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2006
CERTIFICATE
women self help groups of southern coastal districts of Tamilnadu” submitted in part
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Fisheries
Ali Hassan under my supervision and guidance and that no part of this thesis has been
submitted for the award of any other degree, diploma, fellowship or similar titles.
Place: Thoothukudi
(K. VEERABHADRAN)
Date: Chairman
APPROVED BY
2. Dr. R. SENTHILATHIBAN
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
Date:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Fisheries Resources and Economics for their keen interest and help rendered throughout
Research Institute, Thoothukudi for the facilities provided and for his encouragement
Department of Fisheries Resources and Economics for their support and encouragement
I specially thank all the library staff of this institute for their help in providing
references.
my parents, all my family members and brother Kabul during the period of study.
Chapter Page
Title
No. No.
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5
6. REFERENCES 66
APPENDICES
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Title Page No.
No.
INTRODUCTION
Women are the most vital part in the human resource development of a country.
They are the agents of change and they constitute nearly half of the world’s population.
In most South Asian countries, the status of women is low and their socio-economic
conditions are much more depressed than that of men. Though in India constitutional and
legal status of women are equal to men in all respects, the reality is that they suffer in all
sphere of social and economic life. Poverty in fact, is one of the aspects of deprived
condition. Low earnings, lower wages, low level of technical skills, limited access to the
new technology of production, low literacy, malnutrition and poor health are the
The position of women in Indian society from the very ancient time was
subordinate, subservient, inglorious, inferior and unequal to their male counter parts. The
status of women in independent India occupies an important role and all efforts are being
made to establish the significant place that she can play in the upliftment of herself and
the society at large. It is well known that women have been playing a vital role in the
household activities since time immemorial. But, today they have pervaded every
conceivable sector of the national activity and had made their indelible impression in
various fields, which have so far been considered as the exclusive rights of men.
However, women still suffer from drastic inequalities, despite receiving constant
attention of both planners and policy makers, their life at home and outside is still
recognised and is often under represented. Thus, there is need for the identification of
workload and training need areas in various aspects of fisheries. Often, the trainings,
workshops, seminars, etc. organised for the developmental processes are male oriented.
Therefore, there is need to focus on the womenfolk, tapping the full potential of women
for the developmental process, call for enhancing their capabilities to augment and
Nowadays women need to alter their self-image and therefore social image. To
give rural women visibility and to enable society to come in contact with them, they must
get organised into groups. Group approach was viable setups to disburse credit to the
rural women and empower them in rural areas. Thus the Swarnejanti Gram Swarajgar
Yojana (SGSY) has emerged as one of the main antipoverty programmes instituted by the
government in April 1999 with strategies to lift the rural poor out of poverty within three
years by generating significant and sustainable income by organising them into Self Help
Groups (SHGs).
This Self Help Group (SHG) approach has been taken up by women as one of the
viable ways to achieve their empowerment. This made them to get free from the clusters
of moneylenders in one hand and help them to stand on their own legs within the family
on the other hand. Apart from these benefits, this SHG approach made the rural women
development programmes which they were not endowed to do so. Hence, the SHG
entrepreneurial activities but also made great impact in family, community and nation as
The concept of SHG showed to underline the principle “for the people, by the
people and of the people”. This was exclusively established for the poor. The concept
of SHGs enhanced equality in social and cultural spheres of life. Self Help Groups
Federation for Agricultural Development (IFAD) assisted pilot project in two blocks in
Dharmapuri district. Realising the potentialities of this SHG, the Tamilnadu Government
reach the poorest of the poor in all communities and with much emphasis on scheduled
castes and scheduled tribes. As per the report of Tamilnadu Corporation for Women
Development (TNCWD) Chennai 2006, there are 2,60,650 SHGs with enrollment of
positive changes in their knowledge, skill and attitude. Trainings should change the
village itself. This will reduce the migration rate of villagers to the urban areas.
Importance of the study
The present study was undertaken to identify and analyse the training needs of
women Self Help Group (SHGs) members in entrepreneurial activities. The specific
No exclusive attempts have been made so far to identify and analyse the training
needs of women SHGs in entrepreneurial activities. In this study, the profile, knowledge
level, training need areas and relative preference of type, season, duration, venue, method
of training and training group of women SHGs with respect to post harvest and
culture technologies had been assessed. The findings on training needs of SHG members
on entrepreneurial activities would help the project officers (Mahalir Thittam), Non
limitations of conveyance, geographical area, time and funds, which rendered it difficult
to take up an extensive study. Despite all these limitations, every care was taken to make
the study as objective, definite and systematic as possible. The study was carried out in
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
discernment into the path of research problems. A study of past findings will pave the
way for endeavour. An acquaintance with earlier pertinent studies are necessary to
develop good understanding about present study and enable to formulate appropriate
research designs. Keeping this in view an attempt was made to review the related
literature.
Since the identification of training needs of women Self Help Groups is a new
research area, an earnest effort was made to review the available literature not only from
fisheries science but also from agriculture and veterinary disciplines having direct and
indirect bearing on the study. The review has been organised in the following sub-heads.
2. 2. Knowledge levels of women Self Help Groups in post harvest and culture
technologies.
to the age group of 20 to 30 years. Narayanan (2004) reported that 55 per cent of the
SHG members were young aged, 37.5 per cent of them were middle aged and 7.50 per
young aged category (55 per cent) followed by middle (33.33 per cent) and old aged
(11.67 per cent). Karumalai Kannan and Santhakumar (2005) reported that 40 per cent of
the women SHG members were young (upto 35) years. Joseph and Easwaran (2006)
concluded that majority of the respondents were aged between 40 and 60 years.
2. 1. 2. Educational status
Gupta and Srinath (1992) found that 45.78 per cent of the fisherwomen had
education upto primary level, 29.92 per cent upto secondary level, 14.35 per cent had
higher secondary education and only 2.22 per cent of them had education above
illiterate (99 per cent). Narayanan (2004) expressed that majority of the SHG members
Karumalai Kannan and Santhakumar (2005) found that 40 per cent of the women
SHG members were educated upto primary level. Sophiah (2005) reported that 52 per
cent of the fisherwomen had primary education, 38 per cent of them had high school
education, 4.7 per cent of them had higher secondary education and 3 per cent of them
pursued degrees and only 5 per cent of the fisherwomen were illiterate.
