TECHNICAL CORRECTION

June 2007

Process Industry Practices

Civil

PIP CVC01015
Civil Design Criteria
 PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES

In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical
requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering
costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice
is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual
applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence
over this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters
or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not
be made solely on information contained in these materials. The use of trade names
from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of preference but rather
recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the same specifications
are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All Practices or guidelines
are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and regulations including OSHA
requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or
other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or regulations must be followed.
Consult an appropriate professional before applying or acting on any material
contained in or suggested by the Practice.

This Practice is subject to revision at any time.

© Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The

University of Texas at Austin, 3925 West Braker Lane (R4500), Austin,
Texas 78759. PIP member companies and subscribers may copy this Practice
for their internal use. Changes, overlays, addenda, or modifications of any
kind are not permitted within any PIP Practice without the express written
authorization of PIP.

PRINTING HISTORY
June 1999 Issued February 2005 Complete Revision
June 2001 Technical Correction June 2007 Technical Correction

Not printed with State funds

 TECHNICAL CORRECTION
June 2007

Process Industry Practices

Civil

PIP CVC01015
Civil Design Criteria
Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................. 2
1.1 Purpose............................................ 2
1.2 Scope ............................................... 2

2. References .................................. 2
2.1 Process Industry Practices .............. 2
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards ........ 2
2.3 Government Regulations ................. 3

3. Definitions ................................... 3
4. Requirements.............................. 4
4.1 Environmental Protection................. 4
4.2 Geotechnical Engineering
Investigations ................................... 5
4.3 Site Preparation and Grading .......... 6
4.4 Excavation and Backfill .................... 6
4.5 Erosion Control ................................ 6
4.6 Railroad Work .................................. 6
4.7 Roads, Paving, and Surfacing ......... 7
4.8 Curbs, Gutters, and Walkways ...... 12
4.9 Sewers ........................................... 13
4.10 Fencing .......................................... 15
4.11 Landscaping, Seeding, and
Sodding .......................................... 15

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1. Introduction

1.1 Purpose
This Practice provides the civil engineer with requirements for designing civil
sitework within process facilities.

1.2 Scope
This Practice describes the minimum requirements for the design of civil sitework of
process industry facilities at onshore U.S. sites. This Practice covers all work related
to preparation of the site such as grading, roads and railroads, and sewer work and
related facilities, and all work related to finishing the site.

2. References
Applicable parts of the following PIP Practices, industry codes and standards, and
government regulations shall be considered an integral part of this Practice. The edition in
effect on the date of contract award shall be used, except as otherwise noted. Short titles will
be used herein where appropriate.

2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)

– PIP CVC01017 - Plant Site Data Sheet
– PIP CVC01018 - Project Data Sheet
– PIP CVS02010 - Geotechnical Engineering Investigation Specification
– PIP CVS02100 - Site Preparation, Excavation, and Backfill Specification
– PIP CVS02350 - Roadway and Area Paving Construction Specification
– PIP CVS02700 - Underground Gravity Sewers Specification
– PIP CVS02830 - Fabrication and Installation of Chain-Link Fence and Gates
– PIP PNC00003 - Process Unit and Offsites Layout Guide
– PIP STS03001 - Plain and Reinforced Concrete Specification
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards

• American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)

– AASHTO-GDPS-4-86/93 - Guide to Design of Pavement Structures (plus
supplement)
• American Concrete Paving Association (ACPA)
– EB109P - Thickness Design for Concrete Highway and Street Pavements
• American Railway Engineering Association (AREA)
– AREA Manual for Railway Engineering

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• American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM)

– ASTM A184 - Standard Specification for Welded Deformed Steel Bar Mats for
Concrete Reinforcement
– ASTM A185 - Standard Specification for Steel Welded Wire Reinforcement,
Plain for Concrete
– ASTM A615 - Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel Bars for Concrete
Reinforcement
• American Welding Society (AWS)
– AWS D1.4 - Structural Welding Code - Reinforcing Steel
• The Asphalt Institute
– Manual Series No. 1 - Thickness Design - Asphalt Pavements for Highways
and Streets
• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
– NFPA 30 - Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code
• Portland Cement Association (PCA)
PCA IS009 - Guide Specification for Construction of Roller-Compacted
Pavements
PCA IS233 - Structural Design of Roller-Compacted Concrete for Industrial
Pavements
2.3 Government Regulations

• Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

– EEOC-BK-19 - Americans with Disabilities Act Handbook
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
– EPA 40 CFR - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regulations
• U.S. Department of the Army, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
– EM-1110-3-132 - Engineering and Design - Rigid Pavements for Roads,
Streets, Walks, and Open Storage Areas
• Joint Departments of the Army and Air Force
– TM 5-822-5/AMF 88-7 Chapter 1 - Pavement Design for Roads, Streets,
Walks, and Open Storage Areas

3. Definitions
contract documents: Any and all documents, including design drawings, that have been
transmitted or otherwise communicated, either by incorporation or reference, and made part
of the legal contract agreement for civil/structural work

DOT: The department of transportation or the equivalent government organization for the
state, province, or country in which the project site is located

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noncontact cooling water: Cooling water that does not have direct contact with process fluids
or materials. Cooling water may be recirculated or used only once and conveyed through
gravity drainage systems.

owner: The party who owns the facility where the sitework will be installed

process sewers: Any waste collection/drainage system carrying materials (exclusive of

sanitary waste) requiring treatment before discharge

RCRA: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

4. Requirements

4.1 Environmental Protection

4.1.1 Groundwater Protection
4.1.1.1 Storage facilities and process infrastructure (e.g., process
loading/unloading, petroleum storage, and hazardous material
storage) shall be designed to protect against groundwater
contamination. Examples of protection methods include drip pans,
paving, and concrete containment.
4.1.1.2 New tanks below grade shall meet the underground storage tank
regulations in EPA 40 CFR, Part 280 UST.
4.1.1.3 RCRA Storage
1. Tank farm areas for RCRA hazardous materials storage shall be
floored and diked with materials that are impervious to the
stored material for spill containment.
2. Diked areas shall be designed to contain the sum of the
following:
a. 100% of the largest RCRA tank volume
b. Runoff from a 25-year, 24-hour rainfall
c. 6 inches (150 mm) of freeboard
3. RCRA hazardous materials storage tanks shall be installed in
accordance with the requirements of EPA 40 CFR, Parts 264
and 265.
4.1.2 Surface Water Protection
Comment: To facilitate the control of contaminants and to minimize the
mixture of flow constituents, drainage and sewer systems
should be segregated where possible. Optimally, complete
segregation of clean storm, sanitary, process, firewater, and
noncontact cooling water sewers should be provided.
4.1.2.1 Sewers that carry water that is not normally subject to contamination
(noncontact cooling water or storm water) and that have the potential

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to receive spills shall be designed to include monitoring and

diversion capabilities.
4.1.2.2 Building floor and roof drains and other areas not subject to process
spills shall connect to the clean storm water drainage system.
4.1.3 Public Safety
Facilities for the storage, handling, and use of flammable and combustible
liquids shall be in accordance with NFPA 30.

4.2 Geotechnical Engineering Investigations

4.2.1 If sufficient geotechnical information is not available, geotechnical
engineering investigations shall be performed in accordance with
PIP CVS02010.
4.2.2 If available and appropriate, the following technical information shall be
provided to the geotechnical consultant:
a. Site plan showing proposed facilities and adjacent existing facilities
b. Topographic plan or relative elevations of existing grades and facilities
to planned grades of proposed facilities
c. Descriptions of proposed and existing facilities, including the following:
1. Types of structures
2. Anticipated design loads for various design cases including static
compression, uplift, horizontal shear, vibratory, dynamic, and blast
3. Any settlement sensitivity of structures or equipment
4. Any sensitivity to vibration from external sources of both proposed and
existing facilities
5. Special or unusual conditions such as pits, basements, elevator shafts,
reciprocating compressors, retaining walls, etc.
6. Elevations such as building ground floor, bottom of pits, basements,
elevator shafts, walls, tanks, etc.
7. Proposed finish grade elevation adjacent to facilities
8. For tanks, load condition (empty, full, test, and operating weights);
operating condition, i.e., full most of the time, empty most of the time
plus time/duration when full, percentage full under operating
conditions, etc.); and settlement tolerances
9. Pavement loading and traffic data if pavement recommendations are
needed
10. Information regarding any known or potential soil/groundwater
contamination at the site
11. Drawings and other information for adjacent or on-site existing
facilities, including underground utilities and structures

