+X2) -
5.634 s i n (-B)
+.0689 s i n (-B+6-X1) -.0275 s i n (-B+P)
+1.529 s i n (B-XI) +.055 s i n (B-0)
-.0689 s i n (B-#?+X1) +1.697 s i n (B-X2)
+.I909 s i n (B-X3) +1.577 s i n (B+X1)
+1.646 s i n (B+X2) +.I909 s i n (B+X3)
+32.749 s i n (B) -
.8447 s i n (B+fJ-X2)
-.7797 s i n (B+6+X1) -.572 s i n (B+0)
- .0832 s i n (2wt-B-6-X1-0.2886)
-.0528 s i n (2wt-B-&Xl-O.2886) --
.0698. s i n (2wt-B-&X2-0.2886)
.0898 s i n (2wt-B-&X2-0.2886)
-1.444 s i n (2wt-B-0-0.2886)- .2209 s i n (2wt-B-X1-0.2886)
0.2264 s i n (2wt-B-X2-0.2886) -
.0204 s i n (2wt-B-X3-0.2886)
-.2098 s i n (2wt-B-X1-0.2886) -
.2383 s i n (2wt-B+X2-0.2886)
- .0284 s i n (2wt-B+X3-0.2886) -
3.489 s i n (2wt-B-0.2886)
+.0344 s i n (2wt-B+bX1-0.2886) -
.0059 s i n (2wt-B+fl+X2-0.2886)
-.0135 s i n (2wt-B+fi-0.2886) +.1132 s i n ;(2wt+B-fi-X2-0.28S6)
+.065 s i n (2wt+B-b+X1-0.2886) +.0177 s i n (2wt+B-0-0.2866)
+.0119 s i n (2wt+B-X2-0.2886) +.0111 s i n (2wt+B+X1-0.2886)
+1.592 s i n (2wt+B-0.2886) -.012 s i n (2wt+B+a-X2-0.2886)
- .0112 s i n (2wt+B+b+X1-0.2886) +.1795 s i n (2wt+B-kfi-0.2886)
-.218 s i n (4wt-B-0-X14.05) -
.235 s i n (4wt-B-fi+X2+4.05)
-.727 s i n (4wt-B-W.05) -
.01 s i n (4wt-B-2@-X1+4.05)
-.011 s i n (4wt-B-2o+X2+4.05)
-
.032 s i n (4wt-B-X1+4.05) -
-
.798 s i n (4wt-B-2h4.05)
.041 s i n (4wt-B+X2+4.05)
-.350 s i n (4wt-B-14.05) -
.345 s i n (4wt-B+b-X1+4.05)
-.412 s i n (4wt-B+&X2+4.05) -
,057 s i n (4wt-B+fi+4.05)
+.246 s i n (4wt+B-&X1+4.05) + .635 s i n (4wt+B-fJ-X24.05)
+.551 s i n (4wt+B-fl+X1+4.05) + .2E6 s i n (4wt+B-!d+X24.05)
+5.293 s i n (4wt+B-fl+4.05) -
.006 s i n (4wt+B+$1+4.0.5)
+.050 s i n (4wt+Btb.05) + .249 s i n (4wt+B+d-X1+4.05)
+.509 s i n (4wt+B+a-X2+4.05) +.472 s i n ( wt+B+&X1+4.05)
+.269 s i n (4wt+B+b-X24.05) +6.001 s i n ( wt+B+fl+4.05) $
-.0657 s i n (6wt-B-D-X1+1.66) -
.0701 s i n (6vt-B-&X2+1.66)
-.0928 s i n (6wt-B-0+1.66) -.0194 s i n (6wt-B-20-X1+1.66)
-.0197 s i n (6wt-B-2P+X2+1.66)
+.2772 s i n (6wt-B+1.66)
63
-.5572 s i n (4;5t-B-$-Xl+-l.66) -
.237 s i n (6..1~-s-l~-,:21-1.6G)
- .21.9!; s i n (Gwt-B+~.r-Sl-l.l..C,C.) -
.G91G s i n (6~..:t.-&-~~:;<Z+l
.6G)
-5.363 s i n (ht-F,-$kl. 6G)
+.221:8 s i n (G~t+E-$-X2-;1.46) -1-.2@79 s i n (G;.I~-~.~”,~-;.:.:I.-~-I..~G)
+.8623 s f n (6wir-;-C-$:-l.G6)
- .3011 sia (Gwt+3-1-1.66)
+.[!.299 s i n (G~t+B+$-X2+1.66)+.3393 s i n (GiJty+G-!.$-X1+1.66)
+.3454 s i n (6wt+D+$-1.66) +.0229 s i n (Gvta13+2~5-;.:2-r-l.GG)
+.0213 s i n (6r~t+B+2$+S1+1.G6) +.1674 s i n (Gs.jt-;B-t2fi+l.6G)
D. F o r c ei nt h e X d i r e c t i o n (pounds)
Fx = r e p e a t a l l of A . ( f o r c ei n Y d i r e c t i o n ) e x c c p tr e p l a c ee a c h
c o s i n e( c o s ) by s i n e( s i n ) .
E. Rate of change of F, w i t hr e s p e c t oe c c e n t r i c i t y( p o u n d s / i n c h ) .
F. Rate of change of Fx with r e s p e c t oe c c e n t r i c i t ya n g l e( p o u n d / r a d i a n ) .
Repeat a l l of C. (dFF /dB) e x c e p tr e p l a c e a l l s i n e s by c o s i a e s

dB and change the
sign o e a c h term. ie, if t h e r e i s a I t + t t i n c
r e p l a c e i t by * t - * f and v i s a v e r s a .
G. D e f i n i t i o no f terns i n a b o v ee x p r e s s i o n
-
t = time(seconds)
w mechanicalangularvelosity
B = mechanicalanglcbetwcen
(1256 r n d i a n s / s c c )
y a x i s and d i r e c t i o n of e c c e n t r i c i t y ( r a d i a n s )
d = e c c e n t r i c i t y (inches)
0 = -
power a n g l e( r a d i a n s )
Power a n g l e = e l e c t r i c n l a n g l e botwcenloadcurrent a n d d i r e c t axis
m a g n e t i z i n z c u r r e n t (use -,,018 r a d i a n s ) .
X 1 -- A-%E phasc r e l a t i o n L : S ~(2.30radinrls)

X2 = B+C phase r e l a t i o n use ( 4 . 3 3 r a d i a n s )
X3 = A-+C p h a s e r e l a t i o n u s e ( 6 . 6 4r a d i a n s )
64
SECTION I X
D e r i v a t i o n of A n a l y t i c a l E x p r e s s i o n s
D e r i v a t i o n sf o r Permeanceand MMF
A s previouslymentioned (Eq. 111) themagneticforce i s g i v e n by:

1
dA where K = 72 f o r J3 i n k i l o l i n e s p e r s q u a r e i n c h .
Since B *P X MMF (See Eq. 113) t h e d e r i v a t i o n s are g i v e n f o r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

of p and "I?. Eachofthese i s d e r i v e d as a n i n f i n i t e series andthentruncated
a t a p p r o p r i a t eh a r m o n i c s .I nb o t hc a s e s ,t h er e f e r e n c e of the series i s f i x e d
inthestator a t a p o i n tr e f e r r e dt ot h e minimum a i r gap by angle B. Mechani-
c a l a n g l e s , w t , are u s e dt h r o u g h o u tw h i l ee l e c t r i c a ld i s p l a c e m e n t , ye,
is t h e
generatortorqueangle i n mechanical radians.
Fundamental permeance i s d e f i n e d as where/Lcis the medium p e r m e a b i l i t y ,
A i s the area, a n d A i s g a o ppr a t h I f A i s c o n s i d e r etdo be
one
s q u a r ei n c h , a n d p i s d i v i d e do u t as a c o n s t a n tm u l t i p l i e r ,t h eu n i t i z e d
permeance becomes ( l / k ) o rt h er e c i p r o c a lo ft h e a i r gaplength. The p e r -
meance series canthen be d e s c r i b e d as mechanicalgap.
The r o t o r , a i r g a p , s t a t o r and e c c e n t r i c i t y combine t op r e s e n t a non-

uniform a i r gapdue t o s l o t t i n g and e c c e n t r i c i t y . The r o t o r moving p a s tt h e
s t a t o r p r e s e n t s a modulatedpermeancewhich i s a g a i n modulated by e c c e n t r i c i t y
i f e c c e n t r i c i t y i s p r e s e n t . A t r u n c a t e dF o u r i e rc o s i n es e r i e sw r i t t e nf o r
r o t o r a n da m o r t i s s e u r ,s t a t o r , and a i r g a p e c c e n t r i c i t y , h a s beenused t o re-
p r e s e n tt h ep h y s i c a lp i c t u r ei nt h e machine.These t h r e e permeances m u l t i p l i e d
t o g e t h e rr e p r e s e n tt h em o d u l a t e d permeance of tte machine as f u n c t i o n s of
t i m e ,m e c h a n i c a le c c e n t r i c i t ya n g l e and t h e i rm a g n i t u d e s .
The r o t o rc a n be r e p r e s e n t e da s i L t h es k e t c h below:
"""
I.D.
8
1
The s a l i e n c y a n g l e be tween poles is:
Angle = 2- (1 - 0 c ) radians Eq. K23
65
And t h e r e f o r e P o i n t B and Point C become: ,
P o i n t B = d(2-0C) Eq. 1\24
Point C = 2 f l / P Eq. #25
The r o t o r permeance can be represented by a Fourier Series of t h e f o l l o w i n g
form:
f (x) = a, c o s+ an nx Eq. 126

n=l
where t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s are given by:
f L
Eq. #27
Eq. 828
0
By l e t t i n g L = 2 f f and f (x) = P (e), Eq. #28 can be expanded to:
an = 1
Ir'
Vd
jdBl cos(ne)de 4
P
L
7f g2
%c
(2-4)
1 cos (ne) de
.
Eq .#30
m-4
Performingtheintegrationyields:
Using an t o write t h e main r o t o r permeance i n t h e form of Eq. i l l 0 g i v e s :
= an cos
Pn (n q (8 - wt)) Eq. #31
whereanangle (wt) is includedintheargument of t h i s e x p r e s s i o n i f t h e

r o t o r i s viewed as s t a r t i n g a t some p o i n t w h e r e t h e d i r e c t a x i s a n d re-
ferencecenterdon'tcoincdde.
1 2
1.O: -
Applying t h e above c o e f f i c i e n t f o r m u l a s t o t h e B r a y t o n C y c l e A l t e r n a t o r
where g = .04"andg
Po = 8.90 Eq. 632
P1 = 12.82 Eq. #33

