Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
A-Z
Depression
Major town
BORDERS
Minor town
International airport
Undefined
Country Factfiles
South & East 138–359
Asia 106–107
See overleaf for contents
Western China
& Mongolia. . . . . . . . . . . 108-109 Overseas territories . . . . . . 360-365
Eastern China & Korea. . . . 110-111 International organizations . . . 366
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112-113
South India & Sri Lanka. . . 114-115 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
North India & Pakistan . . . 116-117 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368-432
6
Factfile contents
A Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Guatemala. . . . . . . . . 226
Afghanistan . . . . . . . . 153 Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Albania . . . . . . . . . . . 154 China . . . . . . . . . 192-193 Guinea–Bissau. . . . . . 228
Algeria. . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Colombia . . . . . . . . . 194 Guyana . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Andorra . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Comoros . . . . . . . . . . 195
Angola. . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Congo . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 H
Antarctica . . . . . . . . . 158 Congo, Dem. Rep. . . 197 Haiti . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Antigua & Barbuda . . 159 Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . 198 Honduras . . . . . . . . . 231
Argentina. . . . . . . . . . 160 Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . 199 Hungary . . . . . . . . . . 232
Armenia . . . . . . . . . . 161 Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Australia . . . . . . 162–163 Cuba . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 I
Cyprus. . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Iceland . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Azerbaijan. . . . . . . . . 165 Czech Republic . . . . . 203 India . . . . . . . . . . 234-235
Indonesia. . . . . . . 236-237
B D Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Bahamas . . . . . . . . . . 166 Denmark . . . . . . . . . . 204
Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Bahrain . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Djibouti. . . . . . . . . . . 205
Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Bangladesh . . . . . . . . 168 Dominica . . . . . . . . . 206
Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Barbados . . . . . . . . . . 169 Dominican Republic . 207
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Belarus . . . . . . . . . . . 170
E
Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . 171
East Timor . . . . . . . . . 208 J
Belize . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Jamaica . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Benin. . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Japan . . . . . . . . . . 244-245
Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Bhutan. . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
El Salvador . . . . . . . . 211
Bolivia. . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Equatorial Guinea . . . 212
Bosnia
Eritrea . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
K
& Herzegovina . . . . 176 Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . 247
Estonia. . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Botswana. . . . . . . . . . 177 Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Brazil. . . . . . . . . . 178-179 Kiribati . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Brunei . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 F Korea, North . . . . . . . 250
Bulgaria. . . . . . . . . . . 181 Fiji. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Korea, South . . . . . . . 251
Burkina Faso . . . . . . . 182 Finland . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Kosovo . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Burma . . . . . see Myanmar France . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . 183
G Kyrgyzstan . . . . . . . . . 254
C Gabon . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Cambodia . . . . . . . . . 184 Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . 220 L
Cameroon . . . . . . . . . 185 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Laos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Canada . . . . . . . . 186-187 Germany . . . . . . . . . . 222 Latvia . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Cape Verde . . . . . . . . 188 Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Lebanon . . . . . . . . . . 257
Central African Greece . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Republic . . . . . . . . . 189 Grenada . . . . . . . . . . 225 Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
7
Factfile contents
Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Panama . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Swaziland . . . . . . . . . 328
Liechtenstein . . . . . . . 261 Papua New Guinea . . 296 Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . 262 Paraguay . . . . . . . . . . 297 Switzerland . . . . . . . . 330
Luxembourg . . . . . . . 263 Peru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
M Philippines . . . . . . . . 299
Macedonia . . . . . . . . 264 Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 T
Madagascar . . . . . . . . 265 Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Taiwan. . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Tajikistan . . . . . . . . . . 333
Q
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . 267 Qatar. . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . 334
Maldives . . . . . . . . . . 268 Thailand . . . . . . . . . . 335
Mali. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 R Togo . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Malta. . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Romania . . . . . . . . . . 303
Tonga . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Marshall Islands . . . . 271 Russian
Trinidad & Tobago . . . 338
Mauritania. . . . . . . . . 272 Federation . . . . . . . . 304
Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . 273 Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Tunisia. . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Micronesia . . . . . . . . 275 S Turkmenistan . . . . . . . 341
Moldova . . . . . . . . . . 276 St. Kitts & Nevis . . . . 306 Tuvalu . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Monaco. . . . . . . . . . . 277 St. Lucia . . . . . . . . . . 307
Mongolia. . . . . . . . . . 278 St. Vincent & the U
Montenegro. . . . . . . . 279 Grenadines . . . . . . . 308 Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Morocco . . . . . . . . . . 280 Samoa . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Mozambique . . . . . . . 281 San Marino . . . . . . . . 310 United Arab Emirates. 345
Myanmar (Burma) . . . 282 São Tomé & Príncipe . 311 United Kingdom . 346-347
Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . 312
N Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . 313
United States . . . . 348-350
Namibia . . . . . . . . . . 283 Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . 351
Serbia . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Nauru . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Uzbekistan . . . . . . . . 352
Seychelles . . . . . . . . . 315
Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Netherlands. . . . . . . . 286 Sierra Leone . . . . . . . 316 V
New Zealand . . . . . . 287 Singapore . . . . . . . . . 317 Vanuatu. . . . . . . . . . . 353
Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . 288 Slovakia. . . . . . . . . . . 318 Vatican City. . . . . . . . 354
Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Slovenia . . . . . . . . . . 319
Venezuela . . . . . . . . . 355
Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Solomon Islands . . . . 320
Vietnam. . . . . . . . . . . 356
Norway . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . 321
O
South Africa. . . . . . . . 322 Y
South Sudan . . . . . . . 323 Yemen . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Oman . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
P Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . 325 Z
Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Palau . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Suriname . . . . . . . . . . 327 Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . 359
8
The Political World
A B C D
Svalbard
Severnaya Zemlya
(Norway) Franz Josef Land
New Siberian Islands
Novaya Zemlya
1 Jan Mayen
(Norway)
AY
FINLAN
ICELAND
RW
DE N
O
DENMARK
R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N
N
S WE
D
Faeroe Islands
(Denmark) ESTONIA
UNITED LATVIA
IRELAND KINGDOM LITHUANIA
BELARUS
NETH. 1 POLAND
BELGIUM 3 UKRAINE
5 2 MOLDOVA KA Z A KH S TA N
LUXEMBOURG 4 6 MON G OLIA
ROMANIA
2 SWITZERLAND 7 8 GEORGIA
FRANCE
13 119 10 12 BULGARIA UZBEKISTAN
ANDORRA 14 KYRGZSTAN
SPAIN ALB. ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN N. KOREA
PORTUGAL MONACO ITALY MAC. TURKEY TURKMEN. TAJIKISTAN
GREECE AZ. S. KOREA JAPAN
TUNISIA SYRIA C H I N A
LEBANON AFGHANISTAN
MOROCCO MALTA CYPRUS BHUTAN
IRAQ I R A N NEPAL
AN
ISRAEL KUWAIT ST MYANMAR
ALGERIA I
WESTERN L I B YA JORDAN QATAR PAK (BURMA)
SAHARA EGYPT BAHRAIN INDIA LAOS TAIWAN
U.A.E.
(disputed) SAUDI
CAPE MAURITANIA ARABIA
VI
ERITREA OMAN BANGLADESH Northern Mariana
MALI NIGER
ET
VERDE Islands (US)
N AM
YEMEN
GAMBIA
SENEGAL
BURKINA
CHAD SUDAN DJIBOUTI THAILAND
PHILIPPINES Guam (US)
GUINEA- FASO NIGERIA CAMBODIA
A
3 GUINEA
BENIN C.A.R. SOUTH ETHIOPIA
A LI
BISSAU MICRONESIA
CAMEROON
SUDAN SRI BRUNEI
SIERRA LEONE
M
LANKA
O
GHANA
NG
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
RWANDA
PAPUA
CO
4 MOZAMBIQUE I N D I A N A U S T R A L I A
KEY TO NUMBERS SOUTH SWAZILAND
1. Germany
AFRICA LESOTHO O C E A N
2. Liechtenstein
3. Czech Republic
4. Austria
French Southern
5. Slovakia
& Antarctic Territories
6. Hungary (France)
7. Slovenia
8. Croatia
9. Bosnia & Herzegovina
10. Serbia
5 11. Montenegro
12. Kosovo (disputed) S O U T H E R N O C E A N
13. San Marino
14. Vatican City
ANTARCT ICA
A B C D
9
E F G H
A R C T I C
Greenland
O C E A N (Denmark) 1
Arctic Circle
Alaska
(US)
C A N A D A
S) AT LAN T IC
(U
Aleutian Islands
OCE AN
2
P A C I F I C
U N I T E D S TAT E S
O C E A N OF AMERICA
Bermuda (UK)
Midway Islands DOM. REP. Puerto Rico (US)
(US) ST KITTS & NEVIS
M
(US) O ST LUCIA
GUATEMALA HAITI BARBADOS
EL SALVADOR JAMAICA ST VINCENT &
MARSHALL Wallis & Futuna (France)
HONDURAS COSTA RICA THE GRENADINES
ISLANDS Palmyra Atoll (US) 3
NICARAGUA VENEZUELA GRENADA
PANAMA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
Galapagos Islands COLOMBIA French Guiana (France)
NAURU (Ecuador) GUYANA Equator
KIRIBATI SURINAME
TUVALU ECUADOR
Tokelau B R A Z I L
PE
(NZ)
VANUATU French
Polynesia BOLIVIA
Niue (NZ) Pitcairn
FIJI (France) Islands CHILE PARAGUAY
(UK) Tropic of Capricorn
TONGA American
New Samoa (us) 4
Caledonia P A C I F I C
NA
(France) SAMOA
URUGUAY
O C E A N
TI
EN
ARG
Antarctic Circle
E F G H
10
The Physical World
A B C D
Spitsbergen
Franz Josef
Land Severnaya
A R C T I C
Zemlya
New Siberian
G reenl an d Novaya Islands
1 Zemlya Laptev Sea
Sea K ar a
Bare n ts
t Se a
Yeni s
rai ia Sea
St v Kh
Lena
N orw eg i an reb
Arctic Circle
ar
k na y et C
e
Sea di her
m
s
sko
S iO b e r i a
en
an
in
n
a go
l t i c Sea Pl
Iceland
Ural Mountai
D
b’
Sc
n
ea
op Volg
a Sea of
British North
E ur Lake Baikal
Sea Ba rth
Okhotsk
Isles
E U R O P E
No A SA I A ur
Am
Mo lt Sakhalin
Bay of un ai i
2 Biscay lps Da
n u be Cau
cas
tai
n b Manchurian
A Black Sea us Aral Sea
e n Shan s o Plain Hokkaido
Iberian Caspian G Ti ver Sea of
Azores
Ri
Peninsula M e d i t e Anatolia Sea Japan
Kush P lateau of Y e l l o
w
rr (East Sea)
t s . an
a
Iranian
ndu
Madeira M e an Sea H i mTibet
Z
gr Plateau Honshu
las
s
Hi
Indu
At Syrian os M ala Yan g t z e
East Kyushu
Canary Islands ts. yas
S a h a r a Desert
G ang
China
Tropic of Cancer es Mount Everest Sea
Red
il 29,029ft (8848m)
e
Arabian Taiwan
N
A F R I C A Peninsula
Deccan
Philippine
Sea
Me
South
Phi lands
kong
Cape Verde S a h e l Arabian Bay of
China Sea
Ni
Is
Bengal
lipp
Islands Ethiopian Sea M
ge
3 Sea el
r
Highlands Horn of
ine
Africa
Malay a
Sri Lanka Peninsula
y
Great Rift Valle
ATLANTIC C
Ridge
Timor Sea
ne
I N D I A N
ar
Basin mbezi G
han
Ninetyeast
Za
re
OCEAN
Nam
Mauritius Great
ue C
at
Mada
Di
Kalahari Réunion Sandy Desert
ib
biq
vid
dge
za m
ing Range
4 Cape O C E A N g
lin
cRi
ert
Mo
e r Plain
Basin larbo
dg Nul r
Da
Ri
nti
Cape of
n A U S T R A
Good Hope ia
nd
tla
So
s tI ut
d-A
Tasmania
h we he
ut as
So t I
Mi
Kerguelen
nd ian R
idge
South Indian Basin
5
Antarctic Circle
S O U T H E R N O C E A N
ANTARCTICA
A B C D
11
E F G H
O C E A N
Ellesmere Island
Queen Elizabeth
Islands Greenland 1
East Siberian Sea
Be a uf o rt Sea Baffin
Baff
in Bay
Chukchi Sea Is
Brooks Range M la
ac nd Arctic Circle
k
it
Great Bear
ra
en
St
Lake
ng
zie
ri
tka
C
Be Mount McKinley oas Great Slave
ha
(Denali)
Hudson Labrador
mc
Lake
R
tM
Sea
o ins
ou
s
ck
nta
nd Gulf of G
Aleutian Isla Alaska
re NORTH
y
Great Lakes
ts . Grand Banks 2
at
M
No rth we s t AMERICA M e
ia
n of Newfoundland dg
Ri
o u
P
Coas
P a c if i c ch
la
lai
tic
i
pp
pa
n t
an
issi
Basin North American
Ap
t R
tl
ns
Miss
a
a i n
-A
P Basin
n ge
id
Ha
s
w Gulf of
M
Mi
Isl ai‘ia Tropic of Cancer
o
d-P an Mexico
aci ds n We s t I n d i e s
l
fic
ATLANTIC
M
M
ou
y
Caribbean
ic
nt
ain Sea
ro
s
3
ne
P A C I F I C OCEAN
e
ne Galapagos
si
si Islands Equator
a
a n
A m azo
i
Islands
SOUTH
n
Brazil
East Pacific Rise
Peru
Coral
d
Sea s
New Caledonia
ac n
C h ra
Tropic of Capricorn
o
G
Easter Island
á
Cerro
n
4
Para
South
oni
Zealand Basin
Falkland Islands
South Georgia
Tierra del Fuego
Cape Horn
ssa ge South Sandwich
Drake Pa Islands
5
Antarctic Antarctic Circle
Peninsula
E F G H
12
Time Zones
A B C D
–2 –1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 +10
1
A R C T I C
0 +1 +7 O C E A N
–3 +3 +10
–1
+1
0 +2 +9 +10
+5 +7
+3 +8
2 0
+2 +6
+1 +10
+5
0 +4
0 +2 +9
+8
+31/2 +41/2
+53/4 +6
+2 +3 +5
+6
+1 +4 +51/2 +61/2
0
–1 +3 +7
3
+51/2 +8 +10
0
0 +5 +8 +9 +11
+1 +7
+2 +3 +4 +6 +8
ATLANTIC +61/2
OCEAN +3 +4
Greenwich Meridian
+1 I N D I A N +8
4 +2 +91/2
+10
O C E A N
0
+5
+5 +5
5
11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00
A B C D
13
E F G H
1
natio
0
–4
nal
–3 –1
–9
+11
–10 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 2
–31/2
P A C I F I C ATLANTIC
O C E A N OCEAN
–11
–10 –5
–4
3
+12 –10
–41/2
Equator
+13 +14 –5
–91/2 –4
+11 –10 –10 –3
+13
+111/2 –8 –6
4
+101/2 –4 –3
+12 P A C I F I C
+123/4 O C E A N
–3 –4
–2
5
23:00 24:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00
–3
E F G H
14
The
world's
regions
15
A B C D E
16
95 OH 94
LUF
F& E
FWL U
$U
1 A S I A 1
R
O
P
Franz Josef Land
E
WR5XVVLD
Svalbard
WR1RUZD\
NORTH AMERICA
$5&7,& 1RUWK
134 3ROH
%HULQJ6HD
2&($1
2 62 2
%HULQJ6WUDLW
Ale u
Jan Mayen
t
Queen Elizabeth WR1RUZD\
ian
Isl
Islands
an <XN R Q %HDXIRUW
ds
ALASKA(US) 6HD ICELAND
0RXQW0F.LQOH\
'HQDOL Greenland
IWP 'HQPDUN
%DIILQ
*XOIRI %D\ H
3 %D UFO 3
$ODVND &L
NHQ]LH
WLF
IIL
Q $UF
*UHDW%HDU
0 DF
,V
/DNH
*UHDW6ODYH/DNH
ODQ
G
3$&,),&
North & Central America
/DNH$WKDEDVFD /DEUDGRU
2&($1 6HD
C +XGVRQ
La
5HLQGHHU
br
A /DNH %D\
4 ad 4
N or
A D an
A u r e nti ns
i
6Q /DNH:LQQLSHJ La unta
DNH
Mo
* U H
5 R F N \ 0 R X
FH
/DNH *UHDW St Pierre &
HQ
0RXQW:KLWQH\ 6XSHULRU U Miquelon
/DNHV Z )UDQFH
D W
IWP /D
W
UNITED STATES
6
/DNH+XURQ
/DNH /DNH2QWDULR
5 0LFKLJDQ 5
V
'HDWK9DOOH\
0 LVVRX
R
LQ
IWP /DNH(ULH
UL
Q W D L Q
WD
$7/$17,&
UDG
Q
OF AMERICA LR
3 O D
RX
ROR
$ 2K
V
U
&
0
ND 2&($1
L
L
QVD
V
SS
DQ
7U KL
LVVL
RS DF
LF R O Bermuda
I& SD 8.
0 LVV
DQF $S
Q V
HU
5L R
6DUJDVVR6HD
*U
Sierra Ma
DQ
Virgin Islands86
Sierra
GH
6 Turks & Caicos British Virgin 6
dre O
Ma
Islands8. Islands8.
*XOIRI0H[LFR
dre
DOMINICAN Anguilla8.
BAHAMAS
M Eccide n
REPUBLIC ST KITTS
& NEVIS
rie
X tal
I
C U Puerto
nt
Rico ANTIGUA &
al
BA
BARBUDA
C
Cayman Islands 86
O 8. HAITI Guadeloupe
Montserrat8. )UDQFH
BELIZE JAMAICA DOMINICA ST LUCIA
GUATEMALA HONDURAS Martinique)UDQFH
Clipperton Island ST VINCENT & THE GRENADINES BARBADOS
)UHQFK3RO\QHVLD EL SALVADOR Aruba1HWK GRENADA
7 NICARAGUA 7
Curaçao
1HWK TRINIDAD
& TOBAGO
COSTA RICA
134 (TX 3 $ &, ) ,& 48
DWRU PANAMA
V
H
2& ( $1 (TXDWRU
G
S O U T H
Q
$
135 38
17
A B C D E
18 NORTH AMERICA
97
RUSSIAN A R C T I C
1 FEDERATION O C E A N
In 1867 William Henry Seward negotiated
the purchase of Alaska from Russia for Wrangel I.
the price of $7,200,000, which amounted
Ar
to around two cents per acre (0.4 hectares).
cti
c
Ci
Attu I.
rcl
Bering
e
it
Sea Beri n g S t r a
2 135
Br Prudhoe
Rat Is St. Lawrence I. oo Bay
A
ks
Ran
le
ge
ALASKA
u
n
ia Nunivak I. ko (part of USA)
t
Yu
n Mt McKinley
Is (Denali) Fairbanks
20,322ft (6194m)
la
Umnak I. nd Alaska Ran
3 Dutch Harbor s ge
Unalaska I. Anchorage
Valdez YUKON
Kodiak I. TERRITORY
Kodiak Cordova
Ro
WHITEHORSE
The Aleutian Islands span some 1200 miles
Gulf
ck
(1800 km) and by crossing the 180º line of
of
y
longitude, form both the most easterly
and westerly extents of the United States. JUNEAU
4 135 Alaska
P A C I F I C Ketchikan
Prince Rupert
O C E A N Queen Charlotte Is.
BRITISH
COLUMBIA
On July 9, 1958, a massive landslide Queen Charlotte
dropped 40 million cubic yards Sound
(30.6 million cu m) of rock into Lituya Bay, Port Hardy
5
creating a wave 1720 ft (524 m) high. Vancouver I.
0 km 400
135 VICTORIA
0 miles 400
A B C D
NORTH AMERICA 19
E F G H
64
Sought by explorers for centuries as
a trade route between Europe Greenland
and Asia, the famous Northwest (Danish external 1
Passage is now often navigable Ellesmere territory)
during the summer months Axel Island
without the need for an Heiberg Despite an area of 808,109 sq miles
icebreaker because of Island (2,092,993 sq km), the northerly province
reduced volumes ds
lan of Nunavut has only 530 miles (850 km)
of sea ice. th Is
Queen Elizabe
of roads and highway.
Bathurst I. Devon Baffin Bay
Melville Island ou nd
Resolute t er S
Island
(Qausuittuq) Lancas Davi 64 2
s S
Viscount Somerset t ra
Banks Baffin it
Beaufort Melville Prince Island
Island Sound of Isl
Sea an
Wales I. d
Amundsen Victoria
Gulf Island cle
King Cir
Inuvik tic IQALUIT
William I. Arc
(Frobisher Bay)
Kugluktuk
(Coppermine)
NUNAVUT H u d son Strait
3
Great Bear Lake Southampton I.
NORTHWEST
TERRITORIES
nt
M
ac YELLOWKNIFE Rankin
Dubaw
ken Inlet
zie
Great Slave Lake
Hudson QUÉBEC
Hay River Bay
Fort Smith
Churchill
Lake 20 4
ALBERTA Athabasca
Fort Fort SASKATCHEWAN M A N I T O B A
M
Grande Prairie
an Only just over 1% of Canada’s
EDMONTON tch ew
ns
Prince
George a 3.5 million sq miles (9.1 million sq km)
sk Prince Albert Lake
Leduc land area is devoted to grain production,
Sa
Winnipeg
Red Deer Saskatoon yet this yields around 25 million tons
Kamloops Yorkton WINNIPEG 5
(tonnes) of wheat every year.
Vancouver Calgary REGINA
Kelowna Brandon
Lethbridge Estevan 25
U S A
E F G H
20 NORTH AMERICA
Eastern Canada
A B C D
Southampton I. Salisbury I.
19 Nottingham I.
Coats I.
1 Ivujivik
NU NA VU T
Mansel I.
Hudson
Bay Péninsule
The largest hydroelectric d'Ungava
complex in Canada at
James Bay produces
over 16,000 megawatts Inukjuak
19 MANITOBA (Port Harrison)
of power.
2 Belcher Is. L. Minto
The Trans-Canada Highway, (Nunavut)
running from St. John’s in
the east to Victoria in the Kuujjuarapik
Peawanuck
west, is 4990 miles n (Poste-de-la-Baleine)
Sever
(8030 km) long.
James
Win is k Attawapiskat Bay
3 C At tawa
pi s k
at
A Alb
any
N Akimiski I.
(Nunavut) A Eastma i n
L. Seul
O N T A R I O Q U É
Moosonee
Kenora L. Mistassini
Armstrong
L. Nipigon
Lake
of the Cochrane
Woods
Thunder Bay Rés. Gouin
Timmins
MINNESOTA Lake Superior
Wawa
Ot
4 25
wa
ta
Sudbury
Sault
Lake Superior is the largest freshwater Sainte Marie North Bay
lake in the world, covering an area OTTAWA
of 31,820 sq miles (82,413 sq km). Lake
Peterborough Kingston
Huron Oshawa
WISCONSIN Lake
Lake TORONTO Ontario
UNITED STATES Michigan M I C H I G A N Kitchener Hamilton NEW
IOWA London YORK
OF AMERICA
Windsor Lake Erie St. Catharines
5 ILLINOIS
INDIANA O H I O PENNSYLVANIA
22
A B C D
NORTH AMERICA 21
E F G H
Baffin I. 64
Huds
L a b r a d o r
on Strai S e a
t 1
Akpatok I.
(Nunavut) Canada has the world’s longest coastline
(including tens of thousands of islands), with a
Ungava total length of 151,019 miles (243,042 km).
Bay
A T L A N T I C
La
Kuujjuaq Nain
Can
O C E A N
b
Hopedale
iap
48 2
d
a
Makkovik
isc
au
or
Schefferville Cartwright
Smallwood NEWFOUNDLAND
Reservoir
Réservoir & LABRADOR Strait of Belle Isle
Caniapiscau
Réservoir Newfoundland
D Manicouagan
A Havre-
Saint-Pierre
Gander 3
B E C Sept-Îles
Île d’Anticosti
Grand Falls ST.JOHN'S
Corner Brook
e
enc G u lf nce Channel-Port-
aw
r
Gaspé o f S t. L a w r e aux-Basques Cape Race
.L ab
C
L. Saint-Jean St ot St Pierre
Jonquière St & Miquelon
PRINCE rai
Chicoutimi Bathurst t (French overseas
EDWARD
NEW ISLAND Sydney collectivity)
QUÉBEC BRUNSWICK Moncton CHARLOTTETOWN
FREDERICTON 48 4
Trois-Rivières
NOVASCOTIA
Sherbrooke Saint John Dartmouth
HALIFAX
Montréal MAINE
Yarmouth
A T L A N T I C
NEW
HAMPSHIRE
The Bay of Fundy has the world’s
O C E A N
VERMONT
highest tidal range, with water’s rising
MASSACHUSETTS 20–56 ft (5–17 m) every high tide as
around 115 billion tons (tonnes) of 0 km 300 5
RHODE ISLAND water flows into the bay.
CONNECTICUT
0 miles 300
48
E F G H
22 NORTH AMERICA
20
MINNESOTA
C A
1 Lake Superior
Superior
O N T A R I O
Ironwood Marquette
Sault Ste Marie
Iron Mountain
Ladysmith
Cheboygan
Lake Huron
WISCONSIN
2 25 Eau Claire MICHIGAN
M Green Bay
is
s
Traverse
City
is
La Crosse
sip
Oshkosh Lake
pi
MADISON Saginaw
I O W A Grand Rapids Flint
Milwaukee
The Chicago River Waukegan LANSING
3 originally flowed into Rockford Detroit
Ann Arbor Erie
Lake Michigan, but was Chicago Lake Erie
reversed in 1900 by Aurora South
the completion of Joliet Toledo Cleveland
Rock Island Bend
a canal. Gary Youngstown
Galesburg Akron
Peoria Fort Wayne
Mansfield Canton
ILLINOIS INDIANA Wheeling
Champaign Muncie O H I O
SPRINGFIELD INDIANAPOLIS
4 25 Decatur COLUMBUS
Dayton
Effingham Terre Haute
Cincinnati
Ohio
ash
Bloomington
East St Louis
ab
Huntington
Mt. Vernon W Louisville
CHARLESTON
Evansville FRANKFORT WEST
M I S S O U R I Carbondale Lexington
Owensboro VIRGINIA
io
Richmond
Oh
5
KENTUCKY
Paducah Hopkinsville Bowling London
Green
ARKANSAS 30
A B C D
NORTH AMERICA 23
E F G H
21
N A D A Presque Isle
NEW
1
BRUNSWICK
Q U É B E C
MAINE
dy
un
At times of peak flow, around Calais
fF
45 million US gallons (170 million litres) o
y
of water plunge over the167 ft (52 m) Bangor Ba NOVA
drop of Niagara Falls every minute. SCOTIA
PSHIR E
AUGUSTA
T
Ogdensburg Burlington
e
O N
21 2
MONTPELIER Lewiston in
a
HAM
M
Portland
R M
Watertown Rutland
of
CONCORD
lf
NEW
io Utica
V E
Gu
Manchester
Syracuse
Rochester ALBANY BOSTON
Buffalo Worcester Cape Cod O C E A N
Niagara N E W Y O R K Springfield MASSACHUSETTS
Falls Binghamton PROVIDENCE
Elmira HARTFORD RHODE ISLAND 3
Hudson
.
ts
CONNECTICUT
Williamsport Scranton
M
New Haven
n
NORTH CAROLINA 31
E F G H
24 NORTH AMERICA
B R I T I S H 19
C O L U M B I A
A L B E R T A
1 WASHINGTON S A S K A T C H E WA N
Famous for its
Havre
predictable eruptions, Malta
Kalispell
the “Old Faithful” geyser Minot
shoots water and steam
M is s o uri Fort Peck L. Williston
120–150 ft (36–45 m) Missoula
Great Falls
into the air. Eruptions occur L. Sakakawea
every 45 to 110 minutes
R M O N T A N A Glendive
NORTH
and use 3700–8400 gallons
ne
HELENA o
Yell o w s t Dickinson
o
2 (16,800–38,100 litres)
Butte Miles City
of water heated to a Bozeman
c k
temperature of 204°F (95.5°C).
er
Billings
wd
OREGON
Po
I D A H O
y
Bi Mt
gh s.
Sheridan SOUTH
or
The Great Salt Lake is a remnant of the
n
prehistoric Lake Bonneville, which once Gillette
M o u
Black
covered almost 20,000 square miles
(51,800 sq km) of western Utah. H i l l s Rapid City
3 WYOMING
Casper
Formed by the Glen
n t
some 17 years
Boulder
4 after the lake first U T A H
s
ra Colorado Springs
lo Pueblo
N E VA D A Co Arkans
as
CA
L. Powell
Durango
LI
FO
5 A R I Z O N A
RN
IA
N E W M E X I C O
28 TEXAS
A B C D
NORTH AMERICA 25
E F G H
20
C A N A D A
1
M A N I T O B A Lake of the Woods O N T A R I O
Superior
MINNESOTA Lake
Grand Forks Virginia
DAKOTA Duluth
22
Moorhead
Fargo Access to the St. Lawrence Seaway
BISMARCK Brainerd
via the Great Lakes makes Duluth 2
the most westerly Atlantic port in
the US, some 1100 miles (1770 km)
Aberdeen St Cloud from the Atlantic ocean.
SAINT M
Minneapolis PAUL IC
DAKOTA Watertown W I S C O N S I N
Rochester Lake
H
PIERRE
Michigan
IG
Mitchell Sioux Falls
Mason City
AN
3
Missouri Dubuque
Cedar Rapids
Sioux City I O W A I L L I N O I S INDIANA
OHIO
RASKA DES MOINES Davenport
Columbus
North
Omaha Council Bluffs The deadliest tornado in US
Platte Burlington
e history struck Missouri on
Pl a t t
LINCOLN March 18, 1925. Leaving a
M is
si
pp track, the tornado crossed three 4
St Joseph i
states and killed 695 people.
Kansas City Independence
Oakley Missouri 22
Hays Kansas City Saint
TOPEKA
Louis
K A N S A S JEFFERSON CITY
KENTUCKY
Pratt
MISSOURI
Dodge Wichita Springfield
City
teau
Ar
Pla 5
ka
ark TENNESSEE
ns
s Oz
a
0 km 200
O K L A H O M A A R K A N S A S 30
0 miles 200
E F G H
A B C D E
26
19 19
C A N A D A AL BE RTA
1 Vancouver The Boeing aircraft factory in 1
B R I T I SH C OL U MB I A
Island Everett is the world’s largest
building by volume at
Bellingham
ia
472 million cu ft (13.3 million cu m),
covering 100 acres (40 hectares).
C o l u mb
Range
Port Angeles Everett
NORTH AMERICA
Coeur d'Alene
ade
Seattle Bellevue Spokane
sc
Tacoma
Ellensburg
Ca
2 135 MONTANA 24 2
B
Aberdeen OLYMPIA
it
te
I N G T O N
W A S HYakima
rr
Walla Lewiston
Longview Richland o Hells Canyon is the
USA: The West
es
with cliffs up to 7993 ft
ue
Vancouver C o l u m b i a
Bl
Pendleton (2436 m) high.
La Grande
Ran
Portland e
ge
SALEM
Rang
Sna k
Newport Albany Baker Hells Canyon
nge
3 Corvallis 3
Ra
Eugene Springfield Bend
e
I D A H O
ad
Coos Bay Burns Caldwell BOISE Idaho Falls
sc
ast
Nampa
Ca
O R E G O N American
Co
Bandon Falls Res. Pocatello
Snake
Medford Twin Falls
4 4
Klamath Falls
C o a s t
Winnemucca
t
Redding Susanville Elko UTAH
bold
R a
Hum
Pyramid Lake
5 Chico N E V A D A At Black Rock Desert 5
n g
S Reno Sparks on October 15, 1997,
Ukiah Fallon
i
Yuba Lake Tahoe ThrustSSC, driven
Ely
e s
e
City by Andy Green,
CARSON CITY
r
became the first land
SACRAMENTO
r
Hawthorne vehicle to break the
Santa Rosa
a
sound barrier by
Berkeley achieving a speed
Stockton of 763 mph
N
San Francisco Oakland Tonopah (1228 km/h).
e
Modesto
v
6 Bishop 6
Sa
San Jose Merced
n
Jo
Santa Cruz
a
Fresno Death Valley
a d
qu
Salinas
C o
n
Monterey Mt Whitney
V
al 14,495 ft
Visalia Lake Mead
as
le (4418m) -282 ft
y
t
(-86m)
CALIFORNIA Las Vegas
The Golden Gate Bridge,
R
completed in 1937, has Bakersfield ARIZONA
a
80,000 miles (129,000 km) of Mojave
n
Desert
wire in its two main cables,
g
7 e Mojave 28 7
weighing a total of s Barstow
22,200 tons (tonnes). Santa Barbara Lancaster Death Valley is not
Pasadena only the lowest point
Oxnard do in North America, at
135 San Bernardino
Santa Rosa I.
Los Angeles Riverside 282 ft (86 m) below
C o l o ra
0 miles 200
MEXICO
32 32
27
A B C D E
28 NORTH AMERICA
N E V A D A 24 UTAH
Completed in 1936, the
L. Powell COLORADO
1 Hoover Dam contains
4.5 million cubic Pa
nde
nd Canyo in
yards (3.4 million ra n Farmington
te
Gra
G
cubic metres) of L. Mead
Rio
concrete, enough Colorado
D
Los Alamos
to build a 4 feet
es
Plateau Gallup SANTA FE
ert
(1.2 metre) wide Flagstaff
path around the Pec
os
Earth at the Equator.
Prescott Albuquerque
do
lora
2 27
A R I Z O N A N E W
Co
3
Douglas
El Paso
Meteor Crater was formed when a
meteor about 150 ft (46 m) across
struck the desert at about 40,000 mph Ri
o
(64,372 km/h) creating a bowl-shaped
Gr
depression 4,150 ft (1,265 m) wide and The first atomic bomb was
and
570 ft (174 m) deep. tested at Trinity Site near
e
Alamogordo on July 16, 1945,
Go
4 135
(tonnes) of TNT from around
o
PACIFIC M E X I
or
n
OCEAN
ia
5
0 km 200
0 miles 200 32
A B C D
NORTH AMERICA 29
E F G H
25
K A N S A S
Ponca City 1
Enid Tulsa
Broken Arrow
OKLAHOMA
Borger OKLAHOMA CITY Shawnee
adian
Can Pampa
Amarillo Norman A R K A N S A S
Lawton 30
Red
Clovis Riv
er River
On January 10, 1901, 2
Vernon Red
Paris the Lucas Gusher blew
Wichita Falls oil 150 ft (46 m) into the
Lubbock air, flowing at 100,000
Denton
barrels a day until it was
Brownfield
Fort Worth Arlington Longview eventually capped nine
Hobbs Dallas days later.
Sweetwater
Abilene Br Tyler
Big Spring Jacksonville
az
os
Galveston
Del Rio Victoria 30 4
An
to Freeport
nio
Eagle Pass
Gulf
Corpus Christi
C O Laredo Kingsville of
Ri
oG
Padre Island
Mexico
ra
de 5
n
Brownsville 33
E F G H
30 NORTH AMERICA
ILLINOIS
25 K E N T U C K Y
M I S S O U R I
1 Walnut Ridge Clarksville
OKLAHOMA Fayetteville NASHVILLE
Murfreesboro
see
Fort Smith
ARKANSAS TENNESSEE
nes
Memphis
n
Chattanooga
Te
North Little Rock
LITTLE ROCK Florence
Huntsville
A
Hot Springs ka
r
ns Rome
Pine as
Bluff Gadsden
Ou
ATLANTA
ch Columbus
a
Yazoo
2 29 Texarkana ita
Birmingham
Monroe MISSISSIPPI
Shreveport Demopolis MONTGOMERY
LOUISIANA
pi
R e
T E X A S ALABAMA
sis
d
Pea
R.
Mis
Alexandria
rl
Hattiesburg Dothan
3 BATON ROUGE Mobile
Lake Charles Gulfport
Biloxi TALLAHASSEE
Lafayette Pensacola
Metairie New Orleans Panama City
Mississippi
Delta
In August 2005 Hurricane Katrina
cut a swath through New Orleans
4 29 with winds of up to 175 mph (278 km/h). The Mississippi/Missouri river system
At least 1836 people lost their lives drains around one-third of the US,
and the area sustained over US$100 covering 1,245,000 sq miles
billion of damage. (3,225,000 sq km) including 31
states and two Canadian provinces.
0 km 200
G u l f o f
0 miles 200
5
M e x i c o
33
A B C D
NORTH AMERICA 31
E F G H
.
V I R G I N I A
ts
23
M
n
Kingsport
i a Winston- Ro
a c h Salem an
oke 1
l Durham
Knoxville p pa Greensboro RALEIGH
A
Asheville Gastonia
NORTH CAROLINA Cape Hatteras
Charlotte
Fayetteville Havelock
Greenville Spartanburg
COLUMBIA Wilmington
Florence
Athens SOUTH CAROLINA Cape Fear
L. Marion 48 2
Augusta The carnivorous Venus flytrap plant,
Macon found only on the wet coastal plains of
Sava
h
It requires two separate stimuli on
a
Valdosta Brunswick
A T L A N T I C 3
Jacksonville
O C E A N
FLORIDA
Daytona Beach
During the Apollo Space Program
NASA launched a total of 13 Saturn V
Orlando
rockets from the Kennedy Space Center.
Cape Canaveral Each rocket was 363 ft (111 m) high,
Tampa Melbourne
Clearwater weighed around 3000 tons (tonnes) 48 4
and generated 7,648,000 lbs (34 MN)
St Petersburg
of thrust at launch.
Lake
Okeechobee West Palm Beach
Fort Myers The Pompano Beach Grand Bahama I.
Everglades
Fort Lauderdale
Miami Miami Beach
BAHAMAS
a
id
or
Fl
of New Providence 5
ys its Andros I.
Key West Ke ra
orida St 36
Fl
E F G H
32 NORTH AMERICA
Mexico
A B C D
Gr
ande
I. Ángel
de la
Si
Guarda
Si
Chihuahua
B
Hermosillo
aj
er
Yaqui
er
I. Cedros
Go
a
ra
ra
2 135 Conchos
lfo
C
Monclova
de
al
Ciudad
M
M
Ca
if
Obregón
lif
or
ad
Large examples of the
a
or
ni
Saguaro cactus, found in the a
d
Gómez Palacio
re
ni
re
Altar Desert, can take nearly Torreón
Los Mochis
a
O
height of around 45 ft (14 m),
cc
Culiacán
and can hold several tons
E
id
3 (tonnes) of water. Durango
La Paz
en
ta Fresnillo
Tropic of Cancer l
Mazatlán Zacatecas
X
Gray whales have one of the longest migrations of any Aguascalientes
mammal, traveling some 12,500 miles (20,000 km) Islas Tepic
every year from the Arctic Ocean to their winter Marías
Guadalajara
breeding grounds in the Golfo de California.
4 135 Puerto Vallarta
L. de Chapala
PA C I F I C
Islas Revillagigedo
O C E A N (part of Mexico)
0 km 200 The cliff divers of Acapulco must time their dive from the
148 ft (45 m) cliff at La Quebrada to coincide with the
5 0 miles 200
incoming swells to avoid being dashed on the rocks
in the shallow inlet.
135
A B C D
NORTH AMERICA 33
E F G H
30
TEXAS
Ri
CITY Villahermosa
Cuernavaca
Uruapan C Puebla Coatzacoalcos
Minatitlán
Sie B a ls a
s
Tehuacán
rra O Tuxtla
ALA
Ma
dre
d e l S Oaxaca
ur
EM
de
U
Tehuantepec 34 G
EL SALVADOR
E F G H
34 NORTH AMERICA
Central America
A B C D
33
1 M E X I C O
Belize City
U
su BELMOPAN
Flores
m
San Ignacio
ac
in
A
BELIZE
ta
L Islas de la Bahía
A f of Honduras
GUA TEM Gul
Puerto Cortés Trujillo
Huehuetenango Cobán Lago
Puerto
de Izabal
Barrios San Pedro La Ceiba
2 33 Quezaltenango Zacapa Sula
ca
tu
Pa
GUATEMALA CITY Santa Rosa
de Copán Comayagua
HONDURAS
Juticalpa
Escuintla La Esperanza C oc o
TEGUCIGALPA
Santa Ana
SAN SALVADOR San Miguel
NI
EL SALVADOR Somoto
CA
Choluteca
ca Jinotega
onse Estelí
o f FChinandega
RA
3 l f Matagalpa
Gu León
P A C I F I C Corinto
GU A
Juigalpa
MANAGUA Lago de
Granada Nicaragua
O C E A N Rivas
San
Ju
an
For many years it was thought that the sharks in Liberia
Península de
Lake Nicaragua were a unique freshwater species. Nicoya Alajuela
4 135
However, research has shown that they are in fact Puntarenas
Bull Sharks that have swum 120 miles (190 km) up
SAN JOSÉ
the San Juan River from the Caribbean Sea.
0 miles 200
135
A B C D
NORTH AMERICA 35
E F G H
36
The Great Blue Hole in Lighthouse Reef, a submerged Gr
cave some 1000 ft (303 m) in diameter and ea HAITI
400 ft (120 m) deep, was originally explored by te 1
r A
Jacques Cousteau, co-inventor of the aqualung. nti
lles
Islas Santanilla JAMAICA
(part of Honduras)
Bajo Nuevo
(part of Colombia) 36 2
C oast
Cayos Miskitos C a r i b b e a n
Mosquito
I. de Providencia S e a
(part of Colombia)
3
I. de San Andrés
(part of Colombia)
Islas del Maíz
Bluefields
Each chamber at Gatun Locks on the Panama Canal
is 110 ft (33 m) wide and 1000 ft (303 m) long.
The locks took four years to build and required
2 million cubic yards (1.5 million cu m)
of concrete.
COSTA 40 4
RICA
Limón
Cartago
C Colón
de ord Gulf
Ta i l l e
lam ra
anc P ANA MA PANAMA CITY
of
Da rien
a David Penonomé Panama IA
Isla del Canal MB
Rey
O
Golfo Santiago
Chitré Golfo L 5
de
CO
Chiriquí de
Las Tablas Panamá
40
E F G H
36 NORTH AMERICA
The Caribbean
A B C D
31 Grand Freeport
G u l f Bahama I.
UNITED STATES Great Abaco
o f
id a
1
OF AMERICA
B
or
M e x i c o New Providence
Fl
NASSAU
of Eleuthera I.
A
s
ait Cat I.
Trop ic of Can cer Str an
Andros I.
H
S
ta
re Great
n
A
HAVANA Ch Long I.
Matanzas a n n Exuma I.
el M
Pinar del Río Santa Clara Mayaguana
A
Yu
Acklins I.
2 33 Cienfuegos
c
S
at
n
a
Ch
an
nel Isla de la Juventud CUBA Great
Camagüey Holguín Inagua
G r e
a Bayamo Guantánamo
HONDURAS
C a r i b b e a n
4 35
S e a
A
U
G
A
AR
NIC
0 km 200
0 miles 200
5
35 COLOMBIA
A B C D
NORTH AMERICA 37
E F G H
48
A T L A N T I C 1
nc er
Tr op ic of Ca
O C E A N
Milwaukee Deep, which lies 84 miles (135 km)
off the north coast of Puerto Rico, is the deepest point
in the Atlantic Ocean. It is 28,231 ft (8605 m), or just 48 2
Turks &
Caicos Islands over 5 miles (8 km), below sea level.