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4.3 Site Preparation and Grading

4.3.1 The site preparation activities, including clearing and grubbing, stripping,
and general site grading, shall be in accordance with PIP CVS02100.
4.3.2 Excavation, fill, stockpile and disposal areas, and the extent of clearing and
grubbing areas shall be defined in the contract documents.
4.3.3 Consideration shall be given to balancing the cut and fill for earthwork.
4.3.4 All demolition shall be defined in the contract documents.
4.3.5 Vehicular traffic detours shall be designed to provide a safe routing and a
satisfactory means of controlling traffic.

4.4 Excavation and Backfill

4.4.1 The design of excavation and backfill shall be in accordance with
PIP CVS02100.
4.4.2 Areas requiring differing levels of compaction shall be noted on the
drawings. These areas include structure areas, roadways, railroad subgrades,
paved area subgrades, utility trenches, embankments and dikes, and general
graded areas outside the process or work areas.

4.5 Erosion Control

4.5.1 Because of the condition of the site according to forecasted construction
activities, erosion, and sedimentation controls shall be given special
consideration in design.
4.5.2 Soil erosion control shall be designed to comply with federal, state, and local
regulations and shall be in accordance with PIP CVS02100.
4.5.3 If determined to be necessary, erosion control permitting documentation shall
be submitted to the owner.

4.6 Railroad Work

4.6.1 Railroad design shall be in accordance with the AREA Manual and the local
operating railroad requirements.
4.6.2 Railroads shall be standard gauge and shall meet design, condition, and
maintenance requirements for class II (minimum) track systems as defined
by AREA.
4.6.3 Loading, unloading, and scale stations shall be designed to be level.
4.6.4 The rail unit weight and rail type shall be selected to be compatible with the
existing rail system and to provide the desired design life according to the
intended service and availability.
4.6.5 A drainage system shall be designed to meet individual job requirements.
Perforated underdrain systems with standpipes at 50-ft (15-m) intervals shall
be provided between parallel tracks and if adjacent grade is near the same
elevation or higher than the railroad track.

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4.6.6 A geosynthetic material shall be installed between the subgrade and ballast if
required to prevent fouling.
4.6.7 Ballast section shall remain level with top of tie between adjacent tracks to
provide level walking surface area for trainmen or as required by local
authority.
4.6.8 Unless specified otherwise in PIP CVC01017 and PIP CVC01018, railroads
shall be designed in accordance with the following.
a. Railroad clearances shall be in accordance with PIP PNC00003.
b. Unless otherwise specified, rail shall be AREA No. 1 prime relay.
c. The minimum turnout (frog number) shall be AREA No. 7.
d. The maximum grade, unless otherwise required by local topography,
shall be 2%.
e. The maximum degree of curvature shall be 12 degrees.
f. Ballast shall be size AREA No. 5 furnace slag or equivalent.
g. Ballast depth shall be a minimum of 6 inches (150 mm) from bottom of
tie.

4.7 Roads, Paving, and Surfacing

4.7.1 Roads and paving shall be in accordance with PIP PNC00003.
4.7.2 Disabled accessible (handicapped) parking spaces shall be provided and
designed in accordance with the ADA EEOC-BK-19.
4.7.3 Area paving and roads shall be designed using materials and methods
specified in PIP CVC01017 and/or PIP CVC01018.
4.7.4 Surfacing for the following areas shall be as specified in the PIP CVC01017
and/or PIP CVC01018 data sheets or as otherwise designated by the owner.
a. Sidewalks
b. Roads, streets, or drives
c. Process equipment areas
d. Maintenance areas
e. Loading or unloading areas
f. Parking or storage areas
4.7.5 Roads
4.7.5.1 Unless otherwise specified by the owner, roads shall be designed
using portland cement concrete for the following applications:
a. Main roads
b. Roads regularly subjected to drips of petroleum or other solvent
products
c. If construction costs are less than costs for asphalt

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d. Where track-mounted equipment is anticipated