P2 = 5.82 Eq. #34
P3 = 0.750 Eq. #35

66
p4 = -3.42 Eq. 936
p5 = -2.035 Eq. #37
AmortisseurandStatorSlots
A m o r t i s s e u ra n ds t a t o rs l o t t i n gc o u l db eh a n d l e d like t h e r o t o r s a l i e n c y , b u t
t h i s would l e a d t o h i g h e r permeance modulationthan i s a c t u a l l y s e e n by t h e
machine. The a m o r t i s s e u rs l o ts k e t c h below e x p l a i n s t h i s t o a degree.
\/AMORTISSEUR SLOT
Very l i t t l e f l u x a c t u a l l y l i n k s t h e bottom of t h e s l o t s o a s t r i c t l y mechanical

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e permeancewouldbe misleading. D r . Freeman i n h i s I E E
Paper 8523U, June1962, "The C a l c u l a t i o n of Harmonics, Due t o S l o t t i n g , i n t h e
Flux-Density Waveform of a Dynamo-Electric Machine" s o l v e s a mcr e e x a c t c a s e .
He transformstheabovesketchto a form as shown below:
w i t h a similar r e p r e s e n t a t i o n f o r t h e s t a t o r s l o t s .
Thiscan be r e p r e s e n t e d by a c o s i n e s e r i e s of t h eg e n e r a l formtaken by the

r o t o r s a l i e n c y and some averagepermeance, s o t h a tf o rt h ea m o r t i s s e u r :
where 'rf
i s takenfromFreeman'sgraphs as f u n c t i o n s of machine parameters, and
NA i s the number of s l o t s .
Althoughthere are o n l y e i g h t e e n p h y s i c a l a m o r t i s s e u r slots i n one end of the

BraytonCyclemachine, t h i s i s e q u i v a l e n tt of i f t ya m o r t i s s e u rs l o t s ,i ft h e y
are continuedthroughtheregion of r o t o r s l o t s .
67
. NA ~ 5 0
The o n l y d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s t a t o r and a m o r t i s s e u r s l o t t i n g is t h e
numberof s l o t s , time as a v a r i a b l e and s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t c o e f f i c i e n t s due
t o a d i f f e r e n t s l o t opening. The s t a t o r s l o t t i n g permeancecanberepresented
by the c o s i n e series.
ta t o r = 1 + ( cos (NsB)) Eq. #39

where N, = 48 s l o t s
Eccentricity
E c c e n t r i c i t y c a n beviewed as a permeance s i n c e i t i s a change i n gap t h a t ,

i n e f f e c t , modulatesthemachinepermeance.
Considertherotor as a c y l i n d e r w i t h i n a n o t h e r c y l i n d e r ( t h e s t a t o r ) as
be low:
MINI”
The e c c e n t r i c i t y permeancecanberepresented by an equation of the form:
’e = Peo + pelcos (e - B) + ~ e cos

2 2(e - B) + - - - Eq. #40
where : Pe, = 1
Pel = i l g
Pe2 = (6/g)2
68
b = e c c e n t r i c i t y (in.)
g = g a p( i n . )
For the Brayton Cycle Alternator gap of 0.0411 a n d a n e c c e n t r i c i t y o f 0.002",

pel >> Pe2 andharmonicshigherthanthe
permeance i s then:
f i r s t can be n e g l e c t e d . E c c e n t r i c i t y
Pe = 1"
g
6 cos (e - B) Eq. #41
The r o t o r ,a m o r t i s s e u r ,s t a t o r , and e c c e n t r i c i t ye x p r e s s i o n sc a n becombined

t o form a c o m p l e t e e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e machinepermeance(except f o r end e f f e c t s ) .
Thisexpressiondoesn'taccountforfringing of t h e m a i n r o t o r p o l e s o r sat-
urationbothofwhich are c o r r e c t e d f o r i n t h e c o m p u t e r d e c k .
The r o t o r p o l e permeanceand a m o r t i s s e u r permeances are combined t o r e p r e s e n t

thetotalrotor permeance s i n c e t h e two r e p r e s e n t one component whichcannot
modulate i t s e l f . T h i s i s thenmodulated by b o t ht h ee c c e n t r i c i t y and s t a t o r
s l o t t i n g . The completeexpression i s as w r i t t e n below:
PgaP
'(PR + PA) x Ps x PE Eq. #42
These are a l l i n f i n i t e series truncatedtoreasonableaccuracy by l i m i t i n g

the number of harmonics t ot h ef i f t h ,s e c o n d ,s e c o n d , and fundamental
I r e s p e c t i v e l yr e p r e s e n t i n gn e a r l y 99% of t h et o t a l permeance.
-
MMF
S i n c ef o r c e i s dependenton(Fluxdensity) 2 , and F l u x d e n s i t y i s dependent on

MMF andPermeance, a c o m p l e t ed e s c r i p t i o n of MMF i s r e q u i r e d . (See Eq's #I, #3).
The MMF e x p r e s s i o n needed i s one t h a t d e s c r i b e s t h e t o t a l ampere t u r n s i m -

pressedacrossthegap a t a g i v e nc o n d i t i o n as f u n c t i o n s of time,mechanical
a n g l e ,e l e c t r i c a la n g l e , and c u r r e n t .I ft h e machine i s o p e r a t i n gw i t h a
b a l a n c e dt h r e e - p h a s el o a d ,t h ew i n d i n gc o i lp i t c h i s 213 p i t c h as i n t h e
BraytonCycleandthere are a n i n t e g r a l number of s t a t o r s l o t s p e r pole,then
the MMF can be expressed as a c o s i n e s e r i e s c o n t a i n i n g o n l y odd n o n t r i p l e n
harmonics. The g e n e r a lt e r mi nt h i s series i s shown below:
MMF =
n W
Kpn Gn cos
(n ? (e - wt + W -ye)) Eq. #43
where n = harmonic number

M = f i X T X I
T = turnspercoil
I = amps/Iine/circuits
y = slots/phase belt
q = phasebelts/pole
= power a n g l e
69
I
I
and $n = p i t c hf a c t o r€ o r the nth harmonic;
and Q n = d i s t r i b u t i o nf a c t o rf o r the nth harmonic
T h i se x p r e s s e st h e time v a r i a n t MMF. To c o m p l e t et h ee x p r e s s i o nt h ef i e l d
e x c i t a t i o n (ATdc) f o r oneendofthemachinemust be added t o Eq. 41/43. The
c o m p l e t e e x p r e s s i o n g i v e s a gap MMF as shown below a t t = 0.
The above e x p r e s s i o n d o e s n o t e x p r e s s t h e p i c t u r e tnat is presentifthe

machineload i s unbalanced. When theload i s unbalanced,eachphase w i l l be
a t different current values and t h e a m o r t i s s e u r c i r c u i t w i l l have c u r r e n t
flowing due t o backward r o t a t i n g and s t a n d i n g MMF waves. The complete MMF
e x p r e s s i o n mustthencontaintheforward,backward, and s t a n d i n g MMF waves
d u et ot h eu n b a l a n c e dl i n ec u r r e n t s ,a m o r t i s s e u rc u r r e n t s and ATdce
By s o l v i n gt h e c i r c u i t belowwhich c o n t a i n s t h e p o s i t i v e , n e g a t i v e , and z e r o
sequenceimpedancesofthealternator,forward,backward, and zerosequence
c u r r e n t s c a n be found:
+ jXL = Load impedance RL

+ jX0 = Zero sequence
impedance
R2 + jX2 = Negative
sequence
impedance
j XL
I
f
70
I
The s e q u e n c e c u r r e n t components r e f l e c t t h e a m o r t i s s e u r a t t e n u a t i o n of t h e
backwardand s t a n d i n gf i e l d s r e l a t i v e t ot h ep o s i t i v es e q u e n c ef i e l d .T h s s e
c u r r e n t s (Ia, I a o ,I a 2 )c a nt h e n be o p e r a t e do n by t h e v e c t o r o p e r a t o r s , a
and82,toformcorrectexpressionsforthephasecurrents due tounbalanced
conditions.
3
The "F canthenbeexpressed by the terms below:
T h i s r e p r e s e n t s two sets o f c o u n t e r r o t a t i n g c u r r e n t v e c t o r s i n c l u d i n g all

machine e f f e c t s .T h i sm i g h t be p i c t u r e d as below:
In general:
Eq. #45
A and B representthedisplacementfrom 120° time space v e c t o r c u r r e n t r e l a t i o n -

ship.
3 Concordia,"SynchronousMachines"
71
Saturation
The r o t o r permeance e x p r e s s i o n as d e r i v e d is c o r r e c t o n l y i f no s a t u r a t i o n
o c c u r s i n t h er o t o r . It a l s o i g n o r e s t h e f a c t t h a t f r i n g i n g takes p l a c en e a r
t h ep o l et i p s and f u r t h e ri m p l i e s no s t a t o r s a t u r a t i o n . I f t h e flux d e n s i t y
and d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e g a p i s known, i t can be Fourier analyzed and a more
c o r r e c tr o t o r permeance e x p r e s s i o nr e a l i z e d .T h i st e c h n i q u e is illustrated
i n the followingparagraphs.
An a i r gap MMF can be o b t a i n e d u s i n g t h e p r e v i o u s l y d e r i v e d MMF e x p r e s s i o n .