(UK overseas
territory)
Monte Cristi
Virgin Islands British Virgin L e e
Puerto Plata w a
(US unincorporated Islands r d
Santiago territory) (UK overseas I s
Anguilla
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC territory) l
(UK overseas territory)
Road a
San Juan Town
The Valley 3
ANTIGUA
n
SANTO La Romana Charlotte Barbuda
& BARBUDA
d
DOMINGO Amalie
Puerto Rico
s
BASSETERRE Antigua
l e s (US commonwealth
territory) ST KITTS & NEVIS ST JOHN'S
Montserrat Plymouth Guadeloupe
(UK overseas territory) (French overseas
Basse-Terre department)
W
L
dw
department)
r
Netherlands) Curaçao
(part of Netherlands) GRENADA
t i l
Willemstad Bonaire
(part of Netherlands) Tobago TRINIDAD
l e s
E F G H
A B C D E
38
17 48
1 G 1
Puerto
re Hispa
at
er niola Rico
Jamaica Anti
lles Le
ss
er
Caribbean Sea
ATLANTIC
An
OCEAN
SOUTH AMERICA
tille
s
T r inidad
M
a
gd
(claimed by
s
2 17 ca o Venezuela) 49 2
u
Orinoc
alena
Ca
no
Meta VENEZUELA French
G GUYANA Guiana
(France)
Lla
South America
u i
a n SURINAME
COLOMBIA a
H i
g h l
a n d s
Equator Equator
n
Represa Suriname) a
Pu
ECUADOR
t
um Balbina Am
Chimborazo N ayo A m a z o n
20,702ft (6310m)
ap
o Içá
3 Am 3
azon
s
Ma B a s i n
li
r a ñón
jó
ya
ra
pa
ei Planalto
ca
Ta
ad
U
Ju ru á M da
s Borborema
A
ru B R A Z I L
Pu
S
ão Fr an
aia
ci
s
P n
tins
gu
co
u
g
Represa de
R
Ara
E d
Sobradinho
Xin
Tocan
Cha
U
pad
i
n
e
ad
s
os
a
Ben Pa
s
li
rec
4 4
nd
is
i
Lake
z
P
Al
la
Titicaca Planalto de
ra
h
an
B
tip
ig
tan
al
slano
o
e
ac
PA
r
Para g
Ma
Ch
Tropic of Capricorn Tropic of Capricorn
RA
d
do
uay
G
Pi
rra
an
Ser
l co e
Isla San Ambrosio
Desert
S
Atacama
ma
UA
yo
Gr
5 5
n
(Chile) Isla San Félix
ra G
á
A
(Chile) Cerro Ojos Para n
er a
ná
l
del Salado
ia
ay
gu
A
E
22,572ft
ru
Para
ta
U
PACIFIC (6880m)
I N
p
Cerro Aconcagua
so
Lagoa dos Patos
L
e
22,835ft
T
OCEAN o
M
(6959m) Ne g r
Mirim Lagoon
I
as
N
URUGUAY
Islas Juan Fernández p
(Chile) m Rio ATLANTIC
Pa de l
H
a Plat a
6 6
G E
C ol o
Río r a d o
OCEAN
C
Ne Bahía Blanca
R
gr
o
a
Golfo San Matías
A
Isla de Chiloé
Península
o n i
Valdés
0 km 1000
D e s Gulf of San Jorge
ead
o 0 miles 1000
C
hi
Bahía Grande
P a t a g
co
7 135 Falkland Islands 49 7
West Falkland (UK)
East Falkland
Tierra del Fuego South Georgia
Strait of (UK)
Magellan Cape Horn e
ag Scotia Sea
ass
ke P South Sandwich
Dra Islands
(UK)
South Shetland Islands South Orkney Islands
8 8
SOUTH AMERICA
ANT ARC TI CA
136 136
39
A B C D E
40 SOUTH AMERICA
Gulf Lesser
36 of
Caribbean Ríohacha Venezuela Coro
Santa Marta Maicao
1 Sea Barranquilla Maracaibo CARACAS
Cartagena Valledupar
Cabimas Maracay
Ciudad Ojeda
Lago de Barquisimeto Valencia
Sincelejo Maracaibo
Valera Acarigua
AMA
P AN Montería ca Mérida Guanare de losSan Juan
Morros
Gu
Ca
a
an
l
d a l en
a
Cúcuta Barinas r e L
San Cristóbal
Mag
re San Fernando
A rau c a A pu
2 35
Bello
Bucaramanga
Barrancaberneja Arauca VENE
Medellín
Itagüí
s Puerto Carreño
Quibdó Tunja
PA C I F I C Manizales
Yopal
eta
M
Pereira e
OCE AN Armenia BOGOTÁ A
Buenaventura
Ibagué
Villavicencio I Guav
iar
e
B
d
3
Cali
o
n
del Guaviare
O
Florencia
Pasto
L
Mocoa
Esmeraldas Mitú
A
Tulcán
O
Ibarra A gu
Equator ar i The first coffee
QUITO co
C
seedlings were
4 135 Santo Domingo Ca
de los Colorados qu brought to
OR
et
Manta Colombia in
Ambato
á
A B C D
SOUTH AMERICA 41
E F G H
Antilles GRENADA 37
Isla de Margarita
Carúpano TRINIDAD A T L A N T I C 1
Cumaná & TOBAGO
Barcelona
The S
erpe O C E A N
nt'
s
Maturín M The Guiana Shield is one of the
Tucupita ou
Earth’s oldest surfaces, formed
El Tigre th
o s around 2 billion years ago.
a n Or
inoc
o
Ciudad Guayana
Ciudad Bolívar (claimed by Venezuela)
Embalse
de Guri
Nieuw
ZUELA Cuyu n
iGEORGETOWN
New Amsterdam
Amsterdam
49 2
Bartica St.-Laurent-
Salto PARAMARIBO du-Maroni
Cau
GUYANA Kourou
on
W.J. van
Pa
G u i a n a
ra
Blommesteinmeer
gu
H i g h l a n d s CAYENNE
a
SURINAME French
Essequibo
Guiana
a r o w ijne
O r ino c o (French overseas 3
Cour
department)
Angel Falls
an
(Salto Ángel)
Ac
ar
ty
plunge a total ai M
ne
B R A Z I L 43
B a s i n
2.47 acres (one hectare) of Amazon rain forest
can contain more than 750 types of trees and
1500 plant species, amounting to around 0 km 200
900 tons (tonnes) of living plant material. 5
0 miles 200
43
E F G H
42 SOUTH AMERICA
GU
40 VENEZUELA
YANA
Gu
C O L O M B I A ian
1 a H
igh lands
0 km 400
Boa Vista
0 miles 400
Rio Neg r o
Represa
Equ ator Balbina
Pu tu
ECUADOR m
ay n
o Amazo
N
po Manaus
a
2 135 Amazon
Iquitos
uá
a
ir
Jur
de
a
P
M
Ma
rañón Moyobamba A m a z o n B a s i n
Piura
li
Tarapoto
ya
a
Chiclayo Uc
us
B Pu
r
R A
A
Saña
E
e de Riberalta
Huacho La Oroya dr
Puerto a Gu
M
Callao
d
Maldonado apo
Beni
re
LIMA Huancayo U
PACIFIC Ayacucho e Cusco
Pisco
Trinidad
OCEAN Ica
4 135 Nazca
s Puno BOLIV IA
Arequipa Lake LA PAZ
Titicaca Cochabamba Montero
Lake Titicaca is the largest lake in South Santa Cruz
America at 3220 sq miles (8340 sq km). Oruro
Tacna
With an altitude of 12,500 ft (3810 m) Lago Poopó SUCRE Puerto Suárez
it is also the world’s highest navigable lake. Potosí
PA
Tarija
RA
46
E
ARGENTINA
A B C D
SOUTH AMERICA 43
E F G H
SUR
48
French Guiana
IN A
Mossoró
p
Imperatriz
Xin
Ta
Teresina
gu
Natal
Carolina
João
Z I L Juàzeiro do Norte
Campina
Grande Pessoa
ns
Te l o F r anc Recife
i
Sa
To c a n t
e sP is
ia
i re Represa de co 3
gua
Ara
Aracaju
Taguatinga Feira de Santana
Mato Grosso
Salvador
Brazilian
Cuiabá Itabuna
Anápolis BRASÍLIA 49 4
Highlands Vitória da Conquista
Goiânia
Montes Claros Governador Valadares
Uberlândia
Uberaba Belo Horizonte
Divinópolis
Campo Ribeirão Preto Vitória
Grande
ná
Campos
ra
Nova 5
Pa
42
BOLIVIA
B R A
o
c
1
a
São José do Rio Preto
h
C
General Eugenio A. Garay Campo Grande
Fuerte Olimpo
n
Presidente
a
ná
r
Estigarribia ra
Pa
G
Bauru
46
PARAGUAY Ourinhos
2 Concepción
Tropic of Capricorn Pozo Colorado
Pi Par Maringá Londrina
lco aguay
ma
yo
Coronel Ciudad
ASUNCIÓN Oviedo del Este Ponta Grossa
Villarrica Guarapuava
Lambaré
Iguaçu
Curitiba
Formed by river deposits washed Caazapá
down from the Andes and Brazilian San Juan
á Joinville
an
M a r
free of stones. It is composed of Pa Pelotas Blumenau
3 Pilar
sand and silt sediments that are Encarnación
Erechim Florianópolis
up to 10,000 ft (3050 m) thick.
do
Lajes
ay Carazinho
With a maximum height of 269 ft Passo Fundo
u
ug
ra
(82 m) and a total width of 1.7 São Borja Caxias do Sul
Ur
r
miles (2.7 km) Iguaçu Falls has
e
S
a peak flow rate of 452,000 cu ft/s Uruguaiana Santa Maria Canoas
(12,799 cu m/s) which would fill
five Olympic size swimming Porto Alegre
pools every second. Artigas
4 Rivera
Bagé Lagoa dos Patos
46 Salto
ARGENTINA Tacuarembó Pelotas
o
gr
A B C D
SOUTH AMERICA 45
E F G H
Uberlândia Governador 43
Z
Uberaba
I L Valadares
0 km 400
1
Rio Belo Horizonte
Gr 0 miles 400
an
de
Divinópolis Vitória
Franca Represa de Furnas
Ribeirão Preto Cachoeiro de
Juiz de Fora Itapemirim
A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
49 4
Lagoa dos Patos is the largest lagoon in Brazil and the second
largest in South America. The lagoon is 180 miles (290 km) long
and up to 40 miles (64 km) wide, with an area of more than
3900 sq miles (10,100 sq km).
E F G H
A B C D E
46
PERU 42 44 B
The driest place on Earth is the Atacama Desert R
in Chile, with an average rainfall of 0.004 inches
1 1
A
(0.1 mm) per year. Until recently, some places had
received no rain for over 400 years.
Arica Z I
One of the world’s largest copper mines at
Chuquicamata has produced around
L
PACIFIC 29 million tons (tonnes) of copper over
Iquique its 90-year history. The huge opencast pit
is 2.6 miles (4.3 km) long, 2 miles (3 km)
SOUTH AMERICA
OCEAN B OLIVIA
wide, and over 2788 ft (850 m) deep.
Pi
Tocopilla Chuquicamata
lc
P
om
2 ay A 2
135 o 44
s
Calama San Salvador R
Tropic of Ca
pricorn Antofagasta de Jujuy A Tropic of Cap
ri corn
G
U
e
Gran A
Salta
C h a c o Be Y
Desierto de Atacama
rm
Chañaral
d
San Miguel ejo
Formosa
Copiapó de Tucumán Paran
á
Resistencia
n
Santiago
Corrientes Posadas
Sa
Vallenar
IL
del Estero
la
á
3 3
do
Z
ran
CH ILE Vera ay
gu
La Rioja
Pa
A
A
ru
Chiquita R
Coquimbo Cerro
Southern South America
Aconcagua
San Juan
B
Illapel 22,831ft Concordia
(6959m) Córdoba Santa Fe
La Ligua Mendoza Paraná
Viña del Mar Godoy Cruz Río Rosario URUGUAY
Valparaíso Cuarto Gualeguaychú
San Antonio SANTIAGO
4 Rancagua Villa Mercedes Junín 4
Pilchilemu Pampas BUENOS AIRES
Islas La Plata
Juan Fernández Talca Curicó R
Linares A R G E N T I N A ío d
(to Chile) e la
Plata
Talcahuano Chillán Santa Rosa Olavarría Azul Dolores
Concepción Lebu Tres Arroyos
Zapala Mar del Plata
Bahía Blanca
C Necochea
Temuco Neuquén ol
Río ora
do Bahía Blanca
Valdivia
es
5 San Antonio Ne 5
gr
Oeste o
Osorno San Carlos Viedma
Puerto Montt de Bariloche
And
Península
Ch
Castro Trelew Valdés
ub
Esquel
Rawson
ut
Isla de Chiloé A T L A N T I C
Archipiélago
de los Chonos Lago
ia
Musters O C E A N
6 Puerto Aisén 6
Coihaique Comodoro Rivadavia
on
A group of 150 Welsh settlers arrived
Lago Buenos Aires Caleta Olivia
g
in Patagonia on July 28, 1865, seeking
Chile Chico De a new life away from cultural and
a
se
Cochrane a Puerto religious oppression in the UK.
do
Deseado Today the area has one of the largest
Isla
Wellington Welsh populations outside of Wales.
Pat
Puerto San Julián
in the Philippines.
136 136
47
A B C D E
A B C D E
48
137 AR C TI C OC EAN 137
1 1
Svalbard
OCEANS
Greenland (Norway)
Greenland
Baffin (Denmark) Sea Barents
Bay
Jan Mayen Sea
(Norway)
Da
vis tra it
Arctic Circle kS ia Arctic Circle
ar
St
av
n
nm
Faeroe Is.
rai
di
t
2 16 94 2
De
(Denmark)
an
Sc
Hudson
ea
Bay Labrador
cS
g e
Black Sea
New York Basin
Azores
The Gulf Stream travels across i d (Portugal)
R
pi
M e dite
the Atlantic Ocean at up to Gibraltar rr
an
135 miles (217 km) a day. c Madeira t s. ean
sM Sea
ti (Portugal)
M is s i ssip
Bermuda (UK) n la
Canary Is. At Port Said
Gulf of (Spain)
l a
Mexico Sargasso Sea S a h a r a
ary Tropic of Cancer
C
an in
Tropic of Cancer as
B
4 4
Re
Nile
CAPE VERDE
dS
A F R I C A
ea
r
Caribbean Ca
i ge
N
pe Lake
Sea Ver Chad
M i d - A t
de Basin
Cristóbal
Lagos
Gulf
Equator A T L A N T I C of Equator
go
on
n Guinea C Lake
A m azo O C E A N
5 Victoria 5
Fernando
S O U T H de Noronha Ascension Island
An
Mi
n
(Brazil) (St Helena)
d
e A M E R I C A Lake
asi
s Brazil St Helena Nyasa
B
Basin (UK)
la
d-At
go
Ilha da An
Rio de Janeiro
Trindade ge
d
Tropic of Capricorn (Brazil) Tropic of Capricorn
Ri
aná
Par
6 6
lvis
d e s
PACIFIC Rio Grande
Wa
Rise Cape Cape Town
An
OCEAN Basin
Buenos Tristan da Cunha Cape of
Aires (St Helena) Good Hope
lantic Ridge
as Gough Island
t ine B in (Tristan da Cunha)
en
rg In 2001, the Caledonian Star was damaged by a 100 ft (30 m)
A
“rogue wave” in the South Atlantic. Once thought to be a
mythical occurrence, these giant waves are now a ge
id
Falkland Is. recognized phenomenon and represent a major R
7 135 a n 123 7
(UK) hazard to even the largest ships. di
-In ic
South Georgia Atlant
(UK) South Bouvet Island
Cape Horn
Scotia Sea Sandwich Is. (Norway)
(UK)
ian Basin
Atlantic-Ind
Antarctic Circle
Bellingshau sen 0 km 2000
8 Sea 0 miles 2000 8
OCEANS
A B C D E
A B C D E
50
62 63
U R O P
ATLANTIC
1 E E 1
OCEAN
AFRICA
Ca
Black Sea uca
Ca
sus
spi
I be ri a n
Africa
Pe ni ns u la
an S e a
M e
d i
48 t e Sicily
Ceuta Melilla (Spain)
Madeira (Spain) n s r r A S I A
Cyprus
ai TUNISIA
a n
(Portugal) t
2 MOR OC C O o u n e a
n S y r i a n 94 2
M S e a De se r t
as
Islas Canarias Atl
(Spain) L i b y a n
Nile
A L G E R I A D e s e r t
Pe Gul
ian
rs f
WESTERN
SAHARA L I B Y A
(disputed) E G Y P T
R
3 3
a
MAURITANIA Peninsula
M A L I N I G E R
S e n eg
a r C H A D
l
ge S U D A N ERITREA
SENEGAL Ni
Lake
Blu e
GAMBIA S a h e l Chad d en
BURKINA fA
Ni
GUINEA- DJIBOUTI G u l f o
le
FASO NIGERIA
BISSAU GUINEA N SOMALILAND
W h i t e Nile
BE NI N
SIERRA er recognized)
CÔTE S u d d ETHIOPIA
LEONE D'IVOIRE Highlands
TOGO
A
CENTRAL SOUTH
OON
(I V OR Y
GHANA
4 4
ER
i
A
EQUATORIAL Turkana
C M
Gulf of Guinea GUINEA Congo Uele UGANDA
SAO TOME & KE N YA SO
Equator
GO
Equator PRINCIPE
N
GABON RWANDA Lake Victoria
O
Kilimanjaro
BURUNDI
C
DEM. REP. 19,341ft (5895m)
Cabinda CONGO TANZANIA
(Angola)
Grea
Lake
5 Ascension I. Tanganyika 5
tR
(St Helena)
if
tV
a
Lake Nyasa COMOROS
lle
y
ANGOLA Mayotte
MALAWI (France)
ZAMBIA
el
Bié
UE
R
St Helena Zambezi
nn
Plateau
Q
(UK)
ha
CA
BI
M
NAMIBIA ZIMBABWE e C
GAS
ZA
iqu
Na
6 BOTSWANA 6
MO
mib
Kalahari
zamb
MADA
Capricorn
Dese
rt
SWAZILAND
O r a nge Rive
A T L AN T IC r
LESOTHO
S OUT H
O CE A N AF R I C A I NDI AN
7 49 123 7
Cape of
Good Hope OCE AN
Tristan da Cunha
(St Helena)
Gough Island
(Tristan da Cunha)
0 km 1000
8 8
0 miles 1000
AFRICA
136 136
51
A B C D E
52 AFRICA
Northwest Africa
A B C D
$7/$17,& 74 SPAIN
1
2&($1
ALGIERS
On March 27, 1977, two Boeing 747s collided Mostaganem
on the runway at Los Rodeos Airport on Ceuta 6SDLQ
Tanger Blida
Tenerife with the loss of 583 lives, making Oran
this the world’s worst ever air disaster. Tetouan Melilla
6SDLQ Sidi Bel
Kénitra Abbès
Fès
0DGHLUD RABAT Oujda Tlemcen Q V
Casablanca L
WD
3RUWXJDO
Khouribga
R X Q Laghouat
2 48 Safi Beni- V0 D
Figuig
$WO
Ghardaïa
Essaouira Mellal
Marrakech Er Rachidia
Béchar rg
Islas Canarias E l
Agadir M O R O C C O d ta
6SDLQ n n
ra de
G
/D3DOPD 7HQHULIH /DQ]DURWH ci
Oc
)XHUWH
*UDQ YHQWXUD Tan-Tan
&DQDULD
3 LAÂYOUNE A L G E R
Smara Tindouf I-n-Salah
WESTERN
SAHARA Reggane
GLVSXWHGWHUULWRU\XQGHU
7URSLF 0RURFFDQRFFXSDWLRQ The region of Tidikelt
RI&DQ in Algeria once went
FH U
Ad Dakhla for 10 years without
a drop of rain. 6 D K
4 48
The Sahara Desert is one of the harshest
Lagouira environments on Earth. With an area of
around 3,500,000 sq miles (9,000,000 sq km),
roughly the same as Europe, it has a population
of only around 2 million people compared to
Europe’s population of 731 million people.
MAURITANIA
5
0 km 400 M A L I
0 miles 400 56
A B C D
AFRICA 53
E F G H
I T A L Y 87
6LFLO\
Annaba Bizerte G R E E C E
1
TUNIS
&UHWH
Constantine Sousse MALTA
Kairouan The hottest place ever recorded on earth
Sétif 0 HG LW HUUD QHD Q
was Al ‘Aziziyah, Libya, on September 13,
Batna
Gafsa Sfax 6HD 1922 when the air temperature reached
Biskra 136°F (57.8°C)
&KRWW Zuwárah
0HOJKLU
Gabès Az Záwiyah Al Bayçá’ Darnah
Tozeur ◊ubruq
Médenine TRIPOLI Banghází Al Marj
Al Khums
Touggourt TUNISIA Mi∞rátah 54 2
Gharyán
Yafran .KDOíM6XUW
Ouargla Ajdábiyá
Surt
rg
E G Y P T
E
l
a nd ta Great
r n
G rie Sand Sea
O
L I B Y A
I A Birák 3
Awbárí Sabhá
Murzuq / L E \ D Q
Tass
ili Al Kufrah
-n FHU
-A RI&DQ
7URSLF
D U D
jj
er
' H V H U W
Ahaggar 54 4
b esti
Tamanrasset Ti
Libya has the largest proven oil reserves
in Africa, estimated at 41.5 billion barrels
in 2008. With a production capacity of
around 1.8 million barrels per day, these
reserves are expected to last for
another 60 years.
C H A D 5
N I G E R
58
E F G H
A B C D E
54
87 S Y R I A 102
CYPRUS I R A N
Mediterranean I R A Q
1 LEBANON 1
Sea When first opened in 1869, the Suez Canal
Nile ISRAEL AN consisted of a channel 26 ft (8 m) deep and
AFRICA
P
al Qaœœárah (Giza) Sinai er
-436ft (-133m) Al Minyá Baní Suwayf si
an
Y P T Hurghada G
L I B YA
N
E G Asyúπ ul
For thousands of years the Nile has supported f
ile
2 53 Sawháj cultivation in the Aswan region, despite it being 102 2
Qiná
Al Uq∞ur (Luxor) one of the driest places on Earth, with an average
L i b y a n Isná of only 0.02 inches (0.5 mm) of rain per year.
Al Khárijah
D e s e r t Idfú
Tropic of Cancer Aswán Tropic of Cancer
Lake Nasser
Northeast Africa
(administered by
(administered by Egypt) Sudan) S A U D I
R
Wadi Halfa sert
De A R A B I A
ed
an
bi
u
N
3 Port Sudan 3
S
Dongola
i
le
N
ea
Atbara
S U D A N
CHAD
ERITREA
r Omdurman Mits’iwa
fu Kassala Y E M E N
r KHARTOUM ASMARA
a
D Wad Medani Gedaref Teseney
El Geneina El Fasher
El Obeid Himora Mek’elé en
4 ‘Aseb Ad 4
Gonder
of
Gulf
ile
Bahir Dar
il
Boosaaso
ite N
DJIBOUTI
e
Desé
Kadugli
Wh
Whit e N
Lake
Baydhabo
ile
Arua Gulu Turkana
D E M. R E P. Lira Wanlaweyn
Lake Albert UGANDA KENYA Marka MOGADISHU
C O NG O Masindi
y le
Mbale Eldoret
KAMPALA
Va l
Equator Lake Nakuru Meru Jamaame
6 6
ift
Equator
Edward Entebbe Nyeri Garissa Kismaayo
tR
Kabale Lake Kisumu
ea
Victoria NAIROBI
Gr
Lake Kivu In 1954, a swarm of desert locust
KIGALI
RWANDA Mwanza Kilimanjaro covering 77 sq miles (200 sq km)
Arusha 19,341ft (5895m) invaded Kenya. The swarm was
BUJUMBURA Malindi
Shinyanga Masai Moshi estimated to contain 10 billion
BURUNDI Mombasa individual insects.
Steppe
Tabora
Kigoma Tanga
The shortest war on
TA N Z A N I A record, between Britain
7 59 Lake DODOMA Zanzibar and Zanzibar in 1896, 122 7
Tanganyika Morogoro lasted just 38 minutes.
Lake Dar es Salaam
Sumbawanga Rukwa
Iringa
Gr
Mbeya
ea
t
Ri
ft SEYCHELLES
The Great Rift Valley is one Va l l e Lake Nyasa Lindi
y INDIAN
of the most extensive rifts on Mtwara
the Earth's surface, extending Songea OCEAN
from Jordan southward through
eastern Africa to Mozambique. COMOROS
MOZAMB IQUE
8 The system is some 4,000 miles 8
MAL
ZAMBIA 60 61
55
A B C D E
56 AFRICA
West Africa
A B C D
0 km 400
52
i
îd
0 miles 400
WESTERN Bîr
gu
7URSLFRI Mogreïn
1 &DQFHU SAHARA I
GLVSXWHGWHUULWRU\ rg œ
k
Mauritania and Madagascar are the XQGHU0RURFFDQRFFXSDWLRQ 'E he Ìan
âg
only countries in the world not to use K El Erg
a decimal-based currency.The basic unit
Fdérik Zouérat
of currency, the ouguiyal, is divided
ne
into five khoums. râ
ua
Nouâdhibou
Choûm O 6
h âr
A kc Aωr
2 48
CAPE El Mr
VERDE Akjoujt ey
yé
Ilhas de Bar
6DQWR l ave NOUAKCHOTT
$QWmR 6mR9LFHQWH
nt MAURITANIA
o
Ségou
2 & ( $ 1 Bignona
P E LD %DQL
BAMAKO
J
BISSAU
Gambia is only around 20 miles (32 km)
% D JRp
Gaoual
wide and 200 miles (320 km) long; GUINEA- Boké Labé 1L J H U Bougouni
its unusual shape and size are down BISSAU Bobo-
to territorial compromises arising from G U I N E A Siguiri Dioulasso
19th-century Anglo-French rivalry Kindia
Kankan
4 in western Africa. Odienné
CONAKRY
S I E R R A CÔTE
48
FREETOWN LEONE D’IVOIRE
Bo (IVORY COAST)
/DFGH
Tubmanburg L I B E R I A .RVVRX
A Rüppell’s Vulture collided with a commercial YAMOUSSOUKRO
airliner at 37,000 ft (11,277 m) above MONROVIA 6
DV
Abidjan
QG
5
Harper
49
A B C D
AFRICA 57
E F G H
A L G E R I A 53
L I B Y A
ch
D e K D U Ténéré D
k ân du
- Sâ Tafassâsset
-n Tessalit 58 2
g I
‘E r Adrar des Assamakka
Ifôghas é
d
Araouane
a o uâ Massif
n ér
Az de l'Aïr a
H A D
M A L I ilm
é
/DF T d eB
)DJXLELQH Agadez E rg
nd
Tombouctou Gao G ra
/DF
1LDQJD\ Ansongo N I G E R
Hombori Tahoua
C
3
Mopti Nguigmi
D K NIAMEY
H Maradi O
Zinder
Gouré
BURKINA
FASO RW R
Sokoto Katsina + D G H M
LD
RN
OUAGADOUGOU LJ 6
1
HU
Fada- Gusau Kano Maiduguri
Koudougou Ngourma
% O D FN 9 R O W D
.DLQML
OWD BENIN 5HVHUYRLU Kaduna Kumo
9R
Wa Natitingou
N I G E R I A
2WL
T O
:KLWH
58 4
Parakou Jos
.R
Plateau
Tamale Sokodé Ilorin 1L J
PR p
HU ABUJA XH
G O
Oyo
Sunyani Abomey Ede el s
/DNH ot in
O O
Nsawam ROW
9 Lagos C.A.R.
M
LOMÉ PORTO-
ER
Onitsha
D
L
M
KV
A
W
Lake Volta is one of the largest man-made R I W KH1LJHU
lakes in the world, covering 3283 sq miles EQUATORIAL 59
C
(8502 sq km), or 3.6% of Ghana’s area. GUINEA
E F G H
A B C D E
58
53 53
L I B Y A E G Y P T
1 Tropic of Cancer 1
Tropic of Cancer
AFRICA
S a h a r a
2 57 Faya 54 2
The vast sand flats surrounding Lake
Chad were once covered by water.
Central Africa
gi
Ebolowa Isiro
SAO TOME
CAMEROON
5 5
Uban
& PRINCIPE Bata Bumba Lake Albert
Ouésso Bunia
C
EQUATORIAL Oyem Congo on
Príncipe GUINEA Impfondo go
SÃO TOMÉ Basin
Equator LIBREVILLE CONGO Kisangani Butembo Equator
Mbandaka
Owando A
São Tomé Lambaréné Lake Edward
ND
o GA
g
U
Port-Gentil G A B O N D E M . R E P. Goma
Co n
Massoukou Lake Kivu
RWANDA
Djambala CONGO Bukavu
6 Mossendjo Bandundu Kindu 6
Ka BURUNDI
BRAZZAVILLE sai Lodja
Dolisie Kasongo
KINSHASA Ilebo
Pointe-Noire
Mitumba
TAN
Kwa
Mbuji-Mayi
A
Mwene-
ng
o
The only major river that Ditu Manono
flows both north and south
Monts
Z A M B I A
0 miles 400
60 60
59
A B C D E
60 AFRICA
Southern Africa
A B C D
59 go
DEM. REP.
n
Co
Cabinda
(Angola) Cabinda CONGO
1
0 km 400 Lake
Tanganyika
0 miles 400 Uíge
Ambriz
Lucapa
N’Dalatando
LUANDA Saurimo
Malanje
Ndola
Cu a n
za Mufulira
Sumbe
Lobito
ANGOLA Chingola
2 49 Kuito Kitwe
ATLANTIC Benguela
Huambo Zambezi Luanshya
OCEAN Lubango
Menongue
ZAMBIA
Za
Namibe
Cu
LUSAKA
m
ban
zi
be
Tombua zi
The Okavango River pours N’Giva Choma be
go
Lake
m
some 14.4 billion cubic yards Ok Livingstone
Za
u n e n e av Kariba
(11 billion cu m) of water into C Rundu a Victoria
ng
the Okavango Delta each year. Falls
ZIMBA
o
Etosha Tsumeb Okavango Delta
N
3
It drains away through a maze of Pan
Grootfontein
lagoons, channels, and islands
a
Maun
N A MIBIA Bulawayo
m
Walvis Bay m
Li
Rehoboth GABORONE
Capricorn PRETORIA/
Tropic of Desert Lobatse
TSHWANE
Mmabatho
e r t
Middelburg e b
Pretoria / Tshwane - administrative capital
A FRICA ns
Cape Town - legislative capital a ke
Bloemfontein - financial capital Beaufort West
Dr
Bellville East
5
CAPE TOWN George Port London
Cape of Good Hope Elizabeth
136
A B C D
AFRICA 61
E F G H
122
s
nd
Kasama Farquhar
MALAWI
s la
Rov uma COMOROS Group I
Mzuzu t er
Lake Mocímboa
Grande Comore Ou
Mpika MORONI
Nyasa da Praia Mwali Anjouan 123 2
LILONGWE Mamoudzou Antsiraùana
Salima
Zomba
E Nacala Mayotte
(French overseas Ambanja
Blantyre
Tete
U Moçambique department) Antalaha
IN D IAN
Q Nampula Antsohihy
Nsanje Mahajanga
Mocuba
O C EAN
I
HARARE
MADAGASCAR
B
Chitungwiza Quelimane
el
nn
Chimoio Beira 3
ANTANANARIVO Toamasina
ha
Z A
eC
Morondava
Ambositra
MAURITIUS
biqu
Saint-Denis nd
s
Ihosy
Mozam
Inhambane
Réunion sl a
Toliara Farafangana eI
(French sca ren
Xai-Xai Vangaindrano overseas Ma
MAPUTO department) 123
MBABANE Amboasary 4
Tropic
SWAZILAND of Cap
ricorn
In 1905, the world’s largest rough
Pietermaritzburg diamond was discovered at the
Durban Cullinan Diamond Mine. Weighing Thought to have been extinct for
3106 carats, or about 1.3 pounds 70 million years, a living coelacanth
(0.6 kg), the diamond was cut into was netted in the Indian Ocean
nine smaller stones, including the in 1938. They are powerful predators,
530.2 carat “Cullinan I” or “Great averaging 5 feet (1.5 m) in length
Star of Africa,” which forms part and weighing about 100 lbs (45 kg).
of the British Crown Jewels and 5
is estimated to be worth over
$400 million. 136
E F G H
62 EUROPE
Europe
A B C D
A
tic ce
rc
Ci ck i
137 rc r pa
le L i m i t o f w i nt e
1
0 km 800 ICELAND
0 miles 800 Lofoten
Norwegian
W
Faeroe Islands Sea
(Denmark)
R
O
2 48 Outer
Hebrides
E
British
W
Isles Vänern
North
S
Irelan d Isle of Man
Sea Vättern
IRELAND (to UK)
B r i t a i n DENMARK
UNITED
3
A T L A N T IC Celtic
Sea KINGDOM El
be
NETHERLANDS
OCE A N English Channel N o r t h
Channel Is. SBELGIUM
(UK) GERMANY
ei
LUX.
ne
Loi CZECH
e
re
in
Rh REPUBLIC
Bay of Biscay FR ANC E LIECH.
Massif SWITZ.
ps AUSTRIA
e
Central Al
Ga
Rhôn
Py
ro
Tag MONACO
us MARINO
ro
ANDORRA BOSNIA
SPAIN & HERZ.
I T
A B C D
EUROPE 63
E F G H
cl e
ir
cC 137
Bar en t s S ea cti
Ar
North Cape
Ostrov Kolguyev 1
Ur
Y
al
Kola
A
Peninsula
FIN
M
ou
N W hi te
Sea
nt
LA
rt
E
ai
he
a
rn
ni
ns
Dv
oth
D
ND
ina
fB
Lake Onega R U S S I A N 94 2
lf o
Gu
Åland
Lake
Ladoga F E D E R A T I O N
Gotland ESTONIA
ea ltic
nds
LATVIA n
B aS a i
l
ra
P l
Upla
U
a
LITHUANIA
V o lg
RUSS. n Central
FED. e a
o p 3
Volga
Russian
E u r BELARUS Upland Aral Sea
POLAND Pripet
Don
a
Dni
tul
Marsheseper
Bu
Lo
is
UKRAINE D n i ep ewlands
V
Carpa
thi D n i est e r
SLOVAKIA a r
n
MOLDOVA
Mt
Sea of
s.
HUNGARY Azov
as
Crimea
Caucasus 94 4
pi
ROMANIA
an
El’brus Se
SERBIA Dan ube Black Sea 18,510ft a
(5642m)
MON. BULGARIA
KOS. Balkan
(disputed) Mts.
MACED. TURKEY
ALBANIA
Aegean ia A S I A
Sea Anatol
GREECE 5
Peloponnese
Cyprus
S e a Crete 94
E F G H
64 EUROPE
The North Atlantic
A B C D
Arctic
19 Devon
Island Ellesmere Island
Circle
s Strait
1 Nare
N U N A V U T an d
Qaanaaq en L
m uss
At 836,100 sq miles (2,166,600 sq km), Greenland R as
Innaanganeq d
is the largest island in the world. However, nu
Hudson 677,700 sq miles (1,756,000 sq km) of this is a Savissivik
K
Bay massive ice sheet so heavy that the central land Qimusseriarsuaq
area has sunk to form to a basin more than
1000 ft (300 m) below sea level. Baffin
Kullorsuaq
2 19 Bay
d
C A N A D A n ac
ki
ce
la rp
Is
e
m
nd
t
um ai
Hudson Strait
n fs
tr
B a f f i
it o
)
tory
S
d
Lim
un
la
i s Qeqertarsuaq
erri
d So
v Qeqertarsuaq
Frob i s h er B ay
QUÉBEC
al t
a
en
erlan
ern
Qasigiannguit
3
ext
ik IX
eder
Cumb
re
r
ish
U ng av a Sisimiut o n g F
d
Lan
an
K
G
Bay
(D
The Jakobshavn Glacier is among Maniitsoq
Land
the world´s fastest glaciers, often an IX
risti
moving 100 feet (30 m) a day, NUUK Ch
ng
and calves around 20 billion tons
t Ko Gunnbjørn Fjeld
12,139ft (3700m)
(tonnes) of icebergs every year.
K ys
VI
4 21 Paamiut k Ammassalik
rk
i
LAND
er
ma
ed
Ivittuut
OR
Fr
L abrador k ic
e en
ng
pac
& LABRAD
D
NEWFOUND
er
Ko
Qaqortoq int
Sea Nanortalik it
of
w Faxaflói
L im
Nunap Isua
(Kap Farvel)
0 km 800 ATLANTIC
5
0 miles 800 OCEAN
48
A B C D
EUROPE 65
E F G H
137
Lincoln
Sea
Kap Morris Jesup
ARCTIC Zemlya
Frantsa-Iosifa 1
Wandel OCEAN
Kvitøya
Sea Novaya
Nord Svalbard Zemlya
d
Nordaustlandet
Lan
(Norwegian
dependency) Kong Karls Land
VIII
Spitsbergen Barentsøya
erik
Longyearbyen Edgeøya
L a h r i s Kong Fred
St
Barentsberg or fjo With temperatures ranging from 59º F 62 2
rd
en (15º C) in the summer to -40º F
X
Barents Sea
Ko
Daneborg
Greenland's deeply indented coastline le
rc
is 24,430 miles (39,330 km) long, Ci 3
ic
FE
a distance roughly equivalent to the t
RU ERA
c
Ar
D
Kong Earth's circumference at the equator.
SS T
Oscar Fjord
IA IO
Jan Mayen
N N
Ka Ittoqqortoormiit
(Norway)
FI
n g ertit
tivaq
NL
Kangikajik
Norwegian
ice
ck
pa
A
ai t ter Sea
Str in
N
of w
R W A Y
L i m it
D
E N
Surtsey
Faeroe Islands
(Denmark) 5
Tórshavn
Shetland 70
Islands
E F G H
A B C D E
66
137 137
1 AR C TIC OC EAN 1
0 km 200
The North Cape Current warms the northern coasts of Norway,
EUROPE
0 miles 200 Finland, and Russia’s Kola Peninsula with water temperatures
of 39–54º F (4–12º C), allowing this area of the Barents Sea
to remain free of pack ice throughout the winter.
Y
No rw egia n Tromsø
atn u
De
Sea Vesterålen
Harstad M
uo
A
nio d
Narvik älv
Carved by a massive glacier
un
nO
RUSSI
Bodø l
Scandinavia & Finland
j ok le
i
W
3,330 ft (1000 m).
N
NRovaniemi oki
a
mj
Mo i Rana Kuusamo
FED
Ke
Tornio
E
Kemi
L
L
Luleå
RA
Ån Ou
Piteå
T
ger
ma Oulu lu
j
ok
Ai
nä
4 4
lv
Skellefteå
IO
R
en
Oulujärvi
N
Kajaani
Trondheimsfjorden Steinkjer
Kokkola
D
Iisalmi
N
Umeå Pielinen
Trondheim Jakobstad
Molde Östersund
Vaasa Joensuu
D
L j usn
Ålesund a Örnsköldsvik Seinäjoki
O
Varkaus
E
Sundsvall Jyväskylä
Saimaa
5 Gulf Imatra 5
Hermansverk of Tampere Lappeenranta
Sognefjorde Pori Hämeenlinna
n Lillehammer Bothnia
Bergen Rauma Kouvola
Hamar Riihimäki
Gjøvik
Falun Gävle Vantaa Kotka
W
Mjøsa Turku
N
Hønefoss Borlänge Åland Espoo HELSINKI
Haugesund Finland
OSLO Uppsala Mariehamn
Drammen lf of
Moss Gu
Stavanger Fredrikstad Karlstad Västerås
6 Porsgrunn
STOCKHOLM 6
S
Halden Vänern Örebro ESTONIA
Nyköping
Setesd a l
Arendal Skövde
Trollhättan Norrköping The sauna is a Finnish institution, with
Kristiansand Vättern Linköping
Borås some 2 million sauna facilities to serve
Skag e r r a k Göteborg a population of just 5 million people.
Hjørring Jönköping Visby
Jylland Frederikshavn Gotland
Aalborg
DENMARK Halmstad Växjö Öland
L AT V I A
Silkeborg Randers Kalmar
7 70 Herning Århus Helsingborg 88 7
Karlskrona
Esbjerg Vejle
COPENHAGEN
Kristianstad
Odense Malmö Baltic L I T HU A N I A
Aabenrå Sjælland Rønne Bornholm S e a KALININGRAD
Nykøbing (part of Russian
S
Federation)
U
GERMANY 76 80
67
A B C D E
A B C D E
68
67 67
a d d e Terschelling
e
W nze Delfzijl
Vlieland de
THE NETHERLAND'S TWO CAPITALS ad
W
Amsterdam - Capital Leeuwarden
The Hague - Seat of government Groningen
Texel
eer
Hoorn
Alkmaar
lm
se
North Sea IJ
sse
IJs l
Lelystad
The Low Countries
Breda Tilburg
gs
B e ra a s
e
Roosendaal
Vlissingen W
e s tersche l d e Eindhoven Helmond
Zeebrugge Terneuzen Turnhout Venlo
Sc h
Oostende
Belgium and the
eld
t Antwerpen
5 Brugge Netherlands have an 5
Sint-
Fl Niklaas underground boundary
and Mechelen that differs from the
ers Gent surface boundary
Roeselare Genk
Aalst shown on maps. In
Hasselt Heerlen 1950, the two countries
Ieper
Leuven agreed to move the
BRUSSELS
Kortrijk Tienen Maastricht underground boundary
Mouscron
so as not to divide
B E L G I U M Liège coal mines between
6 Tournai Seraing the two countries. 6
Verviers
La Louvière e
e us
M
e
Mons Namur
rth
Ou
r e Charleroi
mb
Sa Dinant
On August 23, 1914, three weeks es
after Britain entered World War I, the
n
70,000 strong British Expeditionary en
G E R M
F R A N C E LUXEMBOURG
A N Y
Arlon LUXEMBOURG
Echternach is the home of the only religious dancing
procession remaining in the Western world. Every year
M o s elle
0 km 50
72 72
0 miles 50
69
A B C D E
A B C D E
70
Faeroe
65 Islands 65
1 1
$7/$17,&
EUROPE
Shetland
Islands
2&($1 Lerwick
FK
Stornoway
LQ
0
H
Outer Hebrides Ullapool
7K
WK
)LU
FK
D\
LQ
1RUWK8LVW R U Elgin
0
0 With a depth of 788 ft (240 m)
OH
,VOHRI Inverness and a length of about 23 miles
WW
3 6RXWK8LVW /RFK1HVV 3
6N\H Aberdeen (36 km), Loch Ness contains
the largest volume of fresh
7KH /L
%DUUD SCOTLAND
water in Great Britain.
Fort William Grampian Mts.
%HQ1HYLV
The Giant’s Causeway comprises IWP
,VOHRI
approximately 37,000 interlocking 0XOO Oban Dundee
)
n i n
Newry Douglas
Lancaster York
Dundalk
5 ,ULVK Blackpool Bradford Leeds Kingston upon Hull 5
e s
IRELAND
/RXJK /RXJK5HH 6HD Preston Bolton
&RUULE Athlone DUBLIN Manchester Grimsby
$QJOHVH\ Liverpool Sheffield
Galway Q IH \ Holyhead Lincoln 7KH
QR
/LI
Chester
DQ
Wicklow Bangor onia ENGLAND :DVK
6K
Ennis /RXJK Mts. owd Stoke-
'HUJ Sn
on-Trent Derby Nottingham The Norwich
Limerick Shrewsbury Leicester Fens
&DUGLJDQ
%DUURZ
%D\
W A L E S Peterborough
Tralee Birmingham
Wexford Aberystwyth Coventry
%ODFNZDWHU Worcester Cambridge
Waterford Stratford-
6 upon-Avon 6
Killarney Brecon Gloucester 6HYHUQ Colchester Ipswich
Fishguard Oxford
Cork Beacons
Milford Haven 7K Southend-
%DQWU\ Newport Swindon D P H VLONDON on-Sea
%D\ Every year over 1.8 billion pints Swansea Bristol
(1 billion litres) of Guinness® Irish CARDIFF Bath Reading Canterbury Dover
stout are consumed in over 100 Barnstaple Salisbury
Exmoor
Southampton
countries around the world. Taunton
Brighton &KDQQHO
The River Severn has the second highest tidal range
Exeter Portsmouth 7XQQHO
in the world, as much as 50 ft (15 m), often giving Dartmoor Bournemouth O
,VOHRI:LJKW QH
rise to a tidal bore. In September 1996, one such DQ
7 Plymouth &K 68 7
wave carried a surfer for 5.7 miles (9 km). L V K
Penzance (QJO
Land's
48 End
Isles of Channel Islands
Scilly 8.FURZQGHSHQGHQF\
St. Peter Port
*XHUQVH\
$7/$17,& St. Helier
-HUVH\
2&($1
8 8
EUROPE
0 km 100 F R A N C E
0 miles 100 74 72
71
A B C D E
A B C D E
72
71 65
1 1
U N I T E D North Sea
EUROPE
K I N G D O M NETHERLANDS
Work began on the 31-mile (50-km) Channel Tunnel in 1987.
Earth was removed at the rate of 2400 tons (tonnes) a day
On July 1, 1916, the British suffered 58,000
until completion, seven years later. Around 10.5 million
casualties on the opening day of the Somme
cu yards (8 million cu m) had been excavated.
Offensive. Five months later, after advancing
2 71 Channel 76 2
only a few miles, there had been 420,000 British,
Tunnel
200,000 French, and 500,000 German casualties.
Dunkerque
GERMANY
Calais BE Champagne bottles are placed
English Boulogne- LG neck down into a freezing brine
Channel sur-Mer Lille IU bath (bac à glace), freezing
M only the bottle’s neck to form
Channel Islands Arras
(UK crown dependency) Cherbourg So
m Douai a plug that keeps the wine –
Dieppe
m
and the bubbles – in the bottle
e
Guernsey Amiens
Le Havre while sediments are removed.
Île d’Ouessant Jersey St.-Lô
Rouen
3 Beauvais Laon 3
Caen LUXEMBOURG
St.-Malo Se Reims
M
Brest Normandie i e
St.-Brieuc ne Thionville
Mantes-la-Jolie
use
le-Duc Strasbourg
s
Orléans e
ge
Île Angers n
elle
St.-Nazaire Blois g og
Tours Auxerre ur Épinal Colmar
L
Vos
Nantes
Bo
4 oi 4
re Vesoul
ne Mulhouse
ô
la Roche- F R A N C E Belfort
Sa
sur-Yon Bourges
Nevers Dijon
Poitiers Châteauroux Moulins Besançon a SWITZERLAND
la Rochelle
r
u
Saintes Lake
Mâcon
J
Limoges Vichy Geneva
Bay of Angoulême
Roanne
Villeurbanne Mont Blanc
Clermont- Lyon Annecy 15,771ft (4807m)
5 Biscay Ferrand St.-Chamond 5
Bordeaux Périgueux
Massif St.-Étienne Chambéry s
Dordogne Aurillac
le Puy ITALY
p
Ga
r Lot Grenoble
on
Cahors
Central Valence
ne
l
Rodez
Mont-de-Marsan Mende
Agen
Montauban
R h ô ne
n
Bayonne Tar
A
es
Auch nn
Albi éve
Pau C AvignonProvence
P Toulouse Nîmes
Tarbes Aix-en- MONACO
6 y Montpellier Provence 6
Arles MONACO
r e Carcassonne Béziers Cannes Nice
r
Narbonne Marseille t e d ' Azu
Cô Ligurian
n e
ANDORRA e s Perpignan Toulon Îles
Sea
ANDORRA d’Hyères Golfe
The Tour de France LA VELLA Bastia
bicycle race is typically held over
du Lion
Corse
some 20 day-long stages covering (Corsica)
around 2200 miles (3600 km) for The word denim comes from “de Nîmes,”
this being the town where the fabric was Ajaccio
the coveted yellow jersey.
7 originally produced. 78 7
Mediterranean Sea
84 84
73
A B C D E
74 EUROPE
71 Gijon
Ferrol Avilés (Xixón)
0 km 100 A Coruña (La Coruña)
1
Galicia Oviedo
0 miles 100
Santiago de Compostela Lugo
ra Can táb ri ca
ille
o
Mi ñ
rd León
Pontevedra
Co
Vigo Ourense
ATLANTIC h (Orense)Emb. de Palencia
o
Min
Chaves Ricobayo
Viana do Castelo
Braga Bragança Valladolid
Póvoa de Varzim Duero
Guimarães
2 48 OCEAN Matosinhos
Vila Real
Zamora
Porto
Vila Nova de Gaia Douro S P
Port has been produced in the Duoro Aveiro Salamanca Ávila
Viseu
Valley under strict regulation since
the 1750s. Brandy is added to the al
Coimbra Covilhã entr
grape juice to fortify and
Figueira da Foz Sistema C
strengthen the wine. Plasencia
PORTUGAL
Ta us
Castelo Branco g
3 T a gus
Caldas da Rainha Cáceres
Santarém Portalegre
na
Sintra
ia
Cascais Mérida ad
Gu
LISBON Badajoz
Setúbal
Alcácer do Sal
Morena
Portugal produces around half of the
Sines
Beja Sierra
world’s cork and has regulations for Córdoba
G u ad
48 iv i r
4 protecting cork trees dating back to lqu
Gua d a
i an
A B C D
EUROPE 75
E F G H
Bay of Biscay 73
Santander F R A N C E
Donostia-San Sebastián
Bilbao 1
Vitoria-Gasteiz
P y r Golfe du
Miranda Pamplona
e n Lion
de Ebro (Iruña) e e ANDORRA Figueres
Burgos Logroño Huesca s Girona (Gerona)
Cataluña
Eb
o Costa Brava
r
Cuenca
Menorca
ia
Castellón Palma
Júca
Toledo
nc
de la Plana 3
Mallorca
r
le
Valencia
Va
(Balearic Islands)
Pa
Ciudad Real
Elda Formentera
ra Benidorm
gu Cieza Alicante (Alacant)
Se
52
E F G H
A B C D E
76
North 67 67 0 km 100
North Fris
Flensburg Fe
hm Sunday, August 13, 1961,
ia
arn B
Fehmarn elt work began on the Berlin
Stralsund Rügen
n Is
Kiel Wall, which would eventually
la
Mecklenburger
Greifswald
nd
Neumünster Bucht run for 66 miles (107 km)
s
Lübeck Rostock between east and west Berlin,
Cuxhaven Wismar cutting through 192 streets.
Bremerhaven Schwerin Neubrandenburg
During what became known
Emden Hamburg Müritz as “The Berlin Airlift” a total
Oldenburg Lüneburg of 2,326,406 tons (tonnes)
3 S E l be
3
of supplies were flown into
Bremen
ND
Berlin over an 18-month
period to break a Soviet
LA
se r
Ems
R
G E R M A N Y BERLIN blockade of the city.
We
Osnabrück Wolfsburg
Frankfurt an der Oder
THE
Hannover Braunschweig Potsdam
Münster Hildesheim
NE
Bielefeld Salzgitter Magdeburg
Hamm Dessau Cottbus
Recklinghausen Paderborn
Germany & The Alpine States
S a al
Sp
Halle
e
Essen
r
IUM
WiesbadenFrankfurt am Main
Offenbach
l
Mainz CZECH REPUBLIC
se
o Würzburg
BELG
5 5
Boh
LUX. M Darmstadt
e
Erlangen At 528 ft (161 m) high and
Rhine
mi
Kaiserslautern Mannheim
a
containing 768 steps, the
n
Saarbrücken Heidelberg Nürnberg spire of Ulm Cathedral is the
F
tallest in the world.
b
or
Karlsruhe Heilbronn l es
eA t
N e ckar
Pforzheim i s ch Regensburg
F r ä nk Hollabrunn
FRANCE Stuttgart Ingolstadt Da Krems an
Reutlingen b nu der Donau
e Al Landshut be
ld ch Augsburg Linz Sankt VIENNA
a
bis Ulm I nn Braunau
ä am Inn Pölten
rzw
6 hw Wels Barden 6
be
Freiburg im Breisgau Eisenstadt
Sc
München
wa
Da n u Wiener Neustadt
h
Salzburg Neusiedler
Sc
Schaffhausen
ns
lps See
Rhine Lake Constance arian A Hellejn Kapfenberg
En
Basel
n
Bav
In
Delémont Zürich Bregenz
Innsbruck AUSTRI A
r a Biel Zug Zürichsee LIECHTENSTEIN he Taue Judenburg
Ju BERN Luzern VADUZ o l Ho r Graz
Lac de T i r
H UN G A
Mu
Chur s n
r
Neuchâtel p
RY
A B C D E
A B C D E
78
CZECH REPUBLIC
77 GERMANY 77
FRANCE
SLOVAKIA
1 In May 2006 a violin called “The Hammer,” 1
made by Italian master Stradivari at
LIECHTENSTEIN Cremona in 1708, sold at Christie’s in
EUROPE
Italy
DY
H
Milano Brescia Mestre Trieste
Torino Cremona Verona Venezia
Padova *XOI CROATIA
Alessandria Piacenza Mantova $ G L J H RI
3R
Parma Ferrara 9HQLFH San Marino formed in AD 301 is the oldest,
Genova
Reggio nell’ Modena 3R'HOWD and, at 24 sq mi (61 sq km), one of the
Savona
*ROIR Emilia smallest, republics in the world.
