Image Enhancement

• Multi-image Manipulation
– Decorrelation Transformations
• Concept of interband correlation

R R

R R R

Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing

 Image Enhancement
• Multi-image Manipulation
– Decorrelation Transformations
• Principal Components Analysis (PCA)*
– PCA is based on the variance and the covariance of the
data set (i.e., PCA is extremely data dependent)

» Variance = measure of the scatter or spread within one

variable (band) of the data set
» Covariance = measure of the scatter between two variables
(bands) of a data set
– The principal components are UNCORRELATED (i.e.,
orthogonal in n-dimensional space), even though the
original variables might have been highly correlated

Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing

 Image Enhancement
• Multi-image Manipulation
– Decorrelation Transformations
• Principal Components Analysis
– “…generate a new reduced set of bands in which the
information content is concentrated…” (Jones & Vaughan 2010)

– Let’s take a break from imagery and just think about data.

Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing

 Image Enhancement

PCA

If only I could
Too much reduce the
data! number of
variables…

Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing

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PCA – are they correlated?

Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing

 Image Enhancement

PCA – rotation!
Data with 2 dimensions has 2 PCs

With 3 dimensions has 3 PCs

With 4 dimensions has 4 PCs

With 100 dimensions has 100 PCs

BUT most of the information is in

the first few PCs.

Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing

 Image Enhancement
• Principal Components Analysis (PCA)
band 1 = green 4-band data set (range 0 – 255)
band 2 = red Mean band 1 = 129.29
band 3 = NIR-1 Mean band 2 = 106.63
band 4 = NIR-2 Mean band 3 = 104.71
Mean band 4 = 121.80

Variance - Covariance matrix:

σ211 = 5192.16 σ212 = 3866.65 σ213 = 2722.83 σ214 = 1094.98
σ222 = 3781.67 σ223 = 2520.50 σ224 = 1462.00
σ233 = 4806.52 σ234 = 3652.66
σ244 = 3927.78
Sum of variances = 17708.13

Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing

 Image Enhancement
PCA – Correlations
sum.precip TMIN.ann TMEAN.ann TMAX.ann sand silt clay

PC 1

PC2

PC3

PC4

PC5

PC6

PC7

Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing

 Image Enhancement

PCA – how many PCs needed?

Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing

 Image Enhancement

PCA – We can do the same things with RS data,

but bands also have a spatial component!

Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing

 Image Enhancement

Green Red

LKC 2008
Figs. 7.28 & 7.29
LKC 2015
Figs 7.25 & 7.26

NIR-1 NIR-2

Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing

 Image Enhancement
AVIRIS Airborne Hyperspectral (220 bands) PCA

AVIRIS 743 – 556 – 550 AVIRIS PCs 7 – 4 – 3

Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing

 Image Enhancement
• Principal Components Analysis (PCA)

Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing

 Image Enhancement
• Multi-image Manipulation
– Decorrelation Transformations
• Canonical Correlation Analysis
– Like PCA, but uses pre-labeled data (i.e., training sites) to
find uncorrelated axes-of-separation

Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing

 Image Enhancement
• Tasseled Cap Transformation
Tasseled Cap
Transformation is
just like PCA
but with pre-set
(& sensor specific)
‘coefficients’

Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing

 Image Enhancement
• Tasseled Cap

Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing

 Image Enhancement
• Landsat 5 Tasseled Cap Coefficients

Brightness
Greenness
Wetness
Haze

Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing

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• TM Tasseled Cap Features (in space)

Plane of
Soils
Plane of W
Vegetation B
G G

W
B
Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing
 Image Enhancement
• TM Tasseled Cap Features (in time)

Spectral development of a cultivated crop

a) emergence, b) greening up, c) canopy closure, and d) senescence

Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing

 Image Enhancement
• TM Tasseled Cap Features

Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing

 Image Enhancement
• Tasseled Cap
1
2 4

Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing

 Image Enhancement
• Tasseled Cap for MODIS

Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing

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• Decorrelation Transformations Summary
– If you’re working with multispectral (multi-band)
satellite data and for some reason want to
reduce the number of bands, try…
• Principal Components Analysis (if you know very
little about your data)
• Canonical Correlation Analysis (if you have some
ground spectra to use)
• Tasseled Cap (if you’re using a common multi-
spectral satellite, like Landsat, MODIS, SPOT, etc)

Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing