Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

SDH

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Objective

Early transmission systems

Types of transmission

SDH
• Frame Structure
• Equipments
• Topologies
• Advantages

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Telecommunication – what is it?

Telecommunications :

Electronic Communication at a distance

Information Information

Take an Example of Telephone Transmission:

Electrical Signal

Transmitter Receiver
Transmission Medium

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Base band Transmission

Voice signal - Band limited to 3.4 Khz

3.4 Khz signal – ‘intelligible component’

of human voice

Voice signal converted into its equivalent

electrical form and then transmitted One Voice channel
300 Hz to 300Hz to
3.4 KHz 4 Khz Bandwidth
10 Khz
Base band transmission – Transmission
of information signal in its electrical form

Base band transmission - Severe

distance limitations due to low power

Base band transmission – Transmission

line can carry only one signal, wasting
available high capacity

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Broadband Transmission

Broad band communication – Transmission of information signal after

Modulation

Modulation - Carrying the information signal using a high frequency ‘Carrier’

Broad band - Signals travel long distances due to their higher power

Broad band signals allow for ‘Multiplexing’, a technique used to carry many
channels on a single transmission line

Multiplexing – Carrying multiple communication signals simultaneously on a

single transmission line

Modulation and Multiplexing – Each information signal modulated onto multiple

carriers of different frequencies

Multiplexed system – Enables complete utilisation of bandwidth available on a

transmission line

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Analog Transmission

Electrical signal carrying information

in the form of continuous wave
transmitted over a transmission line

Easily affected by Noise

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Digital Transmission

Information signal Digitised before transmission

Digitised signal is a periodic binary pulse

Digital signals have better noise immunity

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Digitisation Process

4 Khz Voice signal is sampled at twice the

frequency ie., 8000 Hz

Samples are Quantised- Benchmarked to nearest

predefined levels

Quantised samples are encoded using 8 binary

bits

Each Voice channel hence occupies

8x8000 = 64000 bits per second = 64 Kbps
.
.
.
.
00000011
00000010
00000001

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Digital Transmission Types - Asynchronous Communication

Transition of signals do not

occur at the same nominal rate

Generally free running quartz

N/W 1 N/W 2
oscillators derive the clock, no
timing pulses sent from
transmitter to receiver

Internal Clock 1 Internal Clock 2

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Digital Transmission Types – Plesiochronous Transmission

Transitions occur at almost same rate

with variations within tight limits

N/W 2
N/W 1

Slave to primary
reference clock

Stable primary
N/W 3
reference clock

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PDH - Standards

European Standard

Notation Data Rate

E0 64 Kbps
E1 2048 Kbps
Used
UsedininSouth
SouthAmerica,
America,Europe,
Europe,
E2 8448 Kbps
India etc
India etc
E3 34368 Kbps
E4 139264 Kbps

American Standard
Notation Data Rate
T0/DS0 64 Kbps
T1/DS1 1544 Kbps
Used in USA, Canada, Japan,
T2/DS2 6312 Kbps Korea, Hong Kong etc
T3/DS3 44736 Kbps
T4/DS4 139264 Kbps
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PDH - Limitations

The maximum standard defined is upto 140Mbps and cannot serve higher
standards

PDH supports mostly point to point systems

The different standards defined for North America and Europe are not
interoperable

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 Digital Transmission Types – Synchronous Transmission

All Transitions occur at the same time

N/W 2
N/W 1
Entire network has single primary
reference clock Slave to primary
reference clock

Stable primary
N/W 3
reference clock

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SDH - Standards

The hierarchy is as follows:

Electrical Signal Bit Rate Abbreviated as

STM-0 51.84 Mbps 51 Mbps
STM-1 155.52 Mbps 155 Mbps
STM- 4 622.080 Mbps 622 Mbps
STM-16 2488.320 Mbps 2.4 Gbps
STM-64 9953.280 Mbps 10 Gbps
STM-256 39813.12 Mbps 40 Gbps

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SDH – Frame Structure

Frame = 125 µ
s Frame = 125 µ
s Frame = 125 µ
s

STM-1 = 270 Columns (2430 bytes)