GL*HQRYD Bologna Ravenna
$
La Spezia Forlì BOSNIA
3 San Remo Rimini 3
Viareggio &
S
Prato
Pisa $ U Q R SAN MARINO HERZEGOVINA
Firenze
$ G
Livorno
S
/LJXULDQ Toscana Arezzo Ancona
UL
H
D
,VROD 7UDVLPHQR
G·(OED Perugia
WL
Foligno
Q
F
Grosseto
Corsica Arcipelago
I T A L Y 6
Ascoli Piceno
Q
4 )UDQFH Pescara 4
YH
L
Viterbo
UH
U
,VRODG
8VWLFD ,VROD
E
0HGLWHUUDQHDQ Isole Eolie 6WURPEROL
6 Catanzaro 6
,VROD
OD
6 H D Trapani ,VROD/LSDUL 9XOFDQR
Palermo Messina ,RQLDQ6HD
Isole Cefalù &D
Egadi Reggio di
6W
Marsala
6LFLOLD
6WUH
Calabria
UD
L
W 6LFLO\ WWR
Caltanissetta
G
RI
6
OVR
L0
LFL
O\ Agrigento Catania
6D
HVV
LQD
Siracusa
TUNISIA ,VRODGL Ragusa
7 3DQWHOOHULD 83 7
0DO
WD Mt. Etna began some 300,000
&K
DQ years ago as a submarine volcano
QH and has since grown to a cone with
53 O
*R]R
a base 30 miles (48 km) wide and
VALLETTA 10,922 ft (3329 m) high.
Isole Pelagie
MALTA
The George cross that appears on the
0 km 100
Maltese flag was awarded to the islanders
8 by King George VI of Britain for their heroism 8
0 miles 100 during World War II.
EUROPE
53 53
79
A B C D E
A B C D E
80
67 88
LATVIA
1 SWEDEN 1
0 km 100 Baltic
EUROPE
2 76 KALININGRAD 89 2
Gulf
of (part of Russian
Sîupsk Danzig Federation)
Gdynia
Pomeranian Koszalin
Gdaúsk Elblàg
Central Europe
Bay
Zalew
Szczeciúski Olsztyn
isîa
Czîuchów
W
Szczecin
Grudziàdz M a z u r y
rew
GERMANY Piîa Bydgoszcz Na
Ostroîèka
d er
3 O Biaîystok 3
BELAR
No t e á Toruú
US
Gorzów Warta P O L A N D
Bu
Wielkopolski Wîocîawek g
Poznaú Pîock
WARSAW
In November 1989,
the so-called
“Velvet Revolution”
Zielona Kalisz Îódź
saw Czechoslovakia
W
Góra is
split into the Radom îa
Czech Republic Lublin
4 Legnica 4
and Slovakia.
W art
Ostrowiec
a
Wrocîaw
O
⁄wiètokrzyski
de Kielce
Teplice Dçâín Liberec r
Waîbrzych Opole Czèstochowa
Most Ústí nad Labem
e
O h üKarlovy Hradec Králové Gliwice
Sa
Su
Kladno n
Katowice Tarnów
Vary Elbe
dete
n
PRAGUE Rybnik Rzeszów
Plzeõ Pardubice Wodzisîaw ⁄làski Kraków
Ostrava Bielsko-Biaîa
5 CZECH REPUBLIC 5
E
Tábor Olomouc
Jihlava Prostêjov
Carpathia
Stratonice Æilina n
Brno Martin Poprad Pre#ov M
ova
Âeské
La bo re c
or
Budçjovice
ts
M Trenâin
SLOVAKIA Ko#ice .
Pie#t'any Banská Roªõava
Bystrica
U K R AIN
Trnava
rov a
Built in 1357, Charles Bridge was the Nitra Luâenec
Ózd
Vá h
Mo
only crossing point of the Vltava in
Prague until the 19th century. Miskolc
BRATISLAVA
za
Nyíregyháza
is
6 Danube 6
Sopron T
Györ
Tatabánya BUDAPEST Debrecen
A U S T R I A
Székesfehérvár Szolnok
Szombathely
Rába
Veszprém Kecskemét
Balaton
D a nube
Zalaegerszeg n
H U N G A R Y a i Békéscsaba
Pl
n
Szekszárd ga ria
Nagykanizsa Hun Szeged ROMANIA
Kaposvár G r e a t
7 ITALY Baja 90 7
SLOVENIA
Dr
ava
Pécs
With a surface area of around
231 sq mi (598 sq km), Lake
77
Balaton has an average depth
of only 11 ft (3.25 m). The Great Hungarian Plain (Alföld) stretches
south from Budapest to the borders of Croatia
and Serbia and east to Ukraine and Romania.
CR
It covers an area of 20,000 sq miles (51,800 sq km)
and is almost completely flat.
OA
Adriatic
BOSNIA &
TI
8 Sea SERBIA 8
A
EUROPE
HERZEGOVINA
77 82
81
A B C D E
A B C D E
82
77 81
SLOVAKIA
1 1
At 11:15 am, on June 28, 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand
and his wife were shot dead by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo.
EUROPE
A U S T R I A H U N G A R Y
Born in Zagreb in 1892, Marshall Tito was
The Danube forms all or part of the
the president of the former Yugoslavia
border between nine different
from 1953 until his death in 1980.
2 78 European nations: Germany, Austria, 90 2
Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia,
Âakovec Romania, Bulgaria, and Ukraine.
Varaªdin
'DQ X E H
SL O VEN I A Koprivnica Subotica
Bjelovar Kanjiªa
Virovitica Baâka
R O M A N I A
Samobor ZAGREB
Southeast Europe
'U
DYD Sombor Topola
Karlovac C R O AT I A
6D
Osijek VOJVODINA
YD Sisak Nova Zrenjanin
Gradi#ka Ãakovo Vukovar
Rijeka Ogulin 6DY
3 D Novi Sad 3
.UN Vr#ac
Prijedor
D
Slavonski Bosanski ‹amac
VQ
&UHV 8QD Brod Panâevo
Pula
%R
Modriâa BELGRADE
3DJ Bihaá Banja Luka Doboj ‹abac
' D QX E H
Smederevo
REP. SRPSKA Tuzla
YD
Gospiá Loznica
6D
Zadar Jajce
UL
Knin
0
D n a HERZEGOVINA Zajeâar
YD
F FED. BOSNA I
Split HERCEGOVINA Kru#evac
Foâa
pa
%UDâ L
M Ni#
on
Makarska Mostar
D
ik
$
G 3DODJUX]D PODGORICA
KOSOVO
GLVSXWHG Ferizaj
BULG
Albania
U r th n Prizren Kumanovo
No Shkodër
Al
AR
5 /DNH6FXWDUL Tetovo 5
ps
L D
SKOPJE Koâani
IA
W L Gostivar
Veles ‹tip
F Lezhë
MACEDONIA
'U
I T A L Y
FN
% O D LQ
9
6 H
D Kiâevo Strumica
Prilep Kavadarci DUG
Durrës TIRANA
DU
Macedonia's capital, Skopje, was hit by a Ohrid
devastating earthquake in 1963. Around Elbasan /DNH Bitola Gevgelija
'
Lushnjë P
/X H
80% of the city's buildings were damaged Y R L L 2KULG
or destroyed and over 1000 people killed. Kuçovë OO /DNH3UHVSD
Berat L W
6
Fier Korçë
WUD
LW
6 ALBANIA 6
RI
Vlorë / X P Tepelenë
L L9
2WU
MRV
s
V
Gjirokastër
DQWR
Sarandë
Konispol
Under an extreme communist regime between
1944 and 1991, Albania was for many years the Historically, European eels migrated
only officially atheist state in the world where thousands of miles from the
all forms of religion were banned by law. Sargasso Sea to live most of their
7 lives in Lake Ohrid, before returning 86 7
to the Atlantic to spawn and die.
In February 2008, Kosovo (a UN Protectorate within Modern hydroelectric projects have
Serbia since 1999) declared independence. Although prevented this epic journey, but efforts
79 recognized by several countries, Kosovo’s decision has are underway to restore access
proved controversial with other states wary of setting a to the lake.
precedent for separatist groups within their own
borders. It is therefore likely to be some time before G R E E C E
Kosovo becomes universally recognized.
8 0 km 100 8
EUROPE
A B C D E
84 EUROPE
The Mediterranean
A B C D
Thames NETHERLANDS
62 UNITED GERMANY
BELGIUM
Rh
KINGDOM
in
nnel
Cha
e
0 km 400 lish LUX.
1 Eng Se
0 miles 400
in
e
E nu
be U
Da
LIECH.
Loire
A T L A N T I C FRANCE SWITZ. s
L. Geneva p
Bay Massif l
D or d o g n e Po
Rhône
of A
O C E A N Biscay Ga
ron
Central Ap
en
SAN
MARINO
2 48 n
Genoa
e
Marseille MONACO
Pyre
n
nee Livorno
in
Golfe
ANDORRA s du
es
Eb Lion Corsica VATICAN
Iberian ro CITY
Barcelona
PORTUGAL SPAIN Balearic Is. Sardinia
Tagus
Valencia Tyrrhenian
Peninsula
3 M e d Sea
dalquivir
ua i t
G
Gibraltar
Algiers
Tunis
e
(UK) Gibraltar Oran
lta r
of G ibra TUNISIA
S trait n s
MOROCCO t ai Sfax
n
4 48 ou Chott el Jerid Tripoli
Madeira M A L G E R I A
as
(Portugal)
l
At and
Erg
Gr identa
l
c Gr and Erg
Oc
Canary Is. Ori ental
(Spain)
A F R I
5
S a h a
52
A B C D
EUROPE 85
E F G H
POLAND 63
CZECH REP.
UKRAINE 1
D
R O P Ca E
on
SLOVAKIA M r
ou pa
AUSTRIA nth ins MOLDOVA per
HUNGARY
n ie
ta
ian
D
Hungarian RU S S I AN
SLOVENIA Sea
Plain of Azov
CROATIA Danube F E D E RA TION
Crimea
in BOS. & RO MANIA Delta
D
ar HERZ. 94 2
ic SERBIA Danube
Al
dr ps
A
I TA LY MACEDONIA
Naples ALBANIA
Aegean
Mt
Sea
Lesbos T U R K E Y
s.
Tig
Cyprus
ate
SYRIA
a n
s
Crete ris
on
e a n LEBANON I R A Q
S e a
n
ba
Le
Haifa
ti-
94 4
Syrian
An
SAUDI
Ni l
ARABIA
C A E G Y P T
L i b y a n Arabian
Re
5
r a D e s e r t Peninsula
d S
54
ea
E F G H
A B C D E
86
90 90
R O M A N I A
1 nub e 1
Da
S E R B I A Vidin
EUROPE
D a nub e Ruse
r Razgrad Dobrich
Sofia's skyline is dominated by the
Pleven
Iskû
gold domes of the Alexander Nevski
Memorial Church, which took craftsmen Vratsa Shumen Varna
Lovech mic h i y a
and artists some thirty years to build Ka
between 1882 and 1912. B U L G A R I A Black
Gabrovo
Balk
an Mo
untains Sliven
2 83 Pernik 93 2
SOFIA Kazanlûk Yambol
KO SO VO Yazovir Iskûr Burgas
(disputed) Stara Zagora Sea
Plovdiv
Pazardzhik M
ar
un d z h a
R Velingrad its
a T
Blagoevgrad
ho Khaskovo
da
do
r
Bulgaria & Greece
MACEDONIA
pe Orestiáda
Petrich M o uA
ntains
TURKEY
Dráma Xánthi Komotiní
3 Sérres 3
rits a
Va r
Kilkís S t r
ym
d
Ma
o na Marmara
ar
Lake Prespa s Kavála
Flórina Thracian Alexandroúpoli Denizi
Thessaloníki
ALBANIA Véroia Thásos
Sea Samothráki
Kalamariá
Kozáni Kateríni Akrotírio
Thermaïkós
Built between 447 and 438 BCE, the
Pínes
P
Kólpos Parthenon survived almost unscathed
Akrotírio for over 2000 years until, in 1687,
Akrotírio Drépano
Kérkyra Ioánnina Palioúri Límnos a gunpowder magazine beneath
í n
Pi n
Kérkyra Tríkala Lárisa the building exploded, causing
4 4
eió
s
Vóreies considerable damage.
G R E E C E Vólos Sporádes
Kardítsa Mitilíni
d o s
Préveza Lésvos
Lamía (Lesbos)
Lefkáda Agrínio Évvoia
Chalkída Aegean
(Ion
Chíos Chíos
i
i
Korinth TURKEY
Kefalloniá Sea
a
5
Pátra Kólpoiakós
s 5
ATHENS Ándros
Kórinthos Sámos
I ón an Isl
Pe
Peiraías
a
lo
Tínos Ikaría
Zákynthos Trípoli
pó
Tziá
á
n Mÿkonos
Ni nds
si )
ni
so Kykládes
s
(D
Ionian Kalámata (Cyclades)
Spárti Náxos
D od
Sea Mirtóo Pelagos Páros Kos
k
od ec
Amorgós
e a
Íos
6
The first Olympic athletics
Mílos
Astypálaia n Ródos 6
Santoríni
isa
M
79 ed The Minoans developed the first Hellenic
ite civilization 4000 years ago, based at the
rra luxurious palace of Knossos. Unfortunately,
nea in 1400 BCE, this civilization came to an
Sea n abrupt end, destroyed by a catastrophic
event, probably a tidal wave.
0 km 100
8 0 miles 100 8
EUROPE
53 54
87
A B C D E
A B C D E
88
67 Gu lf o f 67
Bo th n ia
1
F I N L A N D 1
S W E D E N
Rich oil shale deposits in northern Estonia
are quarried, crushed, and heated to produce
EUROPE
e
Tapa Rakvere Bay
Kohtla-Järve
S
Go tlan d Saaremaa
Kuressaare Virtsu Paide Narva
va
ar
N
ESTONIA
ic
Pärnu
Kolka Viljandi Lake
Ventspils
Gulf of
l t
Tartu Peipus
a
Riga
Ve
Talsi Burtnieku
nta
B
Ezers Valga
3 Lake 3
Liepája Kuldíga Valmiera Võru
Pskov
Saldus RIGA
Césis
Dobele Ogre
Maªeikiai
Kretinga Jelgava
Klaipëda Tel#iai
L A T V I A
Madona
R
The Baltic States & Belarus
Plunge W
Jékabpils
es
‹iauliai
Birªai
U
ter
vina
4 Lagoon 4
Ne LITHUANIA
Kaliningrad man Daugavpils
Jurbarkas Utena
Gusev
Chernyakhovsk Kaunas Ne
Ukmergë
I A N
ris
Marijampolë Navapolatsk
Alytus Polatsk
Hlybokaye
W
VILNIUS e ste
r n Dvin
a
Druskininkai Lyepyel’
F E D
Vitsyebsk
N D
5 5
Hrodna Maladzyechna
P O L A
Slonim Mahilyow
Byera z i n o
Slutsk
I O N
ich
Pri Luninyets Zhlobin
Pts
pet
Pripet Svyetlahorsk
Marshes
Formed in 1945 from the northern half of Rechytsa Homyel’
German East Prussia, and ceded to Russia Mazyr Kalinkavichy
under the Potsdam agreement, Kaliningrad
oblast became a true enclave, completely
r
e
7 90 7
independence in 1991.
Kyyivs’ke
Vdskh
80 Covering an area of approximately Following the breakup of the Soviet Union,
34,000 sq miles (88,000 sq km), the Commonwealth of Independent States
Pripet Marshes are the largest area was established on December 8, 1991,
of marshland in Europe. by a treaty signed at Minsk, with the intent
of coordinating the foreign policies of the
newly independent former Soviet republics.
8 8
0 km 100
EUROPE
0 miles 100
U K R A I N E
90 91
89
A B C D E
90 EUROPE
Ukraine, Moldova & Romania
A B C D
81 et
BELARUS
P O LAND Prip
Pripet
1 Kovel’ Marshes
On April 25, 1986, engineers accidentally initiated
an uncontrolled chain reaction in the number 4
reactor of the Chornobyl' nuclear power plant.
The resulting explosion released 8 tons (tonnes) Luts’k Korosten’
of radioactive material in the world’s worst-ever
Bug
nuclear accident. Rivne
L’viv Zhytomyr
2 81 C
SLOVAKIA Ternopil’
UKhmel’-K R
ar
pa
Ivano-
nyts’kyy
th
r
in the town of Sighisoara. Rîbniπa
nt
3
Oradea MOLDOVA
ns
HUNGARY Dej
Dubâsari
Transylvania Piatra-Neamπ CHIfiINÂU
Cluj-Napoca Ia∞i
Arad Târgu Mure∞ Tiraspol
Bacâu Tighina
Alba Iulia Sighisoara
Timi∞oara (Bendery)
Sir
R O M A N I A
et
Deva Basarabeasca
Re∞iπa Sibiu
4 82 Foc∞ani
C arpaπii Meridionali Bra∞ov
SERBIA Râmnicu Vâlcea Galaπi
Reni
Târgovi∞te Buzâu
Brâila Tulcea
Drobeta-Turnu Severin Pite∞ti Ploie∞ti
BUCHAREST
Craiova
Corabia Danube Constanπa
O lt
A B C D
EUROPE 91
E F G H
RUSSIAN 93
Shostka
FEDERATION 1
Chernihiv
A monument in central Kiev stands as testament to
Chornobyl’ the 7–12 million Ukrainian peasants who died during
Sumy the Great Famine, or Holodomor, of 1932–33.
Kyyivs’ke Vdskh.
KIEV
Kanivs’ke Vdskh.
Lubny Kharkiv
Bila Tserkva
93 2
A I N E D
on
Cherkasy Poltava ets
Kremenchuts’ke Syeverodonets’k
Vdskh.
Kremenchuk
Slov’’yans’k
Oleksandriya Luhans’k
Pavlohrad
Kirovohrad Horlivka Kostyantynivka
Dnipropetrovs’k Yenakiyeve
Makiyivka Krasnyy Luch
Donets’k 3
Piv
yy
n
Mariupol'
Bu
Kakhovs’ka Vdskh.
h
Mykolayiv Berdyans’k
Melitopol’
Kherson ep
e r Kakhovka In 1872, an iron foundry was
ni
Odesa D established at Donets’k by British
Sea industrialist John Hughes
of (from whom the town's pre- 93 4
Karkinits’ka Revolutionary name Yuzovka
Zatoka
Azov was derived) to produce rails
Kryms'kyy for the growing Russian
Kerch
Pivostriv transportation network.
Yevpatoriya
Simferopol’ Black RU S S I A N
Sevastopol’
Yalta Sea FEDERATION
Odesa was one of the major flashpoints in the Russian Revolution 0 km 100
5
of 1905, and was the scene of the mutiny on the warship Potemkin, 0 miles 100
when sailors protesting against the serving of rotten
meat eventually killed several of the ship’s officers. 98
E F G H
A B C D E
92
137 137
0 km 400
0 miles 400
A R C T I C O C E A N
1 1
A r
Norwegian The port of Murmansk remains ice-free throughout the
cti
EUROPE
cC
Sea
600 miles (965 km) to the south on the Baltic Sea, is
irc
le
ice-bound between December and May.
AY
RW
NO
Novaya Zemlya
N
EDE
2 66 SW 96 2
Murmansk
Barents Sea Karskoye
D
Gulf of More
Bothnia N Ostrov
European Russia
Kol’skiy Kolguyev
LA Poluostrov Ostrov
N Vaygach
FI
Baltic Bel
oy e M o re
Sea Gu
3 lf o
f 3
a
Fi
ESTONIA
nl
a Arkhangel’sk
Ladozhskoye
hor
nd
Ozero M
Vorkuta
Pec
L
a
I
zen
LATVIA
’
Onezhskoye Us s)
Pin
TH
Ozero a in
ega
Sever n a
UA
a
Arctic Cir
Pskov nt cle
eg
ya
Velikiy ou
NIA
On
Dv
Novgorod
M
Ukhta
ina
Rybinskoye Kotlas
4 Vdkhr Vologda Syktyvkar 4
(Ur
BELARUS
Smolensk Tver’
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
er
ep
Yaroslavl’
ni
D
MOSCOW Ivanovo Kirov K a ma
Tula Vladimir
y
Bryansk Nizhniy Novgorod
or
Ryazan’ Cheboksary Perm’
Orël
Izhevsk
e G
5 Kazan’ V 5
Vyatka
Belgorod Tambov Saransk
olga Naberezhnyye
kiy
Chelny
s
Voronezh Ul’yanovsk
al'
UKRAINE Penza
Tol’yatti The Ural Mountains form the
Ur
D
Samara Ufa traditional boundary between
on
Saratov
D Europe and Asia, extending
ets
on Mikhaylovka Balakovo
some 1550 miles (2500 km).
They were formed over 280
Sea of Azov million years ago as the
Volgograd Orenburg
6 Rostov- East European and Siberian 6
na-Donu plates moved together.
Krasnodar Orsk
Stavropol’ Elista From August 1942 to February 1943, German armies
Vol
Sochi laid siege to Volgograd, formerly known as Stalingrad.
ga
Cherkessk
El'brus The Germans themselves were eventually surrounded
Black 18,510ft (5642m) Kum Astrakhan’ and lost almost 250,000 men.
a
Sea Nal’chik
K AZAK HSTA N
C
a Vladikavkaz
7 99 GE u Groznyy Caviar is the processed eggs, or roe, of sturgeon that 96 7
OR c a live in the Caspian Sea and Volga River. Overfishing
GI
A
s u Makhachkala and poaching in recent years have seen the price of the
s finest caviar rise to around US$25,000 for 2.2 lbs (1 kg).
AR
U
ME
Aral Sea
AZ
TURKEY Caspian Z
NI A
B
RB
AI
AZ.
Sea EK
JA
N
IS
Running from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains T AN
8 include Mt El’brus, which at 18,510 ft (5642 m) is the highest point in Europe, 8
and still uplifting at the rate of 0.4 inches (1 cm) every year.
EUROPE
99 TURKMENISTAN 104
IRAQ IRAN
93
A B C D E
94 NORTH & WEST ASIA
137 A R C T I C
ns
2 63
a
tai
R U S S I A N
i
hn
N
ot
Lake D o r t h S
fB
Ob W est Siberian
Onega v i n e r n i
oun
fo
a ’
Gul
Ye
Lake Ladoga P lain Ob
ni
’
se
a
Ural M
Irty
Se
y
Vo s
North
c
h
l
ti
l
Ba
ga
Sea
Central Russian
him
KALININGRAD a
Upland olg
Is
(Russ. Fed.)
A S
V
3
Ur al
UZ
cas Balkhash I l
D a n u b e Black Sea BE us
i
Tien Shan
GEORGIA KI
ST
an
KYRGYZSTAN
ARMENIA AZERB. TUR AN
Am
Lake K M
TURKEY EN D a
u
Se a
an SY R I A IR AQ
ean
4 50 S e a LEBANON Ti g
IRAN
AFGHANISTAN Tibetan
Eu
p hr Plateau
r is
ISRAEL ate i
JORDAN s m
a l
Per
KUWAIT
an Ga a y a s
si
BAHRAIN G u lf n ge s
QATAR
Tropic of Cancer U.A.E.
Re
e SAUDI
l
Ni
AR AB IA
d
A
M
Se
O Ar a bia n
EN Se a Bay of
a
5 A F R I C A YEM
f Ad
en Beng al
o
Gulf
Socotra (Yemen)
50
A B C D
NORTH & WEST ASIA 95
E F G H
O C E A N 137
1
New Siberian Islands
Laptev Sea
Siberian Lo East Siberian
wla nd Wrangel Island
Sea
ka
ar
ab
Kotu
ëk Chukchi
An en Lon
ir
gS
ig
Sea
Yana
Ol
tra
Ind
y
Le n
a it
lym
Ko
Be
Siberian Plateau Arctic Circle
rin
16 2
g St
F E D E R A T I O N Velikaya
ra
a
it
b e r Lena i ga Bering
Am
V it Sea
a
im
tk
cha
Lake Sea of
Baikal
Kam
A Okhotsk Al s
Zey
a eutian Island
m
n
ur
Sakhalin
gu
I A 3
s
Ar
nd
sla
eI
ril
Ku
b i (administered by
G o Sea of Russian Federation,
claimed by Japan.)
Japan
(East Sea)
ve
r
Ri
Y ello w
P A C I F I C 16 4
gtze East
an C hina O C E A N
Y
Sea
Tropic of Cancer
0 km 800
S o ut h
Ch i na
Mekong
0 miles 800 5
Se a
125
E F G H
96 NORTH & WEST ASIA
Arctic
NORWAY 66
A R C T I C
GERM
DENMARK
Circ
le
1 S W E D E N
ANY
Zemlya
Barents Sea Frantsa-
Iosifa
KALININGRAD D
(part of Russian FINLAN Murmansk
Federation)
ya
POLAND EST. Zeml
LAT. aya
LITH. ov More
Pskov Sankt-Petersburg N ye
s ko
Velikiy ar
2 91 BELARUS Novgorod Arkhangel’sk K
UK
Cherepovets
RA
MOSCOW
Vologda Vorkuta
MOLDOVA Bryansk
IN
y
Ryazan’ b’ Salekhard
Yenise
Nizhniy
o
Kirov
O
G
Voronezh Novgorod Zapadno-
e
Rostov- Kazan’ Perm’
iy
Sibirskaya
3 na-Donu
Izhevsk Serov R a v n i n a R U S
k
s
Volgograd
l'
r
Vol g a
Ural’sk U
Stavropol’ Chelyabinsk F E D E
ral
GE
Nal’chik Orenburg
U
Kostanay
OR
Groznyy Orsk
A
Rudnyy Omsk
ARM. Makhachkala Tomsk
Kokshetau Novosibirsk
102 Aktau K
4
AZ. A Z AKH ASTANA
Pavlodar Kemerovo
a
ST
Se
Aral A Barnaul
N
ian
UZB
Semipalatinsk
Ca
TU
R Kyzylorda Balkhash Ust’-Kamenogorsk
K
EK
M
IST
Shymkent Ozero
EN
Taraz Balkhash
Taldykorgan
IS
AN
5 IRAN
TA
KY Almaty
N
RGY
104
ZST A N C H I N A
A B C D
NORTH & WEST ASIA 97
E F G H
Circle
Ostrov
O C E A N Vrangelya
18
ic
Arct
Also known as the “Road of Bones,” construction
of the 1262 mile (2031 km) road between Yakutsk 1
and Magadan took over twenty years and cost
the lives of a huge number of prisoners from Pevek
Anadyr’
Stalin’s notorious Gulag camps. Vostochno-
Severnaya Novosibirskiye Sibirskoye More Ambarchik Bering
Zemlya Ostrova Sea
More
rov Laptevykh
ost
o l u myr
P Ta y 134 2
Ozero
Taymyr Tiksi Ossora
Ust’-Kamchatsks
Verkh
Poluostov
Len
Olenëk Kamchatka
oy
a
ns Magadan
a
rova
R A T I O N
Sakhalin iye Ost
na
il'sk
Komsomol’sk-
Le
na-Amure
Kur
Ulan-Ude JAPAN
C H I N A
The Trans-Siberian Railroad, completed in 1916, runs
Vladivostok
5578 miles (9297 km) between Moscow and Vladivostok.
Crossing eight time zones, the journey takes six days. 0 km 500 5
MONGOLIA 0 miles 500
110
E F G H
98 NORTH & WEST ASIA
Turkey & the Caucasus
A B C D
ROMANIA 91
1 %ODFN6HD
An average of 50,000 commercial ships pass through the
Bosporus a year, along with thousands of ferries and smaller
BULGARIA passenger boats. The strait is three times busier than the
Suez Canal and four times as busy as the Panama Canal.
Sinop
Edirne Kırklareli
aê
2 86 Zonguldak Küre D lari
G REECE Tekirdaê Bosporus Kastamonu Samsun
ƒstanbul Ca
Çanakkale Marmara Karabük ni
k D Ordu
DN
Boêazi Denizi
UP aêla
(Dardanelles) ƒzmit Adapazarı O, ri
Bursa Çankırı ]L
.L
Çanakkale Çorum
ANKARA Tokat
Balıkesir Eski∞ehir
Kırıkkale
Ayvalik Sivas
Kütahya
3 /pVYRV $ Q D
T U R K
Manisa
Afyon W R O L D
&KtRV 7X] Nev∞ehir
ƒzmir U∞ak Kayseri
*|O
6iPRV Niêde
Aydin Kahraman-
Denizli Konya mara∞
ƒsparta
Muêla i
ar
Ereêli
Bodrum
Antalya a ê l Adana Osmaniye
4 87 Toros D
Tarsus Gaziantep
Dalaman
Mersin
Antalya ƒskenderun
5yGRV
Kö rfezi
0HJtVWL Antakya
.iUSDWKRV TURKISH REPUBLIC OF
.UtWL NORTHERN CYPRUS
Girne UHFRJQL]HGRQO\E\7XUNH\
(Kyrenia)
Gazimaêusa
NICOSIA (Famagusta)
5
0HGLWHUUDQHDQ Paphos
Larnaca
Limassol
6HD CYPRUS LEBANON
54
A B C D
NORTH & WEST ASIA 99
E F G H
RUSSIAN FEDERATION 93
The Spitak earthquake struck Armenia
in 1988, killing at least 25,000 people 1
and devastating the country’s infrastructure.
Gagra & D X &DVSLDQ
Sokhumi F D JXU L
Och’amch’ire
Kutaisi
V X (Q 6HD
Poti G E O R G I A
Rustavi
V
Batumi TBILISI Quba
.X
Hopa
Vanadzor
UD
Mingäçevir Sumqayıt 104 2
Gäncä
Trabzon Rize r i BAKU
êla Gyumri
a ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN
iz D Kars
ar aden 6HYDQD/LFK Nagorno-
Do ê u K $ U DV
YEREVAN Karabakh
Erzurum Xankändi
%\NDêUL'DêL DV
Erzincan
$U
0RXQW$UDUDW
IWP Naxçıvan
AZERBAIJAN Länkäran
E Y 9DQ 3
Elazig
Mu∞ *|O
Güney Do Van Azerbaijan has substantial oil reserves
7 LJ gu Toro located in and around the Caspian Sea.
slar
ULV
Atatürk Dam, one of the largest dams in the world, was completed in 1990.
The reservoir behind the dam covers an area of 315 sq miles (816 sq km)
and often requires interruptions in the flow of the Euphrates River
to maintain water levels.
0 km 200
S Y R I A 5
I R A Q 0 miles 200
102
E F G H
A B C D E
100
98 99
The Euphrates is 1700 miles (2470 km) long and drains
0 km 100
1 an area of 171,000 sq mi (443,000 sq km). Although 1
0 miles 100 less than 30 percent of the river's drainage basin is in
Turkey, about 95 percent of the river's water originates
in the Turkish highlands. 7LJ
ULV
T U R K E Y Al Qámishlí
Lebanon has only one permanent river,
the Nahr el Litani, which runs
for 110 miles (175 km).
NORTH & WEST ASIA
2 87 Al Íasaksh 102 2
A‘záz
A
The Near East
%XtD\UDW
J
DO$VDG Ar Raqqah a
Íalab z
Idlib í r
a h
Dayr az Zawr
2UDQW
(X
6HD
Al Ládhiqíyah SK
HV
3
S Y R I A U 3
DW
Íamáh
HV
CYPRUS
DQ
H
Tar√ús Íim∞ Tudmur
UDQ
Tripoli
HU
LEBANON IRAQ
n
LW
Baalbek
no Manufactured by a secret process,
BEIRUT ba
HG
4 Zahlé e Damascus steel was much prized 4
QL
-L
in the preindustrial era as an
0
Saïda
ti
extremely hard metal used for high
/LWD
Golan DAMASCUS
An
Soûr 6\ULDQ quality sword blades.
Heights Al Qunay√irah
/DNH
7LEHULDV As Suwaydá’
Hefa 'HVHUW
Natzrat Dar‘á
WEST Irbid
Al Mafraq The shores of the Dead Sea are
5 BANK 5
-RUGDQ
Petah the lowest land on the Earth’s
Tikva Az Zarqá’ surface, at 1388 ft (423 m) below
Tel Aviv-Yafo As Sal√ AMMAN sea level. The water within the
Holon Jericho
lake is eight to nine times saltier
Bethlehem JERUSALEM
'HDG than ocean water.
Gaza ISRAEL 6HD
GAZA STRIP JORDAN
XQGHU West Bank
3DOHVWLQLDQ
Al Karak
Be’er Sheva 0 km 20
DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ
0 miles 20
A√ ◊alfílah Jenín
6 6
HaN egev Qabátiya
Wádí Músá (Petra) Túlkarm
Náblus
Qalqílya
Ma‘án
Jo rd a n
Mas-ha
. Jiftlik
Post
Khirbet el
Ramallah 'Aujá et
Tahtá
.
Nu'eima
54 Elat Jericho
Al ‘Aqabah JERUSALEM
7 Bethlehem 102 7
Every day 7 million
Hebron D e ad
R D A N
Sea
evaporates from from solid rock by the Nabatean
the Dead Sea. people in about 400 BCE. It remained
J O
I$TD E D
explorer, J. L. Burckhardt, heard of Israeli settlement
EGYPT its whereabouts from the local Area under Palestinian administration
* Bedouins in 1812.
*XOIR
XO
I
RI
8 8
6
S A U D I A R A B I A
XH
NORTH & WEST ASIA
]
5HG6HD
102 102
101
A B C D E
A B C D E
102
93 96
0 km 400
1 UKRAINE RUSSIAN 0 miles 400 1
FEDERATION
K A Z A K H S TA N
Sea of In the 10th century, the Grand Vizier of Persia took his
Azov entire library with him wherever he went. The 117,000 A ra l
volume library was carried by camels trained to S ea
walk in alphabetical order.
C
Bla C a
ck UZBEK
a
u c IS
NORTH & WEST ASIA
s
98 Se a s TA
a GEORGIA u N
s
pi
2 Four thousand years ago Babylonian law 104 2
laid down a minimum wage for every
an
class of workers in the kingdom.
AR
M AZERBAIJAN
EN
IA T U R K M E N I S TA N
T U R K E Y
The Middle East
Sea
A AZ.
na
tolia Khvoy
Tabríz Ardabíl
N
Ti g r i s Marágheh Rasht
Zanján Sárí Gorgán Mashhad
CYPRUS Al Maw§il Arbíl Ámol
Sabzevár
S TA
Hamadán
A
LEBANON I R A Q e Kavír
H
Kermánsháh Qom D a s h t -
Buíayrat ath Arák Káshán G
ISRAEL Tharthár AF
BAGHDÁD I R A N
(
AN Dezfúl Yazd
D
h
An Najaf
R
K Z ag
Eu á E§fahán
u ro
-
h s
ph
JO
rate M ye
s Iranian
Ahváz ount Z á Kermán
Sakákah Al Ba§rah Ábádán
ain g
4 Al Jawf (Basra)
s) r o P l a t e a u
s Záhedán PA 4
d
KI
KUWAIT
in
fú
Jab
Tabúk Shiráz
á√
ST
CITY Khásh
al
Na
lB
as
An a Bandar-e Búshehr
AN
h
í KUWAIT
Sh ád Bandar-e Hámún-e
Pe Gu
ia
Íá’il W n
rs lf
ifá
‘Abbás Jaz Múríán
Buraydah A BAHRAIN
ah
A
d
Rim MANAMA Ash Sháriqah
r ar
ádí QATAR Dubayy
D
a W Gulf of Oman
a
b Al Hufúf DOHA fluíár Cancer
Tropic of
EGYP
RIYADH
hn
T
5 Al Madínah i Íaraç ABU DHABI 5
(Medina)
á’
a UNITED ARAB Ar Rustáq MUSCAT
n
R e
EMIRATES Nazwá Ramlat flúr
Makkah P e
Ál Wahíbah
d
(Mecca) Laylá n i n s u l a
N
Jiddah Jazírat
(Jedda) A√ ◊á’if S A U D I A R A B I A Ma§írah
A
As Sulayyil Khalíj
hálí Duqm Ma§írah
SUDAN
S e
‘ al K M
a
Ar Rub Quarter)
Abhá ty
(Emp O
Sanáw flawqirah
6 6
Najrán Juzur al Íaláníyát
Wuday‘ah
A
Jízán
RE
Jazá’ir fla‘dah N flalálah
IT
Farasán Say’ún t
Arabian
SANA
E aw
ER
Al Hudaydah lat yn Sea
Ram ‘ata
ab
M Ía ç r a m Sayíút
as S E Saudi Arabia contains the world’s
Ta‘izz Y Al Mukallá largest oil reserves. The region
Suqutrá
(Socotra) can produce around 11 million
Ad
e n (to Yemen) barrels of oil every day.
7 55 ‘Adan Gul
f of 122 7
DJIBOUTI
The name “Red Sea” is probably
derived from the extensive blooms
INDIAN
of algae that occasionally occur.
These change pigment when they die, OCEAN
turning the sea’s normally intense
blue-green waters a deep red.
Every Muslim must make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca during his or her
8 ETHIOPIA lifetime. Muslims regard the small shrine called the Ka’bah, located near 8
the center of the Great Mosque in Mecca, as the most sacred place on Earth.
NORTH & WEST ASIA
55 SOMALIA 122
103
A B C D E
104 NORTH & WEST ASIA
Central Asia
A B C D
96
Aral
KAZAKHSTAN Sea
1 d
Ustyurt
n
Since 1960, the Aral Sea has shrunk
la
by 90 percent, becoming extremely Plateau
w
saline and consequently losing all
Lo
but one of its once-abundant
Nukus
fish species.
Köneürgenç UZBEKISTAN
Da§oguz Urganch Uchquduq
n
To‘rtko‘l
Zarafshon
ra
2 99 Türkmenba§y
Aydarko'l
Tu
Hazar Balkanabat Ko'li
Bereket TURKMENISTAN Navoiy
Gara Buxoro
Caspian Serdar gum Seÿdi
Baharly Samarqand
Sea Gökdepe Türkmenabat Qarshi
Am
Abadan
u
Saÿat ar
D
AflGABAT Gar ya
ag Mary Baÿramaly
um
3 Kaka K a n aly Atamyrat
Tejen
Áqchah
Murgap
Shibirghān
The desert of Kara Kum (Garagum) occupies Mazár-e Sharíf
over 70 percent of Turkmenistan, severely limiting Bālā Murghāb
Maīmanah
human settlement across much of the country.
Serhetabat D a ry á -ye M
ur g
háb
H a r í r úd
I R A N Herát
4 102
o
rg
Má Kandahár
Zaranj t-e-
0 km 200 Dash
5
Da
ryá nd
0 miles 200 - y e H el m a
102
A B C D
NORTH & WEST ASIA 105
E F G H
97
1
K A Z A K H S T A N
BISHKEK Tyup
Kara-Balta
Tokmak Ozero Karakol
Talas n
S
Issyk-Kul’ h a
TASHKENT Chirchiq
KYRGYZSTAN T i e n u
a 108 2
Namangan Naryn l - T
Dzhalal-Abad aa
Olmaliq sh
Angren Andijon Kok
Qo‘qon Osh
Ûroteppa Khûjand Farg‘ona
Khaydarkan The “Epic of Manas” is a verbally transmitted
Sulyukta
Zeravshan
poem of close to 500,000 lines that tells the
DUSHANBE Su rkhob story of Kyrgyz hero Manas and his
descendants and followers.
Norak
TAJIKISTAN
P
Danghara Murghob
Qûrghon- tang
Bar
a
teppa Kulob 3
C H I N A
m
Khorugh
Farkhor
Termez m ir r
i
Khulm Faīzābād Pa s
Kunduz
Baghlán
ush Until recent years, people living in remote areas of
u K
Pul-e nd Afghanistan were immunized against smallpox by
Khumrī Hi having dried powdered scabs from victims of the
Cháríkár
Asadábád disease blown up their noses. This treatment was
invented by the Chinese in the 11th century, and is
KABUL Jalálábád thought to be the oldest form of vaccination. 108 4
Ghazní
Gardēz
Despite an area of 251,771 sq miles (652,090 sq km),
Afghanistan has a limited road network and no
railroads whatsoever, making access to much
of the country extremely difficult.
P A K I S T A N I N D I A 5
116
E F G H
106 SOUTH & EAST ASIA
94 Lake
Black
Irty
Ye
Sea Baikal
ni
h se
s
y
a
Aral
Se
1 Sea Uvs Nuur
pian Hovsgol Nuur
Lake Balkhash Alt
Syr
ai
M MONGOLIA
Da
ou
Cas
nt
rya
ai
ns
Tien Shan b
i
G o R iv e r
Ira ni a n
A S I A
Y e l low
ush Takla Makan Shan
Pl a t ea u du K tun
Hin Desert Al
2 94 Kunlun Mounta
ins
Persia
s
H
Plateau
I ndu
lej im al of C H I N A
n
ul Sut
Yamuna
G
ay ek
M
f
PAKISTAN Tibet o gtze
rt a s Br a h m a p u t
Salwe an
ng
Y
e
Gu
Gan
es N ra en
D EP
lf
Th AL
ge
ma s
n BHUTAN
f
Rann o y
Kachch h
Re
ad
BANGLADESH R Xi
d
Irraw
iv Jian
3 Gulf of
I N D I A e r g
MYANMAR VIETNAM
Khambhat c c a n
D e ats
West
(BURMA) LAOS
Arabian Gh Hainan
n
Sea er Mekon
ern
Bay of g
st
Ea
THAILAND
Bengal
Gha
Laccadive Islands
(to India) CAMBODIA
ts
M ALAY
I N D I A N
SINGAPORE
Su
m
at
O C E A N
ra
Java
5
Java
123
A B C D
SOUTH & EAST ASIA 107
E F G H
95
Am u r Sakhalin
un
1
ge
rg
A
Ran
Manchuria
Hokkaido
gan
L i ao H Sea of
0 miles 1000
e
tK
Japan JAPAN
u
ea
(East Sea)
al
NORTH
Gr
shu
KOREA
Hon
SOUTH
KOREA
Gr
it
Yellow
ea
134
ra
St 2
tP
Sea ea Shikoku
Kor
la
PACIFIC
i
Kyushu
n
fC
o
hi
na
East China
n ds
Sea
s la
uI
it
ky
OCEAN
ra
yu
R
St
n
wa
Tai
TAIWAN Northern
Ph i l i p p i n e Marianas Is. 3
(to US)
Luzon Strait
Paracel Islands
S ea
(disputed) Luzon Guam
(to US)
South China
n e s i a
Sea PHILIPPINES M i c r o ator
Spratly Equ
Islands
(disputed) Palawan
Sulu
Sea
Mindanao 134 4
M e l a n e s
BRUNEI Celebes
S I A
Sea Halmahera Bismarck Arch i a
ipel
ago
Borneo Moluccas Solomon
Islands
Seram Pegun ung an Maoke
I N D O N E S I A New Guinea Solomon
Celebes Sea
Banda Sea
Sea Flores
Islands Arafura 5
S e a Lesser Sunda Sea
EAST TIMOR
Coral
Timor 124 Sea
E F G H
108 SOUTH & EAST ASIA
96
o
2 96
M O N G
u
Ulungur n
Hu t
0 km 400 Karamay a Altay
Junggar i n Bayanhongor
0 miles 400 Kuytun Pendi s
Yining
Shihezi
K Y R G Y Z S TA N ÜRÜMQI Qitai
Hami
G Govï
e n S h a n o
T i Turpan
Bosten Hu Dalain Hob
i m H Korla
e
TA J I K Kashi Ta r im Basin Xingxingxia
3 I ST Tar Lop Nur
A Yengisar
XINJIANG UYGUR GANSU
N
Shache Qilian
Yecheng ZIZHIQU Ruoqiang Sh
AFGH. an
(claimed Taklimakan han
n S
Ka
by India) Shamo u
N Moyu lt Q
ra
A ai Qinghai Hu
o Qira da
A
ra m
ST
Dulan
PA
I
Aksai Chin
(administered by China, claimed C H I
nd
Nam Co Damxung
en
A B C D
SOUTH & EAST ASIA 109
E F G H
97
)
un H e
( E rg r g u n
Gegen
E R A T I O N Gol The name Gobi Desert is derived
Ling
Jagdaqi from Mongolian, meaning “waterless 1
Hulun Buir place.” Bare rock rather than sand
n
a
n
Ono (Hailar) dunes typify the cold desert landscape
ng
Da Hingga
Se l e
Saynshand Xilinhot
L go LIAONING S e a of Jap an
O Mon
Dalandzadgad Erenhot N G ( E a st S e a)
O n e r Chifeng NORTH
Altayn
Nuru M (In (Ulanhad) KOREA
u E I
b N Ulan Qab K o r e a
i (Jining) Bay
HOHHOT BEIJING SOUTH
an g H e Baotou
TIANJIN Bo Hai KOREA
u 3
H
)
ver
Gr
SHANXI
NINGXIA Yellow
Ri
XINING HUIZU w
ZIZHIQU e llo JIANGSU
Sea
e (Y
Huang H
N GANSU ASHAANXI The Huang He (Yellow River) has flooded more East
113 4
than 1500 times in the last 1800 years. In 1931,
catastrophic flooding was responsible for the China
deaths of 3.7 million people. The river has also
otó
HUBEI ZHEJIANG
an)
o J i-s
ap
SICHUAN
se
ncer
HUNAN
JIANGXI
ic o f Ca 5
FUJIAN
TAIWAN
Trop
YUNNAN
GUIZHOU 111
E F G H
A B C D E
110
109 97
R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N
Amur (H
ei lon
The “Yongle Dadian,” an encyclopedia of the Chinese Ming g
SOUTH & EAST ASIA
Xi
ng
3 M O N G O L I A Mudanjiang 3
CHANGCHUN
XINJIANG Tiananmen Square in Beijing is the largest Jilin
Eastern China & Korea
Gwangju
R i ver)
(Yellow
Xinxiang Zaozhuang
Huang He
St
rait a
GANSU Jeju St re
Luoyang Xuzhou Ko
XI’AN JIANGSU Jeju-do
Ya
ZHENGZHOU Kaifeng JAPAN
Hanzhong Bengbu Ye l l o w
lon
HENAN
g
XIZANG SICHUAN SHAANXI Huainan Nanjing S e a
ZIZHIQU Mianyang S i c h u a n HEFEI
J ian
HUBEI SHANGHAI
g
5 (Tibet) Pendi Wuxi 5
ANHUI
CHENGDU Lichuan WUHANJiaxing
H
HANGZHOU
C H CHONGQING Yueyang
I Jingdezhen
N A
eng
Ningbo E a s t Ch i n a
Jinhua
Jinsha J
Leshan Zigong CHONGQING
g NANCHANG ZH EJ I A N G Sea
iang
ze
CHANGSHA Shangrao Wenzhou Okinawa
gt an
Fuzhou
duan S
n)
Ji a n
an
GUIZHOU
g
HUNAN
ha
pa t ó
(Y ng Ji
C
Ja o
han
i
of s h
t
KUNMING se r
rai
a n (pa
S a l w e en
Xiamen N
St
6 Liuzhou TAIPEI 6
n
YUNNAN GU A NGXI G UA N G D O N G Can cer
Z HU A NGZU Taizhong Tropic of
iwa
(BURM
ZI ZH IQU Shantou
Wulian
Tainan
Mek
Ta
GUANGZHOU Dongguan
M Y A N MA )
ong
TAIWAN
g S
NANNING
AR
Gaoxiong
Re
h
d
Macao HONG KONG
an
Ri
ve
(Aomen) (Xianggang) PACIFIC
r
tra it
on S
LAOS Luz
Hainan Dao Li is the family name OCEAN
HAINAN
for over 87 million
Gu
7 118 The Giant Bamboo is the people in China. 134 7
lf
Paracel
V
fastest growing plant in
of
Islands
the world, able to grow at (disputed by China,
To
IE
the rate of 3 ft (90 cm) a day. Taiwan and Vietnam)
ng
PHILIPPINES
ki
TN
ng
THAILAND
South China
AM
Sea
By far the biggest tidal bore in the world occurs
CAMBODIA on the Qiantang River in China. At spring tides
the wave attains a height of up to 30 ft (9 m)
0 km 400 Spratly Islands
8 (disputed by China,
and a speed of 25 mph (40 km/h). 8
Malaysia, Philippines,
SOUTH & EAST ASIA
0 miles 400
Taiwan and Vietnam)
118 121
111
A B C D E
A B C D E
112
97 97
Kurile Islands
1
Ostrov (administered by the 1
Russian Federation,
ION
Sakhalin claimed by Japan)
AT
Sea of
R
C H I N A La Perouse Str
ai t Okhotsk
Japan
Wakkanai Ostrov
DE
Rebun-tó Iturup
Ostrov
Rishiri-tó
FE
Kunashir
Ostrov
N
Abashiri Shikotan
SOUTH & EAST ASIA
IA
Asahikawa Kitami
SS
2 110 Nemuro 134 2
RU
Sapporo Kushiro
Otaru Obihiro
Hokkaidó
Tomakomai
Okushiri-tó Hakodate
A
of which lie under the Tsugaru Strait, the Seikan
Tunnel is currently the longest tunnel in the Aomori
Hachinohe
RE
3 world. Construction began in 1964 and took 3
24 years to complete.
