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Radiating antenna
Spherical
wavefront
• The simplest electromagnetic waves are uniform
plane waves propagating along some fixed
direction, say the z-direction, in a lossless
medium.
• The assumption of uniformity means that the
fields have no dependence on the transverse
coordinates x, y and are functions only of z, t.
Thus, we look for solutions of Maxwell’s
equations of the form:
• E(x, y, z, t)= E(z, t) and H(x, y, z, t)= H(z, t).
Definition
• A uniform plane wave is a particular solution
of Maxwell’s equations with E assuming the
same direction, same magnitude, and same
phase in infinite planes perpendicular to the
direction of propagation(similarly for H)
• The existence of propagating electromagnetic waves
can be predicted as a direct consequence of
Maxwell’s equations (Maxwell, 1865).
Waves radiated by EM source: to a
distant observer
Uniform plane
wave
• The simplest electromagnetic waves are
uniform plane waves propagating along
some fixed direction, say the z-direction, in
a lossless medium {,μ}.
• 𝛻 2 E + 𝑘02 E= 0
• ……….rad/m
C1
• Hy(z,t) = cos (ωt-βz)
η
Transverse Electromagnetic Wave
• E = ax Ex propagating in the +z-direction has
associated with it a magnetic field H = ay Hy .
• 𝛻 2 E + 𝑘𝑐 2 E= 0
𝜔
• 𝑢𝑝 =
𝛽
Group Velocity
• However normally signals consists of band of
frequencies, waves of the component
frequencies travel with different phase
velocities, causing a distortion in the signal
waveshape.
• The signal “disperses”
• The signal distortion= dispersion
• Lossy dielectric is a dispersive medium
Formula for group velocity in dispersive media
Flow of Electromagnetic Power and
the Poynting Vector
• Electromagnetic waves carry with them
electromagnetic power.
• Energy is transported through space to distant
receiving points by electromagnetic waves.
• We begin with the curls equations:
• Power flow per unit area defined by quantity
(E x H)
Instantaneous and Average Power Density
• Time harmonic electromagnetic waves using phasor notation.
• The instantaneous value of a quantity is the real part of the product of
the phasor quantity
• Eg. For the phasor
• 𝐸 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 𝐸𝑥 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 𝐸0 𝑒 − 𝛼+𝑗𝛽 𝑧
•
• = 𝑎𝑥 𝐸0 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧
• The corresponding instantaneous expression
for H(z) is;
• 𝐻 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝐻(𝑧)𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
𝐸0
• = 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧 − 𝜃η
η𝑐
• As far as the power transmitted by an electromagnetic wave is
concerned, its average value is a more significant quantity
than its instantaneous value.
• Average power density transmitted by a uniform plane wave
in z-direction:
• …………(W/m2)
2π
• 𝑇= ; Time period of the wave
𝜔
• In general case, we may not be dealing with a
wave propagating in the z-direction.
• …………..(W/m2)
Wave incidence
Eg. Light traveling in air encounters the
water; another medium
Normal Incidence of Plane Waves at Plane
Boundaries
• In practice, waves often propagate in bounded
regions where several media with different
constitutive parameters are present.
𝐸𝑡0
is called the transmission coefficient.
𝐸𝑖0
• ………(normal incidence)
•
𝐸𝑡0 2η2
• 𝜏= = ……..(normal incidence)
𝐸𝑖0 η2 + η1
• ………(normal incidence)
• The total field in medium 1 is the sum of the
incident and reflected fields.
• ……………(Dimensionless)
• Finding the magnitude of reflection coefficient
from the standing wave ratio
• 𝜃𝑟 = 𝜃𝑖