2. 1. 3. Family status
2. 1. 3. 1. Family type
Mallipattinam and 42 per cent at Keechankuppam were living in huts. Sheela (1995)
expressed that 70 per cent of the respondents had nuclear families and the average family
size was 5.
Shoba (1998) found that majority (75 per cent) of the rural women were in
nuclear families. The size of the family ranged from 2 to 4. Narayanan (2004) indicated
that 65.84 per cent of the respondents belonged to nuclear family and the rest of them
2. 1. 3. 2. Family size
Mamatha and Hiremath (2002) revealed that 75 per cent of the families had less
than 5 members and only 25 per cent of the family had more than 5 members. Arpita
Sharma (2003) opined that most of the women were married and had nuclear families
with average number of children as 4 and total family members as 6. Karumalai Kannan
and Santhakumar (2005) expressed that (81.67 per cent) of the women SHG members
had up to 5 members in their family and only 18.33 per cent had more than 5 members in
their family.
2. 1. 3. 3. Marital status
Veeraputhiran (2000) reported that 60.55 per cent of the fisherwomen respondents
were leading married life followed by unmarried (35 per cent) and widowed (8 per cent).
Kumaran (2002) found that 98.90 per cent of women respondents were married and only
1.10 per cent of women were widow in the study. Sarah kamala (2004) indicated that
97.78 per cent of the women were found married and 24.44 per cent of the women were
found to be widow.
2. 1. 4. Occupational status
Sadangi et al. (1999) indicated that 60 per cent of fihserwomen were primarily
involved in fishing and fish trading and 40 per cent of the fisherwomen were involved in
aquaculture activities in the study. Veeraputhiran (2000) reported that 76.67 per cent
women respondents had fisheries alone as their main occupation followed by fisheries
plus labour (15 per cent) and fisheries plus business (8.33 per cent).
Narayanan (2004) revealed that 85 per cent of respondents were engaged in
agricultural activities and among them most (55 per cent) of the respondents were
agricultural labourers. Dana et al. (2005) indicated that most of the fisherwomen were
Sophiah (2005) reported that 48 per cent, 8 per cent and 5 per cent of the fisherwomen
were involved in fish marketing, agriculture labour and petty shop trading respectively.
2. 1. 5. Experience in SHG
Sultana et al. (2002) revealed that most of the women has involved in fishing for
less than 10 years (56 per cent), 40 per cent of them had been fishing for more than 10
years and 4 per cent of them had been fishing for more than 20 years. Kumaran et al.
(2003) expressed that most of the farmers had more than five years of fishing experience.
Deboral Vimala et al. (2004) reported that most of the women had directly or
indirectly involved in brackish water aquaculture for a period of 1-16 year. Karumalai
Kannan and Santhakumar (2005) stated that 50 per cent of the women SHG members had
3-4 years of experience and equal percentage of them had more than 3 years of
was held once in a month on a fixed date, where women participation rate was very high.
Tempelman, (1987) reported that women spent about 50.00 per cent of their time on
household activities. Women were engaged in fish marketing between 7 and 10 hours a
time on cattle care, making it more or less female domain. Karumalai Kannan and
Santhakumar (2005) revealed that 60 per cent of the women SHG members spent 3-9
2. 1. 7. Annual income
Srinath and Thangamani (1992) found that the annual income of a typical fishing
household in India ranged from Rs.2,500 to 3,500 out of which 80 per cent of the money
were spent on food. Sundararajan and Renuka (1998) stated that only 4 households
had an annual income between Rs.10,000 and 20,000 and 12 respondents had an income
Arivukkarasu and Sujathkumar (2005) expressed that the average annual income
and Santhakumar (2005) reported that 64.17 per cent of the women SHG members had
low level of annual income followed by medium (30 per cent) and high (5.83 per cent)
level of annual income. Sophiah (2005) indicated that 2.60 per cent of
fisherwomen families had annual income of Rs.9600, 86.90 per cent of them had
Rs.9,600 to 24,000 and 10.50 per cent belonged to the income group of Rs.24,000 to
45,000.
2. 1. 8. Annual expenditure
Sundararajan and Renuka (1998) observed that lower income group borrowed
money from friends, relatives and moneylenders in order to meet their household
expenses. Nishchith (2001) found that the pattern of expenditure of the women in
different income groups indicated that major portions were allocated for personal use,
Rs.18,250 per year, 22.80 per cent of them spent Rs.18,250 to 21,900 per year, 14.30
per cent of them spent Rs.22,225 to 29,200 per year and only 2.20 per cent of them spent
2. 1. 9. Annual savings
Gurumoorthy (2000) reported that Self Help Group members save a regular
amount of Rs. 240 to 1,200 per month. Nishchith (2001) expressed that more than half
(53.65 per cent) of their earnings, on an average, was kept as savings. Rao (2002)
concluded that depending on the economic status of group, women saved Rs.800 to 1,800
annually.
Kumaran (2002) revealed that 96.70 per cent of the women had high saving habit
after joining Self Help Group. Monthly savings among the fisherwomen members varied
from Rs. 20 to 50. Sophiah (2005) expressed that annual savings of the fisherwomen
ranged between Rs.120 and Rs.1,340 in the fisherwomen SHG. Gupta and Namit Gupta
(2006) reported that a maximum of Rs. 40,000 were saved by women SHG in a year.
Sujathkumar (2000) revealed that 59.06 per cent of the women had medium level
of economic motivation followed by high (27.19 per cent) and low (13.75 per
income give them better control of finance and a greater role in decision making. Arul Oli
(2004) stated that most of the fishermen are highly oriented towards maximising
had possessed high level of economic motivation. Kala (2004) reported that the Self
Help Groups were not only engaged in savings but also play internal lending activities in
Ahilan and Selvaraj (1992) reported that the fisherwomen were found to
participate only in the activities of the Mahila Mandal. Although membership was poor,
it was however found that by and large, most of them participated actively and made
adequate use of the Mahila Mandal. Sujathkumar (2000) revealed that many of the
women had medium (34.69 per cent) and high (34.06 per cent) level of social
participation followed by low level (31.25 per cent). Chandarika (2004) reported that
women were often not taking part in organisation like, Fish Worker Organisations
Narayanan (2004) revealed that vast majority (99.17 per cent) of the SHG
members had low to medium level of social participation. Sophiah (2005) found that
about 55.20 per cent of the women SHG members participated in Panchayat Raj
Insititutions (PRI) 15.40 per cent of the fisherwomen participated in SHG federation
According to Sheela (1995) 13 per cent of the respondents used radio and 30
per cent read newspapers for knowing day to day information. Veeraputhiran (2000)
reported that more than 60.00 per cent of the fisherwomen had medium level of mass
media exposure followed by high (28.33 per cent) and low (11.67 per cent).
Balasubramani (2001) indicated that more than 76 per cent of the women
respondents watched TV either frequently or sometimes and 25 per cent of the women
opined that 47.50 per cent of the women SHG members read newspapers, listen radio and
Kiron (1992) reported that the contact of fisherfolk with the extension
organisations was very low. Veeraputhiran (2000) reported that 66.67 per cent of the
respondents were found to have low level of contact with extension agencies followed by
medium (23.89 per cent) and high (9.44 per cent) level of contact.
extension organisations was very low. Karumalai Kannan and Santhakumar (2005)
opined that 44.17 per cent of the women SHG members contact the development
personnel once in a week followed by 30 per cent forth-nightly, 18.33 per cent
monthly and only 7.50 per cent had contact occasionally with the development personnel.
Kiron (1992) reported that majority of the respondents had low level of scientific
orientation in fisheries activities. Ahilan (1999) observed that 56.60 per cent of the
Sujathkumar (2000) reported that about 53.13 percent of the respondents had
medium level of scientific orientation followed by high (30.39 per cent) and low (15.94
per cent) level of scientific orientation. Arul Oli (2004) opined that fisherfolk were
oriented towards the use of new information and scientific methods in the activities of
Veeraputhiran (2000) reported that 26.65 per cent of the fisherwomen took self-
decision in fisheries related activities and remaining 73.33 per cent of them took joint
decision. Indradeep and Devonita (2004) reported that female members alone did not
participate in any of the decision making process related to fishery activities. Male alone
took 100 per cent decision with respect to adoption of new technology.
Karumalai Kannan and Santhakumar (2005) opined that 55.33 per cent of the
women SHG member had medium level of decision making power followed by high (30
per cent) and low (14.17 per cent). Kokate and Upare (2005) expressed that to overcome
important.
knowledge level of fisherfolk after attending the training programmes. The impact of
knowledge and understanding. Sheela (1995) concluded that 75 per cent of the
fisherwomen were found to have medium level of knowledge, while 37 per cent of them
Ahilan (1999) reported that 52.13 per cent of the respondents were aware of
organisations. However their knowledge level on its various aspects was comparatively
low. Verma (2003) stated that fisherwomen lack appropriate knowledge, skills about
minimum of high school education may be preferred for training and trained women
extension officers and workers should be preferred for providing training to fisherwomen.
Ahilan (1999) observed that 271 persons expressed the need for training in fish
processing, 103 in net mending, 32 in coastal aquaculture and 78 persons evinced interest
the preparation of value added fishery products like fish and prawn pickle, fish wafers,
processing, marketing and aquaculture because their work dominated in these sub-
sections.
preparation of shark fin ray, fish soup powder, isinglass, masmin, fish flake, fish pickle,
2.4. Relative preference of type, season, duration, venue, method of training and
training group of women Self Help Groups
Veeraputhiran (1988) revealed that women preferred training during January to
September. More than, 50 per cent of the fisherwomen preferred to have 11-15
days of training and 76.50 per cent of them preferred off campus training. Group
discussion, field trips, demonstrations were considered as the most liked methods of
training by fisherwomen.
Kiron (1992) expressed that lecture cum demonstration was the best methods for
Kandoran (1992) stated that lecture with slides was the most effective training method
followed by lecture with charts and lecture alone on the preparation of fish wafer and fish
pickle.
Sheela (1995) reported that lecture and demonstrations were found suitable for
training the fisherwomen. Thiagarajan et al. (1988) reported that lecture with slides
followed by lecture with charts and lecture alone were effective extension training
Sujathkumar (2000) reported that about 25 per cent of the respondents required on
campus training; 22.81 per cent of the respondents need off-campus training and 8.13 per
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Based on the objectives of the study, this chapter dealt with the details regarding
selection of districts, blocks and respondents. Besides the description of the locale, study
variables and their measurement procedure, data collection methods and the use of
3. 3. Selection of respondents
investigation due to the following reasons. Majority of the Self Help Group women in
these districts are involved in fisheries activities like fish culture, fish processing, etc.
These districts are also having high production of fish through culture and capture
(Loveson, 2005). The researcher was fairly familiar with both the systems and necessary
The two selected districts (Thoothukudi and Tirunelveli) are having the total Self
Help Groups of 11017 and 13588. (Mahalir Thittam Thoothukudi and Tirunelveli 2005-
2006). Out of these, three blocks with the highest number of women Self Help Groups
from both the districts have been selected. The name of the blocks selected were
To develop better perception about the findings and also to relate them for similar
situations else where, it would be necessary to know the general conditions of the study
3. 2. 1. Thoothukudi District
This is the 28th district in Tamilnadu and it covers an area of 4621 km2 accounting
for 3.53 per cent of the total geographical area of the state. It is bounded on the north by
the district of Tirunelveli, Virudhunagar and Ramanathapuram, on the east and south east
by Gulf of Mannar and on the west and south west by the district of Tirunelveli.
According to 2001census, the total population of the district was 1572273 which
accounts for 2.53 per cent of the total population of the state. The density of population
3. 2. 2. Tirunelveli district
and Thoothukudi districts, West by Kerala State, South by the Bay of Bengal and Gulf of
Mannar. According to 2001 census, the total population of the district was 2723988 of
which 48.97 per cent were male and 51.02 per cent were female. The density of the
population in the district was 400/km2 as against the state average of 479.88/km2.
