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A Comparative Study of Production and Marketing Practices of Vegetables in Nainital and U.S.
Nagar Districts of State Uttarakhand, India
Vinay Kumar Gunwant 1, Mustfa Hussain2 , R.C. Purohit3 , Syed Mohd. Faisal Ali4, Dr. Divya Rana5
1
Ph.D. Research Scholar, MBPG College Haldwani, Department of Commerce Kumaun University,
Nainital, Uttarakhand State, INDIA
2
Ph.D. Research Scholar, Collage of Agribusiness Management, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture &
Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand State, INDIA
3
Associate Professor, MBPG College Haldwani, Department of Commerce, Kumaun University,
Nainital, Uttarakhand State, INDIA
4
Lecture, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
5
Associate Professor, King Abdul Aziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
alisyed.faisal@rediffmail.com
doi:10.6088/ijacit.12.16006
ABSTRACT
Progress in the production of horticultural products depends critically on the marketing infrastructure available to
the farmers. Efficient marketing with a dynamic supply chain is essential for the development of the horticulture
sector. The efficiency of marketing for fruits and vegetables in India has been of significant concern in the recent
years. Poor efficiency in the marketing channels and inadequate marketing infrastructure are believed to be the
cause of not only high and fluctuating consumer prices, but also too little of the consumer rupee reaching the
farmer. Indian farmers typically depend heavily on middlemen particularly in fruits and vegetable marketing. The
producers and the consumers often get a poor deal and the middlemen control the market, but do not add much
value. There is also massive wastage, deterioration in quality as well as frequent mismatch between demand and
supply both spatially and over time (Subbanarasiah, 1991; Singh et.al, 1985). The present study seeks to examine
the market environment for Tomato, Pea, Cabbage and potato crops in two districts of Uttarakhand state of the
country. It examines various aspects of vegetable marketing such as market infrastructure, marketing channels,
marketing practices, marketing costs, marketing margin, marketing efficiency etc. in the wholesale and local
markets in the selected area. The study also made an attempt to identify the prevailing value chain from the
Farmer→ Commission Agent → Wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer of costs, prices and their shares in the
selected vegetable markets. Regarding disposal of the produce channel-I (producer village commission
agent/wholesaler retailer consumer) was the important one being followed 52.2 to 58.9% vegetable
producers of both of districts who could dispose more than 60 percent of the total produce.
Key Words- Supply Chain Management, Agriculture marketing, marketable and Marketed Surplus, Marketing
efficiency, Price spread and Horticulture
It is not enough just produce the vegetables; it must be produced efficiently and marketed successfully. It is
necessary to improve the marketing system to aid development for two reasons; firstly it may work as a
disincentive to increased production; secondly, if the market does not supply consumers with produce at
reasonable prices and at the time and place needed, and then the increased production has no meaning in a welfare
society [7]
The horticulture which includes fruits, vegetable, spices, flowers, medicinal and ornamental plants has proved
beyond doubt its potentiality for gainful diversification. The emerging trend worldwide and also in the country is
indicative of paradigm shift in dietary needs of the people with the rice in the income, which demand for more
horticulture produce. In horticulture, the vegetable crops have been identified as the most remunerative crops for
replacing subsistence farming in rain fed, dry land, hills, arid and coastal agro ecosystems. Being short duration
crops and fewer requirements for capital, vegetables are also best suited in the crop rotation. Such a
diversification in favour of vegetable is sweeping across the nation. With the production of 222.9 million tonnes,
we are today the second largest producers of these crops in the world. The achievement in the development of
horticulture is laudable, as the sector is now contributes more than 30.5 per cent of GDP of agriculture and has
maintained the growth rate of more than 5 per cent during the last two decades (Indian Economy 2011)
Supply chain management plays an essential role in keeping business costs at a minimum and profitability as high
as possible. Supply chain management is defined as the design and operation of physical, management
information and financial systems needed to transfer goods and services from point of production to point of
consumption in an effective and efficient manner.
2. Problem Statement
Uttarakhand, the 27th state of India, has huge potential of seasonal and off seasonal vegetable production. The
state is blessed with conductive climate to grow a large number of vegetable with different quality attributes
round the year. Farmers are growing vegetables in a very good amount. The annual production in Uttarakhand is
1.04 million tonnes from the area of about 80580 hectare. Uttarakhand has a pleasant climate, which is a home
place of different religions, castes, occupations, cultures, speaking diverse languages and of different food
preferences.
Vegetable production in U.S. Nagar and Nainital district is mainly delt with irrigation through ponds, shallow
well and sometimes flood diversion especially towards vegetables where oversupply of harvested products is the
main characteristics. The nature of the product on the one hand and the lack of organized marketing system on the
other have resulted in low producer’s price. There are production and marketing problems challenging vegetable
development in the both of districts.
In spite of over-whelming importance of vegetables in our state no systematic attempt has been made to compare
the production and marketing problems of vegetable in any region (Hill or Plains) of Uttarakhand state.
Uttarakhand opened new fields of agricultural and agribusiness research since its formation in the year 2000. The
above problematic situation calls for a systematic investigation into problems of vegetable marketing as a whole.
3. Objectives
The study was conducted in the Nainital and U.S. Nagar districts of Uttarakhand. Based on the highest production
of the acreage under vegetable, Ramgarh and Dhari blocks from Nainital and Kashipur and Bajpur blocks from
U.S. Nagar district were selected purposively. A cluster of two villages form each blocks of both of districts were
selected.
To evaluate the objective of the study multistage random sampling technique was adopted. Mainly three channels
of vegetable supply chain (VSC) were identified and selected which were commonly followed in both the districts
At the initial stage farmers were selected in each chain who sold their produce in selected vegetable supply chain.
In the second stage, intermediaries involved in the supply chain, specially in supply channel of vegetable
marketing where large number of intermediaries existed. In the third stage retailers of each chain were selected.
Similarly, in the final stage the consumer who purchased the vegetables from each channel was selected. Firstly,
in the channel-I of vegetable supply chain 20 farmers, 4 intermediaries, 5 traditional retailers and 20 consumers
were selected randomly. Secondly, in channel-II of vegetable supply chain 20 farmers, 5 retailers and 20
consumers were selected at random that is from the local retailers of both of districts, Thirdly, in channel-III,
vegetable supply chain, 5 farmers/retailers and 20 consumers were selected at random from the local village and
market level. Only 5 farmers were available doing direct business with these formats hence only these all 5
farmers were selected. However the total size of the sample with respect to farmers was decided keeping in mind
the time, resources and availability of sample for the investigator. Thus, total 90 farmers, 4 intermediaries, 10
retailers and 60 consumers were selected from the each district in aggregate for all the channels of VSC. For the
homogeneity of the results four vegetables namely tomato, pea, cabbage and potato which were commonly grown
in large quantities in all the selected channels of Vegetable Supply Chain (VSC) were selected for the study. The
secondary data of vegetable production of both of the districts was collected from the District Horticulture Office
(DHO) and other government department. Simple conventional method of tabular analysis was used to study the
pricing efficiency. Averages and percentage analysis were used to examine the roles played by the intermediaries
and contracting firms, marketing efficiency, marketing cost, marketing margin, Producer’s share in consumer’s
rupee, factors affecting the production and marketing, problems and expectations of the producers, retailers and
consumers in the vegetable supply chain was worked out.
4. Results
On the basis of higher priority, the respondent of district Nainital were largely faced problems related with
production e.g. lack of irrigation, lack of information, manpower, finance/credit, inputs, production levels,
insect/pest, diseases, poor linkages with extension agencies inadequate soil testing facilities, risk aversion,
Problems related to marketing included transportation, standardisation and grading, infrastructure, unfair
deductions, storage, market-related information, bargaining and low price received by the farmers for the
produces. There were also other, less important problems. Farmers were aware about most of problems but
unfortunately they had no access by which they could overcome these constraints. While U.S. Nagar district is
much better due to easy Transportation, Infrastructure and market availability.
Maximum middlemen faced problems related to the uncertainty of the arrival of producers and consumers, the
arrival of quantities of produce, standardisation and grading, storage, information on the market prices, quality of
produce, varied mixture in produce and highly perishable nature of produce.
Mostly vegetable is traded through regional marketing system in both of the study area of Uttarakhand. The town
and villages in the producing area serve as assembly markets. The markets of production area feed the markets of
consumption area. Haldwani, Nainital and Ramnagar from Nainital and Rudrapur, Bajpur, khatima, Pantnagar and
Kashipur from U.S. Nagar districts are the largest vegetable consuming cities of vegetable produce in kumaon
division of Uttarakhand. A wide variety of marketing agency ie village commission agent, wholesalers, retailers,
brokers, commission agents and others operate at various stages of vegetable marketing. These markets can be
distinguished on the basis of market place and the nature of the trade activities. Five vegetable marketing channels
were identified during the study in both of district, in which three most trendy and common vegetable supply
channels (mostly used by the farmers) were as follows:
Channel (I)
ProducersVillage Commission Agent/ WholesalersRetailers Consumers
Channel (II)
Producers Cooperatives/RetailersConsumer
Channel (III)
ProducersConsumer
1- Producers to village commission agent/wholesalers to retailers to consumer. Two middlemen used this.
While 52.2% respondents from Nainital and 58.9% from U.S. Nagar districts were used it.
2- Producers to cooperative/retailers to consumer. One middleman used this. Where 32% from Nainital and
only 17.8% respondents from U.S. Nagar districts used it.
3- Producer to consumer. No middlemen used this (producers himself play the role of middleman) and only
12.2% of respondents from Nainital and 23.3% from U.S. Nagar used it.