(Eq. P43). This MMF e x p r e s s i o n i s t h e ne v a l u a t e d a t incrementsaroundthe
peripheryofthe a i r gap t o d e s c r i b e t h e "F on a p o i n t by p o i n t b a s i s o v e r
a p a i r of p o l e s and 48 e q u a l l y s p a c e d p o i n t s e q u a l t o 360 degrees.
To u s e t h i s MMF t o o b t a i n f l u x a n e x p r e s s i o n f o r r e l u c t a n c e i s n e c e s s a r y . The
r e l u c t a n c e s of t h e s t a t o r and r o t o r t e e t h and s l o t s can be r e p r e s e n t e d by the
e l e c t - r i c a le q u i v a l e n tc i r c u i t shown below. The impedancesof t h ei r o np o r t i o n s
w i l l be n o n l i n e a rd u et os a t u r a t i o n . The r e l u c t a n c e s are determinedon a
point-by-point basis.
- B
I 11
(STATOR YOKE)
INTERLAMINAR
STATOR TOOTH SPACE
APPLIED
MMF E4 A I R GAP
t AT GAP
ROTOR TOOTH INTE-WNAR

R ir SPACE
E3
ROTOR I YOKE
By assuming a f l u x d e n s i t y . ( c u r r e n t ) between p o i n t s A&B, a given ampere t u r n

drop(voltage)canbecalculatedforthecircuitwiththeaid of s t e e l
m a g n e t i z a t i o nt a b l e s and physicaldimensions of the s l o t ,l a m i n a t i o n ,s t a c k i n g
f a c t o r , and t o o t hl e n g t h( s t a t o r and r o t o r ) . The d r o pa c r o s st h es t a t o rt o o t h ,
s t a t o r s l o t , a i r gapand r o t o r t o o t h can thus be found. The sum of thesedrops
72
i s t h e a p p l i e d MMF, a n dt h eg a pd e n s i t y i s t h er e s u l to ft h ea p p l i e d MMF a t
t h eg i v e np o i n t .T h i sp r o c e s so fa s s u m i n g a f l u x d e n s i t y andcomputing MMF
i s r e p e a t e d u n t i l a graph of MMF v s . B gap i s o b t a i n e d o v e r a r e a s o n a b l e
r a n g eo fd e n s i t i e s .F o rt h eB r a y t o nC y c l e , B r a n g e from 0 t o 150 KL/inch2
i n 80 s t e p s .
F i g u r e 1 9 shows t h e MMF a r o u n d t h e g a p f o r a p a i r of poles and Figure 20shows

gap density vs. applied MMF.
A pictureofgapdensityaroundthepairofpoles i s now drawnby t a k i n g t h e
MMF a t a point(Figure19)andreading a r e s u l t a n tg a pd e n s i t y( F i g u r e 20).
This p r o c e s s is completedaroundthe 360° e l e c t r i c a l d e g r e e s f o r 48 p o i n t s
and r e s u l t s i n F i g u r e 21.
F i g u r e 20 i s onlyusedoverthepoleregion. The s l o t p o r t i o n ofFigure21

( p o i n t s 9 t o 39) i s c a l c u l a t e d by two m e t h o d sa n dt h eh i g h e rr e s u l t a n td e n s i t y
i s u s e d( p e s s i m i s t i cv a l u ei ns a l i e n c y )i nt h ec a l c u l a t i o n s .
Method #l assumes a f l u x p a t h betweenpole t i p and s t a t o r as t h e s k e t c h

be low shows :
STATOR
ROTOR
FLUX PATH
This method g i v e s a g a p t h a t a c c o u n t s well for fringing a t t h ep o l et i p s by

calculatinggaplength g as a q u a r t e r c i r c l e .
However i t i s u n r e a l i s t i c n e a r t h e c e n t e r r e g i o n of t h e s l o t M e t h o d 112 simply

assumes a constantgap(g2) as shown i n t h e s k e t c h and is used when t h e re-
s u l t a n t permeance i s h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f Method #l.
The combinationofthe two s a l i e n c y methodsand thepolesaturation method

g i v e st h ec o m p l e t ep i c t u r e of t h e d e n s i t y shown i n F i g u r e 21.
73
MMF VS THETA
2
i!
Fr;
s
;2000
w
-9 1800 1600
2s 1400
1200
1000
800
600
40 0
200
A I RG A PF L U XD E N S I T Y VS MMF
10 100 1000 10,000

MMF (AMPERE TURNS)
FIGURE 20
AIR GAP F L U X DENSITY VS THETA
10
L
Note t h a t F i g u r e 2 1 goesfrom d i r e c t axis t o d i r e c t axis so t h e l e f t hand
r e g i o n of t h e f i g u r e c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e l e a d i n g p o l e t i p and t h e r i g h t hand
r e g i o nt ot h et r a i l i n ge d g eo ft h en e x tp o l et i p . The t r a i l i n g edge is a t
a h i g h e r f l u x d e n s i t y a n d t h e r e f o r e i s more s a t u r a t e d , w h i c h r e f l e c t s as a
lowerpermeance l e v e l .
F i g u r e 2 1 i s F o u r i e ra n a l y z e dt og i v et h ea n g l eb e t w e e nt h ed i r e c ta x i s
andthefluxfundamental.Thisangle i s d i r e c t l yr e l a t e dt o y e and t h e r e -
f o r et h e power f a c t o r and the assumed *pe. I ft h ec a l c u l a t e da n g l ed o e s
not check with the angle based on the assumedp e r )C.e i s changed and the
process repeated over again until an exact pe i s a r r i v e d a t based on the
power f a c t o r andthe assumed ATDc.
S i n c et h eF o u r i e ra n a l y s i sg i v e st h ef u n d a m e n t a l AC f l u x , ba,, theinduced
v o l t a g e , E i c a n a l s o be c l a c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t l o n ( F a r a d a y ' s
Law) :
E i = 4.44 f T i e bac x
where: f = frequency(cps)
T i e = effectiveturnsperphase
The a b o v e c a l c u l a t e d Ei i s then compared w i t h t h e Ei determinedfromterminal

c o n d i t i o no ft h ea l t e r n a t o ru s i n gt h ef o l l o w i n gv e c t o rd i a g r a m .
IR (RESISTANCE DROP)
I f t h e two E i ' s do notcheck,thenthe ATDC i s a d j u s t e d and t h e c a l c u l a t i o n

on e and E i are r e p e a t e du n t i lt h ev a l u e s are w i t h i n 0.5% ofeachother.
Now t h a tt h ev a l u ea n ds h a p e o f t h e gap f l u x i s known, i t f o l l o w s t h a t t h e

gappermeance is a l s o known, andcan be F o u r i e r a n a l y z e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e
average and f i r s t f i v e harmonic terms .**
Each of these harmonics can be compared w i t h t h e u n s a t u r a t e d r o t o r e x p r e s s i o n ,
and a c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r d e t e r m i n e d t o make t h e o r i g i n a l r o t o r e x p r e s s i o n r e f l e c t
t h es a t u r a t i o ni nt h ea l t e r n a t o rr o t o r and s t a t o r . These c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r s a r e
determined i nt h ec o m p u t e r program. They a r e n e c e s s a r y s i n c s t h e o r i g i n a l gap
flux e x p r e s s i o n is n o t i n a form t h a t c a n b e u s e d t o o b t a i n B terms computable
with the Force Calculation Program.
F i g u r e 22 shows t h e r e l a t i o n between s a t u r a t e d andunsaturatedpermeance.

Note how t h e f r i n g i n g is a p p a r e n t i n t h e s a t u r a t e d case.
* An a s s u m e d y e m u s t b e u s e d t o b e g i n t h e i t e r a t i o n p r o c e s s .
** The o r i g i n a l permeance e x p r e s s i o n n e g l e c t i n g s a t u r a t i o n u t i l i z e d f i v e h a r m o n i c s .
77
PERMEANCE VS THETA
30
10
10 20 30 40 50
POSITION POINTS (7. 5 ELECTRICAL DEGREES PER POINT)

FIGURE 22
22 were taken directly from the computer output.
Figures 19 through
The program uses the iterative process described above and arrives
at saturation excitation and the alternator power angle.
The process used for calculating saturation, is sufficient for all

cases except where the generator is operating at balanced
15 KVA
load with a short applied from line to neutral on one phase.
The reason the saturation calculation is not sufficient is because

only average saturation at a given point around the machine is con-
sidered whereas the saturation is really time variant.
When the excitation is high and the load unbalanced, the backward
and standingMMF waves are interacting with the forward and ATdc
" F ' s to form radically varying total
"J? across the rotor, gap,
stator magnetic path at a given point in time and space. Saturation
as a function of rotor position does not show the heavy saturation
that takes place when ATdc is not beine opposed by the armature re-
actions combined waves.
This specific case of unbalanced loading was first analyzed in the

same manneras the other five cases then adjusted by placing limits
on the maximum force. The limits were determined from the maximum
flux density that the steel could support.
The following flow chart type of representation illustrates how the

analytical force was arrived at for this case.
As with the other cases differential saturation was not considered.
79
ORIGINAL CALCULATION
FOR CASE SIX
(Short le, 5 KVA i n e a c h of two remainingphases)
T e s t Results
From T e s t R e s u l t s , t e r m i n a l c u r r e n t s , and v o l t a g e s
Synnne t r i c a l Component S a t u r a t i o n Program

Analysis
Forward
R o t a t i n g Components
MlY
’ ATDCr
K1, KK2,3,
El,K4,
11, v1
K5, K6 f o r T O ,
P1,P2,P3,P4,P5,where Pr =
n t h harmonic r o t o r permeance
and K = a d j u s t m e n t f o r s a t u r a t i o n
i n p a t h from STATOR YOKE TO ROTOR
YOKE
F o r c eC a l c u l a t i o n
Program < I
ForceEquations
.1 (Too High).
B a s i c a l l yt h ef o r c ec a l c u l a t i o n w a s done as t h e o t h e r c a s e s (1 t o 5) e x c e p t
t h a t o n l y the f o r w a r d r o t a t i n g q u a n t i t i e s were used t o c a l c u l a t e s a t u r a t i o n .
Test d a t a was used i n a symetrical component a n a l y s i s t o d e t e r m i n e c o r r e c t

i n p u td a t at ot h eS a t u r a t i o n Program (DC3015-0-0). Data fromboththe
S a t u r a t i o n Programand t h e symetrical component a n a l y s i s is r e q u i r e d t o
c a l c u l a t ef o r c e . The S a t u r a t i o n Program a d j u s t s permeance,thesymetrical
component a n a l y s i s mmf .
80
" F ' s SEEN BY ROTOR
1. ForwardRotating MMF (PositiveSequence)

Always moves w i t h t h e r o t o r a n d h a s
t h e same displacement from peak to
MMF t o a p o i n t o n r o t o r .
2. D. C. E x c i t a t i o n i s s e e n as a constan,tandhas no r e f e r e n c ea n g l es i n c e
i t i s ofuniformmagnitudearoundthegap.
3. Backward R o t a t i n g MMF (NegativeSequence)

Moves a t r o t o r s p e e d b u t i n o p p o s i t e
directioqlookslike 2 w t to a rotor
pole.
4. Standing wave "F (ZeroSequence)

MMF Stands s t i l l and p u l s a t e s i n magni tude
move: s p a s t i t .
Combining t h e s e " F ' s r e s u l t s i n E x h i b i t A on t h ef o l l o w i n gp a g e . As t h e

sketchindicates,the much h i g h e r MMF p e a k s r e s u l t i n l a r g e t i m e variant
saturation parameters.
81
EFFECT OF TIME VARIANT SATURATION
2000
1600
z
E
1200
800 'G
400
0
t I I I I I
ONE R E V O L U T I ~ N(MECH)
EXHIBIT A
An a d j u s t m e n t w a s made o n t h e o r i g i n a l f o r c e c a l c u l a t i o n f o r case s i x t o
a c c o u n tf o rt h eh i g h levels of time v a r i a n t s a t u r a t i o n .
ADJUSTMENT
FOR CASE SIX
TerminalConditions
From Test I n c l u d i n g If T h i s sets t h e ground r u l e s f o r t h e maximum m f
I a lattveharen
iilanatbolre.
Graphof Gap D e n s i t y
t
.
v s T o t a l Amp TurnsThis combined w i t ht h et e r m i n a cl o n d i t i o n sa b o v e
y i e l d t h e maximum g a p d e n s i t y .
Cab. Max. P o s s i b l eF o r c e i . e . , based on t h e miximum g a pd e n s i t y a maxi-