Fig. 1. Map showing the study areas
Study Districts
Thoothukudi District
President / Secretary of the women SHG of the selected Blocks constituted the
sampling unit. From each of the selected blocks, the list of women SHG was obtained
from the records of the respective Mahalir Thittam. From the list, 20 women SHGs were
randomly selected from each block making a total of 120. The blockwise distribution of
Table-1. List of blocks selected with its women SHG population and number of
respondents selected from each block.
Number of
Name of the Name of the Total number of
Sl. No. respondent
districts blocks. women SHG
selected
Need is the gap between “what is” and “what ought to be” when the gap is
narrowed one gets satisfaction and confidence in carrying out his/her work, in physical
and social environment. Training is one of the ways to prepare an individual to meet
these needs of the women SHG likely to be associated with some of the personal
characteristics such as age, education, experience, etc. Hence, these factors were
considered to assess the relationship with the training needs of women SHGs in post
B. Dependent Variable
16. Training needs Schedule developed for the study
3. 4. 1. Operationalisation and measurement of independent variables
3. 4. 1. 1. Age
Age has been operationalised as the number of completed years of the respondent
at the time of enquiry and the chronological age was the measure. The completed years
of the respondent was taken as such for the analysis. The scoring procedure followed by
3. 4. 1. 2. Educational Status
It refers to the educational status of women SHG members. The sub items were
education, and collegiate education. Illiterate is an individual who did not know to read
and write. Functionally literate is one who could read and write only. Primary education
refers to formal schooling up to fifth standard. Middle education refers to the education
in school from sixth to eight standard. Secondary education meant the education from
ninth standard to plus two level. Collegiate education refers to degree / diploma after
schooling. The scoring procedure followed by Indira Priyadharshni (2002) was used for
the study.
1. Illiterate 1
2. Functionally literate 2
3. Primary education 3
4. Middle school education 4
5. Secondary education 5
6. Collegiate education 6
3. 4. 1. 3. Family Status
Family status includes family type, family size and marital status. Family type
refers to nuclear or joint family. Family size meant the number of individuals of
sexes living together in a household. Marital status meant whether the respondent is
Priyadharshini (2002) and Karumalai Kannan (2005) was used for the present study.
2. Family size Up to 5 1
Above 5 2
3. 4. 1. 4. Occupational status
It refers to the occupational status of the respondents. The scoring procedure
1. Fisheries alone 3
2. Fisheries and allied activities 2
3. Others 1
3. 4. 1. 5. Experience in SHG
It was operationalised as the number of years occupied in the SHGs by the
respondent as the main source of her livelihood. The total number of year experience in
the field was considered and scores were assigned. The scoring procedure followed by
Karumalai Kannan (2005) was used for the study.
1. Up to 2 1
2. 3–4 2
3. Above 4 3
3. 4. 1. 6. Time spent in SHG
This refers to the time of hours spent by the women SHG members in a week.
The scoring procedure followed by Karumalai Kannan (2005) was used for the present
study.
1. Less than 3 1
2. 3–9 2
3. More than 9 3
3. 4. 1. 7. Annual income
respondent from different sources like fisheries activities, agricultural activities, wages,
services, business and other sources in one year. Scoring procedure followed by
3. 4. 1. 8. Annual expenditure
This refers to the amount of money spent for the maintenance of the family for
one year. For the purpose of analysis, for every thousand rupees, one score was given.
3. 4. 1. 9. Annual Savings
members in a year. The position of savings of each women SHG members before and
after participating in the SHGs was obtained and net savings obtained was calculated for
each group members. For each thousand rupees of savings generated, the score was
calculated by taking an average of the individual group member scores and they were
classified into 3 categories based on their mean and standard deviation. Low - (mean –
deviation). The scale developed by Manga Sri (1999) was used for the study.
members are oriented towards the achievement of the maximum economic ends such as
maximisation of profits. The scale developed by Supe (1969) was used with slight
Response
Statement Strongly Strongly
Agreed Undecided Disagreed
agreed Disagreed
Positive Statement 7 5 4 3 1
Negative Statement 1 3 4 5 7
Scoring procedure followed by Veeraputhiran (2000) was used with slight modification
1. Daily 5
2. Weekly 4
3. Monthly 3
4. Occasionally 2
5. Never 1
The scores obtained by an individual were summed up to arrive at the total social
participation score of an individual. However one who had not participated in any of in
media sources exposed by the respondents to get information in fisheries and allied fields.
The sources of exposure were radio, television, internet, newspapers, meetings, books,
and others. The scoring procedure followed by Veeraputhiran (2000) was used with
1. Daily 5
2. Weekly 4
3. Monthly 3
4. Occasionally 2
5. Never 1
activities for acquiring information on fisheries and related activities. The scoring
procedure used by Sujathkumar (2000) was followed with slight modification to suit the
present study.
members were oriented to the use of scientific methods and technologies in fisheries and
Response
Statement Strongly Strongly
Agreed Undecided Disagreed
agreed Disagreed
Positive statement 7 5 4 3 1
Negative statement 1 3 4 5 7
Decision making power of women was defined as their power to take a decision
in their day to day life, which influences their wellbeing or position in the family /
society. Decision making power was viewed as the nature of the role played while taking
Passive is the woman do not play any role while taking the decisions and accepts
whatever decision taken by husband and head of the family. Active is those women
involved or participates in decision making in the family. Dominant is when the women
reject the unfavourable decision taken by others and can convince her husband / head of
the family to a decision which is of interest or advantage to her. Women SHG members
were asked to specific type of role they play while taking decision regarding the nine
selected areas. The scoring procedure followed by Karumalai Kannan (2005) was used
1. Passive 1
2. Active 2
3. Dominant 3
3. 4. 1. 16. Knowledge level
One of the important objectives of this study is to assess the knowledge level of
women SHG in respect of post-harvest and culture technologies. Bloom et al. (1955)
defined knowledge as those behaviours and test situations which emphasised them
Acquaintance with facts, truths of principles from the study or investigation has been the
other definition for knowledge. To measure the knowledge level of women SHG in
respect of post-harvest and culture technologies, the teacher made test was followed. In
the present study, knowledge denotes the women SHG members and their ability to
understand the different aspects in fisheries viz. post harvest and culture technologies.
number of items with respect to post harvest and culture technologies were collected by
reviewing the available literature and also consulting with experts and the extension
personnels. Item collection was done on the basis of two criteria Viz. it should
promote thinking rather than memorisation, it should differentiate the well informed
women from uninformed women SHG. The items were converted into multiple choice
questions.
areas. For every correct answer one score was given and for incorrect answers zero score
was given. The total score for each respondent was calculated. Then the respondents
answered by the women SHG members and finally 20 items were selected for inclusion
Each respondent was given one score for the correct answer and zero score for the
incorrect answer. The total knowledge score for each respondent was calculated by
respondents were classified as low, medium and high in their knowledge level based on
required by the respondents in each of the training area referred. Training needs of the
respondents were assessed in specific items. The subject matter area includes the
following items.