4.7.5.2 Unless otherwise specified by the owner, roads shall be designed
using asphalt concrete for the following applications:
a. Secondary roads if construction costs are less than concrete
b. Projects with staged construction
c. If significant differential settlement is expected
4.7.5.3 If approved by the owner, off-site roads subject to light traffic may
be made from low-cost pavements such as soil-lime mixtures, soil-
cement mixtures, untreated gravel, or asphalt surface treatments.
4.7.5.4 Roads shall have a vertical curve if the algebraic difference of the
road gradients is 2% or greater.
4.7.5.5 The minimum length of a vertical curve shall be 100 ft (30 m).
4.7.5.6 The maximum grade for roadways shall be 6%.
4.7.5.7 The minimum cross slope for roadways shall be 2%.
4.7.5.8 The minimum turning radius shall be 45 ft (13.7 m) for tractor-
trailers, 42 ft (12.8 m) for straight body trucks, and 24 ft (7.3 m) for
passenger cars and pickup trucks. Turning radius is defined as the
circular arc formed by the turning path radius of the front outside tire
of a vehicle.
4.7.5.9 The minimum sight distance shall be 200 ft (60 m).
4.7.5.10 Design of roadways shall include clearance and loads for
construction and maintenance equipment (e.g., cranes).
4.7.5.11 The roadway pavement design shall include a drainage system to
prevent saturation of the base and subgrade.
4.7.5.12 Guide rails along roadway embankments shall be designed in
accordance with DOT specifications.
4.7.5.13 Guide rails or bollards shall be designed to protect equipment (e.g.,
electric substations, natural gas valves) along plant streets.
4.7.5.14 Subgrade stabilization methods to improve the subgrade resilient
modulus and to reduce required pavement thickness shall be
specified if appropriate.
4.7.5.15 Design drawings shall show all pavement and road requirements
including location, width, thickness of base course and pavement,
pavement type, grades, geometry, joint types and locations, shoulder
details, curbs, drainage features, and materials.
4.7.6 Concrete Area Paving
4.7.6.1 For concrete materials and construction, see PIP CVS02350 and
PIP STS03001. Unless specified otherwise in PIP CVC01017 and/or
PIP CVC01018, roads and paving shall be designed in accordance
with the following requirements:

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a. Concrete area paving may be of the following types:

(1) Jointed plain concrete paving (JPCP) (Section 4.7.5.2)
(2) Jointed reinforced concrete paving (JRCP) (Section 4.7.5.3)
(3) Roller-compacted concrete paving (RCCP) (Section 4.7.5.4)
b. Rigid pavement shall be designed so that the upper 6 inches
(150 mm) of subgrade and the base course (if used) are
compacted to 90% in accordance with the Modified Proctor
Compaction Test. The modulus of subgrade reaction (k) shall be
determined at the top of the base course.
c. Design procedures for concrete pavements are found in the
following: AASHTO–GDPS-4 86/93, EM-1110-3-132,
TM 5-822-5/AFM 88-7, PCA IS233, and ACPA EB109P.
Computed thickness shall be rounded to the next full inch or
half inch.
d. Pavement not subject to vehicular traffic, piping, or equipment
loads shall have a minimum thickness of 4 inches (100 mm).
Crack-control joints about 0.75 to 1 inch (20 to 25 mm) deep
shall be spaced at 1.25 times the width of the walk. Fiberboard
having 0.5-inch (15-mm)-thick expansion joints shall be placed
between the pavement, building, curb, or other structures.
e. Unless otherwise specified or required by the geotechnical
report, area paving subject to vehicular traffic, piping, or
equipment loads shall have a minimum thickness of 6 inches
(150 mm). This is a medium-duty pavement that can carry the
occasional three-axle heavy truck but not heavy forklifts,
cranes, or tracked equipment.
f. Heavy-duty area paving that regularly carries three-axle class 8
trucks, 30-ton (27-tonne) tracked vehicles, and 15,000-lb
(6,800-kg) capacity forklifts shall have a minimum thickness of
8 inches (200 mm) unless the specific subsoil conditions are
shown to allow use of a thinner pavement. Pavements for
heavier equipment require special design.
g. Expansion joints are not required except at foundations and for
other items penetrating through the paving. Note that a pair of
#3 bars (10 mm bars) shall be embedded mid-slab at 6 and
12 inches (150 mm and 300 mm) in from a re-entrant corner.
h. Paving concrete shall have a minimum design flexural strength
of 550 psi (3.8 Mpa) or minimum design compressive strength
of 4,000 psi (27.5 Mpa) at 28 days. The maximum
water/cement ratio (w/c) shall be 0.45 and the maximum
aggregate size shall be 1.5 inches (38 mm).
i. Paving concrete shall be in accordance with PIP STS03001 or
as otherwise approved by the engineer. Fly ash replacement at a
maximum of 25% portland cement is permitted. Ground