KO
Morioka
Akita
Sea of Japan Honshú
(East Sea) JAPAN On Friday March 11, 2011
NORTH
a 9.0 magnitude earthquake
The Toyota Motor Corporation was first established in
Sendai struck off the east coast of
1937 as a spin-off from Toyoda Automatic Loom Niigata Japan triggering massive
Sado
Works. The company now produces 8.5 million Fukushima tsunami waves up to 133 ft
4 Kóriyama (40 m) high that devastated 4
cars a year, equivalent to one every 3.7 seconds. Shinano-gawa
Iwaki coastal regions and left a
Liancourt Rocks Toyama death toll in excess of
(under South Nagano Hitachi 15,000 people.
Korean control) Kanazawa Mito
Fukui TÓKYO
Oki-shotó Kawasaki
Biwa-ko Chiba
SOUTH Tottori Yokohama
Matsue Nagoya
KOREA
it
Okazaki The same family has occupied the
Kóbe
ra
5 Hamada Okayama Kyóto Imperial Throne of Japan for the 5
St
a
Hamamatsu
re Kurashiki Ósaka last 1300 years. The present-day
K o TsushimaHiroshima Wakayama emperor, Akihito, is the 125th
Shimonoseki Yamaguchi in succession.
I z u
Shingú
-
Kitakyúshú Matsuyama Tokushima
Iki Kóchi Hachijó-jima
s
Fukuoka Óita Shikoku
Sasebo Aoga-shima
ho
Nakamura
Nagasaki
Kumamoto
tó
Gotó-rettó Kyúshú
Amakusa-nada On August 12, 1990, Typhoon Winona, combined with
6 Miyazaki 6
the summer vacation rush, created the longest traffic
Kagoshima jam in Japan's history, an 84-mile long tailback
involving about 15,000 vehicles.
Tanega-shima
Ósumi-shotó
Yaku-shima The longest single span suspension bridge in the
world is the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge linking Honshu
East China and Shikoku, with a central span of 6352 ft (1991 m);
the total length shore to shore is 12,831 ft (3911 m),
7 111 Sea or 2.4 miles (3.9 km). 134 7
tó
t
Philippine
re
ú-
Tokuno-shima
y
Sea
úk
Amami-Ó-shima
Ry
Okinawa 0 km 200
P A C I F I C
Naha 0 miles 200
8 O C E A N 8
SOUTH & EAST ASIA
134 134
113
A B C D E
114 SOUTH & EAST ASIA
n
(Bombay) Nizámábád
Pune
a
W e
1 Solápur
Kri
c c
The Mumbai (Bombay) movie industry, known as sh
n Hyderábád
s t
Bollywood, makes around 900 films each year,
a
compared to Hollywood's 100, making it the most I N D I A
prolific film-producing country in the world.
e r
Hubli
D e
Belgaum
Pánáji Kurnool
n
A r a b i a n Dávangere Anantapur
Ka rná taka
G h
103
Bangalore Vellore
2
Mangalore
S e a
a t
Mysore
Amíndívi Is. Tamil
Salem
s
Lakshadweep Nadu
(part of India) Kozhikode / Calicut
Kavaratti I. Coimbatore Tiruchchi-
Ernákulam ráppalli
Keral a
The word ghats, literally “stairs that Kalpeni I.
descend to a river,” refers to the Kochi / Cochin
3 stair-like appearance of the slopes Madurai
of the Western Ghats mountain Thiruvananthapuram / Gulf
range, as they descend to Tivandrum of
the coastal plain. Minicoy I. MannarNágercoil
Ihavananthapuram
Atoll
MALDIVES
4 55
There are over 1300 islands in the Maldives
but only about 200 are inhabited. All the MALE’
islands are low-lying, none rising more
than 6 ft (1.8m) above sea level.
INDIAN
Kolhumadulu Atoll
0 km 300
0 miles 300
5
Equator
Huvadhu Atoll OCEAN
123
A B C D
SOUTH & EAST ASIA 115
E F G H
God
áv
a 117
ts
ri
Andhra a B a y MYANMAR
h
Pradesh n G Visákhapatnam (BURMA) 1
er o f
a s t Rájahmundry
E
Vijayawáda B e n g a l M
ou th of the
s
Irra w addy
Ongole
The Indian cobra is often displayed
Nellore by snake charmers. The cobras
appear to respond to the music North Andaman
Chennai played by the charmer, but, like 119 2
(Madras) all snakes, they are deaf and
Middle Andaman Andaman Is.
Kánchípuram only follow the movements of
Port Blair (part of India)
the charmer.
South Andaman
Pondicherry
Little Andaman
Palk Strait One of the world’s largest tea Andaman
Jaffna producers, Sri Lanka has over Sea
722 sq miles (1870 sq km)
Mannar of land under tea cultivation, yielding Nicobar Is. 3
about 300,000 tons (tonnes) a year, (part of India)
Trincomalee and accounting for almost 10
Batticaloa percent of global production.
Kandy Great Indira
Point
COLOMBO Nicobar
SRI JAYEWARDENAPURA KOTTE
Galle SRI LANKA
Matara INDONESIA
At 7:58 am on December 26, 2004, an earthquake Sumatra
120 4
just off the coast of Sumatra measuring 9.1 on the
Richter scale triggered a massive and devastating
Tsunami that advanced across the Indian Ocean,
killing over 230,000 people and leaving millions
homeless in eleven countries.
123
E F G H
116 SOUTH & EAST ASIA
(claimed by India)
104
u Kush Ka
Hind
The Karakoram Highway K2
ra 28,251ft
1 (A "line of control" ko
was finally completed in ra
1986 after 24,000 workers
was set between In d us m (8611m)
India and Pakistan
had toiled for almost 20 in 1972) Mardán
R
years. The road climbs to Pesháwar
an
ge
15,397 ft (4693 m) ISLÁMÁBÁD
at the Khunjerab Pass. Ráwalpindi
Jamu &
Jhelum Gujrát Kashmir
AFGHANISTAN P u n j a b h e ná b Gujránwála
C
g Sargodha Amritsar
e
a n Lahore
R
kar
2 102 Jalandhar
a K á
T ob Faisalábád Ludhiána
Quetta Okára Chandígarh
Dera Gházi
Khán Multán
Chágai H i l l s
Baháwalpur Meerut
P A K I S T A N Rahímyár Khán NEW DELHI
Delhi
IRA N Shikárpur us
e In d Bíkáner
g
n Lárkána
T h a r De
3
n Ra Sukkur s e r t Jaipur Ágra
l Makrá
C e nt ra Ajmer
Nawábsháh
Jodhpur Gwalior
Rajásthán
Hyderábád Kota
Karáchi
s
I ndu
Tropic of C
ancer
Mo e I
I N D
th
Rann
ut
0 km 200 nd hs o of Kachchh
us f
4 103 G ul Gánhídhám Ahmadábád Bhopál
0 miles 200 f of K
achc h h G ujarát Indore
A r a b i a n Jámnagar Rájkot Vadodara M a d h y a
a
Porbandar N armad
Nágpur
S e a Bhávnagar
Súrat Mahárashtra
On January 26, 2001, a massive G ulf Damán
of
earthquake devastated the Gujarat Khambhát Nánded
Náshik
region of India, costing some 25,000 lives.
D e c
5 Kalyán
Mumbai
(Bombay) Pune Nizámábád
Ceasefire Line
114
Solápur
A B C D
SOUTH & EAST ASIA 117
E F G H
XINJIANGUYGUR 108
ZIZHIQU The northern ranges of the Himalayas contain the highest
mountains in the world, with average heights of more than 1
Aksai Chin
(adminstered by China, 23,000 ft (7000 m) and many peaks higher
claimed by India) than 26,000 ft (8000m).
C H I N A QINGHAI
Demchok/Dêmqog Cherrapunji, 4872 ft (1484 m) above sea level, has an average
(administered by China,
claimed by India) annual rainfall of 450 inches (1143 cm), although most of this
falls during the monsoon – the winter is a virtual drought.
The highest-ever seasonal rainfall was 904 inches (2298 cm).
XIZANG ZIZHIQU 108 2
(Tibet)
The Kingdom of Bhutan is
H the only country in the world Arunachal Pradesh
i to measure the happiness (claimed by China)
m of its citizens.
a l s
N Mount Everest a y a
Bareilly
E 29,029ft (8848m)
THIMPHU
Uttar P KATHMANDU
Pradesh A Gangtok BHUTAN 3
Lucknow
L Birátnagar
Guwáháti
Dispur Kohíma
Saidpur ma p u t r a
Kánpur Váránasi Patna ah
Br
Yam
un Ganges Jamálpur
a Imphál
Allahábád Bihár BANGLADESH
Sylhet
cer
Gaya Rájsháhi Tropic of Can
I A Dhanbád W e s t DHAKA
Bengal Comilla 118 4
Jabalpur Ránchi
Kolkata Khulna Chittagong
(Calcutta)
Pradesh e
s
ng MYANMAR
he Ga
Raipur Mouth s o f t (BURMA)
M
ah
ána dí B a y
n Orissa Cuttack The heaviest hailstones
c a
s on record, weighing about
at o f 2.25 lbs (1 kg), are
Gh reported to have killed 92 5
Godá n B e n g a l people in the Gopalganj
er
ve
r area of Bangladesh on
st
115
i
Ea
E F G H
A B C D E
118
108 111
C H I N A
ange
nR
mo
Ku
SOUTH & EAST ASIA
inn
are infected with malaria from the bite of
dw
2 135 female Anopheles Mosquitos, of which 111 2
in
between 1 and 3 million die, making this
Ch
Bhamo the deadliest animal in the world.
Katha
dy
Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Cancer
Irrawad
M Y A N M A R
R
Bl
ed
Mandalay
ac
Ri
er
g
r
Ou
3 n 3
Hông Gai
e ko
Chauk Taunggyi HANÓI
M Hai Phong
Sittwe Xam Nua
( B U R M A ) Mek o n g
Nam Ãinh
ee n Louangphabang
lw
Mainland Southeast Asia
Gulf
Sa
NAY PYI TAW L
Ramree Pek of
Island Toungoo Xaignabouri
Pyay Chiang Mai Tongking
Sit
A Vinh
tou
Bay of VIENTIANE
Hinthada
ng
Sirikit
Ma
Bago
e
Bengal Res. V
O
4 Insein 4
Na
Pathein I
Yangon (Rangoon) Pa-an
Pi
n Khon Kaen Khanthabouli E Huê
g
M
S
T
N
Srinagarind Ratchasima
Res. Ayutthaya Muang Không ôn
K g
e
Dawei
nl
BANGKOK Phumî S t œe
Quy Nhòn
Sâmraông Tô
ng
5 Bâtdâmbang 5
Ratchaburi
A M
Bangkok has some of Stœng Treng
Sê n
M e k ong
Chon Buri Tônlé Sap
the worst traffic jams
Myeik Pattaya Nha Trang
in the world. In July CA MB O D IA
1992, after a monsoon Ko Chang Kâmpóng Ãa Lat
storm, it took 11 Chhnâng Kâmpóng Cham
hours for one Mergui
Gulf
of PHNOM PENH Svay Riêng
jam to clear. Archipelago
Thailand Kâmpôt
M Hô Chi Minh
g
7 115 122 7
The world's smallest mammal is the
bumblebee bat of Thailand, weighing South
M
less than 0.09 oz (2.5 g).
A Malay China Sea
St
L
ra
Peninsula
it
A
o
IN fM
D
Y
I N D I A N O al
N ac
ca
S
O C E A N E I A
8 S 0 km 200 8
IA
SOUTH & EAST ASIA
Sumatra
0 miles 200
121 121
119
A B C D E
120 SOUTH & EAST ASIA
119 Gulf of
L A
M YA N M A R Tongking
O
(BURMA) Paracel Islands
S
1
V
(disputed by China,
IE
0 km 400 Taiwan, and Vietnam)
THAILAND
T
0 miles 400
N
South China
AM
MALAYSIA'S TWO CAPITALS Sea
Kuala Lumpur - Capital CAMBODIA
Spratly Islands
Putrajaya - Administrative capital (disputed by China,
Malaysia, Philippines,
Andaman Taiwan, and Vietnam)
2 122 Gulf
Sea of
The Rafflesia plant has the largest single flower
Isth
(to India)
so
M
S u ma tera SINGAPORE ha
gu
a
ua s ka
( S u m a t r a ) Padang Pekanbaru Pontianak Kap Borneo m
nu
B ata K
S el
Bangka im
at
a n Balikpapan
Ke enta
Jambi ar
an
K
M
im tan
pu w
ua Palembang a t a
la
4 122
Ba
ai n Banjarmasin
I Belitung N D
ri
Pulau
I N D I A N Bengkulu Jav
sa
n a S e a Pulau
Tegal Laut
Bandar Lampung JAKARTA Pekalongan M akassar
O C E A N Sela
t Sun d a Semarang
Bogor Kudus Surabaya
Sukabumi Mataram
In August 1883, a devastating volcanic Bandung Jember
eruption destroyed most of the island of Denpasar
Krakatau and triggered a tsunami that
Jawa Cilacap Malang BaliPulau
5 (Java) Magelang Kediri Lombok
claimed around 35,000 lives. Yogyakarta
Madiun
123 Surakarta
A B C D
SOUTH & EAST ASIA 121
E F G H
L u z o n Str a it
B abuy 112
an Channel P h i l i p p i n e
Tuguergarao
Ilagan Northern 1
Baguio Luzon S e a Mariana
Dagupan Islands
The Philippines take their name from Philip II (to US)
Angeles Cabanatuan of Spain, who was king when the islands were
MANILA Lucena colonized during the 16th century.
Batangas Naga
Legazpi City PHILIPPINES
Guam (to US)
Mindoro SMindoro
tr Sibuyan
Sea Calbayog
ait
ge an
Roxas City P A C I F I C
ssa law
Tacloban
Pa Pa
Zamboanga PALAU
ela
Da
va
ip oG
r ch General u lf
ah uA Santos Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago,
Sul Kepulauan
San lauan
Celebes Sea
u
Kep
Manado Equator
Se
Pulau
Halmahera
a
Gorontalo
cc
u Pulau
Gulf of ol Halmahera Biak
M M Sorong
Tomini al
Kepulauan u Sea
ku Jazirah
Palu
Su
Sulawesi Sea (
r a m Wahai M
iM
(Celebes) Kepulauan Ce o am
bera
Sula
Ambon l Peg u nu n ga n M mo 126 4
a
u
Pulau
Papua
as
E F G H
A B C D E
122
137 137
Ye
ni
O
se
y
b'
1 1
Lake
l
ga Baikal
OCEANS
Vo
Lake A S I A
Aral Balkhash
Sea
Black Sea Cau
ca With no part of the Maldives over 7ft 7in (2.3 m) above
s u Caspian
s Sea sea level, they are under great threat from global
warming. There are over 2000 islands, yet the
2 63 total land area is only 115 sq miles (298 sq km). 2
r
Ti g
Eu ve
Ri
ri s
ph
ra Iranian H Yello w
te i 134
s Plateau m
Brahm tze
a ng
Pe
Kuwait s Ya
rsi
du l a y a p u t r as
a
In
an
y
Gu
lf Karachi G a nges
dd
G ul
Tropic of Cancer Dubai f of Oman Ind Tropic of Cancer
The Indian Ocean
u
wa
e g
sF
Mina' Kolkata Hong Kong
id
an
Irra
Re
A r a bi an Qabus (Calcutta) Ganges (Xianggang)
Fan
d S
Peni n su l a Mumbai
e
on y R
3 Arabian Bay of 3
a
(Bombay)
Me
r e Z rra
Sea Bengal
c t u Mu
kon
Aden
a
g
en Arabian
Fr
of Ad
Gulf
An
South China
en
B asin
d
Horn of Gulf of
Sri Lanka
Ow
am
Thailand
n
rg MALDIVES Colombo
a
AFRICA R
id
M
e
ge
adive Plateau
Ceylon Singapore
Su
rench
Equator
Ke ntaw
ma
n
al Plain Equator Borneo
pu a
an
lau i
si i
tra
4 4
s-Lacc
So Ba Cocos
E a s t I n d i e s
go
Mombasa M Basin
Chagos T
J
SEYCHELLES
as
c
M i d - I n d i an av Jav
a Se
a
Cha
a
ar
Aldabra British Indian Ocean
R i d g e
en
M i d -
Group
Tr Java
e
ch
Lake COMOROS Mascarene Christmas Island
Nyasa B as i n North
Mayotte Basin Cocos Islands (to Australia)
Ridge
Australian
(to France) Osborn (to Australia)
Plateau
Basin
ne Plateau
I n d i
re
Davi
ca Exmouth
e
scar
as in
y e a s t
5 M Pla MAURITIUS Wh art on Plateau 5
nel
a n
m
aga
Réunion e
Rid
Basin dg
(to France) Ri
ge
Chan bique
Mad
Moza
Farafangana an
R i
INDIAN m Tropic of Capricorn
ia
Natal
nd
Madagascar
SIA
d g
tI
Perth
N i n e t
Basin ge
s
Basin Madagascar
e
Ea
id
ALA
Plateau Basin
R Br
oken Rid
ge
Fremantle
STR
Di
i an am
Naturaliste
AU
an
d OCEAN tin
a F Plateau
In ract
ure Zon
6 Amsterdam Island e 6
t Crozet Every cubic mile (4.3 cu km) of
es Île St-Paul
w Basin seawater holds over 150 million
th S o u t h e
a s tons (tonnes) of minerals.
ou French Southern & t
I n
S Antarctic Territories d i
Crozet (to France) Ke a n
Islands rg
u
R i d
g e
e
le
n
Heard & Mcdonald Islands
Pl
(to Australia)
at
n
ea
7 49 dia 134 7
u
In
ic- n
ant sin P l a i Banzare South Indian Basin
Atl Ba y
e r b Seamounts Limit of winter pack ice
E n d The largest animal ever seen alive was a 110 ft (34 m),
Limit of summer pack ice
170-ton (tonne) female blue whale.
Antarctic Circle Antarctic Circle
0 km 1500
8 ANTARCTICA 8
0 miles 1500
OCEANS
136 136
123
A B C D E
124 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA
International Dateline
Mariana (to US)
Islands
(to US)
1 MARSHALL
P h i l i p p i n e Saipan M i ISLANDS
Guam c Rat
S e a (to US) r ak
o Ch
ai
n al
n
R
Philippines Yap MICRONESIA e ik
Cha
C a r o l Chuuk Pohnpei in
i n
s
Sulu Babeldaob e Islands Kosrae
I s
T u l bert
Sea l a
(Gi
n d
ng
PALAU s a
a
2 107
M e l a n Nauru Is r u
Banaba lan
Celebes e NAURU ds)
Borneo
Sea Bisma rck Archip ela
s KIR IB A TI
Bismarck Sea
go i
tor Sol a
Equa Mount Wilhelm om TUVALU
14,793ft (4509m)
New Britain on SOLOMON
I s ISLANDS
Solomon la
Celebes New Guinea Sea
B a n d a Santa Cruz
nd
S e a PAPUA NEW Guadalcanal Islands
s
Arafura S t r a i t GUINEA
Timor Sea rres
Flores To VANUATU
Coral
G
Gulf Sea
Timor Malekula Viti
at
Ashmore &
a
(to Australia)
G New
ie
re Caledonia
r
a
R
AUSTRALIA t
IN D IAN
ee
D
i
f
s e ll
Great
nn
v
Simpson
M a a ng
e
R Desert
123 Uluru
Ra
4 (to Australia)
g Ra ge
Lord Howe
g
Gr
D e s e r t L. Eyre North
lin
Island
n North Cape
icor
ar
(to Australia)
n
Great
D
S tr a it
tA
Island
N
12,283ft (3744m)
5 Cape Leeuwin Tasmania
Antipodes
Auckland Islands Islands
136 (to New Zealand)
A B C D
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 125
E F G H
Hawai
ian 107
(to U Islan
S) ds
Johnston Atoll
(to US)
1
Kingman Reef
P A C I F I C O C E A N
(to US)
a
Palmyra Atoll
(to US) Teraina
Baker & Howland
e
Tabuaeran
telin
Islands
(to US) Kiritimati
i
International Da 134 2
L
Jarvis Island
i
n
(to US)
KI R I B A T I
e
P h oe nix Islan ds r
Starbuck Island
s
l a
KI
Tokelau
R
n d
Norther
n Co Penrhyn
IBA
Futuna
TI
Cook Islands
American (to NZ)
TONGA Samoa Tua 3
mo
Vava‘u (to US) So tu
Group c i Isl
l a n d s et an
Niue kI s y Tahiti
o
n
C o I
ds
(to NZ) n sl
h e r a
Tongatapu u t
S o Rarotonga
n
Group
ds
Îles
Au F r e n c h P o l y n e s i a
y
Islands
Marotiri (to UK)
l Pitcairn Island
134 4
Tro
pic
of C
o apr
ico
rn
P
0 km 1000
0 miles 1000
Chatham Islands
(to New Zealand)
5
136
E F G H
126 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA
ch
134
Guam
en
(US unincorporated MARSHALL
Tr
territory) HAGÅTÑA
1 ISLANDS
M i s
Ra
a
Yap ri an
Ra
tak
Ma c
Caroline Islands r
lik
Majuro
o
Cha
n
Ch
Chuuk Is. Pohnpei
NGERULMUD
in
e
ai
PALIKIR
n
MICRONESIA
PALAU Kosrae s
2 121 The Pitohui bird has a poison on its feathers and skin
i
similar to the poison arrow tree frog, making it the BAIRIKI
a
only known example of a poisonous bird. Tarawa
Equator NAURU
Banaba
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Bismarck Archip New Ireland
elag
I N D O N E S I A o M
3
Mt Wilhelm
14,793ft (4509m)
Madang
Bougainville I. e
New Guinea New l
Lae
New Britain
Georgia
Islands
a
PORT MORESBY Solomon
A r a f u r a Sea HONIARA Santa Cruzn
S e a Torres Strait
SOLOMON
Islands
e
s
Gulf
ISLANDS i
4 128 of C o r a l S e a a
Carpentaria Banks Is.
Found only in the rainforest of New Guinea, VANUATU
Queen Alexandra's Birdwing, with a wingspan
of 11 inches (280 mm), is the G Coral Sea Islands PORT VILA
largest butterfly in the world. re (Australian external
a territory)
New Caledonia
(French special
t
B
collectivity)
ar
AUSTRALIA
ri
Îles
er
5 NOUMÉA Loyauté
Re
ef
A B C D
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 127
E F G H
135
P A C I F I C O C E A N 1
the first landfall for sunrise at the dawn of the new millennium.
Kingman Reef
(US unincorporated Palmyra Atoll
territory) (US incorporated territory)
Teraina 135 2
Baker & Howland Is. Tabuaeran
( Gilb
Kiritimati
territory) (US unincorporated i
n
e
territory) e Equator
g a ds)
ru
International Dateline
I
s
l
K I R I B A T I Phoenix Islands
KIRIBATI a
n
Samoa is home to the world’s smallest known d
s 3
spider, the Patu marplesi, which spans a mere
TUVALU 0.017 inches (0.4 mm).
FONGAFALE Tokelau
(NZ dependent territory)
American Vostok I.
Millennium I.
Samoa
Wallis
P o (US unincorporated Northern Flint I.
E F G H
A B C D E
128
120 121
I N D O N E S I A
1 1
0HOYLOOH
,VODQG &URNHU,VODQG
7 L P R U
One of the largest states in the world, with an area of %DWKXUVW,VODQG 9DQ'LHPHQ
2 123 6 H D *XOI 130 2
more than 1,000,000 sq miles (2.6 million sq km),
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA
Islands Wyndham 9L F W R U LD
.L
Q Daly
5 L Y H
Kimberley Kununurra
U
J6
Waters
RXQ
G
3 , 1 ' , $ 1 Plateau Top Springs 3
Roadhouse
Fitzroy
Broome Crossing
)L Halls Creek Tanami
FK
2 & ( $ 1 W]U
HD
R\5LYHU
%
Desert
LOH
0 Tennant Creek
( LJ KW\
Port Hedland
*U
HDW N O R T H E R N
Dampier 6DQ
([PRX
W Marble Bar G\'HV
HUW
)RUW
HV 3HUFLYDO
K*
4 Onslow FXH T E R R I T O R Y 4
/DNHV s
XOI
5L
Exmouth Hamers YHU ge
$V K ley
W E S T E R N an
EX Ra /DNH0DFND\ n e l l R
UW ng /DNH
e
%D
Newman Macdon
7URSLFRI&DSULFRUQ
UOH R Q 5
H5 'LVDSSRLQWPHQW
DQJH L Y H U G i b s o n D e s e r t Alice Springs
/0DFOHRG /DNH
Carnarvon A U S T R A L$PDGHXV I A
6KDUN%D\ Robins on 8OXUX
Q 5LYHU /DNH&DUQHJLH $\HUV5RFN
'LUN+DUWRJ Denham K LVR Ra
F
ng
e IWP ges
,VODQG /DNH:HOOV n
5 Meekatharra s Musgrave Ra 5
0XU
A U S T R A L I A
S O U T H
Kalbarri Mount Magnet
*UHDW9LFWRULD'HVHUW
/DNH&DUH\ Coober Pedy
Geraldton /DNH%DUOHH
A U S T R A L I A
/DNH0RRUH /DNH5HEHFFD
Moora Reid
Coolgardie Kalgoorlie
U3ODLQ
Gingin Merredin /DNH&RZDQ OO DUER
Southern 1X Penong
6 PERTH Eucla /DNH 6
Northam Cross
Fremantle Ceduna *DLUGQHU
Brookton Norseman
Mandurah
$XVWUDOLDQ%L
Bunbury Wagin HDW JKW Elliston
*U
Busselton Katanning
Manjimup Esperance Port
Augusta Lincoln
Albany The Nullarbor Plain is so flat that the
Trans-Australian Railway runs
through it in a dead straight line
7 123 Around 18 percent of Australia is covered in 131 7
for 297 miles (478 km), the longest
desert, the biggest being The Great Victoria section of straight track in the world.
Desert, which at 163,900 sq miles (424,400 sq km)
is over 10 times the size of Belgium.
2 &
0 miles 400
( $ 1
136 136
129
A B C D E
A B C D E
130
121 126
G
Wessel Islands and reefs, running for about 1,240
r
miles (2,000 km) along the coast
DARWIN
e
Ar n h e m Cape of Queensland.
2 126 2
Land York Princess
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA
a
128
Pine Creek Groote Eylandt Peninsula Charlotte
Bay Koalas feed only on nutrient-poor
t
Katherine Gulf of eucalypt leaves and consequently
Carpentaria M have evolved a low energy lifestyle
Cooktown
Eastern Australia
itc
he based around sleeping for
B
at
G r e er
a
Top Springs Ba Gi
lbe C o r a l S e a
Roadhouse rk rt Cairns
r
ly Riv
er
T Normanton
3 Coral Sea Islands 3
r
Burketown
ab
l
G Hinchinbrook Island (to Australia)
Divi
N O R T H E R N Tully
el
re i
Fli
go
d
an
n
ry
e
d
Townsville
i
de
Tanami
rs
Tennant Creek
Ra
n
r
ng
Desert Ri
Bowen
e
ve
Se
r
Charters Whitsunday
lw
T E R R I T O R Y
y
Mount Isa Towers Group
g R
n Cloncurry
R Hughenden
R
an Mackay
an
ge
Winton
g
e
Alice Q U E E N S L A N D Clermont
e
4 Springs 4
es Longreach Barcaldine Emerald
Macdonnell Rang Tropic of Capricorn
f
A U S T R A L I A Rockhampton
Biloela
Uluru (Ayers Rock)
2845ft (867m) Simpson Windorah Tambo Bundaberg Fraser Island
M usgrave Ranges Desert Charleville Maryborough
ge Miles
n Roma
S O U TH AU S TR A L I A Ra Dalby
y BRISBANE
Great Lake re Cunnamulla St. George
5 Coober Lake G Toowoomba Surfer's Paradise 5
ge
Eyre
V ictoria Pedy North -16m Blanche Goondiwindi Gold
Des ert Murwillumbah
er
Ran
Lake Eyre South Marree Lake v Moree
e
Ri Coast
g
Callabonna Ba
r w on
Lake
an
Walgett Grafton
ng
es
Torrens Lake R Bourke
d
i
Tarcoola ier Armidale
Frome rr Coffs Harbour
id
Ba Wilcannia Tamworth
Flin
Rang ers
Penong Lake Nyngan
iv
Gairdner Port Broken Port Macquarie
D
Ceduna Augusta Hill N E W S O U T H
n
Whyalla Peterborough Ivanhoe Dubbo at
R i ver re
River g
Eyre hlan
Darli
6 Crystal Brook Lac G Newcastle 6
Peninsula ray R i v e r Gosford
Mur
lf
Mildura W A L E S Parramatta
Port Gawler SYDNEY
Gu
Cootamundra
Lincoln
er
M
ADELAIDE Wagga Wollongong
enc
rr
Ouyen Wagga
Sp
ay
River Mount CANBERRA
Kosciuszko
n
Kangaroo Island AUSTRALIAN
ia
Horsham Bendigo 7310ft (2228m)
l CAPITAL TERRITORY
ra Cooma
V I C T OR I A st ps
Mount Gambier Ballarat Au Al
129 MELBOURNE
Geelong T a s m a n
Portland Traralgon
7 Huge truck rigs known as Warrnambool 134 7
Road Trains, which can reach South East Point
King Island B a s
up to 175 ft (53.5 m) in length, s Strait S e a
Ba Flinders Island
carry freight across the vast nk
distances of the Australian interior. Marrawah s
Burnie S t r
They have as many as four a
it
136 136
131
A B C D E
A B C D E
132
127 127
Ruawai
New Zealand
Great Barrier
N or t h I s lan d Warkworth Island
Hauraki
Gulf
Takapuna
Around 130 CE, something in the order of 33 billion tons Whitianga
(tonnes) of pumice was ejected in a massive volcanic Auckland Manurewa
eruption that left a 20,000 sq mile (51,800 sq km) debris Waiuku Ba y o f
Paeroa
field and created an enormous caldera that Plen ty East Cape
subsequently became Lake Taupo. Tauranga
3 Hamilton Lake Whakatane
3
Ruatoria
Cambridge Rotorua
Rotorua a
es ra
Te Kuiti m
ku g
North Taranaki R a u R an
More than 46 million sheep thrive in New Zealand’s Bight Taupo Gisborne
mild climate, outnumbering the human Lake
New Plymouth Taumarunui Taupo Wairoa
population by twelve to one.
Stratford Hawke
Napier Bay
NEW ZEALAND Taihape
South Taranaki Hawera i Hastings
ke
4 Bight g iti 4
Wanganui n Waipawa
Ra
Cook
nd R u Blenheim
Westport mo ira Cape Palliser
a
ch
Str
W
Though still the highest peak in Ri
ait
5 New Zealand, at 12,316 ft Reefton ce 5
en
ar
(3754 m), a massive rock Greymouth Cl
Kaikoura
fall in 1991 reduced the
Hokitika Hurunui
height of Aoraki (Mount
Cook) by 33 ft (10 m). Otira Pegasus
s
l pRak Rangiora Bay New Zealand has always been a leader
A ai
a in progressive social legislation. In
Fox Glacier n Christchurch
e rAoraki (Mt Cook) s 1893, it was the first country to grant
12,283 (3744m) lain
M Haast th yP Banks women the right to vote.
Mayfield rbur
ilf
u te Ashburton Peninsula
o
o an
rd
C
6 S Fairlie Canterbury 6
So
Lake
un
Wanaka Timaru Bight S ou t h I s lan d
d
W
ai
Milford Lake Wanaka ta
ki Studholme
Sound Wakatipu The royal albatross colony on Otago Peninsula is the
only mainland nesting site for these birds in the world.
nd
Lake Te Queenstown Oamaru
la
Anau Alexandra Soaring on wings up to 9’6’’ (3 m) across, breeding
rd
pairs mate for life and have been known to live
eri
Te Anau Lumsden for over 60 years.
Cluth
Fio
Tai
a
Otago Peninsula
Wai
Mosgiel
Dunedin
au
Gore P A C I F I C
7 131 Balclutha 135 7
Riverton Invercargill
Fovea
u
x
O C E A N
Halfmoon Bay St
ra
it The Kakapo is a nocturnal flightless parrot that lives in burrows.
Stewart When in danger, its main form of defense is to remain perfectly
South West
Island
Cape still, which made it an easy target for predators such as the
dogs, cats, rats, and ferrets that were introduced in the 19th
century. Consequently, it is in danger of extinction; in 2009
there were only 125 birds left in the wild.
0 km 100
8 8
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA
0 miles 100
136 136
133
A B C D E
134 OCEANS
137 ai t
Arctic Circle
Str
i ng
B er
Bering
1
Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench is 35,838 ft Aleutian S e a
Sea of ds
(10,923 m), or almost 7 miles (11 km), below the
Basin slan
Okhotsk Aleutian I
surface of the Pacific. At this depth water pressures ds T r e nch
n
an
Isl r e n
ch Aleutia
is around 16,000 lbs/sq inch (1,127 kg/cm sq). c
ile cifi
gh
u r T ou
i Vladivostok p an K i le t Pa Tr
b a ) r e s ook
Go J
f e a K u
w in Chin
er ao S th s
A S I A Y e llow Riv S e East or B a docin
o
( Tokyo N Men
Yellow Osaka
Shanghai Sea Se Nagoya
a
Ea k Mariana aiian
B
(to US)
ar
P A C I
Ph B
ong
Philippines pp M r M i c r ISLANDS
ili a
i T C e ntr a l
sin ne Challenger Deep o n Pa c i f i c Kingman Reef
South China 35,838ft (10,923m) MICRONESIA e
Sea s Ba s i n Baker &(to US)
Celebes Ca rol in e Isl
Singapore PALAU ands Melanesian i Howland Is.
Equator Sea Basin a (to US) Jarvis I.
Borneo
Su
tr E a s t I n d i e s e K I RIBA TI
a
Sea tB a Samoa
ea
New Caledonia
Re
(to NZ)
ivi
ef
123 Island o
L o r R i se
4
Great Mu (to Australia) P
dH
Sydney
ge
u s t r a l i a n B i gh t rray o
A we
Tasman
North Island
0 km 2000 South Australian Sea New
Basin Tasmania Hobart Zealand Chatham Islands
0 miles 2000
South Island (to NZ)
Campbell
Internat
Pac
nal Datel
5 ific- ic
Antarct
Antarctic Circle
136 ANTARCTICA
ine
A B C D
OCEANS 135
E F G H
Basin
s
Fracture Zone a day, and may eventually reach up to 200 ft (60 m),
San Francisco or 34 times the height of the average man.
one
ct ure Z ATLANTIC 48
y Fra Long Beach
Murra
G OCEAN 2
one Gulf of
racture Z
ul
M Ant
fC
e
(to US) ture Zon
for
n Frac
Clario Mid
nia
dle Carib
bean Sea
F I C O C E A N Tre Americ
nch a
e
Palmyra re Zon Clipperton Island Panama City The Pacific Equatorial
ractu Guatemala
Atoll (to US) ton F (to France)
Counter Current flows
Clipper Basin
Kiritimati eastward toward South
a
(to Ecuador)
Per
Marquesas
Islands Marquesas Bauer with it every second.
s
u-
Penrhyn Galapagos
u re Zon e
R i
Basin
Tiki Fract
Ch
u r e
il
ct
Tahiti French Basin a Fra SOUTH
Mendañ
e
al
Polynesia Aus tr one
n
Tr
i c
eZ
s
str
a c
Valparaiso
Southwest re Zon
e (to Chile) le
Fractu hi
n
Pacific Agassiz Ch
s t
ile C
Basin Ri
A
a
se
E
Elta Mornington
nin Abyssal
Frac
ture Plain
Zon
e Cape Horn
Limit of winter pack ice
Passage
Ridg
e S o utheast hausen Plain Drake
P a c ific Basin Bellings 5
Peter I Island
Plain (to Norway) ack ice
Antarctic Circle
Am undsen Limit of summer
p
136
E F G H
136 POLAR REGIONS
Antarctica
A B C D
48 Limit
of wi
ATLANTIC OCEAN nter
pac
k
ice
1 South Georgia
(to UK)
South Atlantic-Indian Basin INDIAN
Sandwich
T HERN OCEA
Scotia Islands
(to UK) SOU N OCEAN
Antarctic Circle En
Sea
Lazarev Sea de
Weddell Plain rb
South Orkney
y
Pl
Islands Limit
of
ai
sum
Dronning Mau
n
South Shetland Li m e me
2 48 it of summer pack ic Land d r 122
Islands
pa
ck i
Ground visibility in the
ce
A Antarctic during the summer
nt Weddell Sea Coats months can be as much
ar Land Enderby
cti as 150 miles (250 km).
c Land
Pal P en
me Ronne
in
Alexander
sula
Bay
La
Island Princess
ANTARCTICA
nd
Elizabeth
3 Bellingshausen Land Davis
Tra
Sea
East Sea
Ellsworth South
ns
ar Pole
summ
ie
By
M
Amundsen rd
ou
Lan
e r pa
d Wilkes
nt
Sea Land
ck ic
Ross Ice
ain
e
k ic
Shelf
e
pac
s
4 134 135
r
me
Am u n ds e n Land Adélie
Sea
of
P l ai n
OCEAN
it
im
George V L
The largest iceberg of recent times Land
broke off from the Ross Ice Shelf The world's windiest place is reputed
in the spring of 2000. It was about to be Commonwealth Bay, George V
186 miles (300 km) from end to Land, where wind speeds of 200 mph
end and 25 miles (40 km) wide. (320 km/h) have been recorded.
5
Paci fic-An tarctic Ridge NP
134
PLOHV
A B C D
POLAR REGIONS 137
Arctic
E F G H
Provideniya
95 A
Ber
A
Arctic C
ircle S
SK )
ing
A SA R U S
A L of U S I A I 1
St
rt N
ra
it
(pa A
E RIC Chukchi
Ostrov
F E
D A
AM Sea Vrangelya E
R
ic e
A
TH
k
ac East
me
rp c T
e
ki
e
of su m pac Siberian I
v Ridg
Limit
R
Limit of permanent
NO
Sea
O
Tuktoyaktuk Chukchi
N
f Plain
leye
ul Beaufort
G Sea Chukchi Novosibirskiye 95
16 en 2
nde
s Plateau
u nd Me Ostrova
Am Canada
Basin The Arctic Ocean is the world's
smallest ocean, with a total area of
Victoria 5,440,000 sq miles (15,1000,000 sq km),
Island
and is almost permanently covered
by pack ice.
CANADA Makarov
Queen Basin Severnaya
Zemlya 3
Elizabeth A R C T I C
Islands North
L a ncas
sin
Pole
Baffin Ellesmere I Kara
sland O C E A N S e a Dikson
Ba
Island Sv
Franz yTataya An
ter S
Ostrov
se
Sea
oun
E as t N o v
Belyy
n
ice
Kn ud R a sm u s s e a
ce
N
d
ki
ack
Land n
ac
er p
Baffin
tp
Wandel en
aya
mm
an No vaya
II
16 Bay Sea er m 94 4
VI
p
it of
Zem
Zemlya
su
Lim f
d ik
it o
Lan eder
a
ly
Li m Tr
Greenland Svalbard ough
Fr
Longyearbyen
ce
Bjørnøya
Barents
pa
Sea
body trails tentacles up to North Cape
f
it o
Ri Norwegian Y 5
PLOHV h ns A
Archangel
Mo Sea
RW
FIN
Jan Mayen
NO
(to Norway)
mark Strait 62
LA
Den E U R O P E
N
D
E F G H
138
The
world
factfiles
139
A B C D E
140
ARCTIC Svalbard
(to Norway)
North
Pole
OCEAN
Jan Mayen
Queen Elizabeth (to Norway)
2 Yuk o n
Islands 2
ALASKA
NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA
Ar
Greenland
ct
ic
(Denmark)
Ci
rc Baffin
le
Bay
nzie
Ba
R
ff
in
Great Bear
M acke
o
Lake
Isl
c
NUUK
and
3 3
k
Lake Athabasca
y
North & Central America
A Lake Bay ra
M
do
OCEAN N r
A
o
D A n
Sna Lake Winnipeg tia
en ns
u
ke ur tai
4 Lake
La oun 4
e
n
Superior Gulf of
nc
re
St.Lawrence
w
St Pierre &
a
t
Great Lake Huron Miquelon
.L
St
OTTAWA (France)
a
UNITED STATES Lakes
o Lake Lake Ontario
Mi
i
Michigan
rad
ss
Lake Erie
ns
ou
ri ATLANTIC
ai
Colo
io
nt
Oh
ou
WASHINGTON, D.C.
O F A M E RAI C A
s
M
rka OCEAN
n
5 ns 5
i
a a
s
hi
pp
Tr c
opi a la Bermuda
issi
co pp
fC
anc A (UK)
er
M iss
Sargasso Sea
Rio
Sierra M
ad
Gra
Virgin Islands (US)
nd
re O
e
British Virgin
cc
Turks & Caicos
i
Islands (UK) Islands (UK)
Gulf of Mexico
NASSAU DOMINICAN Anguilla (UK)
M Ed e n t a l
X
HAVANA BAHAMAS REPUBLIC
ST KITTS & NEVIS
Puerto
I
MEXICO CITY C U
6 BA Rico (US) ANTIGUA & 6
Cayman SANTO BARBUDA
C
Islands (UK) HAITI DOMINGO Guadeloupe
O PORT-AU-PRINCE
BELMOPAN (France)
JAMAICA KINGSTON Montserrat (UK) DOMINICA
GUATEMALA BELIZE
Martinique (France) ST LUCIA
GUATEMALA CITY HONDURAS BARBADOS
Clipperton Island ST VINCENT & THE GRENADINES
(French Polynesia) SAN SALVADOR TEGUCIGALPA
Aruba (Neth.) GRENADA
EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA TRINIDAD
Curaçao Bonaire
MANAGUA (Neth.) (Neth.) & TOBAGO
COSTA RICA
SAN JOSÉ PANAMA CITY
Equ
ator es
PANAMA
d
7 7
n
A
S O U T H or
Equat
POLITICAL FACTFILE
A M E R I C A
TOTAL AREA: COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST
8,116,571 sq miles POPULATION DENSITY:
(21,021,940 sq km) Barbados 1807 people per sq mile
(698 people per sq km)
TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRIES: 0 1000 km
23 LARGEST COUNTRY: 0 1000 miles
Canada 3,855,171 sq miles
TOTAL POPULATION: (9,984,670 sq km)
8 541.3 million
8
NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA
SMALLEST COUNTRY:
LARGEST CITY WITH POPULATION: St. Kitts & Nevis 101 sq miles
Mexico City, Mexico 22.9 million (261 sq km)
141
A B C D E
A B C D E
142
1 Caribbean Sea
ATLANTIC 1
OCEAN
CARACAS
Is
th a
gd
P a m u s of
nama a
VENEZU E L A
uc
SOUTH AMERICA
ale n a
co GEORGETOWN
Ca
Orino
Meta PARAMARIBO
G
S UR
BOGOTÁ CAYENNE
G UY
u
IN A
avi
are ia French
2
AN
2
M
Gu Guiana
E
na
A
COL O MB IA H i
g h l a n d s (France)
et á
o n
ECUADOR N
P u tu
mayo A m a z o n A maz
ap
o
M arañón
B a s i n
Xin
a
gu
Ju ru á ir
de
A
a
P
3 B M R A Z I L 3
us o Fr a n c
E
Pur Sã
n
is
co
ins
R
os Represa de
d
U Di Sobradinho
ia
e
M a dre d
e
Tocant
gua
LIMA
ra
Ben
A
s
Lake
Titicaca BRASÍLIA
LA PAZ
BOLIVIA
4 4
SUCRE
E
Ambrosio (Chile)
A
(Chile) ay
gu
ru
U
L
Paran
N
5 5
e s
I
Islas Juan Fernandez Lagoa dos Patos
I
(Chile) URUGUAY
SANTIAGO
H
BUENOS AIRES MONTEVIDEO
A n d
C
PACIFIC
E
Co l o r ad
o
Río Neg
ro ATLANTIC
OCEAN
G
6 Isla de Chiloé OCEAN 6
A R
Falkland Islands
Patagonia
(UK)
Strait of
Magellan
POLITICAL FACTFILE
TOTAL AREA: COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST
6,731,428 sq miles POPULATION DENSITY:
(17,434,410 sq km) Ecuador 129 people per sq mile
(50 people per sq km)
TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRIES:
12 LARGEST COUNTRY: 0 500 km
Brazil 3,286,470 sq miles 0 500 miles
TOTAL POPULATION: (8,511,965 sq km)
8 393 million 8
SMALLEST COUNTRY:
SOUTH AMERICA
A B C D E
A B C D E
144
E U R O P E
1 1
A T L AN TI C
AFRICA
Black Sea
OCEAN
Africa
M e
Ceuta ALGIERS d i
(Spain) Melilla t e
(Spain) TUNIS r r
Madeira RABAT s a n A S I A
in TUNISIA
(Portugal) ta e a
2 MOROCC O o u n TRIPOLI n S e a Sy r i a n 2
M Deser t
s
Islas Canarias la
At CAIRO
(Spain)
Pe
Lib ya n
rs
Ni le
i
A L G E R I A De s e rt
an
LAÂYOUNE
L I B Y A
Gu
WESTERN E G Y P T
lf
SAHARA
(disputed)
e d
Arabian
S e
MAURITANIA Tibesti
a
3 3
NOUAKCHOTT Peninsula
M A L I
S e n e gal
N I G E R
r KHARTOUM ERITREA
DAKAR Nige C H A D
SENEGAL ASMARA
NIAMEY S U D A N
GAMBIA BAMAKO
BANJUL INA NDJAMENA
BISSAU RK O OUAGADOUGOU DJIBOUTI
Blu
S DJIBOUTI
B
GUINEA- GUINEA NIGERIA ADDIS
FA U
eN
SOMALILAND
l
CÔTE e
ON
BENIN
Nige
SOUTH
TOGO
(IVORY COAST)
r recognized)
GHANA
RO
MONROVIA YAMOUSSOUKRO
ME
UGANDA KENYA
GABON Lake
Equator SÃO TOMÉ LIBREVILLE KAMPALA Equator
Victoria
GO
N
RWANDA KIGALI NAIROBI
SÃO TOMÉ &
O
PRÍNCIPE C BRAZZAVILLE BURUNDI
BUJUMBURA
Cabinda KINSHASA DEM. REP. TANZA NIA
(part of Angola) CONGO Lake
DODOMA
Tanganyika
5 Ascension I. 5
(St Helena) LUANDA
Lake Nyasa COMOROS
ANGOLA MALAWI MORONI
LILONGWE Mayotte
E
Z A M B I A (France)
U
St Helena LUSAKA
IQ
(UK) Zambezi
B
HARARE ANTANANARIVO
M
A T LA N T I C NAMIBIA ZIMBABWE
ZA
6 O C E A N BOTSWANA MADAGASCAR 6
MO
WINDHOEK
Kalahari
Tropic of Capricorn Desert Tropic of Capricorn
GABORONE PRETORIA/TSHWANE
MAPUTO
MBABANE SWAZILAND
Or ang e Ri ver
LESOTHO
BLOEMFONTEIN MASERU
SOUTH I N D I A N
CAPE TOWN
AFR IC A
7 Cape of Good Hope O C E A N 7
POLITICAL FACTFILE
TOTAL AREA: COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST
11,437,865 sq miles POPULATION DENSITY:
(29,624,100 sq km) Mauritius 1811 people per sq mile
(699 people per sq km)
TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRIES:
54 LARGEST COUNTRY:
Algeria 919,590 sq miles
TOTAL POPULATION: (2,381,740 sq km) 0 1000 km
8 1030.8 million 8
SMALLEST COUNTRY: 0 1000 miles
AFRICA
A B C D E
146 EUROPE
Europe
A B C D
POLITICAL FACTFILE
TOTAL AREA: REYKJAVÍK
1
3,739,678 sq miles ICELAND Ar
c ti
(9,685,756 sq km ) cC
ircl
e
TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRIES:
46
Norwegian
TOTAL POPULATION:
Faeroe Islands
718.3 million Sea
(Denmark)
Y
LARGEST CITY WITH POPULATION:
A
Moscow, European Russia 16 million
W
Shetland Islands
2 R
COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST Outer O
POPULATION DENSITY: Hebrides N
Monaco 40,719 people per sq mile Orkney Islands
British
E
(15,661 people per sq km) OSLO
Isles North
W
LARGEST COUNTRY:
European Russia 1,527,341 sq miles Sea
S
(3,955,818 sq km) IRELAND
DENMARK
DUBLIN UNITED
SMALLEST COUNTRY: COPENHAGEN
Vatican City, Italy 0.17 sq miles KINGDOM
(0.44 sq km) AMSTERDAM
3 El
LONDON NETH. be
THE BERLIN
Channel Is. BELGIUM HAGUE
(UK) BRUSSELS GE RMA N Y
LUXEMBOURG
PARIS PRAGUE
LUXEMBOURG
L oir e e CZECH REPUBLIC
in
LIECH. BRATISLAVA
BERN VIENNA
SWITZERLAND AUSTRIA
Ga
4 ATLANTIC r SLOVENIA
on
LJUBLJANA
PORTUGAL
ne
ZAGREB
Eb
Madeira
(Portugal)
SPAIN Corsica & HERZ.