3. 4. 1. 20. 1. Aquaculture
Composite fish culture, integrated fish farming, ornamental fish culture, seaweed
Fish / prawn pickle, masala dryfish, masmin, fish wafer, fish cutlet, fish soup
Training needs of each major areas and specific items were assessed using a three
point rating scale such as most needed, needed and not needed and it was quantified by
the training needs and the selected independent variables. The total score for each
respondent was arrived at by summing up the scores of all the major training areas as
used. The respondents were asked to check each subject matter on the three-point
continuum. The response obtained were multiplied by the concerned score value. Then
they were added together and divided by the number of respondents, which gave the
mean score for each major subject matter area of training. The mean score obtained
separately for all the major training area were used for marking them.
3. 4. 1. 23. Training
Training is the process by which the desired knowledge, skill, attitude and ideas
State Department of Fisheries and Fisherwomen Training Centres are moving from
The respondents were asked to rank any one of the two types according to their
choice. The means were quantified by assigning a score of two for first ranked
one for second rank. Then the total score for each type of training was found out. There
after the two types of training were arranged in a descending order to get the individual
rank position.
There are different training methods viz. lecture, demonstration, group discussion
and field trip / study tour. The respondents were asked to rank them in the order of their
preference then the different preferences of each training method given by all the
respondents were converted into total score by assigning score ‘4’ for the first preference
and score ‘1’ for last preference. In this manner the total score for each of the training
method arrived were arranged in descending order to get their individual marking
position.
This refers to the number of days of training, the women like to undergo.
This refers to the group of women who are subjected to various kinds of training
Interview schedule was found to be the most appropriate device to collect data
from women SHGs. Before finalising the interview schedule, it was pre-tested in a
village (other than the survey villages). Necessary precautions were taken to ensure that
the questions in the schedule were unambiguous, clear, complete and comprehensive.
3. 6. 1. Percentage analysis
The respondents were classified into three categories viz. Low, medium
and high group women for different personal characteristics under study. Using
the two parameters namely mean and standard deviation. They are as follows.
3. 6. 3. Correlation Co efficient
This was used to find out the correlation between any two sets of variables viz.
independent and dependent variables. This would give the degree and directions of
This chapter presents the highlights of the results that have emerged out of this
study. The collected data were classified, tabulated and then treated with appropriate
statistical tools to get the results. The results were tabulated and interpreted to trace out
the relationships between the selected variables. The results of the study are presented in
4. 2. Knowledge levels of women Self Help Groups in post harvest and culture
technologies
4. 3. Training needs of women Self Help Groups
In order to study the profile of women Self Help Groups, 15 variables have been
chosen based on the judges opinion. The composition of women Self Help Groups have
been discussed against each variable selected for the study. The results have been
4. 1. 1. Age
Age is one of the most important factor related to the behavioural components
such as gaining knowledge, formation of attitude, pertaining to acquire certain skills, etc.
The data collected from the respondents regarding their age were given in Table 3.
Table-3. Age distribution of the respondents
(n=120)
Sl.No. Category Number Percentage
It could be seen from the Table 3 more than half (55.83 per cent) of the
respondents were young aged followed by middle (38.33 per cent) and old (5.34 per cent)
aged category. This finding is supported by the findings of Venkatesan (2001) and
Narayanan (2004).
4. 1. 2. Educational Status
Literacy rate of women SHG members might have got significant influence on the
1. Illiterate 5 4.17
2. Primary education 54 45.00
3. Middle education 35 29.17
4. Secondary education 19 15.83
5. Collegiate education 7 5.83
120 100.00
It could be observed from the Table 4 that 74.17 per cent of the respondents had
(15.83 per cent), collegiate education (5.83 per cent). Only 4.17 per cent of the
respondents were illiterate. This finding is in accordance with the findings of Gupta and
4. 1. 3. Family status
The family commitment may act as a stumbling block or forwarding for active
participation in SHG activities. The status of family may considerably influence the
training needs of women SHG members. The distributions of the respondents according
It can be seen from Table 5 that about three-fourth of the respondents (75.83
per cent) were belonged to nuclear family and the rest of them belonged to joint family.
This distribution might have significantly influenced the size of the family too. Hence, it
was found that most of the families had less than 5 members.
More then 85. per cent of the respondents were married followed by widowed
(9.17 per cent). Only 4.16 per cent of the respondents were unmarried. This finding is
supported by the findings of Shoba (1998) and Sheela (1995) and Karumalai Kannan
(2005).
4. 1. 4. Occupational status
Occupational status creates and or reflects the socio-economic status and well
being of the women SHG members. The data collected regarding the occupation of
It could be seen from the Table 6 that 43.34 per cent of the respondents had
fisheries and allied activities (agriculture, diary poultry farming, etc.) as their main
occupation followed by fisheries alone (39.16 per cent). Only few respondents (17.50
per cent) had other occupation such as (petty shop, tailoring, agar batti making, soap
4. 1. 5. Experience in SHG
Experience is one of the most important factors that could facilitate women SHG
members to be effective in carrying out any kind of work related to SHG. The
2-3 years of experience in the SHG activities. About 43 per cent of the women had
2 years of experience in SHG activities. Only 5.84 per cent of them had more than
4 years of experience. This finding is in line with the findings of Sujathkumar (2000) and
The time spent in the activities of the women SHGs are presented in the Table8.