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granular blast furnace slag (GGBFS) at a maximum of 40%

shall be permitted if the concrete supplier has provided a similar
mix to the local DOT.
j. Paving concrete shall have average acceptance strength values
of 550 psi (3.8 Mpa) flexural or 4,000 psi (27.5 Mpa)
compressive provided that no values are below 500 psi
(3.45 Mpa) flexural or 3,500 psi (24.1 Mpa) compressive.
k. Workability shall be indicated by slump measurements. Unless
otherwise specified, slump limits for fixed forms shall be 1 to
3 inches (25 to 75 mm) and for slip forms 1 to 2 inches (25 to
50 mm).
l. Joint spacing shall be 24 to 30 times the pavement thickness.
Joints shall be formed or cut with an early entry (0-2 hours after
finishing) saw (Soff-Cut saw). If a Soff-Cut saw is not used,
saw cut depths shall be 1/4 to 1/3 the thickness of the pavement
and shall be cut within 6 to 16 hours of placement.
m. Diagonal skew joints of 1:6 to 1:10 provide good load transfer
for transverse contraction joints in concrete. Dowels or
reinforcing may be used at the joint.
n. Proper curing is essential. The design shall contain a
specification for moist cure for 7 days or shall use a curing
compound at twice the manufacturer’s recommended rate
placed in two directions. The design shall ensure that joints and
saw cuts receive special attention.
o. Area paving shall be curbed where needed to contain chemicals
or hydrocarbons. Containment curbs shall be a minimum of
6 inches (150 mm) wide and as tall as required to contain the
material.
p. Pavement shall be divided into sections or catchment areas.
Catchment areas shall be sloped to sewer inlets to provide rapid
removal of storm water, firewater, or hydrocarbon spills.
q. Minimum slope for area paving shall be 1% unless otherwise
specified.
r. Pavement subject to chemical attack shall be designed with an
appropriate protective coating or admixture.
4.7.6.2 Jointed Plain Concrete Paving (JPCP)
1. JPCP is unreinforced and shall be designed according to the
methods and procedures of AASHTO, EM-1110-3-132, or TM 5-
822-5/AMF 88-7. The provisions of Section 4.7.3 shall be
applied to the design.
2. Diagonal skew joints without dowels or reinforcing are
preferred for JPCP.

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4.7.6.3 Jointed Reinforced Concrete Paving (JRCP)