G ua d a l q u i v i r VATICAN CITY
A
s ROME
nd Y
L
sla
Gibraltar B alearic I
(UK) Sardinia
Ceuta M e d i t
Canary Islands (Spain) Melilla e
5 (Spain) (Spain) r
r Sicily
a
n e
A F R I C A VALLETTA a n
MALTA
A B C D
EUROPE 147
E F G H
U r a
1
l
O b'
M o u
I rt ysh
N
N D
n t a
E
D
or
th e
L A
rn D
i n
vin
a
s
I N
Lake Onega 2
R U S S I A N
F
HELSINKI
Lake Ladoga
STOCKHOLM F E D E R A T I O N
TALLINN
ea
ESTONIA
c S
LATVIA
lti
RIGA MOSCOW l
Ba
ra
U
LITHUANIA
lga
VILNIUS
Vo
KALININGRAD MINSK
3
(Russ.Fed.)
BELARUS Aral Sea
WARSAW
Don
POLAND KIEV
UKRAINE
per
SLOVAKIA
BUDAPEST MOLDOVA
ie
Dn
C
HUNGARY CHIfiINÂU
as
4
ROMANIA
pi
Caucasus
A
SERBIA
an
BELGRADE BUCHAREST
S
e
ea
PODGORICA
PRISHTINË BULGARIA
SOFIA
KOS.
(disp.) SKOPJE
S
MACED. TURKEY
TIRANA
ALBANIA A
G R EECE 0 1000 km
5
0 1000 miles
ATHENS
S e a Crete
Cyprus
E F G H
148 ASIA
Asia
A B C D
A R C T I C O C E A N
Franz Josef
Land
Severnaya
1 Zemlya
Laptev Sea
Kara Sea
Le
na
R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N
b
O
E U R O P E
Ye n
2 Irty
i
sey
sh
Black
Sea ASTANA Lake Baikal
ANKARA
GEORGIA KAZAKHSTAN
TURKEY TBILISI
ULAN BATOR
Tr
CYPRUS ARMENIA
op
of AZERBAIJAN MONGOLIA
ic
ze
BAHRAIN
Red
gt
RIYADH QATAR PAKISTAN NEW n
DOHA DELHI NEPAL THIMPHU Ya
s
SAUDI
I ndu
ABU DHABI
BHUTAN
Sea
U.A.E. KATHMANDU
A R A B IA MUSCAT Ga
n g e s BANGLADESH
A F R I C A SANA OM AN
DHAKA VIETNAM
I N D I A MYANMAR HANOI
Y E MEN (BURMA) LAOS
4 Arabian
NAY PYI TAW VIENTIANE
Socotra
Equ (Yemen) Sea Bay of THAILAND
ato Bengal BANGKOK
r CAMBODIA
Laccadive Andaman &
Islands Nicobar Islands PHNOM
(India) (India) PENH
COLOMBO
MALE’
SRI M ALA
MALDIVES LANKA KUALA LUMPUR
PUTRAJAYA
SINGAPORE
5
I N
I N D I A N O C E A N JAKARTA
A B C D
ASIA 149
E F G H
POLITICAL FACTFILE
TOTAL AREA:
1
17,006,354 sq miles
(44,046,472 sq km)
TOTAL POPULATION:
4193.9 million
Sea of
Okhotsk LARGEST CITY WITH POPULATION:
Tokyo, Japan 34.3 million
Kurile Islands 2
COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST
POPULATION DENSITY:
Singapore 20,339 people per sq mile
(7869 people per sq km)
LARGEST COUNTRY:
Asiatic Russia 5,065,394 sq miles
NORTH
er
JA PA N (13,119,382 sq km)
nc
KOREA
Ca
Ryukyu Islands
TAIPEI
TAIWAN P ACIF IC
O CEAN
4
MANILA
r
P H I L I P P I N ES ato
Equ 0 1000 km
0 1000 miles
BRUNEI BANDAR
SERI BEGAWAN
Y S I A
AUS T R AL AS I A
5
D O N E S I A & O C E ANI A
DILI
EAST TIMOR
E F G H
150 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA
Wake Island
Northern (to US)
1 Mariana
Islands
(US)
Philippine M
i MARSHALL
HAGÅTÑA c
Sea Guam r
(US) o ISLANDS
n
PALIKIR e MAJURO
Caro
line
NGERULMUD Islan
ds s
Babeldaob
M I CRO NE S I A
i
2 BAIRIKI
a
PALAU NAURU
M e l a n NAURU
e KIRIBATI
PAPUA NEW s
i
tor GUINEA TUVALU
Equa a
A S I A SOLOMON
FONGAFALE
(Australia) FIJI
re
a
t NOUMÉA
D
INDIAN
iv
id
4 OCEAN
in
AUSTRALIA
g R
Norfolk Island
(Australia)
g
ange
lin
A B C D
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 151
E F G H
POLITICAL FACTFILE
Johnston Atoll
(US) TOTAL AREA: COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST
International Dateline
Phoenix Islands
KIRIBATI O C E A N tor
Tokelau
(NZ)
s
TONGA So
cie PAPEETE
ty
Niue Isl
an
n
(NZ) ds
NUKU‘ AVARUA
ALOFA French Polynesia
Île (France)
y
sA
u str
al Pitcairn
Kermadec Islands es 4
Islands
(New Zealand)
l
(UK)
International Dateline
o Tro
p ic
of C
P apr
icor
n
0 1000 km
0 1000 miles 5
Chatham Islands
(New Zealand)
E F G H
152
Key to factfile maps
FOREWORD
This factfile is intended as a guide to a world that is continually changing as
political fashions and personalities come and go. Nevertheless, all the
material in these factfiles has been researched from the most up-to-date
and authoritative sources to give an incisive portrait of the geographical,
social, and economic characteristics that make each country unique.
1000m/3281ft Lake
500m/1640ft Seasonal lake
200m/656ft
0 SYMBOLS
Below sea level Capital city
Mountain
Disputed de facto
The asterisk in the Factfile denotes the country's
Territorial claim official language(s)
H
Cháríkár
Taliban insurgents won control in 1996 Herát KABUL
Jalálábád
and imposed a strict Islamist regime: Ghazní
Khyber Pass
Albania
Lying at the southeastern end of the Adriatic Sea,
Albania was the last east European country to liberalize its
economy. The regional strife of the 1990s has left a difficult legacy.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Narrow coastal plain. Interior is Oil and natural gas reserves
mostly hills and mountains. Forest and have potential to offset rudimentary
scrub cover over 40% of the land. infrastructure and lack of foreign
investment. Organized crime problem.
CLIMATE
2000m/6562ft
Mediterranean coastal climate, 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
with warm summers and cool winters. MONTENEGRO 200m/656ft
KOSOVO Sea Level
Mountains receive heavy rains or Lake Scutari (disputed)
snows in winter. Shkodër
Kukës
Andorra
A tiny landlocked principality, Andorra lies high in the
eastern Pyrenees between France and Spain. It held its first
full elections in 1993. Tourism is the main source of income.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
High mountains, with six deep, Tourism and duty-free sales
glaciated valleys that drain into the dominate the economy. Banking secrecy
Valira River as it flows into Spain. laws and low consumer taxes promote
investment and commerce. France and
CLIMATE Spain effectively decide economic policy.
Cool, wet springs followed by dry, The country is dependent on imported
warm summers. Mountain snows linger food and raw materials.
until March. 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
ANDORRA LA VELLA
V a l ir
Co
is cooler and dry. DEM. REP.CONGO
M’Banza
Congo Uíge
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
LUANDA Lucapa
Civil war pitched the ruling Malanje Saurimo
Kimbundu-dominated MPLA against ATLANTIC Cu
a
UNITA, representing the Ovimbundu. OCEAN ezi
nz
Luena mb
Za
a
Multiparty elections in 1991–1992, after Lobito
Huambo
Benguela Planalto
the MPLA had abandoned Marxism, failed do Bié
to stall the war for long. Power-sharing Lubango Menongue
ZAMBIA
from 2002 ended when the MPLA won Namibe
the 2008 election. In 2006, separatists in
Cunene
the Cabinda exclave agreed a peace deal.
NAMIBIA
BOTSWANA
INSIGHT: Angola has the greatest 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
number of amputees (caused by 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 200 km
landmines) in the world Sea Level 0 200 miles
Antarctica
The circumpolar continent of Antarctica is almost entirely covered by
ice, some up to 1.2 miles (2 km) thick. It also contains 90% of the Earth’s
freshwater reserves.
GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE & SOCIETY
The bulk of Antarctica’s ice is No indigenous population.
contained in the Greater Antarctic Ice Scientists and logistical staff work at
Sheet – a huge dome that rises steeply the 40 permanent, and as many as
from the coast and flattens to a plateau 100 temporary, research stations. A
in the interior. few Chilean settler families live on
King George Island. Tourism is mostly
CLIMATE by cruise ship to the Antarctic Peninsula.
Powerful winds create a storm belt Annual tourist numbers have reached
around the continent, which brings cloud, nearly 40,000.
fog, and blizzards. Winter temperatures 0 1000 km
can fall to –112°F (–80°C). 0 1000 miles
South Anta
Orkney Is. rcti
cC
i rcl SOUTHERN
Territorial Claims: South e
Shetland Is. OCEAN
Chilean claim d
au
King M
Argentinian claim George I. Weddell n nd
L e
Sea a
ue
Antarctic
Peninsula Land
British claim
Norwegian undefined limit R o nne Ice
She lf East
South A n t a r c t i c a
Ellsworth Pole
Australian Land Tr
claim an
sa
nd
We s t nt
A nt ar c t ic a
La
ar
A munds e n
French claim
ct
Ross Ice
s
Se a
ke
ic
W
V La
ic nd
ts.
to
ri
Ross SOUTHERN
The Antarctic Treaty of 1959
a
Sea OCEAN
South
holds all territorial claims in SOUTHERN
Balleny Is. Magnetic
OCEAN Pole Ice Cap
abeyance in the interest of Permanent Ice
international cooperation
Th
low for the region.
eH
Codrington
ig
Codrington
hla
200m/656ft Lagoon
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Barbuda
nds
Sea Level
Population almost entirely of Palmetto
African origin, with small communities of Isla Point
nd
s
Europeans and South Asians. Women’s 30
mi
Spanish
V.C. Bird l es Point
status has risen as a result of greater Intl. Airport Long I. (50
access to education. Wealth disparities ST. JOHN’S Guiana I.
km
)a
are small. The Bird family dominated pa
rt
politics from 1960, but lost power to the Antigua
United Progressive Party (UPP) from 2004. Bolans Freetown Green I.
ge pe
sa ou
Falmouth as del
INSIGHT: In 1865, Redonda was
a
u
“claimed” by an eccentric Englishman G P
as a kingdom for his son Caribbean Sea
Argentina
Argentina occupies most of southern South America.
After 30 years of intermittent military rule, democracy returned
in 1983. Economic crash in 2001 led to largest-ever debt default.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Andes form a natural border Agricultural exports restored growth
with Chile in the west. East are the from 2003. Quickly bounced back from
heavily wooded plains (Gran Chaco) and drought and global downturn in 2008.
treeless but fertile Pampas plains. Bleak
BOLIV IA PARAGUAY
and arid Patagonia lies in the south.
c
o
Salta C ha
CLIMATE an Posadas
San Miguel de Gr Corrientes
The Andes are semiarid in the north Tucumán
Sa
l a do BRAZIL
and snowy in the south. Pampas have a CHILE Santa Fe Paraná URUGUAY
A
mild climate with summer rains. San Juan Córdoba Rosario
BUENOS AIRES
Mendoza
s
pa
n
La Plata
Pam
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Santa Rosa
Mar del Plata
People are largely of European d Bahía Blanca
Neuquén N e g Bahía Blanca
descent; over one-third are of Italian r o
e
Viedma
origin. Indigenous peoples are now a tiny AT L AN T IC
Patagonia
s
Les
Gyumri Sevan AZERB A I J A N
over the enclave of Nagorno Karabakh
se
TURKEY Hrazdan
forced 350,000 Armenians living in
r C
Ashtarak Sevana
Vagharshapat Lich
Azerbaijan to return home, many to
a
YEREVAN
uc
Armavir
live in poverty. There are close and ra Ararat
A
a
s
su
important ties to the seven-million-
s
strong Armenian diaspora.
AZERBAIJAN Kapan
A r as
INSIGHT: In the 4th century, Armenia
became the first country to adopt 0 50 km
IRAN
Christianity as its state religion 0 50 miles
Australia
An island continent in its own right, Australia is the
world’s sixth-largest country. European settlement began over
200 years ago. Most Australians now live in cities along the coast.
Gre
Timor P A C I F I C
Daarrrwi
rw wi
w
win
in
Sea
eaa
at
A rrn
rnhe
rnh
nhhee m Gu l f
O C E A N
off
Ba
Land
L and
annd
n d C ar
a r p e n t arr i a
rr
ie
Kim
mb b er
erley
I N D I A N
r
P la
lateau Cairn
Cairn
airn
ns C o r a l
R
ee
O C E A N S e a
Gr
N O R T H E R N
f
T E R R I T O R Y Towns
Tow
Town
To
Towns
owns
wn
wn
nssvvi
ville
vill
vil
iill
illlll
ea
t
Po
Port
Po
ort
or
r HHedla
Hed
He
ed
edla
edl
edla
d
dl
lla
and
nd Great Sandy Moun
Mount
Mo
Mo
ou
oun
unt
nt Isaa Ma
Maack
accka
ckaay
D
D e s e r t Lakee
iv
Lak
La
Lake
L ake Macdonnell
Macka
cka
kaa y
id
Ham Diis
Dis
Disap
D
Disa
issap
isa
isap
ap
a p poi
poin
point
oiint
i nt
ntment
m Alice
Alic
Alilicccee Spri
pring
pri ngs
g
R a negr s l e y Gibson
Ranges
in
Rockh
R
Ro
o
ockh
ock
oc
ckh
kh
ha
hampto
am
m n
e QUEEN SLAND
Desert Ulur
Ulu
Uluru
U lluru
lurrru
u g Bund
Bun
Bu
Bu
und
nda
daaberg
b
((Aye
(Ay
(Ayer
Ayer
Ay s Roc Rock
c k)
k) R
W E S T E R N (86
((867
(8
(867m
86677m
867m7m) S iim
mpson a
n g Fra
F rraa ssee r I.
Carn
Carna
Car
C rna
narvo
na rvo
rvon
von
on Lake
Lak
L aakee Carne
Carn
arne
ne gie
gi D es
eeser
s rt eGyympie
G
Meek
Meeka
Meeeka
ee
eeka
ek
kkatth
tharr
harr
ha a Bri
Br
B rris
isb
sbane
Great Toowo
oowo
ow
owo
ow
wo oomomba
omb
o m
A U S T R A L I A Lak
La
ake
aak
k Eyre
yre
ree Goo l d Coast
G
Victoria Ipswi
IIp
pswi
psw
psswi
wicch
wi h
SOUTH Su
S urfers
nge
es
Desert ng n g Pa
P a
arara
radise
rli
Ra
Ra
Geral
raldt
dto
dt
dton
to
on
n AUSTR ALIA Da Graf
Graft
G
Gra rraf
ra
raft
aaft
afft
fto on
n
ers
r Plain
ng
Kalgo
lgoorlie
iee o
b C oof f
ffs
f
fs
Fl ind
NEW SOUTH
di
r
lla Port
P
Po
o Au Aug
Augus
ugus
ugu
ug
gus
gu
g usta a Ha
H aarrbo
rb ur
vi
Per
Pe
Perth
ert
errth
th
h Nu Brrok
Brok
Broke
roke
ro
o
okken H Hilililll
Di
New
Ne
N eew
wca
wc
w ccaastle
st
Dar ng
Fremaanntl
nt
ttle
lee Why
Whya
W hyal
hya
hya
yal
alllaa Port
Por
Po
Portt P
o Pirie
irie
rieie WALES
at
Ra
re
Rockingh
ham
ha Eliza
Eli
Eliza
izza
iz
izaaabeth
bet
beth
b
be eeth
etth
th Syd
S ydne
ydn
yyd
dne
neey
G
Wagga
Wagg
W gga
ga
g a
lin e
Bun
nb
nbbuuryry Port Li
Lin
inc
nco
nc
coolnn
Esp
EEspe
Esper
spe
s er
sper
eran
ance
anc
nce Adela
Ade
A
Ad dee id
d ide M Wagga
Wagg
Wa
W ag
a
agg
agga
gg
gga
gga
ga Wol
Wo
W ollo
oll
o loongong
g
Cape Leeu
u w in
in ur
ra A Albu
Al bu
bu
bururry CA
CA AN NBERRA
NB
Alban
Allba
lban
ban
any
an Kang
Kan
ang
nga
garoo
ga rroo I . Bendig o y
go AU
AUSTR
UST
U
USSTTRA
STRA
SSTRRALIA
LIAN
IAN
CA
CA
APIT
AP
PITITA
TAAL TE
TTERRITORY
G r e a t A u s t r a l i a n VICTORIA
A ustralian
Au us Alps
B i g h t Mel
Melb
Me
Melbo
M elbo
lbo
bououurn
ur
urne
rrne
rn
ne
ne
Geelo
Gee
Geel
Ge
G eel
ee
e
eelo
ello
eloong
ng
T a s m a n
Bas
Bass
B ass
as
sss S
Stttrai
Strai
Str
Stra
tra
rrai
ai
ait S e a
Bur
Bu
Bu
urni
urn
rn
rni
niie
n
nie
1000m/3281ft TAS
ASSM
S MA
MANNIA
IA
IA Lau
LLa
au
aunc
nces
eston
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft 0 400 km Ho
Hob
Ho
ob
b
ba
bar
aarrt
Sea Level
Below Sea Level 0 400 miles Sout
Sou
S oouth
ouuth
th
h E ast Cape
164 EUROPE
Austria
Bordering eight countries in the heart of Europe,
Austria was created in 1918 after the collapse of the Habsburg
Empire. Neutral after World War II, it joined the EU in 1995.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly mountainous. Alps and Large manufacturing base, despite
foothills cover the west and south. lack of energy resources. The skilled labor
Lowlands in the east are part of the force is key to high-tech exports.
Danube River basin. Eurozone membership since 2002 has
boosted investment.
CLIMATE
Temperate continental climate. INSIGHT: Many of the world’s great
The western Alpine regions have composers were Austrian, including
colder winters and more rainfall. Mozart, Haydn, Schubert, and Strauss
b
Da n u
is a major cultural center. Minorities Wels
Steyr Sankt Pölten
are few; there are some ethnic Croats, GERMANY
Salzburg
Wiener
Slovenes, and Hungarians, plus Bad Ischl Neustadt
Dornbirn
Leoben
refugees from conflict in former LIECH. Innsbruck s
HUNG.
p Graz
Yugoslavia. Though strongly Roman A l Wolfsberg
SWITZ. ITALY
Catholic, Austrian society is less Villach
Klagenfurt
conservative than some southern SLOVENIA
German Länder. Class divisions 0 50 km
remain strong. 0 50 miles
Ku
BAKU
majority. Thousands of Armenians,
ss
ARMENIA ra
er
Nagorno-
Russians, and Jews have left since Karabakh
Ca
Xankändi Äli-Bayramlı
uc
s as
Ar
u
Bahamas
Located off the Florida coast in the western
Atlantic, the Bahamas comprises an archipelago of some 700
islands and 2400 cays, only around 30 of which are inhabited.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Long, mainly flat coral Major tourist destination, especially
formations with a few low hills. for US visitors. Financial services: banking
Some islands have pine forests, and insurance.
lagoons, and mangrove swamps.
INSIGHT: The country’s extensive
CLIMATE merchant fleet consists mainly of
Subtropical. Hot summers and “flag-of-convenience” vessels
mild winters. Heavy rainfall, especially a
registered by foreign owners
id
or Grand
in summer. Hurricanes can strike in Fl
Bahama I.
f
so
July–December.
ait
Freeport 200m/656ft
St r
Sea Level
Great Abaco
Berry Is.
PEOPLE & SOCIETY New Eleuthera I.
Over 60% of the population live Nicholls Providence A T L A N T I C
Town NASSAU O C E A N
on New Providence. Tourism employs Andros I. Andros Ex
Cat I.
over 40% of the labor force. There are Town um
San Salvador
aS
marked wealth disparities, from urban Exuma
ou
Bangladesh
Bangladesh lies at the north end of the Bay of Bengal
and frequently suffers devastating flood, cyclones,
and famine. It seceded from Pakistan in 1971.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly flat alluvial plains and Agriculture is vulnerable to
deltas of the Brahmaputra and Ganges unpredictable climate. Bangladesh
rivers. Southeast coasts are fringed accounts for 90% of world jute fiber
with mangrove forests. exports. Poor infrastructure deters
investment. Growing textile industry.
CLIMATE 500m/1640ft
Hot and humid. During the 200m/656ft
Sea Level
monsoon, water levels can rise 20 ft (6 m) Rangpur ra
t
apu
Saidpur
above sea level. INDIA
Br a h m
Dinajpur
Jamalpur Sylhet
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Mymensingh
After a period of military rule, Rajshahi Shirajganj Ghat
Bangladesh returned to democracy in Ga
Brahmanbaria
Pabna ng
1991; political instability has continued, es
(P
DHAKA
ad
Ha
t Barisal
á
Khulna
poverty, but living standards are Mouths Chittagong
of the Ganges
improving. Women are prominent in
politics, but their rights are neglected. B a y
MA R
A
)
o f
(B ANM
B e n g a l
UR
Y
INSIGHT: Torrential monsoon M
rains flood two-thirds of the 0 100 km
country every year 0 100 miles
Belarus
Literally “White Russia,” Belarus lies landlocked in
eastern Europe. It reluctantly became independent when the
USSR broke up in 1991. It has few resources other than agriculture.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly plains and low hills. The Low unemployment. Industry
Dnieper and Dvina rivers drain the outmoded and mainly state-owned.
eastern lowlands. Vast Pripet Marshes Depends on Russia for energy and raw
in the southwest. materials: tensions over natural gas prices.
200m/656ft
We
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sea Level st e
rn D
Vitsyebsk
vina
Only 2% of people are non-Slav, RUSS.
FED.
so ethnic tension is minimal. Russian LITHUANIA Orsha
culture dominates. Belarus was the Barysaw
slowest ex-Soviet state to implement Lida MINSK
POLAND
Mahilyow
political reform; President Lukashenka Hrodna
Slutsk Babruysk
has been labeled as Europe’s last Baranavichy
Dn
dictator. Enthusiasm for a merger with Homyel’
i ep
Brest Pinsk Rechytsa
er
Russia has waned. Wealth is held by a Pripet
Marshes Mazyr
small ex-Communist elite. Fallout from UKRAI NE
the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster in U K RA IN E
se
of the minority Walloons, overturning
Me u
Kortrijk Aalst Leuven
traditional roles and increasing friction. BRUSSELS
Tournai Liège
Belgium moved to a federal system from La Louvière GER.
1980 in order to contain tensions, but Mons Namur
Charleroi
recent fractious politics have raised FRANCE
Belize
Belize lies on the eastern shore of the Yucatan
Peninsula. Formerly called British Honduras, Belize was the last
Central American country to gain its independence, in 1981.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Almost half the land area is Tourism, agriculture, and offshore
forested. Low mountains in southeast. banking. Oil extraction began in 2005.
Flat swampy coastal plains. Sugar, textiles, lobsters, and shrimp are
exported. Serious hurricane damage is a
CLIMATE recurring problem.
Tropical. Very hot and humid, with
0 50 km
May–December rainy season. Corozal
0 50 miles Louisville
do
PEOPLE & SOCIETY MEXICO
n
Orange Walk
Ho
English-speaking black Creoles
r
ive
Maskall
are outnumbered by Spanish speakers,
wR
Crooked Tree
Ne
including native mestizos (European– Belize City
ze
li
Amerindian) and immigrants from B
e
Reef
BELMOPAN
neighboring states. The Creoles have
traditionally dominated society, but San Ignacio
Dangriga
.
ts
high levels of emigration to the US GUATEMALA
er
M
have weakened their influence. The
rri
a
y
Ba
Afro-Carib garifuna have their own M
a
Monkey River
language. Corruption, and trafficking of San Antonio Town
people and narcotics, are major problems. Punta Gorda
Caribbean
S arstoo n Sea
1000m/3281ft
INSIGHT: Belize’s barrier reef is 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
the second-largest in the world Sea Level
Bhutan
Perched in the eastern Himalayas between India and
China lies the landlocked Kingdom of Bhutan. It is largely closed to
the outside world to protect its culture; TV was banned until 1999.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Low, tropical southern strip rising Reliant on India for trade. Most
through fertile central valleys to high people farm their own plots of land and
Himalayas in the north. Around 70% of herd cattle and yaks. Steep land unsuited
the land is forested. for cultivation. Development of cash
crops for Asian markets.
CLIMATE
South is tropical, north is alpine, INSIGHT: In 2004 Bhutan became
cold, and harsh. Central valleys warmer the first country in the world to ban
in east than west. smoking and the sale of tobacco
PERU Gu
i
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Ben
ap o
ré
Wealthy Spanish-descended families Lake
Trinidad
have traditionally controlled the economy. Titicaca
A
BRAZIL
The indigenous majority faces widespread LA PAZ
Montero
n
CHILE
Gr
Tupiza PARAGUAY
Tarija
INSIGHT: Between 1825 and 1982
s
na
Zvornik
os
and spoken language, Bosnians have a Travnik B Zenica D
r rin
ic Srebrenica a
been divided by history between A Bugojno
Orthodox Serbs, Roman Catholic Croats, lp
FEDERACIJA
SARAJEVO
s
and Muslim Bosniaks. Ethnic cleansing CROATIA BOSNA I
HERCEGOVINA
was practiced by all sides in the civil war,
displacing about 60% of the population. Mostar
Hopes for EU integration will require 2000m/6562ft MONTENEGRO
1000m/3281ft
further ethnic reconciliation. 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level
CLIMATE 1000m/3281ft
ZAMBIA 500m/1640ft
Dry and prone to drought. nd o
wa Kasane
Summer wet season, April–October. K
Li m
56 years. Diamond revenue has widened GABORONE Mochudi
wealth inequalities. Kanye
SOU TH
Lobatse
A FRICA
Brazil
Covering almost half of South America, Brazil is the site
of the world’s largest and ecologically most important rainforest.
The country has immense natural and economic resources.
GUYAN
G UYAN
UYA
UYA
ANA
A
ATLANTIC
Bra
G u i a n
a H i g h l a n d s Ma
Maca
Mac
M aca
ac
a ppáá
Japurá
Ri o Ne
g ro
Ilha
IIlh
lha
lh
haa de
h de Eq
Equat or OCEA N
on Maraj
M araj ó B
Belé
elé
lém
lé
ém
A m a z o n Amaz
Man
Mana
an
aana
nau
nauss
ns
Sant
SSa
a arém
ém
ém São
Sã
Sãoo Luís
Luís
Lu
Luíís
To c a nti
ós
aj
B a s i n a
eir a íb
a
ap
á
ad T
ru
n
Ju FFor
Fo
ort
rttal
a a
alez
Par
M San
Xin
Impe
mpeeratr
mp
m aatr
at
ttrriizz Te
TTer
eere
ressina
sin
ina
iina
Irir
Fernando
us
gu
r d N
de No ronha
r
i
Pu
Na
N ata
ata
at
tal
ns
Port
Po
P o o Velho
ho
o Jua
Juaz
JJu
uaz
ua
u a eiro
eir
eiiiro
ro
o
Ar
ão
S
T oc anti
M do
d o Nor
orrte
te
e JJo
oão
ão Pessoa
ipua n ã
a
Rio
Rio
oBBran
Bra
Br
ran
anco
co Repre
R
Reprprr e ssaa Campina
Camp
Cam naa Olinda
nu
en a
dee So
d S o brad
bra
br
bradi
rraa ddi nb
n bboo
nbo Gran
Gr
Gra
G rran
ra
a de
d Reec
Re eci
cif
ci
c fe
el
Juru
Chap
ada Ma
M ace
ac
ace
ceió
Gu
apo
dos
Pa sco
nci
ré rec P Tagu
Tag
aguuat
ati
aatin
tin
ttiin
ing
nga
ga
is de M lanal Arac
Ara
Ar
A rac
raccaju
aju
j
Fra
aia
São
os Salv
SSal
alv
alvvad
ad
ador
so
ra
Cu
Cuia
C uia
ui bá
u bá A
Brazilian
Ita
IIt
tab
ab
buna
un
BR
BRA
RAAS
SÍÍL
SÍL
ÍLIA
IA
Highlands Vitó
Vit
V
Viitó
it
itórriria
ia dada Conquista
al
Goiâ
Goiâ
oiiiâân
niaiiaa Mont
M
Mo ont
on
o ntes
es
an
Cla
Cl
Clar
C lar
la
lar
aros
os
ay
nt
Uber
U
Ube
ber
ber
be erlâ
erlândlân
lând
ând
âân
nd
n dia
ia
P a ra gu
Go
Gov
Gove
G ove
ov
o vveern
rn
nad
na aaddor Valadares
Pa
Uber
Ube
U ber
beeerraaba
b abba
ba
Camp
amp
am
mpo
mp Bel
Belo
Be
B elo
eello
o Ho
Hor
Hoorizon
izo
izzzon
zo
o
on ntete
Gran
Gr
G ran
r nd
dee Ribe
Rib
Ri
R ib
ibe
ibbeeir
irã
iirão
rã
rrão
ãão
o Pre
PPrre
retto
o
Baur
Bau
B
Ba auru Viit
V
Vitó
Vit iitó
tória
ia
Nova
Nov
N
No ova
ovvva
o a Cam
C
Caamp
aammp
m pos
P A RA G U A Y Lon
Lond
LLo
o
on
ond
nd
n drin
rina
rri n Camp
iina
in Cam
C
Ca am
aamp mpin
mp inas
ina
nas
n ass
Igua
gu
guauaççu
ua u D Duqu
uququ
q ue de
de C Cax a ias
á
SSão
ão PPau
ão Pa
Paul
aau
aul
uo
P a r an
Rii de
R
Rio de Jananei
ane
ne ro
Sant
San
Santnttos
os
Curi
Cur
Cu
C uri
u
urr tib
ritiba
ti baa
JJoin
Jo
oiiin
oin
o nvvi
vilill
vill
ililllle
FFllorianópolis
ARG E N T IN
NA
Cax
Caxi
C
Caaaxi
axxixiaass do Sul
ATLANT IC 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Po
Por
Poort
orrto A Allegre
eg 200m/656ft
Lago
Lag
Lagoa
L
Laagoa
ag
aago
goa
ggooa
oa ddoos
dos
o s Pa
P atos
Patos
a OCEA N Sea Level
Pelo
Pelo
Pel
Pe
eello
lota
ttas
aass
URUGU
UAAY
Y Rio
R iio
o Gr
Gr de
Gran
Gra
Mirim
Mir
Miri
Mi
M iir
iri
irim
r im L
La
Lagoon
Lag 0 500 km
0 500 miles
180 ASIA
Brunei
Lying on the northern coast of the island of Borneo,
Brunei is surrounded and divided in two by the Malaysian
state of Sarawak. It has been independent since 1984.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly dense lowland rainforest Oil and natural gas production
and mangrove swamps, with some has brought one of the world’s highest
mountains in the southeast. standards of living. Massive overseas
investments. Major consumer of high-
CLIMATE tech hi-fi, video equipment, and Western
Tropical. Six-month rainy season designer clothes.
with very high humidity.
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft So uth C hina Sea
200m/656ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sea Level Pekan Muara
Malays benefit from positive
Kampong BANDAR SERI
discrimination. Many in the Chinese Bunut BEGAWAN
community are stateless. Since a failed Tutong
Burkina Faso
The west African state of Burkina Faso was known as
Upper Volta until 1984. It became a multiparty state in 1991,
though former military ruler Blaise Compaoré remains in power.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Sahara covers the north of Cotton is the major cash crop,
the country. The south is largely but the encroaching Sahara Desert is
savanna. The three main rivers are restricting agriculture. Beneficiary of
the Black, White, and Red Voltas. foreign debt cancellation plans.
500m/1640ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 200m/656ft
MALI
Sea Level
No single ethnic group is
dominant, but the Mossi, from Ouahigouya
NIGER
Vo d Tenkodogo
mixed. Extreme poverty has led to a ack Bobo-Dioulasso Vo
Vo
Bl lta a
lt
Léo
strong sense of egalitarianism. Most BENI N
Banfora TOGO
B la ck
Muyinga
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Kayanza
Ngozi
Cambodia
Located on the Indochinese peninsula in southeast Asia,
Cambodia has emerged from genocide, civil war, and invasion
from Vietnam. Tourism has rebounded, and is a key income earner.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly low-lying basin. Tônlé Sap Economy is heavily aid-reliant, still
(Great Lake) drains into the Mekong River. recovering from civil war. Rubber and
Forested mountains and plateau east of timber are exported. Self-sufficient in
the Mekong. rice. Garment industry is growing. Land
disputes and corruption issues.
CLIMATE
Tropical. High temperatures INSIGHT: Cambodia has many
throughout the year. Heavy rainfall during impressive temples (including Angkor
May–October monsoon. Wat), which date from when the country
was the center of the Khmer Empire
PEOPLE & SOCIETY TH A ILA N D LA OS
Devastated by US bombing, then Phumî
Virôchey
Sâmraông
by the Khmer Rouge regime, whose Sisôphôn
Chôâm
Khsant Phumî
extreme Marxist program killed over a Bâtdâmbâng
Kâmpóng Trâbék
Tônlé Sap
million between 1975 and 1979, Cambodia Kâmpóng Mekong
Poûthîsât
then endured further civil conflict and Chhnâng Krâchéh
Vietnamese occupation. The effects are Krông Kaôh Kâmpóng Cham
Kông PHNOM PENH
still felt, reflected in the high rates of Prey Vêng
G ulf
orphans, widows, and land-mine victims. of Kâmpóng Saôm
Tha ila nd VIETNAM
A fragile stability has lasted since
elections in 1993. King Norodom 1000m/3281ft
Sihanouk, a key figure in politics, 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 100 km
abdicated in 2004. Sea Level 0 100 miles
Maroua
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 0 100 km
NIGERIA
Canada
Canada extends from the Arctic to its US border
along the 49th parallel. Unified under British rule from 1763, its
development and expansion attracted large-scale immigration.
Elle
El lesmere I.
ARCTIC OCEAN + Magne
gnet
net
n
neeettic
ic N
Nor
Noor
orth
th
Pole
Po
P o
Qu
Que
Quee
uee
een E
ee Elliizab
iza
zab
zab
za
abet
eeth
th
th
Isl
IIsla
sla
sslla
lannds
ndds
ds Baffin
Paaarr
Parr
Par
P arrr
rry Is Islla
land
lan
and
aan
ndds
n Bay
Beaufort Bat
Bath
Bathu
B
Baattthu
aath
athu
thhhu
u rrs
rst
sstt I .
Sea Devon
D evon
evo
von
onn II.
UNITED STATES S Ban
B
Baank
aan
nkks
nks
n k s I.
I
OF AMERICA A
(ALASKA
KA)
A))
Vict
Victo
Vi
V iicto
iccct
cto
to
t ooria
ria
ria
ri Dav
M Islan
Isl
IIsla
Isslan
sla
ssllla
lan
a nd
nd Baf
Baff
Ba
B aaff
af
ffiin
ff n Isl
sla
sslan
llan
laan
and is S
a tr
M ac
ait
Gre
Great
Gre
Grea
Gr
rrea
reat
eeaa B Beeear
Bear
Beaeaaarr
ck
Melv
Me
M
Melvi
elvi
eelv
lv
vii lle
v lllllee
YUKO
Y
YUK
YUUK
UKO
U K N
en
Lak
L
Lake
La akkkee
aake
k e nz i
Penin
Pen
P
Peeen
enin
nin
n iin
n su
ssul
ula
ul
u la
zi
T ERR
EER
RRR IITO
RITO
ITTO
ITOR
TO
TOR
ORRY
eM
N UN A V UT Iq
Iqa
IIqal
q
qaaallu
qal uit
uiitt
e
Whit
W
Wh
Whi
hit
hiiitteeh
h eho
ho
hoorrse
se
R o c
NORTHWEST (Fro
(Fr
((FFro
FFr
robi
ro bish
bis
b iissh
herr Baay
ay)
y
ou
South
So
S
Sout
Sou
outh
oou
utthh amp
u aampto
am
mpppto
mpto
m t o n I.
to I
TERRITORIES
nta
Labrador
Yel
Yell
Ye
Y eelllllo
owk
owkn
oww
wkn
wkknif
iife
ffee
ins
k y
P én
Pénin
énin
nin
in
n ssu
sule
sul
ule
ul
u llee Sea
Gre
Great
Gr
G reeat
rreat
eaatt S
Slav
llavve d’’U
d’Ung
d’U
d’Un
d ’’Ung
U
Ung
Unn ava
va
a
B RIT I S H Lak
Lake
L
La akee
aak NEWFO
U
PACI FI
F IC
IC C O L U M B I A eace Hudson & LAB NDLAN
P Lak
La
Lake
L akke
aake
ke RAD D
M o
OCEAAN OR
Coast Mo
sc a
Athab
Atha
Ath
A tha
th
ha asca
asc
sca
ssc
ccaa Bay Labrador
Quee een n
ba
MAN
MANI
M
MAAN
ANI
A N I TOBA
NI T OBA
TO
TOB
OB
BA
B A
ha
Charloo tt
t ttee
tte St.J
SSt.
St
tt.J
..JJohn
oh
ohn’
o hn’
hn
hn’
n’s
u n
At
Islan
annd Q UÉ B E C Gul
G
Gulf
Gu
u
ulllff
ulf
ALB
AL
ALBE
A LBE
LLB
B
BE
BER
ER
RTTA
RTA
TA SSASK
SA
ASK
AS
A SSK
KA
ATCH
AT
ATC
TCH
TTC
CH
C HEEW
EWAN
EWA
WA
WAN
W AN
A N Jame
Ja
Jam
JJames
ame
ames
aam
mes
me
meess
off N New
Ne
Newf
ew
ewf
ewwffooun
ound
ou
un
und
u n
ndddlla
lan
lan
and
nd
t a
Bay
B
Ba
aayy ce
u
Edmo
Edm
Edmo
Ed
dm
d mo
m on
nto
nton
nttton
to
on
on Lak
Lake
akkkee
aake en S
Stt L
Lawrencen
en
enc
ncce
nta
r
i n
aw
Winni
Winn
W nn
n n ppeg
eegg PRINCE
RINCE
NCE
NC
N CE
Vanco
Vanc
ancouu vve
uv ver
er
er Calg
Ca
Cal
C a ary
ryy
ins
Sask
SSa
ask
aas
skato
attto
atoooon
oo EDWAR
ED
EDW
EEDWARD
D
DWARD
DW
DWAR
WARD
W ARD
AR
RD
R D I.I.
St L
Islan
annd O N TA R I O
s
Let
LLeth
Le
ettth
eethhbrid
brrid
bri
b rriiid
dg
gee Re NEW
NE
N EWW
Vict
ctto iaa V
oria
ori
orria Vaanc
Van
Vanc
an
anc
ncco
ouv
ouve
o
ouuve
uv
u vveer Regi
R
Reg
eegi
eggiin
g naa Win
Wi
Winn
W inn
in
in
nnnipeg
peeeg
peg
p g Qué
Qu
Q
Québuéb
uééb
ué bec
bec
ec BRU
B
BRRU
R UNSW
UN
U NSW
N WIICK
IC
CK
C K
Thun
Thu
TTh
hu
hun
h un
u nder
nder
dee Ba
d Bay
B a La
LLava
Lav
aava
av
vvaal Haaliifax
Hal
Ha
Hali fax
Lake
akeke
ke Mont
Mon
Mo
M on
o
ont
ntrréal
nt ré
ééal
éa
al
al NO
N O
OVA
OVV
VA SCOTIA
Lake
Lak
La akkkee
aake Huron
Huro
Hur
Hu
H uro
uron
u
urron
rro
oon
n
Super
erriio
ior
or
or OTTA
OTT
OT
OTTA
T
TT
TA
TAW
AWWA
A
TToro
To
orrro
oro
o on nttto
nto o Osha
Osh
Os
O ssh
haw
waa
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Lak
La
L ake Ontarioo
ak ATLANTIC
Lakee Hammiillt
m lto
tto
on
o n OCEAN
Michigan
n Nia ra Falls
Niaga
Nia
3000m/9843ft Lake
Lak
L
Laaake
ak
k Erie
2000m/6562ft Wiin
Wind
Win
W in sor
sor
so
or
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft 0 400 km
200m/656ft
Sea Level 0 400 miles
188 AFRICA
Cape Verde
Off the west coast of Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean,
lies the group of islands that make up Cape Verde, a
Portuguese colony until it gained independence in 1975.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Ten main islands and eight smaller Most people are subsistence farmers.
islets, all of volcanic origin. Mostly Clothing is the main export. No natural
mountainous, with steep cliffs and resources. Mid-Atlantic location ensures
rocky headlands. work maintaining ships and planes.
CLIMATE 0 50 km 2000m/6562ft
Warm, and very dry. Subject to 0 50 miles 1000m/3281ft
droughts that can sometimes last for 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
years at a time. Sea Level
Santo
Antão
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Mindelo
Santa Luzia Sal
São Vicente
Most people are of mixed
Portuguese–African origin (Mestiço); São Nicolau
the rest are descendants of African slaves Sal Rei
Boa Vista
Berbérati Mobaye
U b a n gi
political leaders. Less than 2% of the
ER
D EM . REP. CON G O
population live in the north. Recent
O
CONGO
O
N
Chad
Landlocked in north-central Africa, Chad has had a
turbulent history since independence from France in 1960.
Intermittent periods of civil war followed a military coup in 1975.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly plateaus sloping west-ward to The discovery of oil, and the
Lake Chad. Northern third is Sahara. Tibesti opening of a pipeline to the coast via
Mountains in north rise to 10,826 ft (3300 m). Cameroon, are transforming Chad’s
economy, though the new wealth is
CLIMATE unlikely to reach most people.
Three distinct zones: desert in
north, semiarid region in center, 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
and tropics in south. 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft LIBYA
200m/656ft
Tibe s t i
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sea Level
e rt
CLIMATE Serious earthquake
A n ca m a Des
Arid in the north. Hot, dry damage in 2010. Antofagasta
s
de
summers and mild winters in the center. PACIFIC
INSIGHT:
a
Higher Andean peaks have glaciers and OCEAN
At
year-round snow. Very wet and stormy Chile’s Atacama
in the south. Desert is the driest
Viña del Mar
place on Earth, Valparaíso SANTIAGO
making it the Rancagua
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Talcahuano Talca
perfect location
Most people are mestizo (mixed for hi-tech space Concepción Chillán
Spanish–Amerindian descent), and are Temuco
observatories Valdivia
highly urbanized. Almost a third of Puerto Montt
s
the population lives in Santiago, many
Ande
4000m/13124ft Isla de Chiloé
in large slums. There are three main 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
indigenous groups, including the 1000m/3281ft
ARGENTINA
Sea Level
Rapa Nui of Easter Island. General
Pinochet’s dictatorship was brutally
Punta Arenas
repressive, but the business and 0 300 km
Strait of Magellan
middle classes prospered. 0 300 miles
Cape Horn
China
Covering a vast area of eastern Asia, China is bordered
by 14 countries. A one-party Communist state since 1949, it has
recently become a dominant force in global manufacturing.