It could be seen from the Table 8 that 60.83 per cent of the respondents spent
3-9 hours per week in the activities of the women SHG and rest of them spent less than
3 hours per week. This result is in line with the findings of MYRADA (2002) and
4. 1. 7. Annual Income
In every economic behaviour, the level of income indicates the standard of living
in the community or society. The annual incomes of the respondents are presented in
Table 9.
Table-9. Annual income of the respondents
(n=120)
Average annual
Sl. No. Category Percentage
income (Rs.)
It could be observed from the Table 9 that the total annual income of the
respondents were Rs. 24,784 out of which Rs. 8,066 was from fisheries alone (32.55
pre cent), Rs. 7074 was from fisheries and allied activities (28.55 per cent) Rs. 6195 from
business (24.99 per cent) and Rs. 3449 from wages (13.91 per cent). It is evident from the
above that majority of annual income were from fisheries and its allied activities. The
present finding is in accordance with the findings of Sundararajan and Renuka (1998).
4. 1. 8. Annual expenditure
In order to assess the annual expenditure of the respondents data were collected
accounts for Rs.6,208 and Rs.4,083 that constitutes 32.42 per cent and 21.32 per cent of
the total expenditure respectively. The expenditure on other items like agriculture,
fisheries, education and others (Festivals, family tours, medicine etc.) accounted for
Rs.1,387, Rs.1,550, Rs.2,166 and Rs.3,758 which constitutes 7.24, 8.10, 11.30 and 19.62
4. 1. 9. Annual Savings
To assess the level of savings generated by the respondents, data were collected
and analysed. The results related to annual savings are presented in Table 11.
It could be observed from the Table 11 that majority (63.40 per cent) of the
respondents had medium level of annual savings followed by low (20.00 per cent) and
high (16.60 per cent) levels respectively. It was seen that women SHG members had
The basic urge with every individual is to earn more, irrespective of their
occupation. Such an urge may also prevail among women SHG members, which enable
them to adopt innovative income generating practices. The level of economic motivation
It could be observed from the Table 12 that majority (59.17 per cent) of the
respondents had medium level of economic motivation followed by low (21.66 per cent)
and high (19.17 per cent) levels respectively. This finding is in line with the findings of
Sujathkumar (2000).
adult education groups, church groups and other welfare organisations, provides access to
interact and enhance the relationships with various sections of the people. The
medium level of social participation followed by low (24.16 per cent) and high (8.34 per
cent) levels. It is seen the above that social participation by the women SHG was
fisher women training centre, ladies club, panchayat unions and church groups. This
Conscious exposure of the women SHG members to mass media like, radio,
television, internet, newspapers, meetings, specific books help to improve the level of
their knowledge and skills. The information related to mass media exposure is presented
in Table 14.
It is seen from the Table 14 that about 60.00 per cent of the respondents had
medium level of mass media exposure followed by high (25.84 per cent) and low (15.00
per cent) levels. The findings of Veeraputhiran (2000) supports the present finding.
organisations, data were collected and analysed. The results are presented in Table 15.
Table-15. Extension agency contact of the respondents
(n=120)
Standard
Sl. No. Level of contact Number Percentage Mean
deviation
It could be observed from the Table 15 that 60 per cent of the respondents had
medium level of contact with the extension agencies followed by low (24.16 per cent)
To assess the level of scientific orientation of the women SHG member towards
scientific practices, data were collected and analysed. The informations on scientific
It could be seen from the Table 16 that majority (60.83 per cent) of the
respondents had medium level of scientific orientation followed by low (22.50 per cent)
and high (16.67 per cent) level of scientific orientation respectively. It could be
concluded that the respondents were oriented towards the use of scientific methods in
symbolic adoption behaviour of the women SHG members in the family and society as a
whole. The data collected with regard to decision-making are analysed and presented in
Table 17.
1. Passive 58 48.34
2. Active 18 15.00
3. Dominant 44 36.66
TOTAL 120 100.00
It could be observed from the Table 17 that 48.34 per cent of the respondents
were passive decision-makers followed by dominant (36.66 per cent) and active (15 per
In order to assess the knowledge level of the respondents, data were collected and
48.37
50
45
36.66
40
35
percentage
30
25
15.00
20
15
10
5
0
Passive Active Dominant
56.67
60
50
40
Percentage
30 22.50
20.83
20
10
0
Low Medium High
Knowledge level
It could be seen from the Table 18 that 56.67 per cent of the respondents had
medium level of knowledge on post harvest and culture technologies in fisheries followed
by low (22.50 per cent) and high (20.83 per cent) level of knowledge on post harvest and
culture technologies.
It could be observed from the Table 19 that more than three-fourth (79.16 per
cent) of the respondents preferred fish / prawn pickle preparation as the most needed area
for undergoing training followed by masala dry fish preparation (65.83 per cent). About
63 per cent of the respondents reported ornamental fish culture, as the most needed
training area. One-third of the respondents have reported lobster fattening as the most
needed training area. About one-fourth (25 per cent) of the respondents have indicated
that crab fattening and masmin preparation as the most needed areas for under going
training. The least, most needed training area of the respondents are live food culture
(12.50 per cent), Integrated fish farming (7.50 per cent), composite fish culture (4.17 per
cent), sea weed culture (4.17 per cent), preparation of fish cutlet (2.50 per cent) and fish
About 50 per cent of the respondents have reported that seaweed culture and
lobster fattening are the areas, in which they wanted to undergo training. More than one-
fourth (29.17 per cent) of the respondents have indicated that fish soup powder
preparation, as needed area. Another 29 per cent of the respondents needed training in
the preparation of masala dry fish. More than one-fifth of the respondents informed that
live food culture as the area needed for training. Integrated fish farming (15.38 per cent),
crab fattening (15 per cent), fish / prawn pickle preparation (12.50 per cent), fish cutlet
Table-19. Training needs of women SHG members
(n=120)
Areas where training Most need Needed Not needed Total
Sl. No.