1 mum f o r c e was c a l c u l a t e d .
F o u r i e r A n a l y s i s of New
LimitedForce s o t h a tt h ef o r c e limits a r e i n terms l i k e t h e c a l c u l a t e d
1 harmonic and s t e a d y s t a t e f o r c e .
t
New C o e f f i c i e n t f o r e a c h
harmonic i n F o r c e E x p r e s s i o n
Computer
program
t < O l d Harmonic C o e f f i c i e n t s from
caodoeejlatu
fdocfshitcoirei ngctianl ac lu l a t i o n
so t h a t t h e t o t a l i s w i t h i nt h e
new boundry conditions
New F o r c e e q u a t i o n of e x a c t l y t h e same
-Form as originally but with adjusted co-
e f f i c i e n t s for e a c h term.
a3
Derivation of Criterion for Integrating to a Force
Intheanalyticaldevelopmentsection, i t was p o i n t e d o u t t h a t a c t u a l
i n t e g r a t i o n of a l l the terms i s unnecessarybecause many w i l l go t o z e r o .
A c r i t e r i o n w a s e s t a b l i s h e d and c o m p u t e r i z e d t o s e l e c t o n l y t h e t e r m s t h a t
would i n t e g r a t e t o a f o r c e .
can beviewed as:

fl
J
where the K's r e p r e s e n tt h ev a r i o u s permeanceand MMF c o e f f i c i e n t s i n
Eq. #15. T h i sc a nb ef u r t h e rr e d u c e d by performingtheindicatedmulti-
p l i c a t i o n s .T h i sg i v e st h ef o r m
P
B = P, K~ cos n N p + P, K+ cos ( e -B + ....
+ K5Kl c o s( n ? (e - w t ) ) cos(n Q (e - w t + W - pe)) + . . . .
which when f u r t h e r r e d u c e d by t h e i d e n t i t y i n Eq. #50band l e t t i n g a l l the
K's and Po be a c o n s t a n t 0 and o m i t t i n g terms c o n t a i n i n g no c o s i n e s r e s u l t s
i n Eq. #46 whereterms of theform n, Nx are r e p r e s e n t e d by Nx.
-+ Nmmfp8 2 N g U t - NA . W t
I
-+ Nmmf pWt kt',+)Le f B ) Eq. 1/46
Each of these can be r e p r e s e n t e d i n a s i m p l e r f a s h i o n by combining a l l the

8 c o e f f i c i e n t s t o a and w t c o e f f i c i e n t s t o b.
XOS~ X (a
B X ~ X ~ X ~ =?C ~ e + bwt +r-y/e + B) Eq. 1/47
a4
Since two terms arenecessaryto form x2, l e t c be l i k e a andd like b then
Eq . #48
Then any force term can be represented by substituting the above i n Eq. #I.
/ a 7)-
F = K 7 COS (ae + b) 7 cos(c 8 + d) de
I,
where K i s a constant.
Eq. #49
To give this force a sense of d i r e c t i o n e i t h e r cos 8 o r s i n 8 must be in-

cluded i n the integral and a c t a s a m u l t i p l i e r f o r t h e othericcosine terms.
We can writethefollowingexpressionfor a force in the '8y88d i r e c t i o n .
FY = K P
2 (cos(a e+ b) COS (C e + d) COS e) d e Eq. #50
Looking j u s t a t
COS (a e + b) COS (c e+ d) cos e

And expanding by the identity
COS oL COS B = 1/2 COS ( A +B ) + 1/2 COS (d-B) Eq . #50b

I n d i c a t e st h a t
COS (a e + b) COS (C e + d) COS e =
1/2 COS ((a + 1) e + b) COS (C e + d) + 1/2 COS ((a-l)e + b) COS (C e + d)

which can be f u r t h e r expanded to:
= 1 / 4 cos ((a + 1 + c) 8 + b + d)
+ 1/4 cos ((a + 1 - c ) e + b - d)
+ 1/4 cos ( ( a - 1 + c) e + b + d)
+ 1/4 cos ((a - 1 - C ) e + b + d) Eq. t 5 1
I t can beshown that
Therefore; a + 1 + c = 0 Eq. #52

a + l - c = O Eq. 853
a - l + c = O Eq. 854
a - 1 - c = O Eq. #55
i n Eq. 851 w i l l integrate to anon zero value of force.
Sincethe Brayton Cycle machine hasaneven numberof amortisseur slots,

s t a t o r s l o t s , and poles,theonly terms t h a t can becombinedand integrated
t o a force are those whereone 3 term contains eccentricity and one 1 term
containsonlyothercoefficients. The e c c e n t r i c i t y term containsan odd
* The-f o r c e i n Eq. #1 i s r a d i a l l y outward, therefore;
Fy - Fcos €Iand F, = Fsin 8 .
8 which w i l l combine w i t h t h e d i r e c t i o n sine o r c o s i n e 8 t o f o r m some
argumentwith a 0 f o r t h e 8 c o e f f i c i e n t as i n Eq's. 52,53, 54, 55.
The following is a n exampleof one 8 )2 term i n t e g r a t e d t o a f o r c e . The

f i r s t term c o n t a i n s a v e r a g e o r d c permeanceand the fundamentalofarmature
r e a c t i o n , The second term c o n t a i n st h ef u n d a m e n t a lr o t o r permeance,
e c c e n t r i c i t y and t h e MMF fundamental.
+ COS (28 - 2 w t + n-ye + e - B - m- +ye)

Where K = * 8
=.
Po 7 2
Eliminatingthe terms t h a t - d o n ' t d i f f e r by u n i t y g i v e s .
Eq. #57
Integrating:
F(y) = -.932
- 1.864 COS
COS
(2 w t -
B + 28)
(-2 w t + B) Eq. #58
Thisforcehas two permutations as follows:
is e q u i v a l e n t t o
)3000001 x %OOll
hO0Ol x ~00011
Thus o n l y one i n t e g r a t i o n i s n e c e s s a r y t o f i n d f o u r f o r c e s a r i s i n g from two
sets of >
Terms.
By p r e d i c t i n gt h et e r m st h a t may be combined t o e x a c t l y t h e same f o r c e t h e

t o t a l number of terms that must be i n t e g r a t e d is c u t i n h a l f . An e l a b o r a t e
bookkeeping scheme i n t h e computerprogramaccomplishesthis by g e n e r a t i n g
t h e f l u d e n s i t y terms i n a s p e c i f i c o r d e r .
The n e t r e s u l t of t h e s e v e r a l m i l l i o n p o s s i b l e terms i n t h e f o r c e e q u a t i o n
i s a few hundred terms of a c t u a lf o r c e . Those w i t h like angulararguments
a r e combined by thecomputer. The f i n a l c o m p u t e ro u t p u ta l s oc o n t a i n se x -
pressionsforthederivations of f o r c e w i t h r e s p e c t t o e c c e n t r i c i t y and
e c c e n t r i c i t y a n g l e B.
86
SECTION X
EXPERIMENTAL DATA
"Table" of Contents - Where t o Find the Polaroid Photos of

Oscilloscope Traces of BearingForce f o r Various Test Conditions,
No load at 2 . 7 f i e l d amperes i s given i n photo v-49.
Page No. DE
/Page No. ODE
I t
F.Eccen-
P. No Load 13.33 KVA 111.25 KVA 15 MZA 15 KVA
Lricity No F i e lSdi n g l e 3 Phase 3 Phase 3 Phase,
(nomind) Phase then 1
Phase
Shorted
I
--- I --- I 94/118
-" I ---
87
Zeeentricity: Zero
Top a? llterrvtor
+X* Poler ?lor of Bearing Forces

X Fc,rces YE. TLne YFcrres -5. T:me
dc force
>lW
%c Cp6
cosponent
+x- Polar Plot of 3earir.p ~ s r c c s
X Forces n . Time Y Forces vs. Tim
90
%=centricity: .CO2 In. t w n r d bottom of. generator Top of Altrrnstor
rpuivllent Lead Condition: EG l?ad, ::o ???Id
Left Side
Of
fiternator
Lacstion: DE bear-
m: ?007
Force Scale: 5 pounda percentimeterradinlorvertical
Time Bcsle: One remlution between timing nmrks
?alar Piot of FPartng Forces
X Forces VU. Time Y Force8 VI. Time
dc force
PlU
100cpa
CctDponent
91
Location: DE bearing
APII: 3MO
Force Scale: 5 pounds per centimeter radihl or n r t i c u
TFme Scale: One revolution between timing -kB
+X* Polar Plot of BearingForces
Y Forces vs. Time
92
1
Eccentricity: .(;!:2 i n . toward bottom of gemrator Top of Altrrnetor
EquiMlent Load Condition: ;:.‘: KVA :.,: P.F. j 4
the: L$ shorted
Locotion: D? bearing
RPM: ;YT
Force Scele: 5 > ~ u n d sp e r centimeterredial or vertical
Time Scale: One revollltlos between timlng mar&
+X+ Poler
Plot nf Bearing ~ a r c e . s
Y Force6 YS. Tlme
dc force
P1.X
loo cps
component
93
+X. Polar
Plot of Beering Force8
X ?orces n. Tima Y Forces n. Time
94
Top of UtZrnator
Left ai&
Of
utenmtor
bcatlon: DE bearin8
Imk 3000
?one Scale: 5 porn& per ccnti.reter radial or vertical
Time Scale: One revolution betvccn tiMlIq r r k l

+IT
+X+ Polar Plot of Bearing Forces
X Forces v s . Tlme Y Force. vu. Time
95
Zcccntricity: .002in. toward bottom of generator
Top of Alternetor
Equimlent Load Condition: 15KVA 0.3 P.P. 3+
then 1 I$ shorted
Location: 2r bearing
RpM: .';!:;,
Force Scale: 5 2aunCs percentlmeterreAlal or v e r t i c a l
Time Scale: Oze :eval.~tionbetveen t h i n g marks
X Farces VB. Time Y Forces YS. Time
dc r o r c e
PlW
2 3 cps
component
dc force
Plus
3 L j CPa
component
96
Eecesntricity: . W 2 i n . towmrd bottom of generator
Tap of Alternator
Iquiv8lcnt -4 Condition: ; S KVA P.5 P.F. ?,$
then 3 shorzed
Left Side
Of
LOcation: DE bearing
Alternator
WW: jrx)O
?orce S c a l e : 5 pounds percentimeter r e d i a l orvertical
Time Scale: me revvlutlon between timing marks
+X+ Polar Plot of Bearing Frjrces
X Forces ve. Tlme Y Forces v s . Time
+Yt
97
Eccentricity: :
' . in. toward b o t t m of generator
p
:
T af Altercator
Iccentricity: .c:2 in. toward bottoc. of generator
Top of Altrrnator
IquiVmlent b
ad Condition: 7.;? KVA 1.0 P.P. ib
Locsrion: DE beiring
m: yr;c
Force S c a l e : 5 pounde percentilcrterrsdie1 or v e r t i c a l
TIE Scale: One revo1ution brt'deen timing mrka
+X+ Polar Plot of Bearing Forcea
X ForceG VB. Tine Y Forccs "a. T i p r
99
Scceotricity: .& Ln. towardbottom ai gsnermtor
Topof Alternator
Z q u i n l e n t L0.d Condition: 11.25 KVA 1.0 P.I. 34
Left Side
Of
Alternator
WW: 3000
Force Ecale: 5 pounde per centbeterradialorvertical
Time Scale: One revolution betveentiminglbrkn