Amur
RUSSIAN
FEDER
FE
FED
FEDE
FEDE
ED
EDE
DE ATION
Heeih
Heih
Heeiih
he
Manzzho
ho
ou
ulli
u
P l ai n
Qiqi
Q iqi
qihar
haarr
Alta
Alt
A
Al
llta
ltttaay Ha
Harb
arrb
aarb
rbin
bin
in Jixi
K AZAK HSTA
STA
TA
TAN
ANN Jix
ixi
ixi
ix
u ri a n
Kara
Ka
Kar
Kara
aarrra
amma
may
ay
ay Chan
Cha
C ha
han an ngch
gch
gc
gchu
ch
chu
huun
un
Yiin
Yini
Yin
Y iini
niing
n ng MONGOLIA Xiiililiinh
Xil
X
Xili nh
nho
hot
ho
ot
ot
nch
Jili
Jil
JJiiili
ilin
in
h a Ür
Ürü
Ürüm
Ürü
rrüm
ümq
ümqii
KY R
RGG
GY Y ZST
ZS
STA
STAN
STTA
TAN
T AN
AN Tien S n G o b i Sh
SShen
hen
h en nyyang
nyang
ya
yanang
aanng
n gN
Ma
Haami
Ham
Hami
H aam
m
mii
A Fuxi
Fux
FFu
uxxxiiin
uxi
u n Fus
FFush
Fuush
us
u sshhunun O NOR
NOORTH
ORR
Korl
Kor
Ko
K orla
or
o OLI An
Ansh
A nsh
ns
nsh shan an KO KOR
KOREA
K O
OREA
EA
EA
Ka
Kash
ash
ssh
hi Tak
Ta
Takl
T akl
a
akkl
klim mak
ma
makan
maka
aka
akan
a
akkan
k
kaan
a n Lop
Lo
Lop
op Nurur N E R M ONG JJin
Jinz
iinz
in
nzhou
n ho
h ou
o u
TAJIKISTA AN
A N I N BEI
BE
B EIJJIN
EI JIIIN
NG Tan
TTa
Tang
ang
aanng
n gsh
sha
shan
sha
han
h aann Da Dan
D and
aan nd
n dongg
He
AFGHANISTAN N Shamo
S hamo
h amo
am
a mo
m o Yum
Yume
Y
Yuume
um
u m
me e n Dal
Da
D ali
a lii an
h a n Datoato
at to
t o ng
n g Boo Hai
B
un S
ng
PAKISTANANN Alt a Sh
Sh
Shij
hijijjia
hi iiazh
iaz
azh
aazzh
zhuang
uan
ua
u an
angngg TTia
Tian
ian
anjjin
an jiiinn
Golm
Go
G
Gololllm
olm
o muudd Q Qing
Qi
Qin
Qingh
in
ingh
ing
ngh
ng
ngghhai
ai Hu
Hu Hu Ziib
ZZib
Zibo
ib
ibo
boo
Aksai Chin
in
n- Kunlun Shan Xin
Xi
X
Xini
ini
ningng Jina
in
naan
administered by
y China,, Qing
Qin
Qi
Q ing
ingd dao
Plateau of Tibet LLanz
Lan
La
anz
aannzzho
n ho
hou
ouu Luo
Luoy
uo o
oy y an
a
angng
n g Zhen
Zhe
Zhhen
he
he g
gzho
gz
gzh zho
z
zh
ho
h o u
claimed by Indiaa Yel l o w
B
Baoj
Bao
a
aoj
aooj
o j i Xi’
Xi’a
X
Xi i’a
i
i’’a
’ a n Xuzh
Xuz
X
Xu uzzzh
u hoou u Sea
Demchok/Dêmqog-q gg-- X NG ZIZHIQU
XIZA U Huai
H u
uaaiinanan
an
an
Na
Nan
N
Nany
aan
any nyyaang
n anng
n g Naanj
Nan
Na
Nanjan
n
njjing
jin
in
ing
ng g
H
administered by
y China,
a,, i (TIBET)
T)
T) Gu
Guan
Gua
G ua
uan
u an
a n gyu
gyua
g
gyyua
u a n SSh hanghai gh
Salwe
ze
claimed by Indiia m en Wu
Wuha
Wu uhan
t
ng
a Che
Ch
Chen
C hen
he
h een
engd
ng gd
gdu
du
du
Ya
Sha
SShas
Sh has
ha
h aassh
hii
Meko
Ha
Han
H an
an ng gzhou
gzhozhou
zho ou
l a LLh Lha
Lhas
ha
has
hasa
as
Cho
Chon
Ch
Chon
ho
h on n gqi
gqin
g
gqqin
q n g
NEPA
EP
PAL
PAL
PA
AL y a s ZZig
Zigo
Zi
ig
iigo
go
gon ng g Pooy
Poya
Poyan
Poy
P ooya
oyan
yaan
yyanang Hu Hu
ng
East
BHUTA
BHU
B HU
HUTA
HUT
H UT
UTA
U TA
T AN Cha
Chan
Ch
C ha
han
h aan ngsha
gsha
sh
ha
ha Nanc
Nan
Nanc
anc
anchnchang han
han
haan
ang
ng g C hi na
Guiy
Gu
G uiy
u iiyang
aan
ng
ng Hen
Heng
H eng
eng
en
ngyya yang
yan
an
aang
ng g FFuuzzhou Sea
u
INDIA
Ku
K
Kun
Kunm
unm
un
unming
nmin
in
ng
g Liu
LLiuz
iu
iiuz
u
uzzh
ho
hou
ou
ou
Wuz
Wuzh
Wu
Wuz
uuzh
z o u SSh
ou Sha
Shan
han
ha
hantou
an to
to
MYANMMA
AR R Naann
Nan
N
Nann
aan
nniin
nn ing
ng
ng Guan
Gua
Gu
G uan
ua
uaan
nggzho
gzh
gz
zho
zhou
(BURMA)) Ma
Mac
Maca
M aaca
acca
cao Ho Hong
Hong
Hon
o K Kongg
VIETN
VIET
VIETN
IET
IE
ETN
TN
TNAM
NAM
AM (A
(Aom
(A
(Ao
Ao
Aom
om
omen)eenn) (X
n)
Gu
G
Gulf
ulff
ulf (Xianggang)
LAO
LA
LAO
AO
OSS
ooff
Tongkkiinng
ng Ha
H a
aina
ina
i na n Dao So ut h
C h ina
4000m/13124ft Sea
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft 0 400 km
200m/656ft
Sea Level 0 400 miles
194 SOUTH AMERICA
Colombia
Lying in northwest South America, Colombia has
coastlines on both the Caribbean and the Pacific. It is primarily
noted for its coffee, emeralds, gold, and cocaine trafficking.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The densely forested and almost Healthy and diversified export
uninhabited east is separated from the sector – includes coffee and coal.
western coastal plains by the Andes, Considerable growth potential, but
which divide into three ranges narcotics-related violence and corruption
(cordilleras) with intervening valleys. deter foreign investors.
CLIMATE Sea
Caribbean
Santa Marta
Coastal plains are hot and wet. The Barranquilla Valledupar
highlands are much cooler. The equatorial Sincelejo
Cartagena
east has two wet seasons. Montería
Cúcuta
PANAMA
VENEZUELA
Bucaramanga
OCEAN
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Medellín
ta
s
Me
Or
Most Colombians are of mixed Manizales
i n o co
BOGOTÁ
e
Armenia
blood. Blacks and Amerindians have the d Villavicencio
least political representation. Civil Cali N
FIC
Neiva
n
eg r o
conflict over four and a half decades has Popayán
CI
Pasto
A
Equator
over 200,000 dead. The fighting is deeply ECUADOR C aq
Pu
tu u et BRAZIL
á
entwined with the narcotics trade.
m
PERU
ay
o
Congo
Astride the equator in west-central Africa, this former
French colony emerged from 20 years of Marxist-Leninist rule in
1990. Democracy was soon overshadowed by years of violence.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly forest- or savanna- Oil provides over 85% of export
covered plateaus, drained by the revenue. Timber is extracted. Foreign
Ubangi and Congo river systems. debt high. Substantial industrial base
Narrow coastal plain is lined with around Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire.
sand dunes and lagoons.
INSIGHT: In 1970, Congo became
CLIMATE the first African country to
Hot, tropical. Temperatures rarely declare itself a communist state
fall below 86°F (30°C). Two wet and two C. A. R.
0 200 km
dry seasons. Rainfall is heaviest south of
0 200 miles
the equator. CAMEROON
Ouésso
n gi
500m/1640ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 200m/656ft
U ba
San
One of the most tribally Sea Level
gh
a
conscious and heavily urbanized Equator
Owando
countries in Africa, with most people
o
GABON
ng
living in the Brazzaville–Pointe-Noire
Co
region. Main tensions are between Djambala
the Bakongo in the north and the Mossendjo DEM. REP.
CONGO
Mbochi in the south. Relative peace Loudima
Nkayi
was secured in 1999, and “ninja” rebels ATLANTIC
OCEAN
BRAZZAVILLE
Kinkala
in the Pool region, around Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire
ANGOLA
signed a peace deal in 2003. (Cabinda)
Lu a l
o
Congo Goma
ng
CONGO
and around 190 smaller ones. Civil war Co
Basin RWANDA
ab a
Bukavu
BURUNDI
from 1996 drew neighboring countries ANGOLA
KINSHASA Ilebo
into a bloody conflict. The indigenous (Cabinda) Kananga Kalemie TANZANIA
Kikwit
ATL EAN
Matadi Lake
forest pygmies, victimized in the war, are Mbuji-Mayi Tanganyika
OC
ANT
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: The DRC’s rainforests 1000m/3281ft
comprise 6% of the world’s, and 50% of 500m/1640ft 0 200 km
200m/656ft
Africa’s, remaining woodlands Sea Level 0 200 miles
Costa Rica
Costa Rica, Central America’s most stable country, is
rich in pristine scenery and exotic wildlife. Its neutrality in
foreign affairs is long-standing, but it has strong ties with the US.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Coastal plains of swamp and Main exports are bananas, coffee,
savanna rise to a fertile central plateau, pineapples, and beef, but all vulnerable
which leads to a mountain range with to fluctuating world prices. Stability has
active volcanic peaks. attracted multinationals. History of high
inflation. Pioneer of eco-tourism. Plans
CLIMATE to be the world's first carbon neutral
Hot and humid in coastal regions. country (by 2030).
Temperate central uplands. High 0 50 km
annual rainfall. 0 50 miles
NICARAGUA
C
de
group, while one in six people live in San Isidro Ta rdi
la lle
m ra
poverty. Nonetheless, living standards are PACIFIC
A
an
ca
NAM
OCEAN
high for the region, and education and
healthcare provision is good.
PA
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft Península
1000m/3281ft de Osa
INSIGHT: Costa Rica’s 1949 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
constitution bans a national army Sea Level
Croatia
Though it was controlled by Hungary from medieval
times and was a part of the Yugoslav state for much of
the 20th century, Croatia has a very strong national identity.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Rocky, mountainous Adriatic The war cost the economy an
coastline is dotted with islands. Interior is estimated $50 billion. Unemployment has
a mixture of wooded mountains and been persistently high. Corruption deters
broad valleys. foreign investment. Tourism is mainly on
the Dalmatian coast.
CLIMATE
0 50 km
The interior has a temperate
0 50 miles
continental climate. Mediterranean Varaªdin
Âakovec
climate along the Adriatic coast. Koprivnica D r HUNGARY
a va
SER ube
SLOVENIA
Da
ZAGREB Virovitica
n
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Karlovac
BIA
S Osijek
Rijeka K upa Sa l a v o n i a
Croats are distinguished from
a
va Vukovar
tr
I s
Bosniaks and Serbs by their Roman Slavonski
Pula Brod
Catholic faith and use of the Latin BOSNIA
alphabet. Many Serbs fled Croatia during &
Zadar D HERZEGOVINA
i
the early 1990s conflict that accompanied
na
D
ri
l
A
m Split
lp
a
Adriatic t
Slovenia, is set to go ahead in 2013. Sea
i
a
Dubrovnik MON.
INSIGHT: Croatia only regained 1000m/3281ft
control of Serb-occupied Eastern 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Slavonia, around Vukovar, in 1998 Sea Level
Cyprus
Cyprus lies south of Turkey in the eastern
Mediterranean. Since 1974, it has been partitioned between
the Turkish-occupied north and the Greek-Cypriot south.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountains in the center-west give Financial services and tourism.
way to a fertile plain in the east, flanked Eurozone member with best economic
by hills to the northeast. performance and lowest unemployment
in 2009 downturn. North suffers from
CLIMATE lack of investment and lower wages.
Mediterranean. Summers are hot
and dry. Winters are mild, with snow in INSIGHT: The Green Line, which
the mountains. separates north from south, was
opened for the first time in 2003
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Mediterranean Sea Dipkarpaz
The Greek majority practice (Rizokarpason)
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Orthodox Christianity. Since the 16th (only recognized by Turkey)
century, a minority community of Turkish Lapta (Lápithos) Girne (Kerÿneia) Famagusta
Muslims has lived in the north of the Deêirmenlik Bay
Güzelyurt (Mórfou)
island. In 1974 Turkish troops occupied (Kythréa) Gazimaêusa
NICOSIA (Famagusta)
the north and proclaimed the Turkish
Troodos Agia Nápa
Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), Mts. Lárnaka
Páfos Sovereign
but it is recognized only by Turkey. Lemesós Base Area
Over 100,000 mainland Turks have settled Sovereign (Limassol) (to UK)
Base Area Akrotiri
there since. UN-led mediation failed to (to UK) Cease-fire line
reunite the island ahead of EU accession 1000m/3281ft
in 2004, so the north was left out 0 25 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
of membership. 0 25 miles Sea Level
e
high divorce rates. Czechs make up the Kladno
PRAGUE
Hradec Králové
Denmark
Denmark occupies the Jutland peninsula and over
400 islands in southern Scandinavia. Greenland and the
Faeroe Islands are self-governing associated territories.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Fertile farmland covers two-thirds Natural gas and oil reserves. Skilled
of the terrain, which is among the workforce key to high-tech industrial
flattest in the world. About 100 islands success. Pork, bacon, dairy products are
are inhabited. exported. Opted not to join the euro,
though its currency is pegged.
CLIMATE
Damp, temperate climate with 200m/656ft
Sea Level Bornholm
mild summers and cold, wet winters. ak
r
Rainfall is moderate. ag
er Rønne
Sk
Aalborg
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Kattegat
Income distribution is the most J y l l a n d
Randers
even in the West: society is egalitarian Viborg
with few tensions, though cultural clashes Silkeborg
Herning Århus Helsingør
have arisen with immigrant minorities. Horsens
COPENHAGEN
Almost all women now work and Vejle Roskilde
a
Esbjerg
Se
Denmark is a world leader in childcare Kolding
Odense
tic
Fyn Sjælland
provision. Marriage is becoming less
Bal
North Svendborg Næstved
common, even for couples with children. Sea Sønderborg
GERMANY Nykøbing
L ollan d
Fa l st er
INSIGHT: Denmark is Europe’s
oldest kingdom – the monarchy 0 50 km
dates back to the 10th century 0 50 miles
Ba
The main ethnic groups are
b el
ETHIOPIA ◊a√√a’to
Mand
the Issas in the south, and the
nomadic Afars in the north. Tensions
eb
between them developed into a Obock
guerrilla war in 1991–1994. Smaller Tadjourah
ura Gulf of
Lac ‘Assal ad jo
tribal groups make up the rest of Gâlâfi de T Aden
lfe
Go DJIBOUTI
the population, and the rural peoples
are mostly nomadic. Wealth is Goubétto Damêrdjôg
Lake Abhe
concentrated in Djibouti city. Mouloud
SOMALILAND
Guélîlé (not internationally
France exerts considerable influence recognized)
in Djibouti, supporting it financially ETHIOPIA
and maintaining a naval base and 0 30 km
a military garrison. 0 30 miles
Dominica
Dominica is renowned as the Caribbean island that
resisted European colonization until the 18th century.
It achieved independence from the UK in 1978.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountainous and densely forested. Based on bananas, but has lost
Volcanic activity has given the land very preferential access to EU market. Some
fertile soils, hot springs, geysers, and diversification: flowers, coffee, fruit.
black sand beaches. Agriculture vulnerable to hurricanes.
Eco-tourism. Some offshore banking.
CLIMATE
Tropical, cooled by constant trade INSIGHT: Dominica is known as
winds. Heavy annual rainfall. Tropical “Nature Island,” due to its spectacular
depressions and hurricanes are likely flora and fauna
June–November.
assage
ca P 2000m/6562ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY ini
om 1000m/3281ft
D 500m/1640ft
The majority of Dominicans Prince
Portsmouth
200m/656ft
are descendants of African slaves Rupert
Bay
Marigot Sea Level
brought over to work on banana Northern Forest
Reserve
plantations. The Carib Territory on
ATLANTIC
the northeast of the island is home Caribbean OCEAN
Mahaut
to the only surviving indigenous Sea
East Timor
East Timor occupies the once Portuguese-owned
eastern half of the island of Timor. Invaded by Indonesia in 1975,
it became independent in 2002 following a long struggle.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A narrow coastal plain gives way to Widespread poverty. Violence
forested highlands. The mountain in 1999 damaged infrastructure. Riots
backbone rises to 9715 ft (2963 m). in 2006 undermined stability, further
deterring foreign investment. Agreement
CLIMATE with Australia on division of oil revenue
Tropical. Heavy rain in wet season from the Timor Sea.
(December–March), then dry and hot,
particularly in the north. INSIGHT: Once dependent on
sandalwood, the economy is being
PEOPLE & SOCIETY transformed by oil under the Timor Sea
The population is almost entirely
Se
Roman Catholic. The Timorese are a mix lat
R
Pulau Wetar
of Malay and Papuan peoples, and many
om
an
indigenous Papuan tribes survive. There is
g
Pulau Alor ait
ar Str
an urban Chinese minority, and ethnic it Ataúro Wet
Lospalos
Indonesian settlers became numerous
ra
s
Equator
Spanish extraction (mestizo). Black Santo Domingo
QUITO N ap o
communities exist on the coast. The
e
de los Colorados
Manta
strong and largely unified Amerindian Portoviejo
Ambato
movement leads the pressure for social Riobamba
d
reform; one in eight people live in Milagro
Guayaquil
extreme poverty. Recent left-wing
n
4000m/13124ft
3000m/9843ft
Loja
INSIGHT: Darwin's study on the PERU 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
Galápagos Islands in 1856 played a 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
major part in his theory of evolution Sea Level
Egypt
Occupying the northeast corner of Africa, Egypt is divided
by the highly fertile Nile Valley. Mubarak's military-backed regime was
ousted in a popular uprising in the "Arab Spring" of 2011.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Fertile Nile Valley separates arid Oil and gas. Cotton. Tolls from the
Libyan Desert from smaller semiarid Suez Canal. Successful tourist industry, in
eastern desert. Sinai peninsula has spite of terrorist attacks. High birth-rate
mountains in south. and rural poverty.
N il e
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Despite a long tradition of ethnic Asyú√
Hurghada
Re
d
has sparked clashes between Muslims Al Uq§ur
Se
L i b y a n
a
and Copts (Coptic Christianity is one of D e s e r t Aswán
the Church’s earliest branches). Women Administrative
border
play a full part in education and the Lake Nasser
economy, though this is threatened by
SUDAN Political border
Islamism. Rapidly growing population is
a problem. Poverty is rife around Cairo. 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
INSIGHT: In 450 BCE Herodotus 200m/656ft 0 200 km
Sea Level
visited the already-ancient pyramids Below Sea Level 0 200 miles
pa
Ahuachapán Cerrón Grande Sensuntepeque
US-backed right-wing government and Sonsonate SAN
left-wing FMLN guerrillas, over gross SALVADOR San Vicente
a San Miguel
Zacatecoluca
mp
economic disparities, which still exist La Unión
Le
Equatorial Guinea
Comprising the mainland territory of Río Muni and five
islands on the west coast of central Africa, Equatorial Guinea,
despite its name, lies just north of the equator.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The islands are mountainous and Oil and gas now account for
volcanic. The mainland is lower, with 94% of exports; the government has
mangrove swamps along the coast. promised to reinvest the new funds in
development. Timber, cocoa, coffee.
CLIMATE
The island of Bioko is extremely INSIGHT: In 2003, state radio
wet and humid. The mainland is only declared President Obiang Nguema
to be “like God in Heaven”
marginally drier and cooler.
2000m/6562ft MALABO
1000m/3281ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 500m/1640ft
Isla
da
Equatorial Guinea is the only 200m/656ft
Sea Level
Bioco
Estonia
The smallest and most Western-oriented of the former
Soviet-ruled Baltic states, Estonia is also the most developed,
but its standard of living is well below the EU average.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Estonia’s terrain is flat, boggy, and Timber and oil shale. Good
partly forested, with over 1500 islands. productivity. Strong growth accompanied
Lake Peipus forms much of the eastern EU accession in 2004, but first EU country
border with Russia. to enter recession in 2008. Drastic
spending cuts aided quick revival. Joined
CLIMATE eurozone in 2011. Low debt burden.
Maritime, with some continental
extremes. Harsh winters, with cool INSIGHT: Estonia pioneered online
summers and damp springs. voting in 2007, and voting by cell
phone in 2011
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Estonians are related ethnically Gulf of Finland
Kohtla-
TALLINN Järve Narva
and linguistically to the Finns. Friction Rakvere
Baltic
between ethnic Estonians and the large Sea Tapa
Haapsalu
Russian minority led to a reassertion of Paide Lake
Hiiumaa Peipus RUSS.
Estonian culture and language. Outright FED.
discrimination against the Russian Pärnu Viljandi Tartu
Saaremaa
Võrtsjärv
language was only ended in 2000. Gulf Lake Pskov
of
Estonians are predominantly Lutheran. Riga Valga
Võru
Families are small and divorce rates are LATVIA
D Des
286 languages. Oromo (or Gallas) are Gulf of
an
Gonder a
er kil Aden
the largest group. Ethnic representation Bahir Dar
t
DJIBOUTI
Blue Nile Desé
is a major political issue. Orthodox Ethiopian
Christianity has a very ancient history in ADDIS Diré Dawa
ABABA SOMALILAND
Ethiopia. Former emperor Haile Selassie Highlands Hárer (not internationally
Nazrét recognized)
inspired Rastafarianism.
ley ft
Jíma
Ogaden
Val t Ri
SOUTH
SUDAN
a
Gr e
Fiji
A volcanic archipelago in the South Pacific, with two
large islands and 880 islets. Tensions between native Fijians
and the Indian minority have sparked a succession of coups.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Main islands are mountainous, Tourism was main sector, though
fringed by coral reefs. Remainder are damaged by instability. Coups have also
limestone and coral formations. caused international isolation. All sectors
struggling: sugar production, gold mining,
CLIMATE textiles, timber, and commercial fishing.
Tropical. High temperatures all year
round. Cyclones are a hazard. 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Sea Level PACIFIC
PEOPLE & SOCIETY OCEAN
The British introduced workers from
Vanua Levu
India in the late 19th century, and by 1946 Yasawa Nabavatu Labasa
Group
their descendants outnumbered the Nabouwalu
indigenous Fijian population. Ethnic-Fijian Bligh Water
Koro
Taveuni
Rakiraki
nationalism is strong. Many Indo-Fijians left Lautoka Ovalau
ge
after the 1987 coup, restoring ethnic Fijians Viti Levu Koro
Pa
ssa
Gau Se a eba
to a majority. In 2000, the first Indian- Sigatoka SUVA Lak
Lau Group
dominated government was ousted. The a ge
Pass Moala
Kadavu
army led another coup in 2006. Women Kadavu
are lobbying for more rights.
PACIFIC OCEAN
INSIGHT: Both Fijians and Indians
practice fire-walking; Indians walk on 0 100 km
hot embers, Fijians on heated stones 0 100 miles
France
Stretching across western Europe, from the English
Channel (la Manche) to the Mediterranean Sea, France was Europe’s
first modern republic, and is still a leading industrial power.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Broad plain covers northern half of Chemicals, electronics, heavy
the country. High mountain ranges in the engineering, cars, and aircraft typify a
east and southwest, with a mountainous strong and diversified export sector.
plateau in the center. World leader in cosmetics, perfumes, and
quality wines. Modernized agriculture.
CLIMATE
Calais
Three main climates: temperate Lille
E ng l i s h Ch a nne l
and damp northwest; continental east; Amiens
BELGIUM
Channel Is. Le Havre LUX.
and Mediterranean south. (to UK) Rouen Reims GERMANY
Caen Strasbourg
Brest Versailles PARIS
Le Mans Nancy
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Rennes Orléans Mulhouse R hi
ne
L o i re Dijon
Strong French national identity Nantes
Tours
Besançon SWITZ.
coexists with pronounced regional Bay Clermont-
L. Geneva
Mâcon
differences, including local languages. of Limoges Ferrand Lyon
B i s c a y Cognac Massif Grenoble
Immigration laws have been tightened St.-Étienne
Rhône
s ITALY
Central lp
since the 1970s, but ethnic minorities Bordeaux A
Avignon Aix-en-
growing up in city suburbs feel Montpellier Provence MONACO
Biarritz Toulouse Nice
P y r Cannes
increasingly alienated. New rules aim to e n e e
s
Marseille
Toulon
Corse
bring more women into politics. SPAIN
ANDORRA
Perpignan
(Corsica)
Me dite r r anea n
3000m/9843ft Sea
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: France is the most 1000m/3281ft
popular tourist destination in the 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
world, with over 70 million visitors a year Sea Level 0 100 miles
Gambia
Gambia is a riverbank state on the west coast of Africa,
almost entirely surrounded by Senegal. It was renowned for its
stability until its government was overthrown in a coup in 1994.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Located on the narrow strip of land Around 75% of the labor force is
bordering the Gambia River. Long, sandy involved in agriculture. Groundnuts are
beaches are backed by mangrove swamps the principal crop. Fish stocks are
along the river. Savanna and tropical declining. Eco-tourism is promoted,
forests higher up. though most visitors come for the
beaches. Banjul is one of west Africa’s
CLIMATE finest deepwater ports: significant
Subtropical, with wet, humid re-export trade. Smuggling problems.
months July–October, and warm, dry
season November–May. INSIGHT: Overfishing in the waters
off Gambia and Senegal, mainly by
PEOPLE & SOCIETY foreign vessels, is a growing problem
Little tension between various
ethnic groups. The largest group, the
Mandinka, has traditionally held power. SENEGAL
Islam is a strong social influence,
though there is no official state Bakau
BANJUL Farafenni Georgetown
religion. A small expatriate community Serekunda Gam b i a
Brikama Basse
ATL EAN
Germany
Europe’s strongest industrial power and its most
populous nation, Germany was divided after military defeat in 1945
into a free-market west and a communist east, but reunified in 1990.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Central European coastal plains in Major exporter of electronics,
the north, rising to rolling hills of central heavy engineering, chemicals, and cars.
region and Alps in far south. Worst recession for 60 years in 2008–
2009. Aging population.
CLIMATE
Damp, temperate in northern and DENMARK
Baltic Sea
central regions. Continental extremes in Kiel
Rostock
mountainous south. North Sea
Hamburg Lübeck
POLAND
Bremen Elb
e
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
O
NETHER- BERLIN
de
Hannover
Regionalism is strong. The north
r
LANDS
is mainly Protestant, while the south is Dortmund
Magdeburg
Duisburg Leipzig
staunchly Roman Catholic. Social and Essen Kassel
Dresden
Düsseldorf Köln Erfurt
economic differences still exist between Bonn Chemnitz
Rh
BELGIUM Frankfurt
east and west. Turks are the largest single
ine
am Main
CZECH
LUX. Mannheim
ethnic minority; many came as guest Nürnberg REPUBLIC
Dan
workers in the 1950s–1970s. Immigration Stuttgart ub
FRANCE e
ne
München
Feminism is strong.
n Alps
SWITZ. B a v a r i a AUSTRIA
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: Germany’s rivers and 1000m/3281ft
canals carry as much freight as 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
its busy highways Sea Level 0 100 miles
a
olt
Wa
White V
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Black V
Tamale
Around 75 cultural-linguistic CÔTE
D’IVOIRE
groups. The largest is the Akan, who
ol
(IVORY
ta
Asamankese
market trading. The 2000 election saw Nsawam Tema
Cape Coast ACCRA
Ghana’s first peaceful handover of Sekondi- o a st
ld C
power. Poverty levels have been Takoradi G o Gulf of Guinea 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
significantly reduced. ATLANTIC OCEAN Sea Level
Greece
The Balkan state of Greece is bounded on three sides
by the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Ionian seas. It has a strong
seafaring tradition, with some of the world’s richest shipowners.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountainous peninsula and over Public debt and budget deficit very
2000 islands. Large plain along the high: EU bailouts to avoid bankruptcy.
mainland’s Aegean coast. World’s largest shipping fleet. One of
Europe’s top tourist destinations. Fruit,
CLIMATE vegetables, olives. Large black economy.
Mainly Mediterranean, with dry,
BULGARIA
hot summers. Alpine climate in MACEDONIA Dráma
northern mountain areas. Sérres
Xánthi TURKEY
ALBANIA Thessaloníki Alexandroúpoli
Kateríni Thracian
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sea
Ioánnina Límnos
Postwar industrial development Lárisa
Kérkyra Kérkyra Vólos Vóreies Lésvos
Pi
altered the dominance of agriculture and (Corfu) n Sporádes
Aegean
do
Lamía
seafaring. Rural exodus to cities has been Kefalloniá s Chíos
Sea
Pátra Peiraías ATHENS
stemmed but a third of the population Kórinthos Sámos
Zákynthos Pel o Isthmós
lives in Athens. Age-old culture and Greek Ionian
pó Korinthou
Náxos
Orthodox Church balance social mobility.
nn
Sea
iso
Kalámata Kos
Civil marriage and divorce only legalized
s
in 1982. There has been much recent civil Sea of Crete Ródos
Guatemala
The largest and most populous nation on the Central
American isthmus, Guatemala returned to civilian rule
in 1986 after 32 years of violent and repressive military rule.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Narrow Pacific coastal plain. Central Coffee, sugar, and bananas are top
highlands with volcanoes. Short coast on exports. Tourism. Damage from natural
the Caribbean Sea. Tropical rainforests in disasters. Marked wealth inequalities
the north. inhibit domestic market.
3000m/9843ft
CLIMATE 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
Tropical: hot and humid in coastal 500m/1640ft
regions and north. More temperate in 200m/656ft
Sea Level
central highlands. Us
Lago
Petén Itzá
um
ac
in BELIZE
PEOPLE & SOCIETY MEXICO
ta
Amerindians, concentrated in the Cari bbean
Sea
highlands, form a majority. Power, wealth,
Puerto Barrios
and land are controlled by ladinos Cobán Lago de
Si
(Westernized Amerindians and mestizos). er
Izabal
r a Totonicapán ua
Catholicism is predominant, mixed with Mad M otag HONDURAS
Zacapa
re
Amerindian beliefs. Literacy levels are Chimaltenango Jalapa
Mazatenango GUATEMALA CITY
low. Half of the population lives on less Antigua Guatemala
Escuintla Jutiapa
than $2 a day. Violent crime is a problem.
EL SALVADOR
San José
PACIFIC
OCEAN
INSIGHT: Guatemala, which means
“land of trees,” was the center of the 0 100 km
ancient Mayan civilization 0 100 miles
g er
Ni
most of the population, but rivalries Boké D j a
l l o n
N ig
er
between them have allowed coastal Kindia Kankan
CÔTE
peoples such as the Soussou to CONAKRY D’IVOIRE
dominate politics. Daily life revolves ATLANTIC SIERRA Kissidougou
(IVORY
COAST)
around the extended family. Women OCEAN LEONE
acquired influence under Marxist party Nzérékoré
rule between 1958 and 1984, but the
LIBERIA
Muslim revival since then has reversed 1000m/3281ft
the trend. Private enterprise has 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 100 km
created a business class. Sea Level 0 100 miles
Guinea-Bissau
Known as Portuguese Guinea while a colony,
Guinea-Bissau lies on Africa’s west coast. Since 1994, its
nascent democracy has been plagued by coups and rebellions.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Low-lying, apart from savanna Mostly subsistence farming. Lack of
highlands in northeast. Rainforests and sufficiency in rice staple. Main cash crop
swamps are found along coastal areas. is cashew nuts. Major cocaine transit
route from South America to Europe.
CLIMATE Offshore oil as yet untapped. Fisheries
Tropical, with wet season May- and timber potential.
November and dry season December-
April. Hot, dry harmattan desert wind INSIGHT: In 1974, Guinea-Bissau
blows during dry season. became the first Portuguese
colony to gain independence
PEOPLE & SOCIETY SENEGAL
The largest ethnic group is the
Balante, who live in the south. Though São Farim
Gamamudo Pitche
Domingos
only around 1% of the population, the Mansôa
Canchungo Bafatá
mixed race Portuguese–African mestiços
BISSAU
dominate the top ranks of government Arquipélago
dos Bijagós
and bureaucracy. Most people live and Quebo
work on small family farms, grouped in Catió GUINEA
self-contained villages. The bulk of the
urban population live in Bissau, where ATLANTIC
they face economic hardship. Narcotics OCEAN
traffickers are taking advantage of the 0 50 km
200m/656ft
ongoing instability. 0 50 miles Sea Level
u
Guyana is a complex multiracial Linden
i a
Corriverton
society. Tension exists between the n ty n e
a
u r an
Afro-Guyanese, descended from slaves, BRAZIL H i
SURINAME
Co
and the Indo-Guyanese, descendants of
g h
Ess
laborers brought over after slavery was (claimed
e q uibo
l a n
by Suriname)
abolished. Politics is highly polarized (claimed by
Venezuela)
around this split and has often spilled
d s
Haiti
Formerly a French colony, Haiti shares the Caribbean
island of Hispaniola with the Dominican Republic. At
independence in 1804, it became the world’s first black republic.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Predominantly mountainous, with Fragile economy completely
forests and fertile plains. shattered by 2010 earthquake. Ongoing
problems of instability, hurricane damage,
CLIMATE high unemployment, narcotics trafficking.
Tropical, with rain throughout the
year. Humid in coastal areas, much cooler INSIGHT: A slave rebellion headed
in the mountains. by Toussaint Louverture in 1791 led to
Haiti’s independence
PEOPLE & SOCIETY ATLANTIC
Île de la Tortue
Most Haitians are of African OCEAN
descent. A few have European roots, 1000m/3281ft
Port-de-Paix Cap-Haïtien
M a s Limbé
primarily French. The rigid class structure 500m/1640ft s i f
d u
Fort-
200m/656ft Gonaïves Liberté
maintains vast disparities of wealth. Sea Level N o
r d
Desdunes
DOMINICAN REP.
Golfe de la
The majority of the population live in Gonâve Hinche
St-Marc
extreme poverty; Haiti is one of the Petite-
Rivière-
poorest countries in the Americas. Île de la Gonâve de-l'Artibonite
A combination of political oppression Jérémie
PORT-AU-PRINCE
and a collapsing economy led thousands Massif de Pétionville
la Hotte
to seek asylum in the US or the Cayes Jacmel
Dominican Republic. Though most are
Christians, many Haitians practice Caribbean Sea
Hungary
Landlocked in central Europe, Hungary was one of the
twin centers of the once-great Habsburg Empire. It lost two-thirds
of its historical territory for supporting Germany in World War I.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Landlocked. Fertile plains in east Strong industrial base. Hard-hit in
and northwest; west and north are hilly. 2007–2009 by global downturn. Currency
The Danube River cuts through the plummeted, $25 billion bailout from IMF
country and the capital. to avoid meltdown. Tough spending cuts
needed to keep on path to join euro.
CLIMATE
Continental, with wet springs, late INSIGHT: The Hungarian language
but very hot summers, and cold, cloudy is Asian in origin and is most closely
winters. The transition between seasons related to Finnish
tends to be sudden.
UK
RA
PEOPLE & SOCIETY SLOVAKIA
Miskolc IN
E
Hungary’s population shrank in Nyíregyháza
Györ D a n ub e
the 1990s. Mostly ethnic Hungarian AUST. Debrecen
Tatabánya BUDAPEST
(Magyar), there are small minorities Szombathely
Szolnok
of Germans, Jews, and neighboring Székesfehérvár
Kecskemét
SL
Danube
Balaton
Békéscsaba
OV
ROMANIA
discrimination. The government is
IA
Szeged
Pécs
greatly concerned about the fate of SERBIA
CROATIA
ethnic Hungarians in Romania, Serbia,
and Slovakia. Hungary joined the EU
in 2004. Working hours are longer 0 50 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
than in western Europe. 0 50 miles Sea Level
India
India is the world’s second most populous country and
largest democracy. Despite some success in reducing the
birth rate, its population will probably overtake China’s by 2030.
5000m/16405ft
4000m/13124ft INSIGHT: India’s national
3000m/9843ft animal, the tiger, was depicted
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft as early as 4000 years ago by the
500m/1640ft A ‘line off control’ Mohenjo-Daro civilization
200m/656ft was agreed
g between
Sea Level India and Pakistan n
in 119972
in 972
72
Aksai
Aks
Ak
A k Chin -
SSrrín
naga
nag
naag
aaga
gaar n
g ad
administered byy China,
mu & d u s
I
Jam
Jamm
JJaamm
am
a m
mm claimed by India
Kash
Kas
K
Ka ash
as
a sh
shm miiirr
mir Demchok/Dêmqog q g-
H administered byy China,
ad
Amrrit
ritsar
sar
sa
ar
Jala
Jal
Ja
alla
alaan
ndha
nd
ndh
dh
d
dha
ha
har c
cl
claim ed by India
i Much of Arunáchal Pradesh sh
h
Ludh
LLu
Lud
ud
u dh
d hiián
h naa Chan
Ch
Cha
C han
ha
h ndíg
aan gar
garh
gaaarh
arrh
rh is claimed by Chhin
hina
in
ina
naa
m CHINA
t s
s er Mee
Meer
M eer
eeeeerrut
rut
ut a a
e l a y
D Deeelh
Delh
D
Delellhi Ba tra
PAKISTA
ST
TA
TAAN
N ar Bare
B aare
arre
eill
iililly
lllly
llyly NEP
NEPA
N EPA
AL BH
B
BHU
BHUT
HU
HUT
H U
UTTA
ANN ma pu MY
M YAN
YA
Y A
ANNMAR
Th N
NEW DELH
DEL
DELH
EL
ELHI Shil
SSh
hiiilligu
hil
h iig
igur
g
gur
guu
urri Bra
h
Ág
grrra
gra a Luc
LLuck
Lu
u knonow
n ow
ow Assam ((B
(BU
BUR
BU
B U MA)
Jod purr
Jo
Jodh Jaipur
Kán
npur
np
npu
p
pur
puur a n g e s
ur
Gw
Gwal
Gwa
Gw
wal
waaalliio
ior
orr
o G Pat
Patn
atn
atna
tna BAN
BANG
BA
B A
AN
ANG
NGLLA
NG LADE
LAD
AD
A DE
D ESH
SH IIm
m
mpph
p hál
Kota
Ko
Kot
K ota
ota
Ga
ng
Várán
naaassi
nasi
nas es
Ran
Rann
Ra
Rann
an
a nn
nn Dh
Dhan
D h nbád
han Ko
K ollkkaat
olk
o ata
tta
a
Gulf
Guulff off Háo
ur Ránch
Bhópál
Bh nchi
chi
hii ora
ra (C
ra (C
Caaallcu
cu
cut
cutt
ut
utt ttaa))
tt
of Ka
of Kachc
Kac
Ka
achchh adábád
hh Ahma
Indo
nd
n
ndo
ndore
dore
dore JJaba
Ja
aaba
balpu
lpur
pur
p ur
Kachc
chc
hcchhhh Ja
Jams
am
am
ams
msshed
shed
hed
dp
d purr Mout
Mouth
Mou
Mo
M out
oouu
uth
ths
ada of th
of the G
Gaan
Gannges
gees
ges
Jámn
mn
nag
naagar
ar N ar m
Rájkot
jjkkko
ott Vad
Vad
Vado
ad
ado
dooda
dar
d
dara
ara
aarra
ra
Nág
gpur
pur
pu
p ur Ma Cut
Cu
C ut
uttta
utt
tttack
ack
ck
h a ná
Súra
raatt
rat di
Gu
G
Gulf
u
ulf
of
of
Khamb
mbbhát K alyán
Kaly
aly Nán
nde
nd
nded
ded
d
deed
Bay
Mummbaaii
mb God s V
Viiissákkhap
Vis kha
hap
h
haap
a atnam
(Bomba
baay
b ay) Pun nee D e c c a n
PPune
Pu
une
un
u n áv t of
deerábád
We
Hyde
yde
ar
Bengal
i
h
Arabian oláp
SSol
So pu
pur
ur
ur
G
ste
K ris
Sea hna
rn
rn
Pan
PPa
ana
annaaji
ajjii Hubl
H
Hub
ub
ubl
blli
b And
Anda
A nda
d ma
man
man
an Isla
Isslaand
Isl n
nds
te
Gh
Noor
ortthh
Eas
Mid
Mid
Miiddle
idd
Ch
C h
heeen
nnai Andam
manan
An
A ndam
nd
da anan
at
(Ma
Mad
adras) I N D I A N
Soou
out
uth
th
Ban
Bang
B ang
aan
ng
n g
gaaalor
alo
al
lo
loorre
s
Andaman
Andam
A an PPo
orrtt Bla
ort
or airr
Lakshhadwee
dwee
weepp
wee Myso
Mys
My
M yso
yysso
sore
re Sale
Sal
Sa
aale
le
leemm
O C E A N Lit
Lit
itt
tttle
ttl
(Laccaad
addiv
dive
ive
ivee Is.)
Is )
Is
Is. Anda
Andam
And
An
A ndam
nda
nd
n dam
dda
amaan
n
Coim
oim
oi
iim
mb
bato
att rre
aato e
Mad
Ma
M adu
aad
d
duura
rai
aaii Nicoobaar
ar IIsla
ssland
nds
n ddss
K hi/C
Kochi/i/Co
/Co
Coch
ch
hin
hiin
n
Grrea
Gr e
eat
Indira Po
Poi
oin
Poi ntt Nic
icobar
0 200 km
0 200 miles
236 ASIA
Indonesia
Formerly called the Dutch East Indies, Indonesia is the
world’s largest archipelago, with 18,108 islands scattered across
3000 miles (5000 km). It is the world’s fourth most populous nation.
St
it
ra
eruptions, and tsunamis are hazards. Baand
Bannd
n daaac
aace
aaceh
of
M
The islands of Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumatra, Lan
Lang
LLa
aang
ng
gssaa
gs al
ac
ca Kepu
Kepul
epulaaua
au
uan
an
n
and Borneo were once joined together Ace
Aceh
Ac
A cce
ceh
eeh
h Natun
Natun
atuna
Meda
Med
Me
M eda
eed
d
daan
dan
by dry land, which has since been
Pema
Pem
PPe
eem
m
maatang
taang
tan
taan
ngsi
ngsian
ssia
iia
aan
nta
tar
ar
submerged by rising sea levels. Coastal
lowland development distinguishes Pulau
ulau
au N
Nias
Nia
iass
ias Pak
PPaka
Pa
akka
aaka
kan
nbar
nba
nbba
b
bar
aarru Sing
Sin gkkaw
awa
wan
ng
ng
Pont
PPon
onttian
on iana
naak
some of the large islands. PPaaadang
ng Su
S u m aatt r a
Kep
Pe
ula
Jam
JJa
am
ammb
bi
bi Bangk
Bang
Ban
B
Baangk
ngkk a
gu
ua
CLIMATE
nu
Ket
Keta
eta
apa
pan
aang
n
Pang
PPa
angkalp
aan kalpinan
in
ina
in
inan
nan
naang
an
M
ng
an
w
ta
ai Paale
Pale
Pal
Paallemb
mban
m ban
b an
ang
Ba
n Belitung
to differences in latitude and altitude; Bannd
dar
ar Lamp
mpu
m
mppu
p ung
ng
JAKA
AKA
AK
AKA
K RTA
hilly areas are cooler overall. Rain falls
I ND I AN
throughout the year, often in Bogo
Bog
Bo
B og
o
ogo
go
g or SSeSema
Sem
ema
eem
marang
ma aang
ng
ng
O C E AN Band
Ban
B and
an
ndun
nd ung
u ng
n g JJav
Jaaavv a
thunderstorms, but there is a relatively Yogy
Yog
Yogy
gyakar
akar
aka
karta
ka ta
dry season from June to September. Sura
Surakart
urakart
karta
ta
BR
BRU
RUN
RUUN
NE
EII
P A C I F I C
MA
MALA
MAL
ALA
ALLLA
AYSIA
A Ce le bes O C E A N
ull an
M nung
Sea
er
gu
Leok
Leo
Leok
eokk Manaado
Mana do
Haalm
Halm
lm
maa hera
m h
Pe
Ternaat
Tern aate
te
te
Gor
Goro
Go
G orro
oro
o ront
on
ntta
nta
tal
alo
lo E qquato
Equ
Equato
uato r
Borneo Sam
Sama
SSa
aam
m
marrind
ind
ind
da
Molucca Soro
orro
oro
o onngg
Palu
alu
lu
lu Sea Mano
M ano
an
nookw
kkwar
kwa
war
w
waar
ari
Bali
Bal
Ba
B alliikpap
ali
al kpap
kp
kpa
pa aan
pa n Po
Pos
PPoso
o
osso
oso
so Ma
lu k
u
Sam
Sa
SSamp
am
aamp
mp
m pit
Su
Sul
S ull awe
u awe
aw
we si
si C e r a m S e a (Mo Mani
niiw
n wo
wori
wor
ori
or
ori
Ko
K otabaru
o u Wafl
W
Waaafl
ffliaa lu Jay
JJaya
Ja
ayya
aaya
ap
pur
pura
puur
ura
u rra
a
cc
as
Fakf
FFak
Fa
akk ak
aakfak
Ken
Ke
K en
ndari
nd )
PAP
PA
Ba armasin
Banj n M
Mar
Mart
art
arrrtta
tap pura Pegunun gan Ma
AP
APU
Ambo
A
Ambonb n Pula
Puula
ul
u l u
Paaarrepar
PPar p re
re
PUA NEW
PU
Sera
Ser
era
er
ram oke
Makassar Amam
Am
mam
m amapar
par
pa
aarre
Pap
Pa
Papu
P ap
apu
puua
NEW GU
Ja v a S e a Banda Sea (IIr
(Ir
Iriaiian
aan
n Jaya
Jay
ay
aaya
ya)
ar
Su
Sur
SSura
ura
u
urra
rrabaya
ab
baya
aayaa Da m P Pulau
ulau Keep
K
Kep
epul
puulauan
auan
n Nee w
N
uan
Prob
Probobolin
ob o ggo g K epula Yamde
Yam
amde
amm nuu Aru
Aru
ru GUINE
Gui
Gu
G uii n e a
u
ba an
Jeemb
Jeemm
mb ber
er Flor
Fl
F ores
e
IN
Rab
Raba
aab
b
au
NE
NEA
l
r
Den
De
D
Denp
en
eenp
npaasar
np assa
asa
saarr
sar pu
EA
EA
Mala
Mala
a ng
al ng Ke ani m
Bali
B
Bal
ali
aal
llii Ende
d h
EAS
EAST
EA
E A
AST
ST
T TIM
TIMOR T Ara f ura
raa
Pula
Pul
P
Puulau
lau
lau Kupa
K upa
upaang
ng S ea
Sum
Sumb
S umba
mba
ba T imoo r
Timo
Tim
4000m/13124ft
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft INSIGHT: Indonesia has a very
500m/1640ft youthful population: almost 30%
Sea Level
of its people are under 15 years of age
0 500 km
0 500 miles
238 ASIA
Iran
Since the 1979 Islamic fundamentalist revolution led
by Ayatollah Khomeini, the Middle Eastern country of Iran
has been the world’s largest theocracy.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
High desert plateau with large salt A leading oil producer: 80% of
pans in the east. West and north are exports. Government restricts contact
mountainous. Coastal land bordering with the West, blocking acquisition of
Caspian Sea is rainy and forested. vital technology. High unemployment
and inflation. Sizable black market.
CLIMATE
Desert climate. Hot summers, and INSIGHT: More than a hundred
bitterly cold winters. Area around the offenses carry the death penalty
Caspian Sea is more temperate. AZERBAIJAN
TURKEY Tabríz Ardabíl TURKMENISTAN
Caspian
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Orúmíyeh Sea
Mashhad
Many ethnic groups, including Za
gro
TEHRÁN
Persians, Azaris (ethnically related Qom I r anian
sM
Kermánsháh Arák
to Azeris), and Kurds. Militant Shi’a E§fahán P lat e au AFGHANISTAN
ou
nt
IRAQ ai
Islamism has dominated since the Ahváz
ns
Khorramshahr Kermán
1979 revolution. The mullahs’ belief
KUWAIT Ábádán PAKISTAN
that adherence to religious values is Shiráz Záhedán
Tigr
Kirkúk
Euphra IRAN
Ottoman Empire, Iraq is home to Arab
is
Buíayrat ath Tharthár
tes
Muslims (mainly Shi’a, some Sunni), Ar Ramádí Ba‘qúbah
Syrian BAGHDAD
northern Kurds (who were persecuted JORDAN Desert Karbalá’
under Saddam’s regime), and smaller Al ‘Amárah
An Najaf Euph
minorities. After Saddam’s removal,
Tig
r ate
s
ris
sectarian violence overshadowed efforts SAUDI An Ná§iríyah
ARABIA Al Ba§rah
to build democracy. Improved security 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft KUWAIT
allowed the final US forces to withdraw 1000m/3281ft
by the end of 2011. After years of war 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
and sanctions, poverty is widespread. Sea Level
Ireland
In the Atlantic Ocean off the west coast of Britain,
the Irish Republic governs about 85% of the island of Ireland,
with the remainder (Northern Ireland) being part of the UK.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Low mountain ranges along an Efficient agriculture, electronics,
irregular coastline surround an inland and food-processing industries. Rapid
plain punctuated by lakes, undulating growth until 2008: housing bubble burst,
hills, and peat bogs. banks faltered. Large EU bailouts to avoid
bankruptcy. Struggling with budget deficit.
CLIMATE
The Gulf Stream accounts for the 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
mild and wet climate. Snow is rare, 200m/656ft
Sea Level
except in the mountains. UNITED
Donegal KINGDOM
Do ne ga l (Northern Ireland)
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Ba y
Italy
The Italian peninsula was home to the Roman Empire,
one of the greatest ancient civilizations. The south
has two famous volcanoes, Vesuvius and Etna.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Appennines form the back- World leader in industrial and
bone of a rugged peninsula, extending product design, fashion, textiles. Strong
from the Alps into the Mediterranean tourism and agriculture sectors. Large
Sea. Alluvial plain in the north. public sector debt: austerity packages
adopted in attempt to 3000m/9843ft
CLIMATE balance budget by 2013. 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
Mediterranean in the south. 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Seasonal extremes in the mountains and SWITZERLAND Sea Level
AUSTRIA
on the northern alluvial plain. ps
Al Bolzano
SLOVENIA
Milano Verona Trieste
Torino Po Venezia
PEOPLE & SOCIETY FRANCE Parma Golfo di
Genova Venezia
Ethnically homogeneous, but with Bologna Rimini
Pisa Firenze SAN MARINO
a gulf between the prosperous, industrial Ancona
Adriatic
A
p Perugia
north and the poorer, agricultural south. p
e
Sea
ROME n n
Strong regional identities persist, VATICAN CITY
in
o
Bari
especially on Sicily and Sardinia. Napoli
Sassari Taranto Lecce
Family ties remain strong, though the Sardegna
Salerno
influence of the Roman Catholic (Sardinia)
Tyrrhenian
Ionian
Cagliari Cosenza S e a
Church has lessened. Sea
Messina
Me dite r r an e an Palermo
INSIGHT: Italy was a collection of Sea
Sicilia Siracusa
dukedoms, monarchies, and city- 0 100 km (Sicily)
states before unification in the 1860s 0 100 miles
Japan
Japan is located off the east Asian coast and comprises
four principal islands and over 3000 smaller ones. A powerful
economy, it has an emperor as ceremonial head of state.