1
Regenerator
2 Section
Overhead Administrative Unit
3
Pointers 4 H1 H2 H3
H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3
Capacity of the 9 Rows
5 Virtual Container
6 Multiplex +
7
Section Pointers
Overhead
8
9

Overhead width = 9 columns

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SDH Frame Structure – Overhead Analysis

Path
Multiplex Section Multiplex Section

Regenerator Section Regenerator Section

PTE Reg ADM Reg PTE

Path Section Multiplex Section Section Path

Termination Termination Termination Termination Termination
Equipment Equipment

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STM Frame Format

STM-1 frame is divided into two broad units STM-1

Section overhead and Administrative unit 155 Mbps

Section overhead – this information is further

classified as Regenerator section overhead Section Administrative
Overhead unit
and Multiplex section overhead

Payload along with Path overhead Virtual

Regenerator Multiplex Pointer
information forms the Virtual container Overhead overhead Container

Pointer – Indicates the start of the

Virtual container Path Payload
overhead

Payload contains data in the form of tributary frames

E1, T1, E3, Ethernet etc

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SDH Frame Structure – RSOH

Regenerator A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
Frame Alignment - A1,A2 Section
B1 E1 F1
Parity Check - B1
D1 D2 D3
Regeneration Section Trace - J0

Orderwire channels for voice comm- E1

User Channel - F1

Data Communication Channel - D1-D3

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SDH Frame Structure – MSOH

Parity Check- B2

Automatic Protection Switching- K1,K2

Data Communication Channel- D4-D12

Synchronous Status Message – S1

Remote Error Indication- M1 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

Orderwire (voice comm)- E2 D4 D5 D6

D7 D8 D9
Multiplex
Section D10 D11 D12

S1 M1 E2

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SDH Frame Structure – POH functions

Path trace – J1
J1 Path
Parity Check – B3 Overhead
B3
Path signal label –C2
C2
Path status –G1
G1
Path user channel – F2,F3
F2
Position indicator – H4
H4
Automatic Protection
switching - K3
F3

Network operator – N1
K3

N1

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SDH Multiplexing

xN x1
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4
x3
139264kbps

x3 x1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
C-3
AU-3 VC-3
44736kbps
x7 x7
x1 34368kbps

TU-2
TUG-2 VC-2 C-2
x3
x4 6312kbps

VC-12 C-12
TU-12

2048kbps

TU-11 VC-11 C-11

1544kbps

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SDH Equipment

Terminal Multiplexer T1
STM-N E1
• Path Termination equipment which acts as
concentrator of tributary signals like E1 E3

Regenerator

• Regenerator is used to boost the signals

Regenerator
between multiplexers placed across a long Path Termination
distance Path Termination
Equipment
Equipment

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SDH - Equipments

Add-Drop Multiplexer
•Add Drop Multiplexer is used to access the signals STM-N STM-N
to be dropped or inserted while allowing the other Left Right
signals to pass through without processing

T1 E1 E3

Cross Connect System

• Cross Connect system performs the time slot STM-N
interchange and grooming function of STM-N signal

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 SDH- Network Topologies

Point to Point

• Involves two terminal multiplexers

connected together with an optical
fiber with or without regenerators PTE Regenerator PTE

Point to Multipoint

• This configuration necessarily

involves a Add Drop Multiplexer Regenerator Regenerator
PTE ADM PTE
which connects to multiple sites
adding or dropping signals at
each site

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SDH- Network Topologies

Hub Configuration
MUX
• Hub configuration involves a Digital Cross
Connect System at the centre of a mesh network,
grooming the traffic from various directions.
Regenerator
MUX MUX
DCS
Regenerator Regenerator

Regenerator

MUX

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SDH- Network Topologies

Ring Configuration

• Ring configuration involves multiple ADMs ADM

connected along the optical fiber ring either in
bi-directional or Uni-Directional connectivity

ADM ADM

ADM

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SDH Advantages

Availability of high speed standards required for Optical Network which can carry
huge capacity

Efficient Multiplexing/Demultiplexing

Enhanced Operation, administration, Provisioning, Maintenance capabilities

SDH enables ready interconnection of multi vendor equipment

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Thank You…

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