+yt
+X+
X Forces n. Time
leeentrlcity: .Oh in. towsrd bottom or generator Top of Alternator
Equivalent Load Condition: 11.25 KVA 0.6 P.F. 3 6
brt side
Of
Alternator
Location: DZ bearing
Force Scale: 5 pound8 per centimeter radial or mrtlcal
T i m Scale: One revolution between timing marks

+yT
+X- Polar Plot of Bearing Forces
X Forces VII. Time Y Forces a.T i e

lantrlcity: .004 In. toward bat- of mnrrator
Zquinlrnt Lad Condition: 15 XVA 0.8 P.?. 3 4
LOCatIon: DE bearing
mu: 3000
?OrCe Scsle: 5 pounds per centimeter rsdiel or n r t i c l l
Tim? scale: One revolutionbetvcen tim* m

km
+X+ Polsr Plot of Bearing Forces
102
then 1 0 shorted kit Bide
Of
Nte-tor
Rpw: 3450
?orce %.le: 5 pounda percentimeterradial or v c r t l c a l
Time Scale: One revolutionhetvecntiming mrka

+Y1
+X-. Polar
Plot of Bearing
Forces
X Forces vm. Tiw Y Forces n. Time
dc force
Plus
115 cp.
cooponent
103
Top of llturnator
Location: DE bear-
RFn: 3 m
Force Scale: 5 pound. percentimetCr r s d i r l or mrC1qbl
Time Scale: One revolutionbetvten tlm- CrW
a- Polar Piot of Bearing Forces
X Forces n. 4 i ~ Y Forces vs. Time
104
I
Top of Altcrnstor
Left Side
or
Alternntor
Time Scale: Ons r e v o l u t i a n betveer tizing rnrks

+Yi
Polor P-: s t of Benr:ng

"
T~rees
dC rcrce
p .:G
100 C F E
component
dc force
PlW
CpS
component
dc force
Plm
303 cpa
component
105
Eccentricity: .CY%
in. tovard bottom of genermtor Tap of Alternator
m u i n l e n t L0.d Condition: 3.33 KVA 1.0 P.?. 16
Location: LE bearing
m 3oon
Force Scale: 5,pounds percentimeterredial or v e r t i c a l
T i m Scale: One revolution between timing mrks
X Forces vu. Tiw Y Forces v s . Time
106
Lccentricity: .co6 in. toward bot- d.,gemrator
Equlnlent L x d Condition: 11.25 KVA 1.0 P.?. 30
m: 3000
Force Scale: 5 pounds per centimeter rsdial or vsrticml
Time Scale: One revolution between timingr r t s
+X- Polar Plot of Bcaring Forces
X Forces M. T h e Y Foorcea VI. Time
107
Bccentricity: .or% in. towardbottom of generator
Tap of Alternator
+X+ Polar Plot Of Beering Forces
X Faxes YE. Time Y Forces v6. Time
+xt +ut
dc force
PI=.
100 cp6
cqonent
ac force
PlW
.2@3 cpa
component
dc force
Plus
3m ep.
cmpanent
108
=centricity: .mi i n . tovard bottom of enerator Top of Alternator
Equivalent Lwa Condition: : KVA

1 o.a P.F. 3 0
iacstion: ':D bearing
m: :mo
Force Scsle: 5 pounds per centimeterradial or vsrtlcal
Time Scale: One r e w l c t i o n betireen timing lazb
+x* Polar P l o t of Beering Forces
X Fortes v8. Time Y Forces ~ 6 Time

.
dc force
Plus
100 cps
camgonent
109
Eccentricity: .& Fn. toward bottom of generator Top of Altrrnator
Eguivalcnt Load Condition: 15 KVA 0.8 P.?. 36
then 1 I$ shorted
Lett s m
Of
Locatlon: DE benring Alternator
KPM: jJ150
Force S c a l e : 5 po.cdspercentheter radial or v e r t i c a l
Time Scale: One r e w l u t i o n between timing marks

+Y?
Pclsr PiDt of BearingForces
X Forces v 6 . Time Y Forces vs. Ti-
de force
DlUS
,1 cps
caxwnent
110
Top of A l t e m t o r
Left Slde
or
Alternator
Poler P l o t of Bearing Forces
X Forces vs. Time Y Forces "6. Time
dc force
Plus
100 cps
ccmwnsnt
111
Eccentricity: ?.e:. Top of Alternator
Paler P l o t of Bearing Forces
Y Forces vs. Time
+xt +YT
Eccentricity:
Top Of Altcmtor
+X-. Polar Plot of Bearing Forces
X Forces vu. Time Y Forces v s . T h e
+xt +ut
dc force
Plus
103 cpa
crrmponent
de force
ZwJ cp.
Pllv
ccmponent
de force
PlW
300 ep
.c-nt
113
ikcentricity: Zer.?
Iquivalcnt Load Condition: l l . 2 5 KVA 1 .O P.?. 34
Location: ODE bearing
m: :or+
Force Scale: 5 pound6 percenthererradialorvertical
Time Scale: Gme revolurim between timing marks
+X-. Polar Plct cf Bearing

Forces
X Forces vu. Time Y Forces VS. Time

Top of Alternator
Left side
Of
Alternator
Wn: Y J X
Force Scale: 5 poundll percentimeterradialorVeTtiC~I
T i r e Scale: One revolution betsrcen timing nrrks

+yf
+X+ Polar P l o t nP BeeringForces
X Force9 vu. Time Y Force8 vu. T i r e
*yt
115
Eccentricity: .OW in. toward bottom of &enerator
TOP o r Alternator
tquivalent L D S ~condition: 3.33 KVA 1.0 P.P. 14
Left. side
Of
Location: ODE bearing Alternator
m: ?OCC
Force Scale: 5 pmmds p e r centimeter radial or vertical
Time Scale: One r e r v l u t i o n between timing marks

+Yf
+X-+ Pclar Plot sf Besring Forces
X Forces M. Time Y Forces vs. T i m
+UT
dC rorce
Plus
100 cps
c”nt
116
Eccentricity: :;cP in. tovcrd bottom of. generator Top of Alternator
Equivmlent Load Condition: 1i.25 KVA 1.1: P.F. 14
Lacetion: ow bearing
m: il >:,
Force Scale: 5 pounds per centimeter radial or vertical
Time Scsle: One revolution betveel; timing m r k a
+X+ P e l o t 5f Bearing Fcjrces
X Furces "6. Time Y Forcce VE. The
dc force
p1US
100 cps
campanent
dc force
Plus
200 cpa
component
ac force
PlW
3@J cps
ccarponent
117
Zceentricity: .002 in. tovvd bot- o t generator
Top of A l t r m t o r
W i v r l c n t L=ad Condition: 11.25 F A 0.6 P.?. 3 0
bit Sldc
Of
Location: ODE bearing Alternator
m: >c..:c
Force Scale: 5 pounds per centimeterradialor nrticd
Time Scale: One revoluticnbevdeentiming marks

+Y?
+X+ Pclar Plot of Be6rir.g Forces
X Forces vu. Time Y Forces VB. Time
+xt +YT
dc force
Plus
100 cpa
ccqmtlent
dc force
PI-
m cpo
component
dc force
PI-
300 Cp.
ccalponent
118
zecentrlcity: .m2 in. tovard bottom of generator Top of Altemstor
Eouivllent Load Condition: 15 KVA 0.E P.?. 3 6
Left 81de
Of
=ternator
RPn: 3x73
Time Scale: One revolution between tlmln8 s u k m

'Yt
+X" Polar Plot of Resrlng Forces
X Forcee vu. Tlme
dc force
Plua
I W cpe
ccwonent
119
I
Zcemtricity: .Ca2 in. tovard bottom of p n e r i t o r Top of Nternator
L g u i n l e n t Lead Condition: 15 KVA 0.6 P.?. 3 4
then 1 4 shorted
m: 3L50
Force Scale: 5 pounds percentiaezer radinl o rv e r t i c a l
Time Scale: One revolutionbetweertiming msrke
+X+
X Forces VB. T h e Y Forces VB. Time
120
Eccentricity: .co2 in. toward bottom of generator
Top of Altcmator
Epuivalent Load Condition: 15 K V A 0.j P.1. 3 4
then 3 I# shorted
Location: DDT: bearing
m: j00"
Force Scale: 5 pounds percentimeterradialorverticll
Time Scale: O l e revclction betmeen timing marks
X Forces VS. Time Y Forces v s . Tine
dc force
Flus
100 cps
cmponent
dc force
Plwl
m cps
component
dc force
PlW
300 cp.
c m e n t
12 1
Iocmtim: ODE bearing
RRI: 3 m
Tome Scale: 5 pounds per centisrter r a i d or m r t t u l
Scmle: One revulutlon betvrcn m

t
i n
ig a r k #
*X* Polar Plot of Bearing Forces
Y Forces VB. Tim
122
kit aide
Of
Locmtlon: ODE bu-bg Alternator
m 3000
?orce k a l e : 5 pound. per centimeter radial or vertlcml
Time Scale: me revolution betvecn t w erkl

+yT
+X+ Polar P l o t of Bearing Forcer
X ?orcer vs. Tile Y Forces M. Tisc
+YT
123
teecntricity: O
,S In. towerd bottom of gererator
Squimlent LDad Condition: 11.25 KVA 1.0 P.F. j$
Location: OC? bearhng
m: 5 0 x
Force Scale: 5 pounda percentimeterredial or vertical
Time Scale: One revolutionbetveen timing mrlu
+x+ Polar P l o t of Beerigg Forces
X Forces w . Time Y Forces "8. Time
124
Zecwntricity: .Go4 in. towardbottom of genermtor
Top of Alternator
Kqulvalent b a d Condition: 11 .25 KVA 0.3 P.P. 3 #
Left S i d e
or
Location: ODE b e e r h g AlteWtor
WII: ?.om
Force Scale: 5 pounds percentimeterradialorvertical
Time Scale: One r e v o l n t f o n betveen timing mrk.