Aomo
Aoomo
mori ri PACIFIC
Ibusuki Hac
Ha
H ach
ac
chinohe
Sakishima- Hir
irosa
saak
aki
kkii
Kyúshú
shotó
Nansei
OCEAN
-shotó Naze Sea of Mo
Mor
Mo
ori
orrriio
riookka
ka
Akkit
A kitta
Amami-guntó Japan
Naha 0 100 km ( E a s t S e a ) Sak
akka
kata
ta Hoo n shú
H
PACIFIC OCEAN IIsh
Ishi
Is
sshi
sh
hiino
h noma
nom
n om
oma
omaki
ma ki
0 100 miles
Sad
Sad
Sa
ado
addoo
Niiiiig
N
Niig iig
gata
aatta
ta Sen
Se
SSend
en
end
nd
n daaii 2000m/6562ft
Fuk
FFu
ukkush
uku
u shim
shim
h
hima 1000m/3281ft
Aizu
Aiz
Ai
Aiizzu-W Wak
W akkaam
amat
ama
mat
m
ma aattssu u 500m/1640ft
Naga
N
Nag ag
agagaao
oka
ok ka
ka K ó riya
riy
ri
r iya
a m a
Sea Level
Oki
O
Ok ki
TToy
To
Toya
o
oyama
oya ma IIwa
Iwak
Iw
wa
wak
w ak
akiki
Kana azawa
zaaw
zaw waa
w Nag
Naga
Na
N aaga
aggaan
g no o Hitta
Hita
Hit achi
ch
Dózzen en
en FFuku kui
ku Oyam
Oya
O yyam
yaaam
ma
Tak
Ta
TTaka
akkaasak
aka
ak saki
ssa
akkii
ak
Mat
Ma
Mats
M ats
atssu
uee TTott
ott
tt
tto orrrii
ori Giifu
Gifu
G
Gif
if
iffu
u
TO
TOK
T OKY
OK YO O
Tsush
shhim
im
ima
maa Kawa
Kaw
Ka
K aawa
aw waasa
w saak
sak
aki
kkii Chib
Chi
Ch
C h
hib
iibba TOKYO
Kyó
Ky
Kyót
K yó
yyót
ó
óto Nag
Nago
Na
N ag
ago
ag
go oyyaa Odaw
Od
O
Oda daw
daaw
da waraara
rra
a 0 150 km
Hir
Hi
Hiro
H iirrro
iro o
osh
shim
ssh
him
himma O Ok
Okay
Okakay
kkaaayyam
yama
aamma
ma
Toyo
To
Toy
oyyo
oy
oyo ottaa
Kób bee Ósa Sh
Sh
Shiz
hiiizzu
hiz uoka
uo ok
o
okaka
Izu-
ssaka
akka
aaka
ka 0 150 miles
taakkyyúsh
Kita
Kita shú Yam
Y
Ya
Yama
am
aama
m
maagguch
gu
guc
uch
u
uc chi
ch Hama
Ham aama
am
mam mat
ma
mats
ats
aat tsu
FFuku
Fuk
uk
uku
uku
kuokoka
o kkaa Kócchchi
hii
h
shotó
Saaga
SSaga
Sag
ag
ag
gaa Óit ttaa Shi
ita Shhi
Shik
S hhik
iikk ooku
ikokuokkku
u Tok
TToku
oku
ok
o kku
usshim
sh
shihim
him
ima
Naag
Naga
Nag
aaga
gaassaki
g ki
ki Philippine
Ya
Yats
Yat
Yats
at
ats
tsuushi
ush
us
sshi
sh
hiirro
h o Naaka
Nak
Na
Naka
kamura
kamura
mu Hachijó-jjim
jima
ma Sea
Koshi
oshikij
kiji
kkij
ijim
iji
jim
im
maa--
ma-
PACIFIC
reet
ettttó
tó
Izu-shotó
ó OCEAN
Miya
Miy
Miya
yyaazaki
z
za P A C I F I C
Kag
ago
go
ossh
shim
him
im
ma
ma Sumisu-ji
-ji
jim
im
ma
K yyú
Kyú
Ky ú shú
Ibu
Ibus
bu
bus
busu
ussuki
ukki
u k O C E A N Ogasawara-shotó
Kazan-rettó
0 200 km
0 200 miles
246 ASIA
Jordan
The Kingdom of Jordan lies east of Israel, and
borders the Palestinian West Bank. Its relations with its Arab
neighbors are troubled by its relatively close ties to the US.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly desert plateaus, with Lack of water. Exports garments,
occasional salt pans. Lowest parts lie potash, fertilizers, and phosphates.
along the eastern shores of the Dead Sea Tourism hit by regional instability.
and the Jordan River.
INSIGHT: The Nabataean ruins of
the ancient city of Petra attract
CLIMATE thousands of tourists every year
Hot, dry summers. Cool, wet
winters. Areas below sea level very hot
SYRIA
in summer, and warm in winter. Syrian IRAQ
Irbid Ar Ramthá
Desert
J o rdan
Al Mafraq
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Az Zarqá’
Jordan is predominantly Muslim Wádí as Sír AMMAN
with a strong national identity, but its Dead Ma’dabá
Sea
people have Bedouin roots. There is a Al Karak
SAUDI
ISRAEL
Christian minority, while Palestinians who ARABIA
have emigrated from Israeli-occupied Wádí Músa‘
territory make up over a third of the (Petra)
population. Jordan ceded its claim to the EGYPT
West Bank to the aspiring Palestinian Gulf Al ‘Aqabah
of
state in 1988. The monarchy’s power base Aqaba
1000m/3281ft
lies among the rural tribes, which also 500m/1640ft
provide the backbone of the military. 0 50 km 200m/656ft
Sea Level
Political reforms were proposed in 2011. 0 50 miles Below Sea Level
ys
Ural’sk
h
ASTANA
Kazakhstan’s ethnic diversity Kirghiz Steppe Karaganda
Ust’-
Kamenogorsk
arose mainly from forced settlements Zhezkazgan Ozero
Caspian Balkhash
there during Soviet times. Since Sea
Baykonyr Taldykorgan
Aktau S yr Kyzylorda
independence, the proportion of ethnic Da
ry Almaty CHINA
Aral Taraz
Russians has dropped. Many emigrated,
a
Sea
UZBEK. Shymkent
while ethnic Kazakhs arrived from TURKMEN. KYRGYZSTAN
neighboring states. Very few Kazakhs
3000m/9843ft
maintain a traditional nomadic lifestyle, 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
but Islam and loyalty to clans remain 500m/1640ft
strong. There are significant disparities 200m/656ft
Sea Level
0 400 km
of wealth. Below Sea level 0 400 miles
Kenya
Kenya straddles the equator on Africa’s east coast. After
nearly 40 years in power, the KANU party was soundly
defeated in elections in 2002. Corruption is a serious issue.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A central plateau is divided by the Tourism: image damaged by 2008
Great Rift Valley. North of the equator is post-election violence. Flowers, tea, and
mainly semidesert. To the east lies a coffee. Diversified manufacturing sector.
fertile coastal belt. Needs food aid, especially to cope with
2011 famine. Sizable informal economy.
CLIMATE
SOUTH Elemi
The coast and the Great Rift Valley SUDAN Triangle
ETHIOPIA
are hot and humid. The plateau interior is Lake
Gre
temperate. The northeastern desert is Turkana
at R
Chalbi
hot and dry. Rain usually falls April–May Desert
ift Va
Marsabit
and October–November. UGANDA
lle
Eldoret SOMALIA
y
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Kisumu Meru
Nakuru Equator
70 ethnic groups share about 40 Lake Nyeri
Kericho
languages. Strong clan and family links in Victoria
NAIROBI Thika
rural areas are being weakened by urban Machakos
TANZANIA
migration. Poverty, severe drought, and
Ungama
years of high population growth Malindi Bay
exacerbate ethnic tensions. 5000m/16405ft
4000m/13124ft Mombasa INDIAN
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft OCEAN
INSIGHT: Kenya has more than 1000m/3281ft
50 game reserves, national parks, 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
and marine reservations Sea Level 0 100 miles
in
Tarawa Kiritimati
people still refer to themselves as
e
Equator
Isl
Gilbertese. Almost all are Micronesian, Banaba Phoenix
and
apart from the inhabitants of the Islands
s
island of Banaba, who employed Millennium
Island
anthropologists to establish their racial Tarawa
distinction. Most people are poor
subsistence farmers and many travel Bonriki
abroad to work. The islands are Betio 0 600 km
BAIRIKI
effectively ruled by traditional chiefs. 0 600 miles
North Korea
Separated from the democratic South by the world’s
most heavily defended border, the Stalinist North Korean
state has been isolated from the outside world since 1948.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly mountainous, with fertile Minerals are only resource. Vital
plains in the southwest. aid streams lost with global collapse of
communism after 1989. Decades of
CLIMATE economic mismanagement have led to
Continental. Warm summers and chronic food shortages. Lack of fuel.
cold winters, especially in the north, Disproportionate defense budget.
where snow is common.
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 500m/1640ft
RUSS.
FED.
200m/656ft
Life is heavily regulated. Cult of Sea Level
personality is more powerful than the Ch’ôngjin
state-controlled religions, which include C H I N A
CLIMATE 0 50 km
There are four distinct seasons. 0 50 miles NORTH Sea of Japan
Winters are dry, and bitterly cold. KOREA (East Sea)
Summers are hot and humid.
Gangneung
SEOUL Donghae
Incheon Seongnam
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Suwon
Inhabited for the last 2000 years
by a single ethnic group. The nuclear Yellow Daejeon
family is replacing traditional extended Sea
households. Since the 1953 armistice, the Gunsan Daegu
Ulsan
Koreas have remained technically at war.
Masan
t
Reunification is the ultimate goal, but in Gwangju Busan
rai
St
2009 the South became less conciliatory Mokpo Yeosu re
a
Ko
and the North retaliated by ending its
offer of cooperation.
Jeju Strait
1000m/3281ft
Jeju 500m/1640ft
INSIGHT: Half of all Koreans are Jeju-do 200m/656ft
named Kim, Lee, Park, or Choi Sea Level
Kosovo
Once part of the former Yugoslav state, Kosovo seceded
from Serbia in 2008. International recognition, mainly from
Western countries, is strongly opposed by Serbia and Russia.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Landlocked and mountainous, with One of the two poorest countries
two plains in the east and west. in Europe. Aid and remittances cover a
large trade deficit. Organized crime:
CLIMATE smuggling of fuel, cigarettes, and cement.
Continental, with warm, sunny Uncertain status deters foreign investors.
summers and cold, snowy winters. High unemployment. Use of euro has
kept inflation low. Lignite deposits.
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Inefficient agriculture.
The balance of Albanians to Serbs
in Kosovo has changed dramatically over SERBIA
centuries, both groups suffering
interethnic violence at various times.
Attacks against Albanians in the late MONT. Mitrovicë
ora
ra G
ok
1990s caused a million to flee. After M Pejë Vushtrri
Kamenicë
NATO stepped in, many Serbs left: Deçan PRISHTINË
Klinë
Albanians now form a 92% majority. Most Gjilan
Gjakovë
Albanians are Muslim. Serbs dominate Ferizaj
Prizren
three northern provinces, which have ALBANIA
threatened to secede.
MACEDONIA
INSIGHT: The UN administered
1000m/3281ft
Kosovo in 1999–2008 after NATO 500m/1640ft
0 50 km
intervention to stop Serb ethnic cleansing 200m/656ft 0 50 miles
SAUDI ARABIA
hS
ay
used it as a launchpad for the 2003 200m/656ft q Al Wafrá’
invasion to oust Saddam Hussein. Sea Level
Kyrgyzstan
A small and mountainous landlocked state in central
Asia, Kyrgyzstan is one of the least urbanized ex-Soviet republics,
and was slow to develop its own sense of cultural identity.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The mountainous spurs of the Mainly still under state control;
Tien Shan range contain glaciers, alpine corruption issues. Agriculture employs
meadows, forests, and narrow valleys. half of the labor force. Cotton, wool,
Semidesert in the west. meat, and tobacco exports. Mercury,
gold, and antimony are mined. Great
CLIMATE potential for hydroelectric power.
Varies from permanent snow and
cold deserts at high altitudes, to hot INSIGHT: Kyrgyz folklore is based
deserts in low regions. around the 1000-year-old poem, Manas,
which takes a week to recite
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Ethnic Kyrgyz have only been in KAZAKHSTAN
the majority since the late 1980s – due Tokmak
BISHKEK Ozero Karakol
to a high birth rate and the emigration Kara- Issyk- Issyk-Kul’
Talas an
of ethnic Russians. Wary of losing skills Balta Kul’
n S
h
Tie
vital to the economy, the government Naryn
Dzhalal-Abad
has attempted to deter Russians from UZBEKISTAN
leaving; concessions include making Osh
C H I N A
Russian an official language. There Sulyukta
are some tensions between Kyrgyz
TAJIKISTAN 4000m/13124ft
and Uzbeks, and a trend toward 3000m/9843ft
greater Islamization, particularly in 0 100 km 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
the poorer south. 0 100 miles 500m/1640ft
M
ek
on
slash-and-burn farming, and grow
g
Thakhèk
illegal cash crops (notably opium). THAILAND
Khanthabouli
Government efforts to reform these
Muang Salavan
practices are resisted. Khôngxédôn
Pakxé
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: Three small Laotian 1000m/3281ft
kingdoms were unified under 500m/1640ft CAMBODIA
200m/656ft
French control in 1899 Sea Level
Latvia
Latvia lies on the east coast of the Baltic Sea. Like
its Baltic neighbors, it regained independence from
Moscow in 1991, and joined the EU and NATO in 2004.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A flat coastal plain which is deeply Services now account for 69% of
indented by the Gulf of Riga. Poor GDP. EU’s fastest-growing economy in
drainage creates many bogs and swamps 2004–2006. Global credit crunch brought
in the forested interior. Latvia to verge of bankruptcy in 2008:
banks were bailed out, stringent austerity
CLIMATE measures imposed. Worst recession in EU
Temperate, with warm summers ensued, but lats remains pegged to euro.
and cold winters. There is steady rainfall
throughout the year. INSIGHT: Ethnic Latvians are
outnumbered by Russians in Riga
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Latvians make up just over half ESTONIA
Baltic
of the population and are mostly Sea
n
Politics has long been dominated by 0 20 km
a
divisions between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims
b
0 20 miles n
no
ba
i
and the traditional ruling Maronite Le
ti-
Joûnié
Christians. Power-sharing ended 14 years Baalbek
An
l
BEIRUT Zahlé
of civil war in 1989. Syria acted as power Baabda
b
e
a
broker until made to withdraw in 2005. qa
Be
e
El SYRIA
J
Lesotho
The landlocked Kingdom of Lesotho is entirely
surrounded by – and economically dependent on – South Africa,
which even sent in troops to restore calm after rioting in 1998.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A high mountainous plateau, cut by Dependent on South Africa. Water
valleys and ravines. The Maluti Range runs and energy exported from new Highlands
through the center. The Drakensberg Water Scheme. Subsistence farming.
Range lies to the east. Garment exports struggle to compete.
HIV/AIDS is depleting workforce.
CLIMATE
Temperate. Summers are hot with l ed o n
Ca
torrential rain storms. Snow is frequent in
the mountains in winter. SOUTH Hlotse
AFRICA Teyateyaneng
i
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Mokhotlong
t
MASERU
The overwhelming majority of
u
l
g
a
ber
people are Sotho, though there are M
Morija Mantsonyane
some South Asians, Europeans, and
ns
ke
Chinese. A strong sense of national Mafeteng
a
r
identity has tended to minimize D
ge Ri v er
ethnic tensions. Many men work Mohales O
ran
as migrant laborers in South Africa, Hoek
SOUTH
leaving women to run households. AFRICA
be between Americo-Liberians –
descendants of freed slaves – and the Tubmanburg CÔTE
D'IVOIRE
indigenous tribal peoples. However, Robertsport Gbanga (IVORY
COAST)
political assimilation and intermarriage MONROVIA
have eased tensions. Intertribal tension is Harbel Zwedru
now a much more serious problem, Buchanan
ATLANTIC
fueling the civil war which ravaged the OCEAN
country from 1990 to 2003. Greenville
Libya
Situated on north Africa’s Mediterranean coast, Libya
was declared a revolutionary state in 1969 by Colonel Gaddafi.
Civil war to oust his regime began during the 2011 "Arab Spring."
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Apart from the coastal strip and a Oil is key export. Dates, olives,
mountain range in the south, Libya is and fruit grow in oases, but most
desert or semidesert. food is imported. Corruption and
mismanagement. Recent instability.
CLIMATE
Hot and arid. The coastal area has a INSIGHT: 90% of Libya is still desert,
temperate climate, with mild, wet winters despite grand irrigation projects
and hot, dry summers. Mediterranean
Az Záwiyah TRIPOLI Sea
TUNISIA Al Bayçá’
Mi§rátah
PEOPLE & SOCIETY ∏ubruq
Gharyán Khalíj Surt
Once a nation of nomads and Banghází
Surt
Ghadámis
ALGERIA
EGYPT
enterprise and the middle classes. Jews Sabhá
L i b y a n
and European settlers were banished, and Ghát I d h á n D e s e r t
M u r z u q
Islam and African unity were promoted. Al Kufrah
S a h a r a
Years of political marginalization and
NIGER
sanctions ended after Libya offered
compensation for terrorist bombings and CHAD
ended its Weapons of Mass Destruction 2000m/6562ft SUDAN
1000m/3281ft
(WMD) program. Rebels quickly seized the 500m/1640ft
east in early 2011, but took months to reach 200m/656ft
Sea Level
0 200 km
Tripoli in spite of international assistance. Below Sea Level 0 200 miles
ine
from December to March. 2000m/6562ft Ruggell
Rh
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft Mauren
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sea Level Bendern
Planken
The principality’s role as a financial
center accounts for its many foreign Schaan
AUSTRIA
residents (a third of the population).
Half of the workforce are cross-border VADUZ
commuters. Living standards are high, SWITZERLAND
Sa
with few social tensions. Linked by a Triesenberg
mi
nat
customs union since 1924, Switzerland Triesen s
al
handles Liechtenstein’s foreign affairs p
l
and defense issues. Balzers
A
Lithuania
Lying on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, Lithuania is
the largest of the Baltic states. The first Soviet republic to declare
independence from Moscow in 1991, it joined the EU in 2004.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly flat with moors, bogs, and High-tech and heavy industries:
an intensively farmed central lowland. engineering, shipbuilding, food processing.
Numerous lakes and forested sandy Bounced back from deep recession in
ridges in the east. 2009. Litas pegged to euro. Inflation and
debt levels delaying euro’s adoption.
CLIMATE
Coastal location moderates INSIGHT: The “amber coast” of
continental extremes. Cold winters, cool Lithuania produces most of the
summers, and steady rainfall. world’s amber – fossilized resin
Clervaux
s
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
e
Ethnic tensions are rare, despite
n
GERMANY
n
a large proportion of foreigners (over a
e
d
third of residents). Integration has been A
r
Ettelbrück
se
Mo
BELGIUM
and high salaries promote stability.
LUXEMBOURG
Divorce rates are rising and marriage Pétange
is becoming less common. Differdange
Esch-sur -Alzette Dudelange
INSIGHT: Luxembourg’s capital is FRANCE
home to around 2000 investment 0 10 km
funds and over 150 banks 0 10 miles
Macedonia
Landlocked Macedonia was hit hard by the sanctions
placed on its northern trading partners in the mid-1990s,
and by violent conflict with ethnic Albanians in 2001.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly mountainous or hilly, with Steel, minerals, clothing, shoes, and
deep river basins in the center. Plains in tobacco exported. Slow transition to
the northeast and southwest. market economy. Organized crime and
large gray economy. Investment boosted
CLIMATE by EU candidate status.
Continental climate with wet
springs and dry autumns. Heavy snowfalls INSIGHT: Ohrid is the deepest lake in
in northern mountains. Europe at 964 ft (294 m)
0 50 km
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
0 50 miles
Slav Macedonians are mostly SERBIA
BULGARIA
Orthodox Christians, with some Muslims. KOSOVO
(disputed) Kumanovo
Officially, Muslim Albanians account for
25% of the population, but they claim Tetovo SKOPJE
Koâani
to number a third. In 2001 Albanian
Veles
militants fought a bitter war against Gostivar ‹tip
ALBANIA
da
stumbling block to EU and NATO
r
accession is Greece’s objection to the Lake Ohrid Bitola
Ohrid
name Macedonia, in order to prevent Lake 1000m/3281ft
Prespa
any possibility of claims to historic 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
GREECE
“Macedonian” lands in north Greece. Sea Level
Malawi
A former colony of the UK, Malawi lies landlocked in
southeast Africa, following the Great Rift Valley. Its name means
“the land where the sun is reflected in the water like fire.”
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Lake Nyasa takes up one-fifth of Mainly subsistence farming.
the landscape. Highlands lie west of the Tobacco accounts for half of export
lake. Much of the land is covered by earnings. Tea and sugar are grown.
forests and savanna. Drought and corruption are problems.
CLIMATE 0 100 km
Great Rif
Bantu origin. Unlike neighboring states, Chisumulti Likoma
ZAMBIA
ethnicity has not been exploited for (to Malawi)
e
y
Protestant dominance had failed. Around MOZAMBIQUE
half of the population lives in poverty. Zomba
Blantyre
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: Lake Nyasa is 353 miles 1000m/3281ft
(568 km) in length and contains at least 500m/1640ft Nsanje
200m/656ft
500 species of fish Sea Level
Maldives
Set in the Indian Ocean, southwest of Sri Lanka, the
Maldives is an archipelago of 1191 small coral islands, or atolls. 200
are inhabited. The word atoll comes from the Dhivehi word “atolu.”
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Consists of low-lying islands and The fluctuating tourist industry
coral atolls. The larger ones are covered is the economic mainstay.
in lush, tropical vegetation. Fish, especially tuna, are
Ihavandippolhu
the main export. Atoll
CLIMATE Construction boom
Tropical. Rain falls throughout the to repair 2004 tsunami
year, but is heaviest June–November, damage.
Faadhippolhu
during the monsoon. Violent storms Atoll
occasionally hit the northern islands. INSIGHT:
Horsburgh
The islands, Atoll Male’
Atoll
PEOPLE & SOCIETY which all lie below
4 ft (1.2 m), are MALE’
Maldivians, who are all Sunni Ari
Atoll
Muslim, are descended from Sinhalese, threatened by Felidhu
Atoll
Dravidian, Arab, and black ancestors. rising sea levels,
brought about by Mulakatholhu
About 25% of the population live on Atoll
global warming Kolhumadulu
Male’. Tourism has grown on separate and climatic Atoll
resort islands away from residents. changes Hadhdhunmathi
Atoll
Politics has been controlled by a small nnel
One and Half Degree Ch a
group of influential families. However, I N D I A N
North Huvadhu
Atoll
a young elite pushed for reform: Sea Level
O C E A N South
Huvadhu
parties were legalized in 2005, and Equator Atoll
the presidential election in 2008 0 100 km
Addu Atoll
brought in a new regime. 0 100 miles Gan
al Mopti NIGER
the northern plains. There is tension Kayes
EG
Ségou
between the peoples of the south and
AL
BAMAKO Koulikoro
Tuareg in the north. Women have little BURKINA
Sikasso FASO
status; improving rights is controversial. GUINEA
CÔTE
D'IVOIRE
INSIGHT: Tombouctou (Timbuktu) (IVORY COAST)
was the center of the 14th-century 0 200 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Malinké trading empire 0 200 miles Sea Level
Malta
The densely populated Maltese archipelago lies between
Africa and Europe. Controlled throughout its history by successive
colonial powers, it gained independence from the UK in 1964.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The main island of Malta has Tourism provides 25% of GDP.
low hills and a ragged coastline with Joined eurozone in 2008. Developing
numerous harbors, bays, sandy beaches, offshore banking, high-tech industry.
and rocky coves. The island of Gozo is Semiconductors exported. Most
more densely vegetated. goods have to be imported.
Narikrik
INSIGHT: In 1954, Bikini Atoll was the Ebon
site for the testing of the largest US 0 200 km
H-bomb – the 18–22 megaton Bravo 0 200 miles
Mauritania
Two-thirds of Mauritania’s territory is desert – the only
productive land is that drained by the Senegal River. The
country has taken a strongly Arab direction since 1964.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Sahara, barren except for Agriculture and herding. Iron,
some scattered oases, covers the north. copper, and gold mining. World’s largest
Savanna lands lie to the south. gypsum deposits. Offshore oil from 2006.
Rich fishing grounds.
CLIMATE
The climate is generally hot and 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
dry, aggravated by the dusty harmattan Sea Level ALGERIA
wind. Summer rain in the south, virtually
none in the north.
WESTERN
PEOPLE & SOCIETY SAHARA Zouérat
The Maures control political and S a h a r a
economic life. Family solidarity among Nouâdhibou MALI
nomadic peoples is particularly strong. Aωr
Ethnic tension centers on the
ATLANTIC Tidjikja
oppression of the black minority. Tens OCEAN
of thousands of blacks are estimated NOUAKCHOTT
Rosso Néma
to be in illegal slavery. Coups have Sen
ega
Kaédi Kiffa
interrupted civilian rule in recent years. l
SENEGAL MALI
INSIGHT: Slavery officially
became illegal in Mauritania in 0 200 km
1980, but de facto slavery still persists 0 200 miles
Mexico
Mexico stretches from the US border southward into the
ancient Aztec and Mayan heartlands. Independence from Spain
came in 1836. One in five Mexicans lives in the sprawling capital.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Coastal plains along the Pacific and One of world's largest oil producers.
Atlantic seaboards rise to a high arid Corn, fruit, vegetables, sugar are cash crops.
central plateau. To the east and west are NAFTA has boosted exports, but exposes
the Sierra Madre mountain ranges. farmers to subsidized US competition.
Limestone lowlands form the projecting Wealth disparity. Bounced back from 2008–
Yucatan peninsula. 2009 global downturn and swine flu crisis.
INSIGHT: More people cross the
CLIMATE
US–Mexican border each year –
The plateau and high mountains are illegally or legally – than any other
warm for much of the year. Pacific coast border in the world
is tropical: storms occur mostly March–
December. Northwest is dry. UNITED STATES OF
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
Tijuana AMERICA 1000m/3281ft
Ciudad Juárez 500m/1640ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Ba
200m/656ft
Chihuahua
Ri
Most Mexicans are mestizos of
ja
Sea Level
oG
S ierccide
Ca
ra
Spanish–Amerindian descent. Rural
S i e r r i e nt
lifo
nd
ra nt
e
rnia
M al
ra al
Ma
re
P A C I F I C O C E A N Nukuoro 0 200 km
0 200 miles
Moldova
The most densely populated of the former Soviet
republics, Moldova has strong ethnic, linguistic, and cultural
links with Romania, but relations with Russia remain paramount.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Steppes and hilly plains are drained One of the two poorest countries
by the Dniester and Prut rivers. in Europe. Mainly agricultural: produces
wine, tobacco, fruit. Food processing and
CLIMATE textiles. Depends on Russia for raw
Warm summers and relatively mild materials, fuel, exports. Instability.
winters. Moderate rainfall is evenly spread
throughout the year. Dn
ie s te UKRAINE
r
Edineπ Soroca
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Rî∞cani
A shared heritage with Romania Flore∞ti
Bâlπi Rîbniπa
defines national identity, though in
D nie
Pr
Dubâsari
ut
1994 Moldovans voted against possible
ste
Reservoir
r
Orhei
reunification with Romania. Most of TRANSNISTRIA
the population is engaged in intensive (disputed)
CHIfiINÂU
Tiraspol
agriculture. Transnistria is a breakaway ROMANIA Tighina
(Bendery)
state along the east bank of the Dniester,
home to a largely ethnic Slav population. Comrat
The Gagauz, in the south, have
accepted autonomy. Cahul
Mongolia
Landlocked between Russia and China, Mongolia is
a huge, isolated, and sparsely populated nation. Over
two-thirds of the country is part of the Gobi Desert.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A mountainous steppe plateau in Rich deposits of oil, coal, copper,
the north, with lakes in the north and uranium, and other minerals remain
west. The desert region of the Gobi largely untapped. Cashmere exports.
dominates the south. Democracy, from 1990, brought a shift
toward a market economy, but also rising
CLIMATE poverty. State involvement in mining is
Continental. Mild summers and an issue. Agriculture uses 40% of
long, dry, very cold winters, with heavy workforce, mainly as herders.
snowfall. Temperatures can drop as low
as –22°F (–30°C). INSIGHT: Horseracing, wrestling,
and archery are the national sports
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Mongolia was unified by RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Ölgiy
Genghis Khan in 1206 and was later Mörön Sühbaatar
A
Hovd
absorbed into Manchu China. A Darhan
lt
i Erdenet
a
M Altay rule
n
majority of ethnic Mongolians live ou Ke Choybalsan
nt ULAN BATOR
within China in Inner Mongolia. ai
ns
Saynshand
Tibetan Buddhism dominates. G o b i
The traditional, nomadic way of Dalandzadgad
CHINA
life has been eroded as urban
migration continues, spurred by 3000m/9843ft
ferocious winters, known as zud, which 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
0 400 km
can devastate the rural economy. 500m/1640ft 0 400 miles
in
related to Serbian, using the same D ina Berane H a j l a Roªaje
ja
ric A
vin
im
Cyrillic script. Muslim Albanians, who Nik#iá lps L KOSOVO
a
(disputed)
make up 80% of the population of the
southern Ulcinj region, supported CRO. Herceg-Novi
Cetinje PODGORICA
independence and are now asking Tivat
ALBANIA
for autonomy. Budva
Lake
Adriatic Scutari
Sea
Bar 2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: Dark forests once cloaked 1000m/3281ft
Montenegro’s mountains; its name 0 20 km Ulcinj 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
means ”Black Mountain” 0 20 miles Sea Level
Morocco
Morocco is a former French colony in northwest Africa.
Since 1975, it has occupied the territory of Western Sahara, the future
of which is yet to be determined by UN-supervised referendum.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Fertile coastal plain is interrupted in Major exporter of phosphates.
the east by the Rif Mountains. Atlas Investment in tourism and agriculture.
Mountain ranges to the south. Beyond Fishing. Relations with EU strained over
lies the outer fringe of the Sahara. illegal immigrants and cannabis trade.
Za
Quelimane
m
and south, rather than between ethnic
be
ZIMBABWE
zi
groups. Life is centered on the extended Beira Mozambique Channel
Myanmar (Burma)
Forming the eastern shores of the Bay of Bengal and
the Andaman Sea in southeast Asia, Myanmar suffers
from isolation, political repression, and ethnic conflict.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The fertile Irrawaddy basin lies at Corrupt, mismanaged, subject to
the center. Mountains to the west, Shan sanctions – but gas, teak, and gems are
plateau to the east. Tropical rainforest exported. One of world's largest illegal
covers much of the land. opium producers. Goods
sold on black market
CLIMATE carry high prices.
Tropical. Hot summers, with high
humidity, and warm winters. INDIA Myitkyina
y
CHINA
add
0 200 km
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Irraw
0 200 miles
The military, in power from 1962, Monywa Mandalay
paid little regard to human rights, and Pakokku
g
Sagaing
on
ek
Sittwe Shan
didn't tolerate opposition. The National
M
Taunggyi Plateau LAOS
N
Grootfontein
a
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Otjiwarongo
The Ovambo, the main ethnic m
Swakopmund i b
group, live mainly in the more populous WINDHOEK
Walvis Bay Rehoboth BOTSWANA
north. Some 100,000 whites, many of
D e s e
Lüderitz
among the oldest human communities
e r
Or
Nauru
Nauru lies in the Pacific, northeast of Australia.
Phosphate deposits gave its inhabitants huge temporary wealth,
but economic mismanagement has left them facing ruin.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A single low-lying coral atoll, with a Phosphate revenues all but dried
fertile coastal belt. Coral cliffs encircle an up. Sale of fishing rights sole resource.
elevated interior plateau. State trust fund invested badly overseas.
Offshore banking facilities closed after
CLIMATE international pressure.
Equatorial, moderated by sea
breezes. Occasional long droughts. INSIGHT: Phosphate mining has
left 80% of the island uninhabitable
P A C I F I C
PEOPLE & SOCIETY O C E A N
Native Nauruans are of mixed
Micronesian and Polynesian origin.
Most live in simple, traditional houses
and spend their money on luxury Nauru General
cars and consumer goods. Welfare Hospital
Phosphate Company Phosphate
and education are free. A diet of Hospital Company
Site Office
imported processed foods has caused
Phosphate
widespread obesity and diabetes. Company
Buada
Lagoon
Works Broadcasting
Mining was left to imported laborers, Nauru
Civic Centre
Transmitter Anibare
Bay
Post Office
mainly from Kiribati, who lived in Meneng Hotel
Air Terminal
enclaves of male-only barracks and Nauru State House
Secondary Police Station
had few rights. Many young Nauruans School 200m/656ft
leave to seek a better life in Australia 0 1 km Sea Level
or New Zealand. 0 1 mile Phosphate mines
Netherlands
Astride the delta of five major rivers in northwest
Europe, the Netherlands built its historic wealth on maritime
trade. Rotterdam is Europe’s largest port.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly flat, with 27% of the land Major trading hub. High-profile
below sea level and protected by dunes, multinationals. Diverse industrial base:
dikes, and canals. There are a few low chemicals, machinery, electronics, and
hills in the south and east. metals. Costly social welfare system.
d
Below Sea Level n Groningen
de
a
W
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
ad
Leeuwarden
W
The Dutch have a long history N o r t h
Ijs
sel
of welcoming immigrants from former S e a
m
er
e
colonies and refugees seeking asylum. Haarlem
AMSTERDAM
However, lack of integration is now ’S-GRAVENHAGE Leiden Apeldoorn Enschede
raising fears about the failing asylum (THE HAGUE) Utrecht
Ne Arnhem
Delft der R
system, immigrant crime, and militant Rotterdam
ij n
Nijmegen
Islam. Population is mostly urban and M aa
s
GERMANY
Tilburg
the density is high. The state does not Breda
s
Eindhoven
aa
try to impose a particular morality on
M
Nicaragua
Nicaragua lies at the heart of Central America. The
Sandinista revolution of 1978 led to 11 years of civil war between
the left-wing Sandinistas and the right-wing US-backed Contras.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Extensive forested plains in the Textiles, coffee, meat, tobacco are
east. Central mountain region with many main exports: affected by world price
active volcanoes. The Pacific coastlands fluctuations. Remittances from abroad.
are dominated by lakes. Substantial debt relief has cut debt to
around 60% of GDP. Corruption.
CLIMATE
Tropical. The lowlands are hot all 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
year round. The mountains are cooler. 200m/656ft
Prone to occasional hurricanes. Sea Level
Co co
HONDURAS
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
t
as
Most people are mestizo (mixed
o Co
Ocotal
Spanish–Amerindian), and there is a large
Caribbean
white elite. Caribbean regions are home Estelí Matagalpa
Mosquit
Sea
to communities of Miskito Amerindians Chinandega Matiguas
and blacks, who gained autonomy in 1987. León MANAGUA
The revolution improved the status of Juigalpa
Granada Bluefields
San Rafael del Sur
women, but these gains have been Lago de
undone by rampant poverty. Rivas Nicaragua
(Lake Nicaragua)
Sa
COSTA RICA n J u a n
INSIGHT: Lake Nicaragua is the
only freshwater lake in the world 0 100 km
to contain marine animals 0 100 miles
T
de l'Aïr
resources. An early 1990s rebellion MALI Agadez
Ni
Dogondoutchi
population lives in slum conditions. BENIN
Two-thirds of the population is under NIGERIA
25. Women have limited rights and 0 200 km
restricted access to education. 0 200 miles
Nigeria
West Africa’s biggest nation, Nigeria is a federation of
36 states and the capital, Abuja. Dominated by military
governments since 1966, democracy returned in 1999.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Coastal area of beaches, swamps, Overdependent on oil, principal
and lagoons gives way to rainforest, and export since 1970s. Mismanagement and
then to savanna on the high plateaus. corruption. Foreign debt reduced.
Semidesert to the north.
INSIGHT: Nigeria is Africa’s most
CLIMATE populous state – one in every seven
The south is hot, rainy and humid Africans is Nigerian
for most of the year. The arid north has
one very humid wet season. The Jos CHAD
N I G E R
Plateau and highlands are cooler. Sokoto
Lake Chad
Katsina
Kano
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Ni ge
Maiduguri
Some 250 ethnic groups: tensions BENIN Kaduna
r
B
Ilorin
states have introduced sharia (Islamic Ogbomosho
Makurdi
Ibadan
Niger
Oman
Oman occupies a strategic position on the Arabian
Peninsula, at the entrance to the Persian Gulf. It is the
least developed Gulf state, despite modest oil exports.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly gravelly desert, with Oil and natural gas account for
mountains in the north and south. almost all export revenue. Commercially
Some narrow fertile coastal strips. extractable reserves are limited. Other
exports include fish, animals, and dates.
CLIMATE Foreigners work in all sectors.
Blistering heat in the west.
Strait of Hormuz
Summer temperatures often climb 2000m/6562ft
Al Kha§ab
above 113°F (45°C). Southern uplands 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft Musandam
Gulf
of
receive rains June–September. 200m/656ft Peninsula
Oman
Sea Level
UAE fluíár
PEOPLE & SOCIETY MUSCAT
Al Qábil Ar Rustáq
Urban drift has seen most Bahlah flamad flúr
Omanis move to northern towns. The
majority are Ibadi Muslims who follow
SAUDI Arabian
an appointed leader, the imam. Ibadism is ARABIA Sea
not opposed to freedom for women, and
a few women hold positions of authority. Duqm
Indu s
Relations with India are tense over Baháwalpur
Kashmir and terrorism. Islamist taliban
Sukkur
insurgency in tribal areas on Afghan IRAN Baluchistán
Thar
INDIA
Hyderábád
Karáchi
s
du
Arabian Sea
Benazir Bhutto as the first female 0 200 km
prime minister in the Muslim world 0 200 miles
Palau
The 300-island Palau archipelago (known locally as
Belau) lies in the western Pacific Ocean. It achieved independence
in 1994, and is gradually reducing its aid dependence.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Terrain varies from thickly forested Tourism and fishing licenses are
mountains to limestone and coral reefs. main earners. Coconuts, bananas, and
Babeldaob, the largest island, is volcanic, taro. New 15-year US aid plan to 2024.
with many rivers and waterfalls.
INSIGHT: Palau’s reefs contain 1500
CLIMATE species of fish and 700 types of coral
Hot and wet. Little variation in daily
and seasonal temperatures. February– Ngaruangl
April is the dry season.
Kayangel
Islands
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Native Palauans are a mix of 200m/656ft
the original Southeast Asian migrants Sea Level
Ollei
and Pacific settlers. A modern influx
from Asia has led to tension. 70% of P A C I F I C Ngardmau
the population lives on the island-city O C E A N NGERULMUD
of Koror, prompting the construction Koror Babeldaob
Airai
of a new capital on Babeldaob. Oreor
Urukthapel
Native culture is preserved on
Eil Malk
outer islands despite strong influence
from the US and Japan. Modekngei Peleliu
Solomon
Fl
w
en
Popondetta S e a
y
ey
Great tensions exist between highland MORESBY Ra
ng
e Louisiade
tribes, and vendettas can often last Archipelago
several generations. The island of 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft Coral Sea
Bougainville has been granted autonomy 1000m/3281ft
and promised an eventual referendum 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 200 km
on independence. Sea Level 0 200 miles
Pa
ragu
n
a BRAZIL
ay
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
o
r
c
G a
The population is mainly mestizo C
h
(mixed Spanish and native Guaraní origin).
Most people are bilingual, though in rural Pedro Juan Caballero
Peru
Once the heart of the Inca Empire, before the Spanish
conquest in the 16th century, Peru lies on the Pacific
coast of South America, just south of the equator.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Coastal plain rises to Andes Abundant mineral resources:
Mountains. Uplands, dissected by fertile notably copper and gold. Rich Pacific
valleys, lie east of the Andes. Tropical fish stocks. Illegal cocaine producer.
forest in extreme east.
INSIGHT: Lake Titicaca is the world’s
CLIMATE highest navigable lake
Coast is mainly arid. Middle slopes Equator
of the Andes are temperate; higher peaks COLOMBIA
Pu
are snow-covered. East is hot, humid,
tu
m
ECUADOR ay
o
and very wet. Iquitos
Amazo
n
Marañón
Ucay a
Chiclayo
Though most people are A
BRAZIL
li
Amerindians or mixed-race mestizos, Trujillo Pucallpa
society is dominated by a small group Chimbote
n
Huánuco
of Spanish descendants. Amerindians, LIMA Huancayo
d
Poland
Located in the heart of Europe, Poland has undergone
massive social, economic, and political change since the
collapse of communism in 1989. It joined the EU in 2004.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Lowlands, part of the North Heavy industries dominate; services
European Plain, cover most of the growing. Foreign investment reflects large
country. The Tatra Mountains run along potential market. Rapid privatization. Only
the southern border. EU state to avoid recession in 2007–2009
global downturn. Not adopting euro yet.
CLIMATE
Rainfall peaks during the hot Baltic
RUSSIAN
summers. Cold winters with snow, Sea
Gdynia FEDERATION
LITHUANIA
especially in mountains. Gdaúsk
Olsztyn
Szczecin
G ER M A N Y
BELARUS
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Bydgoszcz Biaîystok
Ethnic homogeneity masks a
O
Wîocîawek
de
r
W
Zielona Îód¶
is
Góra a
î
Roman Catholic Church, and emerging Radom
Lublin
Wrocïaw
wealth disparities are resented by those Czèstochowa
not profiting from the free market. The CZECH Gliwice
Katowice Rzeszów
E
REP.
German minority in the west is growing
IN
Kraków
RA
more assertive. Tatra Mts.
UK
SLOVAKIA
INSIGHT: Wild wisent (European 1000m/3281ft
bison) live in the Bialowieza Forest 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
straddling the Poland–Belarus border Sea Level 0 100 miles
CLIMATE
North is cool and moist. South is Viana do
Castelo Madeira
Vila Real o
warmer, with dry, mild winters. Porto Do
ur
Vila Nova
de Gaia
PEOPLE & SOCIETY ATLANTIC Madeira Is.
A homogeneous and stable society, Coimbra 0 50 km
OCEAN
which is losing some of its conservative 0 50 miles
Portimão
Faro
INSIGHT: Portugal is the world’s 1000m/3281ft
leading producer of cork, which comes 0 100 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
from the bark of the cork oak 0 100 miles Sea Level
Qatar
Qatar projects from the Arabian Peninsula into the
Persian Gulf. A founding member of OPEC, it is one of the
region's wealthiest states due to oil and natural gas exports.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Flat, semiarid desert with dunes Steady supply of crude oil and
and salt pans. Vegetation is limited to huge natural gas reserves, plus related
small patches of scrub. industries. All other raw materials and
most foods are imported. Strong GDP
CLIMATE growth. Economy is heavily dependent
Hot and humid. Temperatures in on foreign
summer can soar to over 104°F (40°C). workforce.
Ar Ru’ays
Rainfall is rare.
Al Khuwayr
G ulf
PEOPLE & SOCIETY of Madínat al
Ba hr a in Ka‘bán
Only one in five residents is native-
Al Khawr
born; the rest are guest workers from
across the Middle East, the Indian
subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and north Ash Shaíaníyah
Africa. Qataris were once nomadic Ar Rayyán
DOHA
Bedouins, but since the advent of oil Umm Báb
Al Wakrah
wealth, most now live in Doha and its
suburbs, leaving the north dotted with
As Salwá Persian
abandoned villages. Women enjoy Gulf
relative freedom; most wear the veil. SAUDI
ARABIA
UAE
INSIGHT: There are twice as 0 30 km
200m/656ft
many men as women in Qatar 0 30 miles Sea Level
Pr
heavy spring rains.
ut
Satu Mare Ca
rp Boto∞ani
HUNGARY Baia Mare at Suceava
h Ia∞i
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Oradea
ia
n
Cluj-Napoca ania MOLD.
Romanians are ethnically distinct Bacâu
M
ylv Târgu
ns
ou
Arad ra
from their Slav and Hungarian (Magyar) Mure∞
nt
T
ain
Timi∞oara Foc∞ani UKRAINE
neighbors. Hungarians are the largest Sibiu Bra∞ov
s
Re∞iπa Galaπi
C a r p a √ i i M e r i d i o n a l i Buzâu Brâila
minority, living mainly in Transylvania. Danube
Drobeta-Turnu Pite∞ti
They are protected by the influence of Severin Ploie∞ti Delta
Hungary, unlike the Roma, who suffer SERBIA BUCHAREST Constanπa Black
Craiova e Sea
from discrimination. The overall Da
nub
Mangalia
population is shrinking.
BULGARIA
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: In 2001, Romania became 1000m/3281ft
the last country in Europe to lift its 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
ban on homosexuality Sea Level 0 100 miles
Russian Federation
The Russian Federation was the core of the old Soviet
Union, which broke up in 1991. Russia is still the world's largest
state. Its diversity is a source of both strength and problems.
Kam
BELAA RU
RU S (St
((SSStt PPe
Pet
Pete
eetersb
rsbu
sb
sb
sbu
buurrg)
rg
g))
g
world, traversing .
Yenisey
ts
cha
MO OSC
OSCO
OSSCOW OW No
N
Nor
Nori
ori
or ll’sk
l’’’sk
sk
k Maga
Mag
M
Maaga
aag
g
gaad
da
dan
aan
n
eight time zones M
tk
Nizh
N izh
iz
zzh
hniy
niy
iy Yaku
Yak
Ya
Y akkku
aakuutsk
ttssk
sk Sea
Se a
UK
KR
KR
RA
AIN
INE
NE
NEN
l
Nov
Novg
ovg
o vg
gor
orod
orod
oro
rood
o d off
ra
C Perm
Pe
PPer
eerm
er
rrm
m’ Sib eria a O kkh
Ok khot
kho
h sk
en
U
Ob
au
Vol
Volg
Vo
olg
ol
o llg
gogra
ogr
og
o gra
g
grra
rad L Sakha
Sak
Sa
S akha
aak
k lin
liiin
n
3000m/9843ft
ca
Omsk
O mssk
mskk TToms
’
GEO
ORGGIA
IA
A To
Tom
om
oms
ommssk
su
2000m/6562ft Groz
Grooznnyy
ny
yy
yy
s
1000m/3281ft KAZA
AKKHST
H AN
HST AN Chi
Ch
Chit
C hit
hiit
h ita
500m/1640ft AZER
AZERB
ZERRB. Irk
IIrku
rrku
rk
kku
uts
tsk
tskk See a o f
200m/656ft T rans-Si
Tran s-Si
s-S
Sii ber
S
Sibebbeerirrii aan
n Vladivos
Vladiivos
ossto
to
okk J apan
a pan
ap
apa an
Sea Level 0 1000 km Rail
Raaililro
ill roa
rroad
oad ad
d CHIN
CHI
C HI
HIN
HINNA ( Eas
E ass t Se
Ea S a)
a
MONG
MO
ONG
NGOLIA
NGOLIA
LIA
A
Below Sea Level
0 1000 miles
A
ka
DEM. REP.
ge
For over 500 years the cattle-
ra
CONGO
owning Tutsi minority were politically Ruhengeri Byumba
0 5 km
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
0 5 miles
The majority of the population Dieppe Bay Town
are descended from former African St. Paul's ATLANTIC
slaves. There are small numbers of St Kitts Cayon
OCEAN
Nevis
have largely replaced the former 1000m/3281ft Charlestown
Zion
expatriate elite. The secessionist 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft Bath
movement on Nevis remains an issue. Sea Level
CLIMATE La Soufrière
1000m/3281ft 4078ft (1234m)
Tropical, with constant trade 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft Chateaubelair
winds. Hurricanes are likely during Sea Level Georgetown
the wet season in July–November. St Vincent
0 10 km
KINGSTOWN
0 10 miles Arnos Vale
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Airport
Population is racially diverse;
Bequia
intermarriage has reduced tensions.
