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5
0 Elsevier Sequoia S.A., Jkusanne - Printed in the Netherlands
1. 1NTRODUCT:ON
The z~te of heat transfer from the wall of Fig. 1. Circulation pattern in the drum.
an externally heated rotary drum to its solids
content is governed by three transfer
mechanisms:
(i) the direct heat transfer from drum wall 27.APPLICATION OF THE PENETRATION
to solids, THEORY TO ROTATING DRUMS
(ii) the heat transfer from drum wall to the
gas phase above the solids, followed by In Fig_ 2 some curves are drawn, corre-
(iii) the heat transfer between gas phase and sponding to different points on the circum-
solids. ference of the drum, in which the temper-
From other experiments 111 the mechanism ature of the solid materM is plotted as a
of solid movement is known. If the inside wall function of the radial distance from the wall,
of the drum is provided with strips, a layer of y- The temperature of the wall is kept
IS6
constant. The penetration depth, 6 ) is generally travelled by a particle along the circumference
defined as the distance y at which a linearly can be used:
decreasing temperature would reach the value
x=f2rlnR (4)
TS_ x-hen the rate of decrease is equal to that
actually occurring at the wall. in which n is the number of drum revolutions
per second and R is the radius of the drum.
Substituting (4) in (2) gives:
V
shows that 2nR
cY(.x) = - (XPC,)err (‘7)
.x
(1)
The mean value of OLfor the solid segment
for a point moving at the same speed as the iS
drum wall_
The following assumptions are made:
(a) There is only heat conduction in the
d=- l pxdx (8)
-Tr 0”
radial direction, which means that the temp-
crature gradients in the tangential and axial in which x, = 2 ft n R t,, t, being the time
directions are small compared with that in the during which a point on the drum wall is in
radial direction_ contact with the solids.
(b) The penetration depth is large compar- It is easily proved that
ed to the particle diarneter so that an effective
5 = 2 o(x,)
value of the heat diffusion coefficient a =
(~lPC,Lff can be used.
Integration of eqn (1) with appropriate
3. EXPERIMENTAL
boundary and initial conditions
B.C. (1) T = T, 2t y = 0 Experiments were performed in a drum of
(2) T=T, aty=m industrial size_ The details of this equipment
1-C. (3) T=T, aty>O are given in ref. [ 11. The length of the drum
produces the well known error function [ 23 I was 9-O m and its diameter was 0.60 m. Nine
strips, 6 cm wide, were welded over the whole
T=T,,. -(T,-TS)erf length of the drum. The strips, slanted back-
(2)
wards with respect to the direction of rotation
The heat transfer coefficient CYis then given of the drum, made an angle of 45” to the wall.
The temperature of the bulk material and the
by
air above it was measured by thermocouples
Q= V (hP%Lff
nr
(3)
at four distances from the entrance of the
drum, 1.35 m, 2.85 m, 6-30 m and 7-80 m
respectively.
Instead of the parameter f, the distance x The wall temperature was measured at
from the lower edge of the solid segment 4.57 m from the entrance by a thermocouple
placed flush with the wall. Since the drum was
heated by steam, the wall temperature was
taken to be constant along the drum length.
Each of the temperatures was recorded every
46 seconds.
i ‘ 6 e 10
0 2
--LenQhof :he drumi~
f:g. -L Stationary heat transfer from wall to air: Fig. 5. Wall to solid heat transfer us. square root of
temperature difference as a function of axial distance the rotational speed.
in the drum.
T, - T,=,
aT,, = (14) TABLE 1
In TX,--T,=,
T, - T, Product V k,_.l-l,%exq 4 th
S) Cm) (J/m- s ‘C) (J/m2 s “C)
The temperature profile has been checked
Potato 11.0 0.63 97 Jn 105 xfrl
theoretically using Miyauchi and Ver=meulen’s starch
theory ]3]_ The error made by taking aTi, as Potato 15.7 0.72 101 X/n 99 &
the average temperature difference was found starch
to be less than 3%. Potato 23.1: 0.89 10’: drz 91 dn
starch
Yellow 15.7 0.72 104 & ss\/n
(c) Measurement of the gas to solid heat dextrine
transfer coefficient
These measurements were also made in the n in k-pm_
steady-state_ The heated drum was partially
filled with solid, and cold air was passed into found with the degree of filling as the para-
the drum_ The temperatures of the solid and meter Only three lines are drawn in the
air were measured_ A heat balance over the figure, since two sets of experimental condi-
solid segment can be set up: tions, namely yellow dextrine and potato
(15)
starch, for the same degree of filling of 15.7%
k,-Al-Zl-(T,. - T&Al = As-E3- (T, - T,) Al
gave very similar results. The value of El can
in which As is the surface area between solid be calculated from the experimental data,
segment and air per unit length of the drum once the value of klAl is known (see
and Es is its corresponding heat transfer Appendix 1).
coefficient. When the theoretical values of the heat
transfer coefficient are calculated according
to the data given in Appendix 2 for hpcp, it is
Lf_RESULTS found that the penetration theory predicts a
fairly accurate value for Q, see Table 1.