+Yrt
+X" Polar Plot af EesringForces
X Porccs VB.T i m Y Forces v s . T h e
+ut
ac force
n1w
107, cps
component
12 5
Eccentricity: .004 in. tomard bottom of gencrmtor TOP of Alternator
Equivalent Lcad Condition: lj KVP. ,:.B P.?. 39
Lacarloo: OD? bearlng
RpH: y<-.,-;
Force S c a l e : 5 7mm66 per cenriseter radialor verticsl
Time Scale: Doe re?ulu*.icrc between timing rarkr
Polar Plot 2: 3esr:ng Farces
X Forces w . Tlme Y Forces 75. Tire
126
Zccentricity: .s:o.i in. toward bottom of generator
Top of Alterustor
EquivllentLoadCondition: ~j K V A 9.3 P.F. 30
then : 4 shorted
Ccft Side
Of
Locatlon: ODE bearing Alternator
RFn: 3LSO
Force Scale: 5 pounds per centimeter radial or v e r t i c a l
Time Scale: One revolu'.iol between t i m i n g m r k s

+UT
+X+
X Forces ~ 6Time
. Y T c r c e s v e . Tlae
+UT
127
Ececntricity: ,064 in. t m n r d bottom of gezerator Top of Alternator
Equivalent Load Condition: i5 M I A 0.S P.F. 30
then 3 )I shorted
Location: OLE bearing
m. 'i]i>O
Force Stole: 5 ps,mds per canilmeter radiei ar v e r t i c e l
+x?
dc force
FlW
2w cps
capFo3ent
dc force
Plue
3uJ CPS
compofient
128
, . ,. ,. .. , ...- - .._.
" "
"
Eccentricity: .OVA in. toward bottom of generator
Top of Alternator
Equivalent Load Condition: Nlc baa, I,., Yield
Location: JDE: beering
WM: 3rm
Force Scale: 5 pounds per centineterradlal o r vertical
Time Scale: One revolution betireen timing mrka
X Forces VB. Time Y Forces vs. Time
+xt cy1
dc force
TIUS
1M) cps
ccmponcnt
dc rorcc
Plus
200 cps
cmponent
129
Eccentricity: .KG in. toward bottom of generator
Top of Altenetor
X Forces 1.e. Time
130
Eccentricity: .ALLin. toward bottom of generstor
Top of Alternator
Equivalent Load Condition: i l . 5 KVA 1.c P.?. 34
Locetion: OD? bearing
m: jcm
Time Scale: One r e v o l c t l o n between tlnlng m a r b
X Forces YS. Time
dc force
Plus
200 cpa
component
13 1
Tap of Alternator
Location: ODs bearing
m: ?QS,>
Fcrce Scale: 5 pounds per centimeter radial or vertical
Time Scale: One revolurlcn uesveen timing u n r b
+X- Polar Plot of Beer1r.g Fcrces
X Forces v8. Time Y Forces "6. Time
132
Eeecntriclty: .OCA in. toward bottom of generator Top of Alternator
Equivalent l a a d Condition: 15 KVA 0.0 P.?. 3$
bit side
Of
Alternator
Location: (IDE bearing
WH: jcoo
Force Scale: 5 pounds per centimeter radial or wrticsl
Time Scale: One revolution between timing marka

+yt
+X+ Pvlflr Plct cf &Bring Forces
X Forces vu. Time Y Farces VB. Time
133
Eccentricity: .C<-! in. toward bottoz of generator Top of Alternetor
then 1 0 shorted
X Forces VK. Tine
dc force
PlW
i. ;’ cps
component
134
Zceentricity: .OrA in. toward bottom of generator Top of Alternator
Squinlent Lomd Condition: 15 KVA 0.6 P.?. 34
then 3 0 shorted
Location: ODT bearing
m: ?wo
Force Scale: 5 pounds per centimeter radial or vcrticll
Tim? Scale: One revoluticn betveen timlug m u k a
+X-. P - o x P i o t o!' Searing Frjrces
X Forces YE. Time Y Forces v 6 . Time
13 5
Eccentricity: .006 inches toward bottom of alternator
Equivalent Load Condition: No load, 2.7 field amperes
Location: O.D.E. bearing
RPM: 3000
Top of Alternator
left side
of
alternator
+x - PolarPlot of Bearing
(Unfiltered)
Force
v-49
136
SECTION XI
ECCENTRICITYMEASUREMENTS
The e c c e n t r i c i t y o f t h e r o t o r w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e s t a t o r was v a r i e d by
changingfromone t o a n o t h e r set of s p e c i a l l y made bearinghousings.These
bearinghousings had t h e i r b o r e s g r o u n d e c c e n t r i c t o t h e i r OD's by .OOO",
.002", .004", and .006". Even thoughthesehousings were made q u i t e
accurately,tolerancestack-upinthevarious parts r e s u l t e d i n e c c e n t r i c i t i e s
d i f f e r i n g from t h o s e d e s i r e d .
The actual e c c e n t r i c i t y of r o t o r t o s t a t o r was determined by measuring the

a i r gapbetween r o t o r and s t a t o r a t eachend of t h e a l t e r n a t o r . The r o t o r
(see F i g u r e 23) had a "windage" s h i e l d o r d i s c a t eachend of t h e p o l e s t h a t
h a s t h e same OD as t h e r o t o r . A s p e c i a l l ym o d i f i e dt a p e r gage was i n s e r t e d
between t h i s d i s c and the bore of t h e s t a t o r ( a t a s t a t o r t o o t h ) t o measure
t h e gap.This was done a t fourequallyspacedlocationsaroundthebore.
The d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e g a p s i n d i c a t e d r o t o r d i s p l a c e m e n t i n t h e "X" and "Y"
d i r e c t i o n s . The X and Y displacements were combined v e c t o r i a l l y t o d e t e r m i n e
the total displacement and t h e r a t i o of X and Y d i s p l a c e m e n t s d e t e r m i n e d t h e
direction.
The r e s u l t s o f t h e s e measurements a r e shown i n F i g u r e 24.
137
I
ARP BEARING FORCE TEST ROTOR
FIGURE 23
Measured Rotor Eccentricity As Viewed From The Opposite Drive End
Alternator
Drive Motor
Opposite Drive End

( ODE )
View of
Eccentricity
fa
Opposite Drive End Drive End
" . 0 0 2 in" Eccentricity
,032"
".OO5 in" Eccentricity
".006 in" Eccentricity
F.igure 24
139
SECTION =I
TRANSDUCER DESIGN AND CALIBRATION
It was d e c i d e d e a r l y i n t h e program t h a t t h e f o r c e s imposedon t h e b e a r i n g s

of t h e B r a y t o n C y c l e a l t e r n a t o r wouldbedetermined by measuring the bearing
r e a c t i o n s .S p e c i a l end s h i e l d s were designedwhichsupportedeachbearing
housing(and,consequently,therotor) on f o u rt h i n arms. These arms were
i n s t r u m e n t e dw i t hs t r a i ng a g e s . The arms were spaced a t 90' i n t e r v a l s and
were a r r a n g e d t o be s e n s i t i v e t o t h e "X" ( h o r i z o n t a l )a n d "Ylr ( v e r t i c a l )
componentsof f o r c e e x e r t e d by t h e b e a r i n g h o u s i n g on t h e a l t e r n a t o r s t a t o r .
Figures25, 26 and 27 show t h es p e c i a l end s h i e l d sw i t ht h et r a n s d u c e r arms
b o t h s e p a r a t e l y and a s i n s t a l l e d i n t h e a l t e r n a t o r .
One g o a l i n t h e d e s i g n of theforcemeasuringsystem was t o have a s i m p l e and

clean system with inherently good accuracy and freedom from various troubles.
The g a g e s a n d b r i d g e c i r c u i t s were l a i d o u t t o b e s e l f - c a n c e l i n g and s e l f -
compensatingfor most p r e d i c t a b l es o u r c e s of e r r o r .C o n v e n t i o n a lf o i lg a g e s
were used ratherthansemi-conductorgagesto escape thetemperaturedependent
p r o p e r t i e s ofgage f a c t o r and l i n e a r i t y of t h e l a t t e r . A schematic of t h e gage
arrangement i s shown below:
Y FORCE ( STRAIN GAGE BRXDGE)
4
STRAIN GAGES
X FORCE
TRAIN GAGE BRIDGE
STRAIN GAGE S
An upward f o r c e ( p l u s Y) would putgages 1 and 2 i n a compressionand gages

3 and 4 i n t e n s i o n a l l o w i n g maximum o u t p u t w i t h a f o u r a c t i v e arm b r i d g e .
The t r a n s d u c e r arms were proportioned and arranged as shown below:
- .500"
END SHIELD MAT'L
304 STAINLESS
STRAIN GAGES LOCATED AT

CENTER
140
These arms a r e v e r y s t i f f i n t h e a x i a l d i r e c t i o n t o w i t h s t a n d t h e t h r u s t f o r c e s
due t o b e a r i n g a x i a l p r e l o a d . The gages are r e l a t i v e l y i n s e n s i t i v e t o a x i a l
f o r c e ss i n c et h eg a g e s a r e mountedon theneutralaxis of t h e t r a n s d u c e r f o r
bending i n t h a t d i r e c t i o n .
The .050 t h i c k n e s s i s g r e a t enoughcompared t o t h e . 5i n .l e n g t ht h a tt h e

transducersactlikestiff columnsand t h e r e i s no dangerofbucklingfrom
compressionloads.
The arms are n o t s t i f f f o r b e n d i n g o c c u r r i n g i n t h e p l a n e of t h e e n d s h i e l d

b u tt h eg a g e s are a r r a n g e d s o t h a t t h e s e s t r a i n s t e n d t o c a n c e l . I f t h e arm
of t h e Y a x i s c o n t a i n i n g g a g e s 1 and 2 were b e n t , t h e s t r a i n i n g a g e 1 would
b e c a n c e l l e d by t h e s t r a i n o f o p p o s i t e s i g n i n g a g e 2 becausethey are i n
d i a g o n a l l yo p p o s i t el e g so ft h eb r i d g e .
Sincegages 1 and 2 a r e p h y s i c a l l y removed fromgages 3 and 4 , t h e r e wassome