1. JRCP is reinforced and shall be designed according to the
methods and procedures of AASHTO, EM-1110-3-132, or TM 5-
822-5/AMF 88-7. The provisions of Section 4.7.3 shall be
applied to the design.
2. Reinforcing bars shall be in accordance with ASTM A615
grade 60 or better. Mats shall be tie-wired at all exterior
intersections and alternate interior intersections. Welded mats
shall be in accordance with ASTM A184 and AWS D1.4. Welded
wire mats shall be in accordance with ASTM A185.
3. The minimum required reinforcing bar area for longitudinal
steel (with traffic) shall be equal to or greater than 0.10 inch2
per lineal foot (65 mm2 per 300 mm) of the slab. The minimum
required area for the transverse steel shall be 0.05 inch2 per
lineal foot (32.5 mm2 per 300 mm) of slab.
4. Reinforcing shall be placed in the top half of the slab but with
adequate concrete cover when saw cuts are considered.
5. Bar spacing shall be not greater than three times the slab
thickness.
6. Joint spacing can be increased but should never exceed 75 ft
(23 m). Long slabs require special joint design and sealants.
4.7.6.4 Roller-Compacted Concrete Paving (RCCP)
1. RCCP may be used for most of the applications listed in the
previous section for JPCP at the contractor’s or owner’s option.
RCCP should be considered for area paving where heavy
forklifts greater than 15,000-lb (6,800 kg) capacity or other
heavy equipment operate, such as in container yards.
2. RCCP design is similar to that for JPCP. In particular,
EM-1110-3-132, TM 5-822-5/AMF 88-7, or PCA IS009 and
IS233 have good procedures for heavy-duty pavements.
3. RCCP concrete mixtures are generally not air-entrained, have
lower water content, have lower paste content, use a larger fine
aggregate, and have a maximum aggregate size of 0.75 inch
(19 mm). Flexural strength shall be above 650 psi (4.5 Mpa).
4. Maximum lift thickness for RCCP shall be 10 inches (250 mm).
Pavements of greater thickness shall be constructed in multiple
lifts, the upper lift being about 1/3 the total thickness but no less
than 4 inches (100 mm). The bonding between lifts shall be
considered in the pavement design.
5. Joints in RCCP are limited. Expansion joints shall be used only
at penetrations or existing structures. Contraction joints shall
normally be left to occur naturally. In areas where frost damage
is a concern, the joints shall be routed and sealed to prevent
water intrusion. Construction joints shall be formed by

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trimming older, stiffened concrete back to fully compacted

concrete and then placing fresh concrete and rolling to density.
4.7.7 Gravel or Crushed Stone Surfacing
1. For area paving around exterior electrical equipment enclosures and at
other locations that are not subject to leaks or spills, crushed stone or
similar locally available material may be used.
2. Gravel or crushed stone surfacing shall be placed to a minimum
compacted thickness of 3 inches (75 mm).
4.7.8 Asphalt Concrete Area Paving
1. Asphalt concrete area paving shall be designed for the anticipated
equipment or traffic load but shall not be less than 2 inches (50 mm)
thick.
2. The thickness of asphalt concrete and aggregate base for area paving
shall be in accordance with the Subgrade Resilient Modulus method in
Asphalt Institute MS-1.
3. Unless otherwise specified, the following design criteria shall be used:
a. Mean annual air temperature shall be in accordance with Asphalt
Institute MS-1 and project site data.
b. Design subgrade resilient modulus shall be in accordance with
Asphalt Institute MS-1 and the soils report.
c. The number of equivalent 18 kip (80 kN) axle loads shall be
established from an estimate of the weight and frequency of
anticipated truck traffic, an appropriate growth factor, and a 20-year
design life.
d. Truck traffic estimates shall include the number of vehicles for plant
operation, plant maintenance, and new plant construction.
e. Minimum equivalent axle load values of 150,000 and 300,000 shall be
used for the design of secondary and primary roads, respectively.

4.8 Curbs, Gutters, and Walkways

4.8.1 Walkways shall be provided to interconnect the parking lot, gatehouse,
administration building, cafeteria, process buildings, etc., to adjacent
roadways for safe pedestrian travel.
4.8.2 The walkway subbase shall be in accordance with PIP CVS02100.
4.8.3 Walkway grades without steps shall not exceed 6%.
4.8.4 Finished grades shall be shown on the design drawings.
4.8.5 Accessible routes including curbs, gutters, and walkways shall be designed to
comply with ADA requirements.