The study revealed that vegetable was the high income generating crops grown by farmers both in Ravi and
Kharif season which collectively covered 20 to 25% of total cropped area in both of the districts. Tomato, pea,
cabbage and potato were the very important vegetables crops of the study area. Regarding disposal of the produce
channel-I (producer village commission agent/wholesaler retailer consumer) was the important one being
In channel-II (producers cooperative/retailer consumer) can play an efficient role in terms of farmer’s high
return in Nainital and U.S. Nagar district while the producers share in consumers rupee is (39.85%) and (39.28%)
respectively.
And channel III (Producers Consumer) may be plays a good role for small farmers of both of district who
dispose there produce directly farm level to consumer and get a good amount 42.80 to 46.50% in consumers rupee
but the numbers of these farmers were very limited.
4.3 Analysis of Marketing Efficiency, Marketing Cost, Marketing Margin and Producer’s Share in
Consumer’s Rupee.
The index of marketing efficiency for Nainital district was found out to be 0.76, 0.90, and 0.96 for channel I, II
and III of vegetable supply chain respectively. Whereas in U.S. Nagar district the index of marketing efficiency
was found out to be 0.78, 0.87 and 1.02 for channel I, II and III of vegetable supply chain respectively.
Hence, the index of marketing efficiency of the different formats indicated for both of districts that channel III
VSC was found to be more efficient than channel II and I VSC because of low operational costs and physical
losses in the supply chain resulted in more producers’ net price to total gross marketing margins.
It is advised to the farmers of both of the district to sell their more vegetable produce through channel III and II to
be encouraged to provide vegetables to consumers, even channel I and II of VSC required more attention to
improve their marketing efficiency.
In Nainital district the cost incurred per kg of vegetables by channel I, II and III was found out to be Rs. 1.28, Rs.
1.99 and Rs. 1.75 respectively. The total returns per kg of vegetables found out to be Rs. 5.22, Rs. 4.55 and Rs.
4.73 in channel I, II and III respectively. The net return realized by it for one kg of vegetables was Rs. 3.94, Rs.
2.56 and Rs. 2.97 in channel I, II and III respectively.
In the same way, in U.S. Nagar district the cost incurred per kg of vegetables by channel I, II and III was found
out to be Rs. 1.21, Rs. 1.29 and Rs. 0.81 respectively. The total returns per kg of vegetables found out to be Rs.
5.01, Rs. 4.30 and Rs. 4.84, in the channel I, II and III respectively. But the net return realized by it for one kg of
vegetables was Rs. 3.80, Rs. 3.01 and Rs. 4.04 in channel I, II and III respectively. Hence, in both of districts the
highest marketing cost was incurred by channel II which followed by other channel in vegetable supply chain.
Marketing margins measures the gap between net price received by the cultivators and the price paid by the
consumer. In the point of view of marketing efficiency this gap has to be reduced to the bearest minimum.
In Nainital district the marketing margin as percentage of consumer price was found to be less in channel III of
VSC (1.92%) as compared to channel I (1.96%) and in channel II (1.99%) because of high gross marketing
margin in channel I and III as compared to channel II of the VSC.
The producers share in the consumer rupee in Nainital districts was found out to be higher in channel III VSC
(42.80%) compared to channel II (39.85%) and channel I (31.85%).
On other hand in U.S. Nagar district it was found out to be higher in channel III VSC (46.50%) compared to
channel II (39.28%) and channel I (31.37%).
Thus, the above data indicating that the producers share ranged between 31.37 to 46.50% including both of the
districts and rest went to the middleman. The latter’s share need to be reduces in such a way that it provides better
remunerating to the producers without affecting the vegetable marketing business adversely.
Through the direct observation and discussion with the farmers of both of the district’s it has been found that the
following factors are mostly affecting vegetable production and marketing:
Household’s labours: the farmers of both of districts had difficulties to assign a member to look after the
vegetables production because there are lot of work needs to be done, such as looking after cattle,
weeding, house work, and other farm activities.
Household’s assets/equipments: households belonging and assets such as television, radio, bicycle,
motors and farm equipment are important causes effecting to farmer’s decisions. Few programs on
television and radio showed market information or agriculture techniques, according to both of districts
farmers. So, even thought farmers have the media equipment, they still cannot get any information related
to their vegetables production improvement or marketing information.
Household’s understanding/education: labour’ skill and education are other dynamic factors. It directly
affected two components of vegetable production managements that are inputs application and new
techniques practicing. According to key informants interviewed farmers who have good transportation but
do not access vegetables inputs market level. Lack of knowledge and skill in using for vegetable.
On the basis of the results the study makes major recommendations over the constraints for enhancing vegetable
production and marketing in both of districts. The constraints and recommendations are categorized into seven
major aspects which are presented as follows:
6. Tables
Table 2: Year Wise Area and Production of Vegetable in District Udham Singh Nagar
A= Area in Hectare P= Production in metric Tonnes
References