p o s s i b i l i t y of t h e i rs e e i n gs l i g h t l yd i f f e r e n tt e m p e r a t u r e s . A f o u ra c t i v e
arm b r i d g e w i t h a l l f o u r arms a t t h e same temperature i s s e l f - t e m p e r a t u r e
compensating. The t e m p e r a t u r e so ft h et r a n s d u c e r arms were s t a b i l i z e d and
e q u a l i z e d by p a s s i n gw a t e rt h r o u g h t u b e s l o c a t e da te a c h endof thearms. The
i n t e n to ft h ew a t e rf l o w was n o t t o c o o l t h e arms b u t t o overcome, by b r u t e
f o r c e , a n yt e m p e r a t u r ed i f f e r e n c e sr e s u l t i n gf r o md i f f e r e n c e si nh e a tf l o wi n
each arm.These t u b e s were f e d i n p a r a l l e l from a header(acopperdoughnut)
t h a tc a n be s e e ni nF i g u r e 2 7 . Water was a l s op a s s e dt h r o u g h a loop of t u b i n g
on t h e f a c e of e a c hb e a r i n gh o u s i n gt o remove b e a r i n gl o s s e s .
The s t r a i n g a g e s , w h i c h c a n b e c l e a r l y s e e n i n t h e c l o s e up of t h et r a n s d u c e r
arm i nF i g u r e2 8 ,a r ea c t u a l l y a d o u b l eo r "sandwich"gage. Two i d e n t i c a l
g a g e sa r ep l a c e d oneon t o p of t h e o t h e r and w i r e d i n s e r i e s i n s u c h away
t h a t any v o l t a g ei n d u c e di n onegage b y s t r a y m a g n e t i c f l u x i s c a n c e l l e d by
t h ev o l t a g ei n d u c e di nt h eo t h e rg a g e .
E x p e c t e df o r c e se x e r t e da te a c hb e a r i n gr a n g e d from z e r o t o 60 poundsand the

t r a n s d u c e r s y s t e m was d e s i g n e da r o u n dt h e s ef i g u r e s . The actualforcesmeasured
were much l e s s t h a n t h i s b u t t h e s y s t e m worked w e l l enough t h a t t h i s d i d n o t
prove t o be a problem.Tektronix I'Q U n i t "s t r a i n g a g ea m p l i f i e r s were used
because of t h e i r e x t r e m e l y h i g h o u t p u t a n d t h e i r a d a p t a b i l i t y t o o s c i l l o s c o p e
d i s p l a y . The s e n s i t i v i t y of t h e "Q Unit" i s s u c ht h a t a scope beam d e f l e c t i o n
ofone c e n t i m e t e rr e s u l t sf o r2 . 5 p s t r a i n( 2 . 5 x lo6 i n / i n . ) i n e a c h s t r a i n
g a g e .T h i sr e l a t e st ot h el o a di nt h et r a n s d u c e r arms as f o l l o w s :
Strain = Stress = Force/Area

Modulus of E l a s t i c i t y E
area p e fr o r c e component = 2 a r m x .05 t h k x .5 deep

area = .05 in.2
141
f o r a f o r c e of 1l0b s. ,t r a i n = 1l0b i - 0i5n - ' = 6.9 x in/in.
29 X lo6 l b / i n 2
beam d e f l e c t i o n f o r 10 l b . f o r c e p e r b e a r i n g :
deflection = 1 cm x 6 .g x 10-6 i n / i n . = 2.76 cm/lO

- lb
2.5 x in/in.
or 3.52 lb/cm
(The system was l a t e r used a t a s e t t i n g of 5 pounds p e r c e n t i m e t e r t o make t h e

d a t a more r e a d a b l e ) .
The s t r e s s l e v e l i n t h e arms w i t h a f o r c e on t h eb e a r i n g of 10 l b s . i s :
The t r a n s d u c e r s w e r e c a l i b r a t e d by u s i n g t h e d e v i c e p i c t u r e d i n F i g u r e s 29 and
30. This dummy f r a m e ,s h a f t and t h e t e s t end s h i e l d sw e r es e t up i n a t e n s i l e
t e s t i n g machine. Loads were a p p l i e d t o t h e a x i a l c e n t e r of t h e s h a f t i n s t e p s
of 10 l b s . perend from z e r o t o 100 l b s .p e re n d . The h o l e sa r o u n dt h ep e r i p h e r y
of t h ef r a m ea l l o w e dt h el o a dt ob ea p p l i e di nl i n ew i t ht h et r a n s d u c e r s and i n
30' incrementsbetweentheaxes of t h et r a n s d u c e r s . The s y s t e mr e s o l v e dt h e "X"
and "Yr' componentsof offaxisforces well enough t h a t t h e maximum d i f f e r e n c e
between indicatedandmeasuredforce was 3 l b s . a t 100 l b s . w i t h a maximum 3'
e r r o ri nd i r e c t i o n o f i n d i c a t e df o r c e . The Q U n i ts e t t i n g su s e dt og e t a
c a l i b r a t e d o u t p u t are shown i n t h e t a b l e below.
Set Q Unit s e n s i t i v i t y a t 2 0 0 ~ ~ / d i v i s i o(cm)

n
Press"Calibrate"button
Adjustscope beam d e f l e c t i o n t o f o l l o w i n g v a l u e s t o g e t i n d i c a t e d
f o r c ec a l i b r a t i o n s
Opposite X axis 3.04 cm

Y axis 2.70 cm Drive End Y axis 3.04 cm
-~
R e s u l t i n pF o r c eC a l i b r a t i o n s (DE & ODE)

-
Sensitivity Setting 10 20 50 100 500 200
F o r c e( l b )p e r cm of beam 5 10 25 50 100 250

deflection
142
Althoughthetransducersystem worked v e r y w e l l f o r s t a t i c l o a d s , t h e system
was r e q u i r e dt op e r f o r md y n a m i c a l l y . The r o t o r and i t s transducerscomprised
a mass-springsystemwhich had r e s o n a n tf r e q u e n c i e s . The r a t i o o f f o r c e t r a n s -
mittedthroaghthespringtoforceapplied(transmissibility)tothe mass i s
a f u n c t i o n of t h e r a t i o o f e x c i t i n g f r e q u e n c y t o n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y of t h e s y s t e m
as shown i n t h e s k e t c h below. I
I l l F,SIN WL
I I ..
1.0 FORCE TRANSMITTED

w/wn
The t r a n s m i s s i b i l i t y of t h e s y s t e m was determinedexperimentallyandthe results
a r e shown i nF i g u r e 31. An accelerometer was mounted a t t h e c e n t e r o f t h e r o t o r
a sp i c t u r e di nF i g u r e 32 andtheassembly of r o t o r and s t a t o r was p l a c e d i n t h e
v i b r a t i o n t e s t f i x t u r e shown i nF i g u r e 33. Otheraccelerometerswereplaced on
t h es t a t o ri nl i n ew i t ht h et r a n s d u c e r s . The o u t p u to ft h er o t o ra c c e l e r o m e t e r
d i v i d e d by theaverage of t h eo u t p u t of t h e s t a t o r a c c e l e r o m e t e r s a t e a c h endof
t h e a l t e r n a t o r was t a k e n a s t h e t r a n s m i s s i b i l i t y of t h e s y s t e m .
The t r a n s l a t i o n a l r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y of t h er o t o rt u r n e do u tt ob ea b o u t 400 c p s ,
v e r yc l o s et ot h ep o l ef r e q u e n c y . The p r i n c i p l ec o n t r i b u t o rt ot h es y s t e mh a v i n g
t h i sr e s o n a n tf r e uency was t h eb a l lb e a r i n g . The t r a n s d u c e r s had a s p r i n gr a t e
of about 2.4 x 10' l b /w h i l et h eb e a r i n g had c a l c u l a t e dr a d i a ls p r i n gc o n s t a n t s
i nt h er a n g e of 4x 1 0 f n ; b / i n .t o 8 x lo5 l b / i n .d e p e n d i n g on r a d i a l l o a d , a x i a l
load and r o t a t i o n a ls p e e d .S i n c e . kese two " s p r i n g s "( t h eb e a r i n g and t h e
transducerarms)were i n s e r i e s , c h a n g i n gt h es t i f f n e s s of t h et r a n s d u c e r arms
couldnothave changed theresonantfrequency of t h e r o t o r s y s t e m b y any
a p p r e c i a b l e amount. The a x i a lb e a r i n gl o a d of 80 l b s . was chosen as a compromise
between b e a r i n gc a p a c i t yl i m i t a t i o n s ,h e a t i n g , and resonantfrequency.
S e c t i o n XI11 p r e s e n t s some of t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e s e r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c i e s a n d t h e
r e s u l t a n tc h a n g e si nt e s tp r o c e d u r e .
143
BEARINGFORCE END S H I E L D S AND BEARINGHOUSING
I
(OUTSIDE
ALTERNATOR
FACES) :
I:,.
L " d '
FIGURE 25
BEARING FORCE END SHIELDS
(INSIDE ALTERNAT(
FIGURE 26
BEARING FORCE TESTSA.D.E. OF ALTERNATOR
FIGURE 27
FIGURE 33
FICUR E 34
m
FIGURE 35
SECTION XIV
AnalyticalandExperimentalCorrelation
R e f e r r i n g a i r gap f o r c e t o b e a r i n g s .
The unbalancedmagneticforceoccurring i n t h e a i r gap can be reflected to

t h eb e a r i n g s by moment summation.Consider thefollowingdiagram of t h e r o t o r :
" F1
0
DRIVE END
3
OPPOSITE
DRIVE END
!I F2 F4 yr
Y
2
r" b -~ Y
1
Taking moments a b o u tt h ed r i v e end b e a r i n g y i e l d s t h e f o l l o w i n g r e a c t i o n s a t the

o p p o s i t e d r i v e end b e a r i n g :
y - F. +
= a la+c) F
l b l b 3
X 2F + (a+c) F
l b 2 b 4
A similarproceduregivesthereactionsatthedriveend.
158
Y F , + (c+d)
=L .F
2 b 3 b. 1
. .
X =xF " + (a)
b
F . .
,2. b 42 . . . .
S i n c et h ee c c e n t r i c i t ya n g l e , B, was z e r o f o r t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l results, the

e q u a t i o n s f o r noload as g i v e n i n S e c t i o n VI1 re.duca- t o t h e f o l l o w i n g :
F = 7.6 + 6.16 cos 2 w t

1 . . .
. . . . ..
F = 6.16 sin 2 w t
2 . .
. .
. .
The f o r c e s F ' a n d - Fa r ed i s p l a c e d 90 mechanicaldegrees from F and F2 due
torotorcon&ruction
4 andthus become: 1
F = 7.6. - 6.16 COS 2 wt