(a) Wall to solid heat transfer coefficient In Fig. 6 the same experimental results are
The product of the heat transfer coefficient plotted in a different way, viz. Gl kl Al versus
and the effective heat transfer surface, V_ Also shown is a separate set of experiments
Z,-k,-A,,isgiveninFig. 5asafunctionof carried out for a speed of 3 rpm in which the
the square root of the rotational speed II. In degree of filling was varied over a range of
accordance with the theory, a straight line was 10 - 24%_
IS9
TABLE 3
Heat transfer between solids and air
V0 PC,
(c) Heat transfer from solids to air
Lff
Only the values from the thermocouples in E-1 = 2 *a
the first two cross-sections of the drum were 1L L,
used for the calculation (distance from air Values of about 250 J/m2 s “C were found
entrance: 1.35 m and 2.85 m respectively). for a rotational speed of 6 rpm.
Table 3 gives the experimentally determin- (2) The values of Xeff for potato starch and
ed data for asAs_ Also given are the values of yellow dextrine have been experimentally
ElkxAl. determined and were found to lie in the range
190
0.090 - 0.102 J/m s “C, depending upon the L length of the drum (m j
temperature (see -Appendix 2)_ 1 distance from the drum entrance (m)
(3) The heat transfer from drum w-all to air M mass (kg)
is governed by natural convection_ The heat n rotational drum speed (s- r )
lransfer coefficient is approximately 5 J/m’ R radius of the drum (m)
s “C and is independent of the rotational speed Q mass flow rate (kg s ‘)
and air flow rate in the range of normal oper- T temperature (“C)
ating conditions. t time (5)
(4) In rotating drums filled for more than V degree of filling (-)
10% with potato starch or yellow destrine, it X distance around the drum circumference
can be stated that (m)
Y radial distance from the wall (m)
?!!?,_4, :- Gz?-l:t > cr&&4~
Cold air entering the dn:r;. is mainly heated by Subscripts
heat transfer from the solids_ a of the air
b of the block
eff effective value
k of the contact plane
_-ICKSO\VLEDGEXIENTS
S of the solid
in of the air before entering the drum
The authors sincerely thank the Koninklijke
e of the air upon leaving the drum
Scholten-Honig Research B-1’. who made this
\\- of the wall
investigation possible by giving the use of
their premises and who gave valuable technical
and financial assistance_
REFERENCES
d2T 2~
+~_e - (Tc-T)=O (14 Determination of the effective value of h PC,,
dy2 The effective value of X pc, of potato
T is the temperature of the strip at a distance starch cannot be found in the literature. Some
y from the wall taken to be constant over the data are given for the heat conductivity coef-
strip cross-section and T, is the environment ficient, h,, of corn starch grains [4) _
temperature. e is the strip thickness, & the Relations are also given between hCfr and X,
mean heat transfer coefficient from strip to [4, 5]_ The spread in theoretical values of
environment, and X the thermal conductivity . cffr however, is quite large. Since, also, the
‘i
of the strip. value of X, for corn starch need not neces-
Integration of eqn. (la) gives: sarily be the same as that ftir potato starch, it
T= _4 .&.2 was decided to measure (h pc,),rr directly for
i- B ,&I + T,
potato starch_ The following method was
where used:
2a A block of polycarbonate was brought to a
\
, 1.2 = -+ - (lb!
X-e uniform temperature and was plunged into a
fluidized bed of potato starch, upon which
The values of the constants A and B are
the air flow to the bed was immediateIy shut
found from the appropriate boundary condi-
down so that a packed bed of uniform temp-
tions:
erature existed around the polycarbonate
(l)Aty=O,T=T,
block. In both media heat is then transported
(2) At y = d, (aTlay), =d = 0, virtually no only by unsteady-state heat conduction.
heat leaving through the end_ Although the temperatures of the poly-
Although the assumption of steady-state carbonate block and the packed bed of
conditions is not completely valid when potato starch tend to equalize, and are there-
calculating the temperature profile, deviations fore time-dependent, the temperature of the
are small under normal operating conditions. interface is not a function of time but
Equation (lb) results in a temperature remains at a certain value as long as the two
profile along the strip. Integrating this temp- phases can be considered as two semi-infinite
erature profile will give an expression for the media. This is generally true when the
effective length deff of the strip. penetration depths of heat in the block and in
the bed are small compared with the block
(T- Tel dy = d&T, - T-e) diameter and with the bed diameter respect-
0 ively_
For a strip with a thickness of 0.4 cm From the penetration theory it is found
and a strip width of 6 cm, the following that in this case there exists an unique relation
effective strip lengths are found: between the temperature of the block, Tbr
192
T A B L E A2-