needed Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
79.16 100
Fish / prawn pickle 12.50
8.34
65.83
Masala dry fish 24.17
10.00
63.33
Ornamental fish culture 10.83
25.84
25.00
Masmin 8.33
66.67
33.33
Lobster fattening 50.00
16.67
Needed
26.67
Crab fattening 15.00
Not needed
58.33
Most Needed
12.50
Live food culture 20.83
66.67
4.17
Seaweed culture 50.83
45.00
1.67
Fish soup powder 29.17
69.16
Areas where training needed
2.50
Fish cullet 12.50
85.00
0.00
Fig. 4. Training needs of women Self Help Groups
0.00
Fish manure 5.83
94.17
4.17
Composite fish culture 10.00
85.83
0.00
Chitosan 3.33
96.67
7.50
Integrated fish farming 15.83
76.67
Fig. 5. Cleaning of shrimp for pickle Fig. 6. Fish / prawn pickle prepared by
preparation women SHG members
Fig. 7. Women SHG member packing Fig. 8. Fish soup powder prepared by
fish pickle women SHG members
Fig. 9. Fish cutlet prepared by women Fig. 10. Crab pickle prepared by women
SHG members SHG member
(12.50 per cent) ornamental fish culture (10.83 per cent), composite fish culture (10 per
cent), masmin preparation (8.33 per cent), fish wafer (7.50 per cent), fish manure (5.83
per cent) and chitosan (3.33 per cent) were the least preferred training needed areas by
the respondents.
More than 90 per cent of the respondents have reported that chitosan (96.67
per cent), fish manure (94.17%) and fish wafer (92.50 per cent) were the areas not needed
for under going training. About 85 per cent of the respondents have indicated that the
areas of composite fish culture and fish cutlet are not required for training. More than
three-fourth (76.67%) of the respondents revealed that integrated fish farming is the least
preferred area for training. More than 60 per cent of the respondents have informed that
fish soup powder (69.16 per cent), composite fish culture (66.67 per cent) and masmin
preparation (66.67 per cent) are the least preferred areas for undergoing training. About
58 per cent of the respondents reported that ornamental fish culture area was not needed
for training. More than two-fifth of the respondents (45 per cent) opined that seaweed
culture was not needed area. The least not needed training areas are ornamental fish
culture (25.00 per cent), masala dry fish (10 per cent) and fish / prawn pickle preparation
4.3.1. Relationship between the profile of women SHGs with the training
needs
Profile of women self help group members play an important role in determining
the training needs of an individual. Training needs may vary according to the profile of
respondents. In this study 15 variables were selected, analysed and are discussed in a
It could be observed from the Table 20 that a positive and significant relationship
was observed between educational status (x2) annual income (x7) annual savings (x9),
economic motivation (x10), social participation (x11), mass media exposure (x12) extension
agency contact (x13), scientific orientation (x14) and decision making (x15) and the
Age (x1) was found to have negative and significant relationship with the training
needs in the case of women SHG members. Normally, as age increases the women SHG
members may not actively participate in training programmes because of poor retention
capacity.
This might be the reason, the age and training needs were negatively related. The
(x3), occupational status (x4) and Experience in SHG (x5) and the Training needs.
The time spent in SHG (x6), and Annual expenditure (x8) had a negative and non-
type, season, duration, venue, method of training and training group of women Self Help
Groups. Before organizing any training programme for women Self Help Groups these
factors have to be taken into consideration to ensure active participation by the women
4. 4. 1. Type of training
confidence among the women SHG members. The data collected were analysed and
1. Off-campus 85 70.83
2. On-campus 35 29.17
preferred to have off-campus training and 29.17 per cent preferred to have on-campus
training. The present finding is in accordance with the findings of Veeraputhiran (1988).
4. 4. 2. Season of training
In order to know the season preferred by the respondents, data were collected and
It could be observed from Table 22 that more than 50 per cent of the respondents
preferred to undergo training during the months of April to May followed by October-
December (17.50 per cent), May-July (15.84 per cent) and January-March (12.50 per
cent). Majority of the respondents preferred April-May due to the vacation for the school
4. 4. 3. Duration of training
To know the duration of training preferred by the respondents, data were collected
Fig. 15. Farm visit by the women SHG Fig. 16. Net cleaning by women SHG
members members on shore
Table-23. Duration of training preferred by the respondents
(n=120)
Sl.No. Number of days Number Percentage
1. 2 –3 days 16 13.33
2. 5 days 27 22.50
3. 7 days 63 52.50
4. 15 days 14 11.67
TOTAL 120 100.00
It is evident from Table 23 that more than half (52.50 per cent) of the respondents
preferred to undergo training for about 7 days. About one-fourth of the respondents
preferred 5 days training period. About 13.33 per cent of the respondents preferred a
duration of about 2-3 days and very few (11.67 per cent) preferred to undergo training for
about 15 days. This result is in line with the findings of Kiron (1992).
4. 4. 4. Venue of training
To assess the venue of training preferred by the respondents, data were collected
It could be observed from Table 24 that 71.66 per cent of the respondents
preferred their own village as suitable venue for conducting training followed by 22.50
per cent of the respondents preferred college / farm centre as suitable venue. Only 5.84
per cent of the respondents preferred panchayat union as suitable venue for conducting
To know the method of training preferred by the respondents, data were collected
1. Demonstration 63 52.50
2. Group discussion 42 35.00
3. Field trips / Study Hours 8 6.67
4. Lecture 7 5.83
TOTAL 120 100.00
It could be seen from Table 25 that about 52.50 per cent of the respondents
per cent preferred group discussion as suitable method, 6.67 per cent preferred field
trips / study tour and only 5.83 per cent preferred lecture as suitable method of
undergoing training. This finding is in line with the findings of Veeraputhiran (1988).
4. 4. 6. Training group
In order to know the preference of training group of the respondents, data were
16-20 members as a suitable size for undergoing training. About one-fourth of the
per cent of the respondents preferred about 21-30 members as suitable size for training
and only 5.83 per cent of the respondents preferred 31-40 members as suitable size for
undergoing training.
CHAPTER- 5
subordinate, inglorious, inferior and unequal to their male counterparts. The status of
women in independent India, occupies an important role and all efforts are being
made to establish the significant place that she can play in the upliftment of herself
and the society as a whole. Rural women in India suffered from being both
Women have been found to play an active role in post-harvest and culture
do-how has been observed as one of the important reasons. To ensure that the women
SHG members adopt latest methods, it is necessary that they must be trained in
days, training of women SHG members become inevitable as the greatest educational
effort. The purpose of training programmes is to keep the women SHG members
the training more useful and purposeful, they must be trained in various areas of post-
harvest and culture technologies. Keeping the above aspects in mind, this study on the
training needs of women SHG members was attempted with the following objectives.