3
F.= - 6.16 s i n 2 wt
4
The r e a c t i o n s c a n now bedeterminedandthustheresultantbearingforceand

i t s a n g l ea r ea sf o l l o w s :
0 = Arc Tan X
1
-
Y
1
0 = Arc Tan X
2 -2
y2
The aboveequations were programmed on t h e G e n e r a l Electric time s h a r i n g
computerand r e s u l t e d i n t h e L i s s a j o u s p a t t e r n shown i n F i g u r e 36. The
maximum v a l u e o f t h e f o r c e i s about 10.6pounds which when m u l t i p l i e d by 3
t o r e f l e c t a 0.006" e c c e n t r i c i t y y i e l d s t h e 32 poundsof Table I V . A similar
procedure was used to d e t e r m i n e t h e 15 KVA, .8 PF case and t h e s i n g l e p h a s e
loading case.
DIFFERENTIALSATURATION
Saturation occurring in either the stator or rotor teeth w i l l result

i n a l o w e rm a g n e t i cu n b a l a n c ef o r c et h a nt h eu n s a t u r a t e dc a s ef o r a given
f i e l de x c i t a t i o n . The s a t u r a t i o n ampere t u r n s are normallyconsidered as a n
i n c r e a s e i n a i r gap t h u s g i v i n g d e c r e a s e d f l u x d e n s i t y and consequently force.
Table I of S e c t i o n I11 shows t h e e f f e c t of s a t u r a t i o n onthe f u l l loadcase
f o rt h ec o n d i t i o n where t h e .s a t u r a t i o n i s i d e n t i c a lf o ro p p o s i n gr o t o r
p o l e s . However, f o r an e c c e n t r i c r o t o r t h e f l u x d e n s i t y a t one r o t o rp o l e is
g r e a t e r t h a n a t theopposingpole due t o d i f f e r e n t a i r g a p l e n g t h s , a n d t h i s g i v e s
rise t o a d i f f e r e n t i a l s a t u r a t i o n e f f e c t , which f u r t h e rr e d u c e st h ef o r c e . As a
means of a n a l y z i n g t h i s e f f e c t , t h e no loadcase a t zerospeed was i n v e s t i g a t e d
i n some d e t a i l . The zerospeed no loadcase was chosensince i t e l i m i n a t e st h e
e f f e c t s of s t a t o r c i r c u i t s and a m o r t i s s e u r w i n d i n g s , as w e l l as armature
r e a c t i o n .S i n c et h ei n c l u s i o n of d i f f e r e n t i a l s a t u r a t i o n i n t h e e s t a b l i s h e d computer
programs would e n t a i lc o n s i d e r a b l er e p r o g r a m i n g , a small time s h a r i n g computer
program was w r i t t e n t h a t produced only the total force magnitude a t one r o t o r p o s i -
t i o n .T h i s was q u i t ea d e q u a t ef o rt h ep u r p o s e a t hand.and r e s u l t e di nt h ef o l l o w -
ingdata:
NO LOAD - ZERO SPEED
0.006l' E c c e n t r i c i t y
Condition Maximum
(pounds)
F Force
Y
Unsaturated 84.0
Saturation Differential 65.7
Differential Saturation 61.5

+D i f f e r e n t Carter's
Coefficients
160
Note t h a t t h e u n s a t u r a t e d f o r c e compares v e r y well w i t h t h e maximum Py f o r c e
ofFigure 5 a f t e r e l i m i n a t i n g t h e c i r c u i t e f f e c t and r a t i o i n g from
0.002gt t o 0.006" e c c e n t r i c i t y . The comparison i s good becausevery l i t t l e
saturationoccurs a t ratednoloadvoltage.Differentialsaturation shows a v e r y
marked e f f e c t o n t h e f o r c e and some r e d u c t i o n a l s o o c c u r s due t o d i f f e r e n t
Carter's c o e f f i c i e n t s ( s l o t f r i n g i n g ) a r i s i n g from t h e d i f f e r e n t a i r gaplengths.
The r a t i o of61.5184.0 was u s e d t o a r r i v e a t t h e 11.7 pound f i g u r e g i v e n i n
Table IV. The computerprogramcouldhavebeenexpanded t oi n c l u d ea r m a t u r e
reaction,buttoavoidthiseffortthe above r a t i o w a s a l s o a p p l i e d t o t h e l o a d
c o n d i t i o n and p r o b a b l y r e p r e s e n t s a c o n s e r v a t i v e a p p r o a c h d u e t o t h e somewhat
greatersaturationunderloadconditions.
161
. BRAY.TON CYCLEALTERNATOR ,
. CALCULATEDLISSAJOUS.,PATTERM
. . NOLO- - OPPOSITE
. . DRIVE-END BEARING . .
FIGURE 36
162
SECTION XV
REFERENCES
1. "Alrernating Current Machinery," By L.V.Bewley,The Macmillan Company,

New York, 1949.
2. "The NatureofPolyphaseInduction-Machins," By P h i l i p L. A l g e r ,
JohnWiley andSons,Inc., New York, 1951.
3. "SynchronousMachines, By CharlesConcordia, JohnWileyand Sons.,

I n c . , New York , 1951.
4. "Electric Machinery, ."By A.E.Fitzgerald and C. Kingsley, McGraw-

H i l l Book
Company, I n c . , New York, 2nd E d i t i o n , 1961.
5. "The C a l c u l a t i o n of Harmonics Due t o S l o t t i n g i n t h e F l u x D e n s i t y

Waveform i n Dynamo Electric Machines," By D r . E.M.Freeman, IEE Paper
#523U, June1962.
6. "UnbalancedMagnetic Pull i n I n d u c t i o n Motors w i t h E c c e n t r i c R o t o r s , "

By A. Covo, AIEE Paper 154-413, December 1954.
7. A Guide -Q F o r t r a n By D a n i e l D. McCracken, John

Wiley
and Sons, Inc., New York, 1961.
8. "MechanicalEngineers' Handbook," E d i t e d by L i o n e l S. Marks,

M c G r a w - H i l l BookCompany, I n c . , New York, 1951.
9. "Transverse Magnetic-Attraction in Rotating Machines," By L. C e n t u r i o n i ,

Ansaldo-SanGiorgioBulletin,October, 1962.
NASA-Langley, 1970 -
- 3 E 5 152 163

Nasa - cr-1452 Alternator and Voltage Regulator-Exciter For A Brayton Cycle Space Power System

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Nasa - cr-1452 Alternator and Voltage Regulator-Exciter For A Brayton Cycle Space Power System

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by J. E. GreenweZZ, E. F. RnsseZZ, una L. J. Yedger

17. Key Words ( S u g g e s t e d b y A o t h o t ( s ) ) 18. Distribution Statement

IV ORIGIN OF FORCE AND ANALYTICAL DEVELOPMENT 6

V NOMENCLATURE - ANAI;YTICAL STUDY 15

VI1 TEST AF'PARATUS ANI TEST "H.OD 36

VIII Complete Analytical Expressions 46

M Derivation of Analytical Expressions 65

XI Eccentricity Measurements 137

XI1 Transducer Design and Calibration 1 40

XI11 Spectrum Analysis 152

XIV Analytical and Ekperimental Correlation 158

of Erie, Pennsylvania under subcontract to Pratt andWhitney A i r c r a f t Division

Division,LewisResearchCenter. The r e p o r t was o r i g i n a l l y i s s u e d as General

E l e c t r i c r e p o r t M9-003 Vol. 11.

The B r a y t o n C y c l e t u r b o a l t e r n a t o r will r u n o n g a s b e a r i n g s , t h e d e s i g n o f which

The a n a l y t i c a l r e s u l t s c o n s i s t e d o f e q u a t i o n s made up of c o s i n u s o i d a l terms

Forces were measuredthroughtheuse of s p e c i a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d e n d s h i e l d s

The n a t u r e of t h e measured f o r c e s was as p r e d i c t e d , b u t t h e m a g n i t u d e was

Thework covered i n t h i s r e p o r t was doneundersubcontract PWASC 6013-2 t o

The a n a l y t i c a l s t u d y produced equations which describe the force under various

I n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l program, t h e A l t e r n a t o r R e s e a r c h Package was equipped with

The l i k e l i h o o d of b u i l d i n g a machine with a p e r f e c t l y c o n c e n t r i c r o t o r and

Assume t h a t t h e above f i g u r e r e p r e s e n t s a .002" " e r r o r " i n m a n u f a c t u r i n g so

0 = P i X MMF = 505 X 635 = 320,675

> = Flux d e n s i t y i n K LINE/IN2

A = Area i n sq. inches

1 - Magnetic path length i n inches

For the right handgap

The 44 poundsof t h i s example is r o u g h l ye q u i v a l e n tt ot h eB r a y t o nC y c l e F cal-

S i n c e t h e two s t a t o r c i r c u i t s are connected i n p a r a l l e l , a c i r c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t

The b e a r i n g f o r c e s e x p e r i e n c e d i n a n a l t e r n a t o r are somewhat more complex

A l l oftheseinteractingmf'simpressedacrosssaturable s t e e l and a changing

S a t u r a t i o nf u r t h e rc l o u d st h ef o r c ep i c t u r e . The ampere t u r n so f mmf ( b o t h

Where F is directed radially outward

where A = Cross sectional area perpendicular to flux

rearranging Eq 8 4 results in:

The modulated per unit gap

where: -8 = mechangle g = pawer

The r o t o r g a p r e p r e s e n t a t i o n andpermeance e x p r e s s i o n i s obtained by a F o u r i e r

and t h e mainpermeanceharmonics are:

Combining t h e s e g i v e s t h e t o t a l r o t o r main s a l i e n c y permeance e x p r e s s i o n

The a m o r t i s s e u r permeance i s given by a similar e x p r e s s i o n

P s = PSn cos (n NSO) Eq #12

where NS = 48 stator slots

and P h, P are coefficients for anortiseeur and stator slot harmonic

For the Brayton Cycle,the Coefficientsare:

and is the average permeance of the gap over the rotorpoles. It is

The permeance expression representing eccentricity

mmf, = M K pn Ka cos (n e (0 - ut + - )"e )) + ATdc Eq 1/14

Kpn = pitch factor Kdn = distribution factor

where M is a constant containing the currents and number

(1) The Calculation of Harmonics D u e to Slotting in the Flux Density Waveform

The x ' s r e p r e s e n tr o t o r ,s t a t o r ,a m o r t i s s e u r ,e c c e n t r i c i t y , and MMF harmonic

The following example shows how 'a f o r c e a r i s e s from a g i v e n s e t ofpermeance

Fy = - 2.09 COS (-2wt + B - W + ye)

Note w e c o u l d h a v e r e d i c t e d that o n l y t h e terms marked w i t h * would integrate

The Fourier approach to the problem allows a direct force expression be to

(1) Compute saturation, ATdc,)b e.

(2) Compute series for permeance and mmf

(3) Compute expression for3

( 4 ) Compute expression for

(5) .Eliminate terms which will integrate to zero

0.8 Balanced 1 5 KVA 24.5 -* 24.5 -* 13.5 18'

o006 o8 Not Applicable N .A. 9.2 l b U.8lb 15.0 l b 13.1 l b