Deber #7: Modulación AM, FM y PM.

Alvarado Leonardo, Arias Karen y Pinos Silvana.

{lalvaradon, kariass1, spinosc}@est.ups.edu.ec
Universidad Politécnica Salesiana
Comunicaciones Digitales

Abstract--- This report details the different types of

modulation like AM, FM and PM including the equations
necessaries to do any of this modulations.

I. INTRODUCCIÓN
The modulation process can be defined as the transfer of the spectrum
from a baseband signal to a passband signal. Thanks to the
characteristics of each type of modulation, we can transmit a greater
amount of information in a lower bandwidth, with less power. But, it is
necessary to know how the modulations are produced and properly
perform the mathematical calculations of each one to obtain the desired
results.

II. MARCO TEÓRICO

2.1. AM modulation.

In this type of modulation, the amplitude of the carrier varies according

to the information signal, so that the information of the amplitude and
frequency thereof is superimposed on the carrier causing its envelope to  AM spectrum:
vary according to the information modulating signal. The multiplication
of one signal by another can be considered as the use of a signal to scale
or modulate, therefore, the multiplication of two signals is known as
amplitude modulation.

Parameters: the baseband signal is called the modulating signal and

the resultant is the modulated signal.

2.1.1 AM modulation with complex exponential.

It consists of a complex exponential signal or ideal sine 𝑐(𝑡) whose  Envelope of AM modulation.
amplitude is multiplied by the signal m(t) that contains information.
The use of the envelope is the most used in the AM of
Where: maximum power carrier and double sideband. In any type of
AM, a single-frequency modulating signal acts on the high
frequency carrier signal. The output waveform contains all the
m(t) is the modulating signal.
frequencies that form the am signal, that is, both the frequency
of the information signal as the carrier, and the AM signal is
c(t) is the carrier. used to transport information through the system.

y(t) is the modulated signal If the carrier is 𝑐(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑎 ∙ cos⁡(𝑤𝑐 𝑡), la señal moduladora es
𝑚(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 ∙ 𝑤𝑚 𝑡 y la onda modulada es 𝑌𝑎𝑚 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑎𝑚(𝑡),
−𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑐(𝑡) ∙ 𝑚(𝑡) la AM convencional:

 Sineidal carrier signal of the form:

𝑐(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑗(𝑤𝑐 𝑡+𝜃𝑐 )

Where 𝑤𝑐 is the carrier frequency.

 2.1.5 Vestigial band.

2.1.2 AM with full carrier and two sidebands.
It is applied by shifting the signal of the message, therefore, it is
possible to define a (t) as the signal resulting from moving the
modulator. When the displacement constant is equal to the peak
amplitude of the modulator, the modulation index is 1.
This type of modulation is transmitted almost completely one of the
sidebands, while the other only transmits a very small part (the
residual band).
2.2. FM modulation.

𝑎(𝑡) = 𝐷𝐶 + 𝑚(𝑡)
2.3. PM modulation.
2.1.3 AM with two sidebands and carrier suppressed.

It is the result of applying modulation by complex exponential or

by a sinusoidal carrier. It is fulfilled when DC = 0.

𝑦(𝑡 ) = 𝐴𝑐 𝑥(𝑡)cos⁡(𝑤𝑐 𝑡) III. CONCLUSIONES

Entropy, PAM and PCM are important facts to consider in Digital
1
𝑌(𝑓) = 𝐴𝑐 [𝑋(𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 ) + 𝑋(𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 )] Communications. Using them we can transmit information with less noise
2 and the precise number of symbols and bits transmitted per sample. Also,
these methods help us decode the signals correctly assigning levels to get
Spectrum: more information about the received signal.

IV. REFERENCIAS

[1] B. SKLAR, “Digital Communications”.

The carrier is not transmitted, having energy efficiency, it needs

double the bandwidth, therefore, there is little spectral efficiency.
It is not considered modulation index. For each zero crossing of
m(t) the signal AM also crosses zero.

𝐴𝑀 = 𝑎(𝑡)𝑐(𝑡) where a(t) is a low frequency signal and c(t) the

high frequency signal.

2.1.4 Single Side Band.

If a single sideband without a carrier is transmitted, information

regarding the modulating signal is not being lost. It requires half
the bandwidth of DBL and AM. An SSB signal can be obtained
by the use of a suitable bandpass filter, commonly referred to as
SSB sideband filter. The SSB modulation is good for the case of
voice where we do not have components at low frequency so that
the signal can be demodulated easily.

When the modulating signal m(t) has components at extremely

low frequencies, the upper and lower sideband are coupled to the
frequency of the carrier. SSB modulation is not appropriate due to
the difficulty of isolating one of the sidebands.