Tirunelveli. To carryout the survey, three blocks were selected randomly from each
sample of 120 women SHG members (president / secretary) were selected for the
The independent variables selected for the study were, Age (X1), Educational
status (X2), Family status (X3), Occupational status (X4), Experience in SHG (X5),
Time spent in SHG (X6), Annual income (X7), Annual expenditure (X8), Annual
savings (X9), Economic motivation (X10), Social participation (X11), Mass media
exposure (X12), Extension agency contact (X13), Scientific Orientation (X14), and
by personal interview. Suitable statistical tools like percentage analysis, mean and
standard deviation and correlation co-efficient were used to analyse the data. The
salient findings are summarised below in accordance with the objectives set forth.
1. Age: About 60 per-cent of the respondents fell under young age category, followed
by 38.33 per cent were middle aged and only 5.34 per cent were old aged.
2. Educational status: The overwhelming majority (90 per cent) of the respondents
3. Family Status: More than three-fourth (75.83 per cent) of the respondents
belonged to nuclear family type and 86.67 per cent of the respondents were married.
4. Occupational status: About 82 per cent of the respondents were engaged in
fisheries and its allied activities and among then 50 per cent of the respondents were
5. Experience in SHG: About 50 per cent of the respondents had 2-3 years of
experience, followed by upto 2 year (43.33 percent) and more than 4 year (5.84
per cent).
6. Time spent in SHG: About 60 per cent of the respondents spent 3-9 hours in SHG
7. Annual income: About 61 per cent of respondent had fisheries and its allied
activities as major source of their annual income followed by business 24.99 per cent.
9. Annual Savings: About (63 per cent) of the respondents had medium level of
annual savings, followed by low (20 per cent) and high (16.60 per cent) level.
10. Economic motivation: More than 50 per cent of the respondents had possessed
medium level of economic motivation, followed by low level (21.66 per cent) and
11. Social participation: Vast majority (91.66 per cent) of the respondents had low to
12. Mass media exposure: Majority (85 per cent) of the respondents fell under
medium to high level of mass media exposure and low (15 per cent)
13. Extension agency contact: Majority (84.16 per cent) of the respondents had low
to medium level of extension agency contact and high (15.84 per cent) level.
14. Scientific orientation: Majority (83.33 per cent) of the women SHG members
had low to medium level of scientific orientation and high (16.67 per cent).
15. Decision making: Nearly half (48.34 per cent) of the respondents had passive type of
decision making followed by dominant (36.66 per cent) and active (15 per
cent).
members. More than half (56.67 per cent) of the women SHG members possessed
medium level of knowledge. About one - sixth of the women SHG members
(22.50 per cent) had low level of knowledge. Remaining 20.83 per cent of the total
Out of 15 training areas, the most needed training areas for the respondents
were fish / prawn pickle, masala dry fish, ornamental fish culture, lobster fattening,
crab fattening, masmin, live food culture, integrated fish farming seaweed culture and
composite fish culture, fish cutlet, fish soup powder and fish wafer, fish manure and
chitosan.
The respondents have opined that the training areas of secondary importance
were seaweed culture, lobster fattening, fish soup powder, masala dryfish, live food
culture, integrated fish farming, crabs fattening, fish / prawn pickle and fish cutlet,
ornamental fish culture, composite fish culture, masmin, fish wafer, fish manure and
chitosan.
The training areas of least importance of the respondents were, chitosan, fish
manure, fish wafer, composite fish culture, fish cutlet, integrated fish farming, fish
soup powder, live food culture and masmim, crab fattening, seaweed culture, lobster
5. 3. 1. Relationship between the profile of women SHG with the training needs
Out of 15 variables, 9 variables viz. age, annual income, annual savings,
contact, scientific orientation and decision making were found to have significant
Age was found to have negatively significant with the training needs of
SHG.
The variable like, family status, occupational status, and experience in
SHG were found to positive and non significant relationship with the training
needs.
A negative and non significant relationship was observed between time
spent and annual expenditure and the training needs of women SHG.
1. Type: Majority (70.83 per cent) of the respondents preferred Off-campus training.
October - December. The most preferred training season by the respondents was
April-May.
3. Duration: More than (50 per cent) of the respondents preferred to have 7 days of
training, followed by 5 days (22.50 per cent) and 2-3 days (13.33 per cent) very few
(11.67 per cent) of the respondents preferred more than 15 days of training.
4. Venue: Majority (71.66 per cent) of the respondents preferred their own village as
the suitable venue of training, followed by college / farm centre (22.50 per cent) and
6. Group of training: More than (50 per cent) of the respondents preferred upto
16-20 members as suitable training group followed by 15 members (24.17 per cent),
21-30 members (10 per cent) and 31-40 members (5.83 per cent) respectively.
1) The linkage between Fisheries Extension personnel and women SHG is weak.
2) To make women SHG aware and gain knowledge, the facility available to them
3) The need for the preparation of project profiles for the different fishery enterprises
4) The need for technical guidance at various stages was felt by many emerging
entrepreneurs.
Based on the present study, the following essential areas were identified for
1) The linkage between fisheries extension personnel and women SHG must be
strengthened.
women SHGs.
Composite Ornamental
fish culture Type : Off-Campus fish culture
Season : Apr-May
Duration: 7 Days
Venue : Own village
Method : Demonstration
Group : 16-20 members
Seaweed
Lobster
culture fattening
Integrated Crab
fish farming fattening
sustainable basis.
1) The study was conducted in a limited scale confining to particular physical and
environment.
2) What was aimed in the study was to come out with a list of subject matter areas in
analyse their training needs in terms of women SHG members knowledge, skill
and attitude which would be still more relevant and useful in deriving an effective
training programme.
3) Research may also be undertaken to identify the criteria for use in the selection of
women SHG members for the various training programmes. These criteria would
be much useful to the trainers in selecting the women SHG members who actually
trainings are organised, there is vast scope to improve the status of various fishery
technologies and the standard of living of the entrepreneurs involved in this sector.
CHAPTER-6
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