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4.9 Sewers
4.9.1 General
4.9.1.1 Sewers and drainage systems shall be designed to protect the
atmosphere, soil, surface water, and groundwater from
contamination and to provide safe, economical collection and flow of
all sewage to treatment and/or holding facilities and subsequently to
approved disposal.
4.9.1.2 If specified by owner, open channel ditches and basins that
potentially convey or retain groundwater contaminants
(e.g., firewater runoff) shall be lined. Lining material shall meet
owner-specified permeability requirements.
4.9.1.3 If specified by owner, each sewer system shall be designed for
increased flow from future sewer extension or from changes in
surfaces that change the runoff coefficients.
4.9.1.4 Unless the owner has provided written notice that the downstream
system can accommodate the additional flow, existing systems to
which new systems will connect shall be reviewed to verify service
compatibility and to ensure that sufficient capacity is available to
accept the additional flow.
4.9.1.5 Manholes
1. Manholes shall be located at spacing intervals to facilitate
maintenance, inspection, and cleaning.
2. Manholes or cleanouts shall be provided at changes in
horizontal direction.
3. Maximum spacing of manholes shall be 200 ft (60 m) for
sewers less than or equal to 12 inches (300 mm) in diameter and
shall be 500 ft (150 m) for sewers larger than 12 inches
(300 mm) in diameter.
4.9.1.6 Sewer Proximity
1. Sanitary and process sewers shall be designed to cross under
potable water lines.
2. Unless otherwise required by local codes, a minimum of
24-inches (600-mm) vertical clearance and 48-inches
(1,200-mm) horizontal clearance shall be provided if sanitary or
process sewers parallel a potable water line.
3. If a potable water line crosses a sanitary or process sewer line,
one segment of the potable water line pipe shall be centered
over the sanitary or process sewer line such that the joints of the
potable water line pipe are equidistant and at least 9 ft (2.7 m)
horizontally from the sanitary or process sewer line. The
potable water line shall cross at least 24 inches (600 mm) above
the sanitary or process sewer line.

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PIP CVC01015 TECHNICAL CORRECTION
Civil Design Criteria June 2007

4.9.1.7 Minimum pipe sizes shall be 4 inches (100 mm) for lateral sewers
and 8 inches (200 mm) for main sewers.
4.9.2 Storm Sewers and Drainage
4.9.2.1 Storm sewers shall be designed in accordance with PIP CVS02700.
4.9.2.2 Storm sewers and drainage structures shall be designed to carry
runoff from the larger of a rain event or firewater discharge as
specified in PIP CVC01018 provided by the owner.
4.9.2.3 Unless otherwise specified, maximum inlet times shall be taken as
15 minutes for process areas with catch basin spacing of
approximately 100 ft (30 m).
4.9.2.4 Inlet times for large undeveloped areas shall be determined for each
project with special consideration for future development but shall
not exceed 30 minutes unless otherwise specified by the owner.
4.9.2.5 Piping design flow depth shall not exceed 2/3 of the pipe diameter.
4.9.2.6 The minimum design velocity shall be 3 fps (0.9 m/s) at design
capacity.
4.9.3 Sanitary Sewers
4.9.3.1 Sanitary sewer systems shall be designed in accordance with
PIP CVS02700.
4.9.3.2 The minimum design velocity shall be 2 fps (0.6 m/s) with pipe
flowing half full at maximum flow rate.
4.9.4 Process Sewers
4.9.4.1 Underground process sewers shall be designed to protect against
groundwater contamination.
4.9.4.2 Underground process sewers shall be designed to prevent potential
leakage caused by anticipated corrosion, surface loads, shifting soils,
water tables, etc., for the owner’s specified design life.
4.9.4.3 Underground process sewer joining systems shall be welded, fused,
or glued unless otherwise specified.
4.9.4.4 Underground process sewers shall be designed in accordance with
owner’s health and environmental requirements and with
PIP CVS02700.
4.9.4.5 Process sewer designs shall be in accordance with regulations in
EPA 40 CFR.
4.9.4.6 Vents
1. Sewers requiring vents shall be specified by owner or shall be
required on the basis of the properties of the chemicals
contained in the sewers.
2. Collection systems shall be trapped and sealed to prevent
personnel exposure to emissions.

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TECHNICAL CORRECTION PIP CVC01015
June 2007 Civil Design Criteria

3. Sewers and sewer vents shall be designed to comply with

regulations for the control of volatile organic compound (VOC)
and hazardous air pollutant emissions.
4. Vents shall be located away from normal operating areas and
shall be equipped for secondary VOC emission disposal
(e.g., scrubbed, flared, etc.) if required.
4.9.4.7 Design flow depth of gravity process sewers shall not exceed 3/4 of
the pipe diameter with a minimum velocity of 3 fps (0.9 m/s).

4.10 Fencing
Chain-link fencing shall be in accordance with PIP CVS02830.

4.11 Landscaping, Seeding, and Sodding

4.11.1 Surface treatments shall be shown on the final earthwork drawings.
4.11.2 Seeding and sodding shall comply with DOT specifications.

Process Industry Practices Page 15 of 15