Society is informal and relaxed, but Caribbean
Sea
family life is strongly influenced by the Isle
à Quatre Baliceaux
Christian Church. Locals fear that their
s
Mustique
traditional lifestyle is being threatened
ne
di
Mayreau
he
Union I. ATLANTIC
inhabitants, the Carib, named them OCEAN
“Harioun” – home of the blessed
Taga
ra
a
m Upolu
looks after its political and social oli Mulifanua
Ap Ti‘avea
Lotofaga
interests. Large-scale migration to PACIFIC
the US and New Zealand reflects OCEAN
the country’s lack of jobs and the 0 15 km
attractions of a Western lifestyle. 0 15 miles
San Marino
Perched on the slopes of Monte Titano in the Italian
Appennines, San Marino has maintained its independence since
the 4th century CE, but Italy effectively controls most of its affairs.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Distinctive limestone outcrop of Tourism, banking, manufacturing,
Monte Titano dominates wooded hills and investment all hit by 2008–2009
and pastures near Italy’s Adriatic coast. global downturn. Banking transparency
has improved. Lower tax rates than Italy.
CLIMATE Wine, cheese, olive oil, textiles, and
High altitude and sea breezes ceramics are exported.
moderate a Mediterranean climate. Also relies on Italian
Hot summers and cool, wet winters. subsidy and
infrastructure. Dogana
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Serravalle
Territory is divided into nine Fiorina
“castles,” or districts. Tightly knit Cailungo
Gualdicciolo
society, with 16 centuries of tradition. Borgo Maggiore
Strict immigration rules require SAN MARINO
ITALY
30-year residence before applying Monte Titano
2424ft (739m) Faetano
for citizenship. Living standards A p
Murata
ITALY
are similar to those in northern Italy. p e
n
Chiesanuova n Montegiardino
About 20,000 Sammarinesi live i n
o
abroad, most in Italy.
Saudi Arabia
Occupying most of the Arabian Peninsula, Saudi Arabia
covers an area the size of western Europe. It is the world’s largest
oil producer and has a major petrochemicals industry.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly desert or semidesert Vast oil and natural gas reserves.
plateau. Mountain ranges in the west run A third of workers are foreign. Attractive
parallel to the Red Sea and drop steeply jobs for young Saudis are scarce, however.
to a coastal plain.
INSIGHT: Three million Muslims a year
CLIMATE make the hajj (pilgrimage) to the holy
city of Mecca. Only practicing Muslims are
In summer, temperatures often
allowed inside the city
soar above 118°F (48°C), but in winter
they may fall below freezing. Rainfall
JORDAN IRAQ
is rare.
A n Na fu d KUWAIT
EGYPT
Tabúk
PEOPLE & SOCIETY P ersi a n
Gul f
Ad Dammán
Most Saudis are Sunni Muslims Buraydah
Al Hufúf BAHRAIN
N
who embrace sharia (Islamic law) and Al Madínah QATAR
(Medina)
a
RIYADH
follow the strictly orthodox Wahhabi
j
d Íaraç UAE
Jiddah
interpretation of Islam in their daily lives. (Jedda) Makkah (Mecca)
A√ ◊á’if
Women are obliged to wear the veil,
A r R ub ' al K h á l í
cannot hold a driver's license, and have Re d S e a OMAN
no role in public life. The al-Sa’ud family Abhá
YEMEN
rules with absolute power. Supported by
2000m/6562ft
the religious establishment, it controls all 1000m/3281ft
political life and makes few concessions 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 200 km
to any calls for wider public participation. Sea Level 0 200 miles
ne
regionally. Dakar is a Wolof area, with DAKAR
ga
Thiès
l
Diourbel
the Serer concentrated to the east and Mbour
southeast of Dakar. The Senegal River is Kaolack Kaffrine Tambacounda
dominated by the Peul and Toucouleur. MALI
GAMBIA
The Diola (Jola) in Casamance have felt Casamance Kolda Ga
mbia
politically excluded, prompting a long- Ziguinchor
running secessionist struggle; a cease-fire GUINEA-BISSAU
GUINEA
has held since 2004. A large diaspora has
raised global awareness of Senegalese 200m/656ft
0 100 km
culture and music. Sea Level 0 100 miles
Serbia
The central and eastern region of what was once Yugoslavia,
Serbia was a pariah state until Slobodan Milosevic was ousted
in 2000. Montenegro broke away in 2006, and Kosovo in 2008.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Landlocked since secession of Recovering from sanctions and 1999
Montenegro. Fertile Danube plain in the NATO bombing: GDP is only just back to
north, rolling uplands in the center and pre-1990 level. Reserves of coal, oil.
southeast. Mountains in southwest. Strong industrial base. Privatization
ongoing. Foreign investment growing.
CLIMATE Danube is a key transportation link.
Continental in north, with wet
HUNGARY
springs and warm summers. Colder 0 50 km
Subotica
winters with heavy snow in south. 0 50 miles
Vojvodina
Da Zrenjanin
PEOPLE & SOCIETY CROATIA nube
Serbs are Orthodox Christian, and Novi Sad ROMANIA
Panâevo
their language uses Cyrillic script. The ‹abac
BELGRADE Smederevo
Catholic Magyars (Hungarians) live mainly an
D
ub
in Vojvodina, which has been granted BOSNIA Kragujevac
e
s
Almost 90% of people live on Mahé.
d
n
a
Living standards are among Africa’s I s l O C E A N
Aldabra r
highest. Poverty is rare and the Group O u t e
Farquhar
welfare system caters to all. Group
Sierra Leone
The west African state of Sierra Leone achieved
independence from the UK in 1961. Today, trying to recover from ten
years of devastating civil war, it is one of the world’s poorest nations.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Flat plain, running the length of the Aid is vital: reconstruction will
coast, stretches inland for 83 miles take years. Diamond exports, though
(133 km). Beyond, forests rise to highlands smuggling is rife. Rutile and bauxite also
near neighboring Guinea in the northeast. mined. Coffee and cocoa are cash crops,
but most farming is subsistence.
CLIMATE
Hot tropical weather, with very INSIGHT: The British philanthropist
high rainfall and humidity. The dusty, Granville Sharp set up a settlement for
northeastern harmattan wind blows freed slaves in Freetown in 1787
November–April.
1000m/3281ft GUINEA
500m/1640ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 200m/656ft Kabala
Sea Level
Mende and Temne are the major
ethnic groups. Freetown’s citizens are
Makeni
largely descended from slaves freed
Lunsar Koidu
from Britain and the US, resulting in
FREETOWN
a strongly Anglicized Creole culture Boajibu
in the capital. The countryside is less
Bo
developed. A brutal civil war broke Kenema
Slovakia
Landlocked in central Europe, Slovakia became a
separate state in 1993, splitting ex-communist Czechoslovakia in
two. It joined the EU in 2004 and the eurozone five years later.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Tatra Mountains stretch along Heavy industry, especially cars.
the northern border with Poland. Exports hit by 2007–2009 global
Southern lowlands include the fertile downturn. Inexpensive workforce. Rising
Danube plain. foreign investment. High unemployment,
budget deficits. Successful privatizations.
CLIMATE
Continental. Moderately warm INSIGHT: From 1526 to 1784 Bratislava,
summers and steady rainfall. Cold winters then known as Pozsony, served as the
with heavy snowfalls. capital of Hungary
E
Martin
AIN
their language and culture, backed Trenâín Ko#ice
UKR
by Hungary. Magyar parties exist Banská Bystrica
AUS. Trnava
in the political mainstream, and Nitra Luâenec
on occasion form part of the BRATISLAVA
D
ruling coalition. Ethnic Czechs a n ube
HUNGARY
have dual citizenship. Roma are
2000m/6562ft
unrepresented and face significant 1000m/3281ft
discrimination. Rural eastern regions 0 50 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
are least developed. 0 50 miles Sea Level
Dr
ra
Slovenia’s people, despite close Maribor
av
a
similarities to other former Jesenice
Ptuj
Kranj Celje
Yugoslavs. The absence of sizable
I T A L Y
Solomon Islands
The Solomons archipelago comprises several
hundred coral reef islands scattered in the southwestern
Pacific. Most of the population live on the six largest islands.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The six largest islands are volcanic, Subsistence farming and fishing
mountainous, and thickly forested. sustain 75% of people. Cash crops are
Flat coastal plains provide the only copra and cocoa. Gold deposits. Civil
cultivable land. conflict bankrupted the government,
closed the main gold mine, and cut
CLIMATE trade links. Forests have been depleted.
Northern islands are hot and
humid all year round; farther south a INSIGHT: The battle for Japanese-
cool season develops. November–April held Guadalcanal was the first major
wet season brings cyclones. US offensive in the Pacific War during
World War II
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Almost all Solomon Islanders are P A C I F I C
Choiseul
Melanesian. Animist beliefs exist alongside Santa Isabel
O C E A N
New Gizo
Christianity. Tensions are regional; Georgia Munda Malaita
Santa Cruz
Guadalcanal natives (Isatabu) fought New Georgia Is. HONIARA Islands
Guadalcanal
against immigrant Malaitan workers in the Kirakira Lata
1998–2000 conflict, displacing thousands Solomon
San Cristobal
Rennell
and ruining the economy. In 2003, Sea
d
SOMALILAND
an
The clan system forms the basis (not internationally
ntl
Hargeysa
of all commercial, political, and social recognized)
Pu
Burco
life. Most people are ethnic Somali. The Garoowe
minority Bantu are traditionally seen as ETHIOPIA
Gaalkacyo
socially inferior. Since the 1991 coup,
INDIAN
Somalia has lacked a strong central Beledweyne
OCEAN
authority. Somaliland has declared KENYA Baydhabo
0 200 km
independence, while Puntland claims MOGADISHU
0 200 miles
autonomy. Islamist militias now control Marka
1000m/3281ft
most of the country: some have joined Jilib Equator 500m/1640ft
the latest attempt at a transitional Kismaayo 200m/656ft
Sea Level
government, but fighting continues. Below Sea Level
South Africa
After 80 years of white minority rule, South Africa held
its first multiracial, multiparty elections in 1994. Victory for the
blacks marked the symbolic overturning of long years of apartheid.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Much of the interior is grassy veld. Africa’s largest, most developed
Desert in the west and far north. economy. Leading mineral producer,
Mountains east, south, and west. notably metals, diamonds, coal. Tourism
is also key. Wealth gap has widened: jobs,
CLIMATE housing, and better access to basic
Warm, temperate, and dry. services are needed to fight poverty.
Cape Town has a Mediterranean climate. 2000m/6562ft
Semiarid in the west. 1000m/3281ft ZIMBABWE
500m/1640ft
o
MOZAMBI
Sea Level p
po
m
PEOPLE & SOCIETY BOTSWANA Li
The majority black population now
PRETORIA/ Middelburg
QUE
dominates politically, but the minority Kalahari TSHWANE
Johannesburg
white community still controls the NAMIBIA
Vryburg Soweto SWAZILAND
Desert al Piet Retief
economy. A small black middle class is Upington Va
Orange Kroonstad
growing, but unemployment among Kimberley
blacks remains high. Nearly six million BLOEMFONTEIN Pietermaritzburg
K a r o o LESOTHO
he n
g
r
people are HIV-positive, but the fight t
er
r Durban
No Middelburg
sb
against AIDS is hampered by social e
n INDIAN
Karoo
Great
k
0 200 km
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 500m/1640ft
0 200 miles
Most people are subsistence 200m/656ft
Sea Level
farmers. Village life is based on extended
ite Nile
families; arranged marriages involve the
payment of bride-price. There are over SUDAN
Wh
60 language groups. The Nilotic tribes Malakal
include the Dinka and Nuer; the Jur
largest non-Nilotic group are the Wau ETHIOPIA
Azande on the Congolese border. S u d d Rumbek
Pi
CENTRAL or Elemi
b
Tribal divisions could threaten unity now AFRICAN Bor Triangle
Su
Spain
At its unification under Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492,
Spain occupied a pivotal position between Europe, Africa,
the North Atlantic, and the Mediterranean.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountain ranges in the north, Exports food, wine. Few natural
center, and south, with a huge central resources. Large fishing fleet. Tourism and
plateau. Mediterranean lowlands. motor industry hit by global downturn;
Verdant valleys in the northwest. highest unemployment in EU since abrupt
end of construction boom. Austerity
CLIMATE measures aim to cut debt and deficits. A
Maritime in north. Hotter and drier target for economic migrants from Africa.
in south. The central plateau has an
0 100 km
extreme climate. Bay of Biscay
0 100 miles
Gijón Donostia-
A Coruña Bilbao San Sebastián
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Santander P y FRANCE
Vigo León Burgos re
A vigorous ethnic regionalism, Ourense n e e ANDORRA
s
Logroño
suppressed under Franco’s fascist Valladolid Soria
Lleida
Zaragoza
regime, now flourishes. There are Ávila T a gu
Barcelona
Tarragona
PORTUGAL
17 autonomous regions. People MADRID
s
Menorca
Sudan
The secession of the black African south in 2011 left
Sudan as Africa's third-largest country. Darfur in the west is
suffering a terrible humanitarian crisis.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Lies within the upper Nile basin. Oil reserves reduced by secession
Mostly arid plains. Highlands border the of South. Cotton, sesame, gum arabic.
Red Sea in the northeast. Violence and drought hamper farming.
Millions of people displaced. Large debt.
CLIMATE
North is hot, arid desert with INSIGHT: Sudan has more pyramids
constant dry winds. Rainy season lasting a than Egypt: over 200 structures remain
few months in the south. from ancient Nubian kingdoms on the Nile
EGYPT
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Re
LIBYA Nubian
About two million people are
d
Desert
Se
Nil e
nomads. There are many ethnic groups. Port Sudan
Atbara
a
Islamic law, imposed by the Arab CHAD
fur
Omdurman ERITREA
majority, restricts women's freedoms and KHARTOUM
ar
Kassala
alienated the non-Muslim south, which El Geneina Sodiri Wad Medani
D
El Obeid
finally seceded in 2011 after prolonged White Nile
Kosti
Blue Nile
conflict. Ethnic violence by Arab militias ETHIOPIA
in Darfur since 2003 has killed 300,000 SOUTH
C.A.R.
people and created a huge refugee crisis SUDAN
within Sudan and in neighboring Chad
2000m/6562ft
and CAR. President Bashir faces an 1000m/3281ft
international arrest warrant for crimes 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 400 km
against humanity. Sea Level 0 400 miles
i
an Brokopondo
Ma r o n
r
Cou
Swaziland
The tiny southern African kingdom of Swaziland is
crippled with HIV/AIDS and economically dependent on South
Africa. Vocal demands for multiparty democracy have been ignored.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly high plateaus and mountains. Sugarcane is the main cash crop.
Rolling grasslands and low scrub plains to Wood pulp and soft drink concentrates
the east. Pine forests on western border. are also exported. Loss of workforce to
HIV/AIDS, and high cost of health care.
CLIMATE
Temperatures rise and rainfall 0 25 km
declines as the land descends eastward, 0 25 miles
from high to low grassy veld.
Piggs Peak
Tshaneni
PEOPLE & SOCIETY SOUTH
One of Africa’s most conservative AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICA
INSIGHT: Polygamy is practiced 1000m/3281ft
in Swaziland – when King Sobhuza 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
died in 1982, he left 100 widows Sea Level
AY
Luleå
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
RW
The nuclear family forms the
NO
Umeå Gul f
basis of society, but the marriage rate Östersund of
Bot hni a
is one of the lowest in the world, and 1000m/3281ft Sundsvall
cohabitation is now common. The model 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
welfare system is paid for by a high tax Sea Level
burden. Women are well represented at Uppsala
Västerås
all levels. A minority of 20,000 Sámi lives Örebro
in the far north. Most industries and the Vänern STOCKHOLM
Vättern Norrköping
bulk of population are based in and Göteborg Jönköping
around the southern cities. An EU Gotland
Kattegat Öland
member since 1995, Sweden has 0 100 km Helsingborg
voted not to join the euro. 0 100 miles Malmö Baltic Sea
Switzerland
One of the world’s most prosperous countries, Switzerland
sits at the center of Europe. It has retained its neutral status
through every major European conflict since 1815.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly mountainous, with river Diversified economy relies on
valleys. The Alps cover 60% of its area; services – the banking sector manages
the Jura in the west cover 10%. Lowlands over a quarter of the world’s offshore
lie along the east–west axis. private wealth – and specialized
industries (engineering, watches, etc).
CLIMATE
Most rain falls in the warm summer INSIGHT: Famed for its neutrality,
months. Winters are snowy, but milder Switzerland only joined the UN in
and foggy away from the mountains. 2002, and remains outside the EU
Avalanches are a problem.
Schaffhausen GERMANY
R hine Lake Constance
Basel Winterthur
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sankt Gallen
a
Switzerland is composed of FRANCE u rBiel Zürich AUSTRIA
J
Luzern
distinct German-Swiss, French-Swiss, Neuchâtel
BERN
LIECHTENSTEIN
Lac de Chur
and Italian-Swiss linguistic groups. In the Neuchâtel R hin
e
Eu
al-Asad
Íamáh
ph
peoples. Some 460,000 Palestinian
ra
∏arπús Íim§ IRAQ
tes
refugees live in Syria, and over a million
on
LEBANON rt
an
b se
Iraqis have fled here since 2003. There ti-
Le De
An Dúmá S y r i
an
is a growing gulf between rich and Golan
poor. Fierce repression of pro-democracy Heights DAMASCUS
Dar‘á
protests in 2011 drew international ISRAEL 0 100 km
condemnation. JORDAN 0 100 miles
Taiwan
The republic of Taiwan (formerly Formosa) is on an
island 80 miles (130 km) off the southeast coast of mainland
China, which still considers it to be a renegade province.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountain region covers two-thirds Successful economy of small,
of the island. Highly fertile lowlands and adaptable companies. High-tech goods:
coastal plains. TVs, computers, and semiconductors.
Rising trade, investment with China.
CLIMATE
Tropical monsoon. Hot and humid. INSIGHT: Taiwan lost its seat at
Typhoons July–September. Snow falls in the UN to Beijing in 1971: both
mountains in winter. claim to represent “China”
TAIPEI Jilong
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Pate Hsintien
3000m/9843ft Xinzhu
Most Taiwanese are Han Chinese, 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
descendants of the 1644 migration of 500m/1640ft
o
the Ming dynasty from the mainland. 200m/656ft Taizong
nm
Sea Level Zhanghua
Sha
The modern republic was created in 1949, Yuanlin Hualian
when the nationalist Kuomintang was
ng
Jiayi
ga
expelled from the mainland following PACIFIC
un
Communist victory in the civil war. OCEAN
Ch
Tainan
100,000 emigrés established themselves Taidong
as a ruling class. Initial resentment has
Gaoxiong Pingdong
subsided as a new Taiwan-born S ou th Chin a
generation has taken over the reins Sea
of power. The aboriginal minority 0 40 km
suffers discrimination. 0 40 miles
Tanzania
The east African state of Tanzania was formed in
1964 by the union of Tanganyika and the Zanzibar islands.
A third of its area is game reserve or national park.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The mainland is mostly a high Reliant on agriculture, including
plateau lying to the east of the Great forestry and cattle. Coffee, cotton, tea,
Rift Valley. Forested coastal plain. cashew nuts, sisal, and cloves are cash
Highlands in the north and south. crops. Gold, diamonds, and gems mined.
Safari and beach tourism. Debt relief.
CLIMATE
Tropical on the coast and Equator
Zanzibar. Semiarid on central UGANDA Lake
KENYA
Victoria Musoma
plateau, semitemperate in the RWANDA Kilimanjaro
highlands. March–May rains. Mwanza
n 19,340ft (5895m)
ai
BURUNDI Shinyanga Pl
t i Arusha Moshi
n ge
PEOPLE & SOCIETY re Masai
Kigoma Se
Tabora Steppe Tanga
99% of people belong to one L. Tanganyika
Zanzibar
Gr
CONGO Iringa
R
t
V INDIAN
al
as the lingua franca has eliminated l e Mbeya
y OCEAN
ZAMBIA
ethnic rivalries. The majority of Lindi
Songea
Tanzanians are subsistence famers. MALAWI Mtwara
L.Nyasa R u v um
a
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft MOZAMBIQUE
INSIGHT: At 19,340 ft (5895 m), 1000m/3281ft
Kilimanjaro in northeast Tanzania 500m/1640ft 0 200 km
200m/656ft
is Africa’s highest mountain Sea Level 0 200 miles
ko
Chiang Mai
ng
Udon Thani
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Sa
Khon Kaen
lw
ee
Buddhism is a national binding n Phitsanulok
Nakhon Sawan Ubon
Ratchathani
force. 600,000 hill tribes-people, with Nakhon
Ratchasima
their own languages, live in the north and
BANGKOK CAMBODIA
northeast. The Chinese minority is the Ratchaburi Pattaya
most assimilated in the region. Malay G ulf
Islamists in the undeveloped far south of
Tha ila nd
are fighting for secession. Politics has Chumphon
Isthmus
been unstable since the 2006 fall of of Nakhon Si
populist Prime Minister Thaksin. Kra Thammarat
Phuket Songkhla
2000m/6562ft Hat Yai Malay
INSIGHT: Thailand, meaning “land of 1000m/3281ft Andaman
Peninsula
the free,” is the only SE Asian nation 500m/1640ft Sea MALAYSIA
200m/656ft
never to have been colonized Sea Level
Togo
Togo lies sandwiched between Ghana and Benin in west
Africa. General Eyadema ruled from 1967–2005; his son succeeded
him. Lomé port is an important entrepôt for regional trade.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Central forested region bounded Most people are farmers. Self-
by savanna lands to the north and south. sufficient in staple foods. Togo’s main
Mountain range stretches southwest cash crops are coffee and cocoa: cotton
to northeast. has declined. Its phosphate deposits are
the most BURKINA
CLIMATE mineral-rich FASO
Coast hot and humid; drier inland. in the world, Dapaong
Rainy season March–July, with heaviest but easily BENIN
Sansanné-
falls in the west. extractable Mango
reserves are
Kara
PEOPLE & SOCIETY depleted and the
Harsh resentment between Ewe in sector needs Tchamba
the south and Kabye in the north. Kabye investment.
control the military, but the north is less
Mono
developed than the south. Extended GHANA
family is important. Tribalism and
nepotism are key factors in everyday Atakpamé
life. Some ethnic groups, such as the
Mon
Mina, have matriarchal societies. 500m/1640ft
o
200m/656ft
Sea Level Kpalimé
Tsévié
INSIGHT: The “Nana Benz,” the Aného
entrepreneurial market-women 0 50 km LOMÉ
of Lomé, control Togo’s retail trade 0 50 miles ATLANTIC OCEAN
i
political parties are divided along race Gulf Trinidad
of
lines. Blacks form the majority on Tobago. Paria
Rio Claro
Turkey
Lying partly in the region of eastern Thrace in Europe,
but mostly in Asia, Turkey’s position gives it significant influence
in the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, and the Middle East.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Asian Turkey (Anatolia) is Liberalized economy, boosted by
dominated by two mountain ranges, self-sufficient agriculture, and textiles,
separated by a high, semidesert plateau. tourism, and manufacturing sectors.
Coastal regions are fertile. Route of Asian oil pipelines to Europe.
ig
ris
Antalya Adana Gaziantep
violent campaign for greater ƒskenderun
IRAQ
autonomy intermittently since 1984. Mediterranean SYRIA
Sea
Islamist parties are challenging 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
Turkey’s cherished identity as a secular 1000m/3281ft
state. It has applied to join the EU, 0 200 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
though progress will be slow. 0 200 miles Sea Level
Am
tribal unit remains strong, with Balkanabat
uD
Gumdag Serdar
population clustered around desert
ar
Caspian Garagum Türkmenabat
ya
oases. Relations with Uzbek and Sea
AflGABAT
Russian minorities have become
IRAN Tejen Atamyrat
tense in recent years due to the Mary
“Turkmenization” of government, Garagum
1000m/3281ft Kanaly
education, and religion. Political reform 500m/1640ft
since Niyazov’s sudden death in 2006 is 200m/656ft
Sea Level
Serhetabat
slowly dismantling the old regime. Below Sea Level AFGHANISTAN
Tuvalu
One of the world’s smallest, most isolated states,
Tuvalu lies in the central Pacific. The nine islands were linked to
the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) as a UK colony until independence.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A series of coral atolls, none more World’s smallest economy.
than 15 ft (4.6 m) above sea level. Poor Remittances from Tuvaluan seafarers. Sale
soils restrict vegetation to bush, coconut of fishing licenses. Copra, stamps, and
palms, and breadfruit trees. coins exported. Income from trust fund
and the lease of .tv Internet suffix.
CLIMATE
Hot all year round. Heavy annual 200m/656ft
Sea Level
rainfall. Hurricane season brings many Nanumea
O C E A N
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
People are mostly Polynesian. Nui
to frequent droughts. O C E A N
Lake
lle
Nile
animosities, but a noticeable north–south Kabarole Jinja Tororo
at
Mubende KAMPALA
Kasese
in the south. After two decades of brutal Masaka Entebbe Equator
Lake
clashes (1987–2008), the Ugandan army Edward
Mbarara
Sese Is.
La k e
is still pursuing remnants of the Lord's Kabale TANZANIA
V icto r ia
Resistance Army across the DRC, South RWANDA 0 100 km
Sudan, and the CAR. 0 100 miles
Ukraine
The former “breadbasket of the Soviet Union,” Ukraine
lies on the north coast of the Black Sea. Politics is divided
between pro-Russian sentiments and pro-European nationalism.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly fertile steppes and Minerals: 5% of global reserves.
forests. Carpathian Mountains in west, Slow reform of land laws, holding back
Crimean chain in south. Pripet Marshes agriculture. Oil/natural gas transit
in northwest. from Russia and the Caspian to Europe:
natural gas price disputes with Russia.
CLIMATE Political instability.
Mainly continental climate, with
distinct seasons. Southern Crimea has INSIGHT: Ukraine means “on
Mediterranean climate. the border,” referring to its
position on the edge of the
2000m/6562ft
old Russian Empire 1000m/3281ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 500m/1640ft
Over 90% of people in the west 200m/656ft
BELARUS Sea Level
are Ukrainian, but in cities in the east and Pripet
Marshes Chernihiv
south, and in Crimea, Russians form a Luts’k Chornobyl’ RUSS. FED.
POLAND KIEV
majority. The government is wary of L’viv Zhytomyr Kremenchuts’ke Kharkiv
Crimean separatism. Tatars have been Vinnytsya
Vdskh.
Dnipro-
Cherkasy Luhans’k
returning there since the Soviet Chernivtsi
petrovs’k
Union’s collapse and now comprise HUNGARY MOLDOVA Zaporizhzhya Donets’k
around 12% of the local population. ROMANIA
Mykolayiv
pe
r Mariupol’
nie
Over five million people in Ukraine, Odesa D Sea
of Azov
Belarus, and Russia live in areas D a nube Cr ime a
“contaminated” by the 1986 0 100 km Sevastopol’
Chornobyl nuclear disaster. 0 100 miles Black Sea
United Kingdom
Separated from continental Europe by the English
Channel, the UK consists of Great Britain (England, Wales,
and Scotland), several smaller islands, and Northern Ireland.
In
IInve
n
nvveerrn
nve rnes
rne
n s
Ab
A b
beeerrdeen
INSIGHT: The UK has no Scotland
formal written constitution, Inn
In
nne
n ne r
n
but a stable government system Hebr
ebr
eb
b iides
ide
id
des
deess Du
und
n
nddee
Ob
O
Oban
Oba
ban
ba
b an
an
based on Parliament, which Gla
Gl
Glas
G la
las
laassgo
sgow
go
go
oww
Edi
Ed
EEdin
diinbu
d
din burg
bur
b urg
ur
u rrg
gh
originated as a check on royal
power in the 13th century Neew
Ne wcastle
Lon
Lon
Lo
ond
onddon
ond
onde
o n
nd
nde
de
derrr
rry
ry
ry upo
u p
poon Tyn
on T e
No
N orrrtt hern
ort
o eern
rrn
n
Car
Carl
Ca
C arrlliisl
arl
ar isle
is
ssle
le
le North
Irel
IIre
rre an and
nd
n d Isle
slee off
Bee fast
Belf
Bel
B astt Man
Ma
M an
an Sea
Bla
Blac
B la
aacckkpoo
kp
kpo
poo
pooo
ol Leeed
LLeed
eeed
ds
LLive
ivveerrp
rpoo
rpo
poool
ol B ac
Blac
Bla
ackkb
kbur
kbu
bu n
Shef
eff d
effiel
ef
IRE
IREL
IR
R AND Manc
Ma
Man
M anc
aan
nc
n
nches
ches
hest
h
heeest
essstteerr
En
E n gl
g an
nd
Derb
De
D eerby Norw
N
Nor
Noorw
o
orrw
rw
wiicch
h
Bir
B
Birm
Biir
irm
irrm
ming
ingh
iin
ngh
n
ngghaam
m Leic
LLei
eic
eei
iceeste
te
er
Caam
C
Camb
Cam
am rid
ambridg
ridg
idg
dg
d ge
Wal
Wale
Wa
Wale
aal
lle
less
SSw
Swan
Swa
waan
wannsse
sea
eeaa Oxxfo
Oxfo
Oxf
O xf rd
xf d
Celtic Thame s L
LO
LOND
LON
OND
ON
ON
NDDO
ON
N
Caard
C
Car
Card
aarrd
diif
iff
ffff
Sea Brris
Bri
Bris
B oll Read
rriisstto
o ead
eea
aad
din
in
ing
ngg
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft Sou ham
Sout ham
hamp on Dove
ampton
on Do
ovveer
ove
200m/656ft ATLANTIC Exe
Ex
Exet
xetteerr
Sea Level Plym
Plym
Ply mo
outh
uth
tth
h
OCEAN
0 100 km English Channe l
0 100 miles
348 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA
t
t rai ARCTIC Sea
Seat
Se
eat
attle
attle
le
gS OCEAN
Aleu
Berin WASHING
WAS
WASH
WA
ASH
A
ASSH
SHING
INGT
NGT
N
NGGTTO
G TO
ONN
R
Br Spo
Spok
SSp
p
pok
pookane
nee
n
R aono k s
ge
ti
Por
Por
Po
ort
ort
rtla
land
lla
aan
and
nd
n d
o
n ALASKA MON
MONT
M
MO
ON
ONT
ONTTAN
N ANA
ANA
NA
a
Is ka Range PACIFIC
lands Alas
s
Hel
Hele
He
H eele
lle
ena
en
na
c
ge
Anchorage
Ran
OCEAN OREG
REG
REG
RE
EGOON
N
k
CANADA
IDA
ID
IIDAH
DAH
DA
DAHO
AH
Coast
y
Boi
Bois
Bo
B ois
o ise
0 500 km
PACIFIC Great
Grea
Gre
G
Grrre
rea
reat
eat
eea
a t Salt
Sal
S allt
alt
lt
0 500 miles OCEAN Lak
Lake
L
Laaake
ak
kkee WYO
WYOM
WY
W YOM
YO
OMMIN
IING
N
NGG
Sierra
M
Great
Reen
Reno
Re
Ren
eno
no
no Basin
Sac
acr
cram
ammeneen
nto
to Sal
Salt
SSa
al Lak
ak
ke
o
Oaak
Oa kland
kl an
nd
n d NEEEVA
NEV
NEVAVA
VA
ADA
DA
DA Ciity
City
Cit
C it
ittyy
Nev
PACIFIC San Fran
nccis
is
isc
sco
u
OCEAN
ada
UTAH
UTA
UT
UTTAH
AH
AH
Kaua'i Fres
re
res
essno
no
no
O'ahu
n
Honolulu CA
CALI
CAL
CA
ALL FO
ORN
ORN
RNIA
A Death
att h V
Val
Vall
Vaaall
llll ey
ey
t
HAWAI'I Baak
B ake
kerrs
rsfi
sfi
ssf
fieeld
fi elld
ld Laass Vega
Las Veega
Veg
Veeg
ga
gas Grra
Gra
Grand
G ran
rand
and
and
nd
Hawai'i Can
Cany
Canyo
an
any
any
n y n
do
a
0 200 km
lora
Los
oss An
Ange
Ang
nge
ng
n gelles
g ess ARIZ
AR
AR
RIZOON
ONA
NA
NA
0 200 miles
i
Co
Alb
Albu
A lb
lbu
lbuq
quer
qu
que
u
uer
ueerque
ue
ue
SSan
Sa
aan
n Dieg
ieg
ego
eg
n
Phoe
PPho
ho
hoe
h oe
oen
nix
ixx NEEW
NEW
N EW
MEEXI
MEX
MEXI
M EEX
XIICO
X CO
Tucs
TTuc
Tu
ucs
uc
u ccsson
n
s
GEOGRAPHY Ell Paaso
so
o
The US has a varied topography. M E X I C O
Forested mountains stretch from New
England in the far northeast, giving way CLIMATE
to lowlands and swamps in the extreme There are four main climatic zones.
south. The central plains are dominated The north and east are continental and
by the Mississippi–Missouri River system temperate, with heavy rainfall, warm
and the Great Lakes on the Canadian summers, and cold winters. Florida and
border. The Rocky Mountains in the west the Deep South are tropical and prone
contain active volcanoes and drop to the to hurricanes. The southwest is arid
coast across the earthquake-prone San desert, with searing summer heat and
Andreas Fault. The southwest is arid low rainfall. Southern California is
desert. Mountainous Alaska is mostly Mediterranean, with hot summers and
Arctic tundra. mild winters.
NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 349
C A N A D A
NORT
NO
NOR
N ORT
OR
RTH
DAK
DAKO
D
DA
AK
AKO
AKOTA
KO TA L ake
Lak
Lake
kee Super
S uper
per
pe
eerr iio
ior
oorr VERM
ERM
RM
MO
ONT
NT
NT MA
MAIN
M A E
MINN
NESO
ESO
ESOT
SSOT
OTTA
O
Bism
sm
ma
arrrk
ark MIC S
Saint
Sa Lawren
enc
nce
ncccee
HIG Lake
L
Laakk
aake NEEW
NEW
N EW
AN Huron
Huro
Hu
Hur
uron
uro
ur
u ron
rro
o
G
Lak
Lake
ake kee HA
HAMP
HAMAM
AMPMPSHSSHI
HIR
H IR
RE
Min
M in eapolis
in
inn liiss
lis Saint Paul
ull
u Ontar
Ont
O
Onta
n ta
ntar
nta
ntttar
aarr io
io
M t s.
Pier
Pie
P
Piiie
eerrrre
e MA
MASS
M
MASASS
ASSSSA
AS ACH
AC
CHU
HUSETTS
WISC
W CO
ONSI
N N NEW
NEW
W
r
Bo
Bost
Bos
B ost
o
osst
ston
on
SOUTTH D DAAKO
KOTA
KOT
KOTTAA Lake
L ke e Buf
Buff
ufff
uff
u ffaal
alo llo
o YOR
YORK
ORK
RK
RK
Michi
M
Mi ichi
i hii gga
ganaann RHO
RHOD
R
RHHO
H
HODOD
O DE I.
e
Siou
S iou
ou
o ux Fa
Falls CON
CONN
C ONN
ON
O NN
N N
NE
ECTI
EC
E CT
CTI
C TIICU
CUT
UT
U T
Milw
Milw
ilillw
wa au
auke
u e Detrroitt L aake
Lak
La akkkee EErie
Eri
Errie
rriiiee
PENN
PENNNN
N NSYSY
SYL
SYLV
YLVLVAN ANI
ANIA
ANI
NIA
N IA
IA New
Ne
Newew Y York
or
o
ork
rkk
IOWA
a
Chey
C heeyyen
hey enne
enn
e nne
n
nnn Chic
C hiicago
h
hic go
go Clev
Cle
C lev
lle
eevvela ela
el
laan
lan nd NEW
N EEW
W JEJER
JJERS
ERS
EER
RSEY
RS EY
NEBR
NEB
N EB ASKA KAA
n
Des Moin Mo es P sburrg
Pitt ghh Phiililaad
Phil
Phi deellphia
de
t
i a
Omah
Om
O m
mah
aha
a For
FFort
ort Wa
ort Waayynee
Way OHIO
HIO O Bal
Balt
Ba
B aal
alt
llttimo
im
im
imor
mo
mor ore
or
IILL
ILLI
LLI
LLIINOI
INO
NOI
NOISOIS
OI
OIS
IS IN
IND
INDI
IN
NDI
ND D
DIIA AN
ANA
N
NAA Col
Colu
C ol
olu
olu lummbu
mb
mbus
bus
bu
b uss
u DELA
DEL
D
DEEEL
ELA
LAWAWARE
M
VIR
VIRG
V
VI IRG
IIRR
RG GIN
IN
INIA
INI
NIAIA
A Ri mond
Ric
Rich
Ri on
o nd
nd MARYLAND
MA
Pue
Pueb
PPu
u
ueb
e lolo
KANS
KA
K
KAN
A
ANS
ANN
NSAS
a
Sain
S
Saiai t LLo o
ouis
us
uis Lou
Loui
Lo
Louisv
ouisvil svvilllle VIRG
VIR
VI
V IR
RGGINIA
INIA A New
Ne
N eew
wpor
wp o News
ort
l
MISS
M
MI IS OURI
OURI
l
KENT
KENT
KEN NTTUCKY
UCK KY
KY
a
NORT
N
NO O H
a
Tuls
uls
ul
uls
lsa Nash
Nash
Nas illlllee p p
hvvil
vill
vi CARO
CAR
C AR
A
AROLINA
ARKA
A R
RKA ANSAS
NSAS
NS A Char
Cha
Ch h
haa lotte
i
TEN
TENN
ENN
ENNN
N NESSE
EESS
SSSEE
SS E A
Okla
kla
kllaah
homa
hom
hooma
om
o ma
m a Ci
Cit
C ity
it
SOUT
SOUOU
OUT
OU UTTH
i
sipp
n
OKLA
KLAHOM
AH
HOMA
HOM
HOOMA
OM
O MA
MA Me
Mem
Memp
M eemp
em
m
mp ph
hiiiss
his CARO
C ARO RO OLI
LINA
LLIN
IIN
N ATLANTIC
LLitt
Lit
Li
iitttle
l Rocko
Missis
Atla
A tllanta
tla t
s
Lubb
LLu
u
ubbo ock
ckk MISS SSSISSI
IS PPI
For
Fo
FFort
ort
or
o rtt W
Wo
Woro th
h D as
Dall
Birm
Bi
B i ing ingh
ngh
n
ng gh
g ham am OCEAN
Sav
Sa
Sav ava
avva aannn
nnah
nna
Colo
ra Shre re
evvepo
ve
vep
epo
e
epp
port ALLA
ALABLAB AB
A BA AMAMA A GEORGIA
Eddw
d wa
wa arr ds
d do Jack
J
Jac
ac
ackck
c k sonn
JJa
ackso ssonv
o ille lee
P la
l a te
t e au
au
TEXAS LOUI
OUI
UISSIAN
UISIAN
SIA
IA A
IAN
IA Mobi
Mo
M
Mob o
obbille
e
Tall
Tal
TTa
aal
allllllah
allahasaha
ahas
haas
has
h assee
sse ee
Bato to
on Rouge ge
SSan
Sa
an
a n An
Anto
nttonio
nio
ni o Ne
New
N ew
e w Orle
Orl rle eans
ans FLORID
FLOR ID DA
DA
Hous
Hou
Ho
H ou
o uston
on
R Tam
Taam mpa
mp Orl
O
Orla
Or rrlla
rla
lan nd d
doo
io
T
The
Gra
Corp
Cor
Co
C or
o
orppusus
Chr
C h
hri
riist
sti
ti Everg
Ever
Eve
Ev
E ver
v
verg
eer
erg
r g lades
rg ades
ad
dees
d e
Gulf of Mexico
nde
Mia
iami
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
0 400 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 400 miles Sea Level
350 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA
y
ua
g
ru
U
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Rivera
Uruguayans are largely second-or BRAZIL
third-generation Italians or Spaniards. Salto
INA
Tacuarembó
Wealth derived from cattle ranching
ARGENT
Embalse del
enabled the country to establish the Paysandú Río Negro Melo
Mirim
first welfare state in South America. Fray Bentos Paso de los Toros Lagoon
Waves of emigration occurred during Mercedes Treinta
y Tres
the economic decline of the 1960s, the Trinidad
Colonia del
period of military rule, and the 1999–2002 Sacramento San José de Mayo
Ri Rocha
economic crisis. Though a Roman Catholic v Las Piedras
er P
late
country, Uruguay is liberal in its attitude Punta del Este
MONTEVIDEO A TLA NTIC O CEAN
to religion and all forms are tolerated.
Uzbekistan
Sharing what is left of the Aral Sea with neighboring
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan lies on the ancient Silk Road between
Asia and Europe. It is the most populous central Asian republic.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Arid and semiarid plains in much Highly regulated. Reserves of
of the west. Fertile, irrigated farmland in natural gas, oil, coal, gold (has one of
the east lies below the peaks of the the world’s largest gold mines), and other
western Pamirs. minerals. Cash crop is cotton: requires
much irrigation. Grain imports necessary.
CLIMATE
Harsh continental climate. INSIGHT: The Aral Sea has shrunk
Summers can be extremely hot and to just a tenth of its former size, due
dry; winters are cold. to diversion of rivers for irrigation
3000m/9843ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 2000m/6562ft
Complex ethnic makeup. Aral
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Ex-Communists are in firm control, Sea
KAZAKHSTAN 200m/656ft
Sea Level
but traditional social patterns based
on clan, religion, and region have Nukus Kyzyl Kum
reemerged. Constitutional measures Tur an
KYRGY.
Lowland Chirchiq
aim to control the influence of Urganch A
TASHKENT Angren
m
TU
have drawn international RK
Navoiy Farg'ona
KYRGY.
condemnation. Most people live M Buxoro Samarqand
EN
in the fertile east. Birth rates are IS
TA Qarshi TAJIKISTAN
Banks Islands
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Espiritu P A C I F I C
Indigenous Melanesians form a Santo
Maéwo O C E A N
majority. Ni-Vanuatu culture is traditional; Luganville
Aoba
Vatican City
The Vatican City, or Holy See, the seat of the Roman
Catholic Church, is a walled enclave in the Italian city of
Rome. It is the world’s smallest fully independent state.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Vatican’s territory includes Investments and voluntary
10 other buildings in Rome, plus the papal contributions made by Catholics
residence. The Vatican Gardens cover half worldwide (known as Peter’s Pence) are
the City’s area. backed up by tourist revenue and the
issue of Vatican stamps and coins.
CLIMATE
Mild winters with regular rainfall. INSIGHT: The Vatican City is the
Hot, dry summers with occasional spiritual center for one in six of the
thunderstorms. world’s population
M ai n E nt r a n c e
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
The Vatican has about 800 ROME Pi g na
permanent inhabitants, including over C our t yar d
Vatican
100 lay persons. Thousands of lay staff Museums
are also employed. Citizenship can be
no
Be l ve de r e
Vatican
ca
C our t yar d
acquired through long-term residence
ti
Papal
Sistine Raphael
Va
Radio apartments
and holding a position within the City. Vatican Chapel Stanza
te
on
Gardens
M
Met a
most urbanized societies in the region, ds
GUYANA
COLOMBIA ghlan
with most of its population living in the a Hi
ian
Gu
northern cities. President Chávez’s left- Or
ino
2000m/6562ft co B R A Z I L
wing rhetoric raises opposition within 1000m/3281ft
Venezuela from urban society, and 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Equator
from the US. Sea Level
Vietnam
French rule of Vietnam ended in 1954. Divided at 17°N,
the US-backed South fought the Communist North. Reunified
after the North’s 1975 victory, it is run as a single-party state.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A heavily forested mountain range Liberal economic policy (doi moi)
separates the northern Red River delta from 1986: now one of fastest-growing
lowlands from the Mekong Delta in economies. Major rice exporter. Cheap
the south. labor. Strong manufacturing: textiles,
electrical goods. Diverse resource base.
CLIMATE
Cool winters in north; south C H I N A
3000m/9843ft 0 100 km
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 2000m/6562ft
0 100 miles
Almost entirely of Arab and Bedouin 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
descent, most Yemenis are Sunni Muslims, 200m/656ft
Sea Level
of the Shafi sect. In rural and northern
OMAN
areas, tribalism and Islamic orthodoxy
SAUDI ARABIA
are strong and most women wear the
veil. Tension continues between A r R u b ' a l K h á l í
cosmopolitan Aden and the more Say’ún
conservative north. Islamists SANA Sayíút
have a growing political role. Red Al Íudaydah t Ash Shiír
aw
Popular protests as part of the Sea Bayt al Faqíh ra
m Al Mukallá
Íaç
2011 "Arab Spring" pressed for regime Ta‘izz
Al Mukhá ‘Adan Suqu√rá
change. Foreigners are subject to (Mokha) (Aden) ‘Abd al Kúri
Gulf of Aden
sporadic attacks and kidnappings.
Zambia
Bordered to the south by the Zambezi River, Zambia lies
at the heart of southern Africa. In 1991, it made a peaceful
transition from single-party rule to multiparty democracy.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A high savanna plateau, broken by Copper: output has risen since
mountains in northeast. Vegetation 2000, when decades of falling global
mainly trees and scrub. prices ended. New agricultural exports,
notably flowers. Debt relief.
CLIMATE
Tropical, with three seasons: cool INSIGHT: Spray from Musi-o-Tunya
and dry, hot and dry, and wet. Southwest (Victoria Falls) can be seen up to
is prone to drought. 20 miles (35 km) away
TANZANIA
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
L. Tanganyika
A W I
tensions than in many African states. Mansa
Major groups are the Bemba (in the
Mufulira
A L
northeast), Tonga (south), Nyanja (east), ANGOLA Chingola
Ndola
Kitwe
and Lozi (west). There are also thousands
M
Luanshya Chipata
of refugees, mostly from the DRC and Kabwe
Angola. A National Gender Policy was Mongu LUSAKA MOZAMBIQUE
issued in 2000 to redress inequalities
Zam
Monze Lake
between the sexes. The standard of Choma Kariba
be
i
z
Zambezi
M
Kadoma Chitungwiza
NA
Al Ba§rah Iraq var. Basra Al Iskandaríyah Egypt Eng. Altar, Desierto de Desert
102 C4 Alexandria 54 B1 Mexico/USA var. Sonoran
Al Bayçá· Libya 53 G2 Al Ismá¶ílíya Egypt Eng. Ismalia Desert 32 A1
Albert, Lake lake Uganda/Dem. 54 B1 Altay China 108 C2
Rep. Congo 59 E5 Al Jawf Saudi Arabia 102 B4 Altay Mongolia 108 D2
Alberta province Canada 19 E4 Al Jazírah region Iraq/Syria Altun Shan mountain range
Albi France 73 C6 100 E2 China 108 C3
Albuquerque New Mexico, USA Al Jízah Egypt var. El Gîza 54 B1 Alturas California, USA 26 B4
28 D2 Al Karak Jordan 101 B6 Al Uq∞ur Egypt Eng. Luxor
Alcácer do Sal Portugal 74 C4 Al Khalíl see Hebron 54 B2
Aldabra Group island group Al Khárijah Egypt var. Alytus Lithuania Pol. Olita
Seychelles 61 G2 El Khârga 54 B2 89 B5
Aleg Mauritania 56 C3 Al Khums Libya 53 F2 Amadeus, Lake seasonal lake
Aleksandriya see Oleksandriya Al Khur√úm see Khartoum Australia 129 E5
Aleksandropol· see Gyumri Alkmaar Netherlands 68 C2 Amakusa-nada island group
Al Kufrah Libya 53 H4 Japan 113 A6
Aleksinac Serbia 82 E4
Al Ládhiqíyah Syria Eng. Amami-Ó-shima island Japan
Alençon France 72 B3 113 A8
Alessandria Italy 78 B2 Latakia 100 B3
Allahábád India 117 E4 Amarillo Texas, USA 29 E2
Ålesund Norway 67 A5 Amazon river South America
Aleutian Basin undersea Allenstein see Olsztyn
38 C3
feature Bering Sea 134 D1 Allentown Pennsylvania, USA
23 F4 Amazon Basin region C South
Aleutian Islands islands Alaska, America 42 D2
USA 18 A3 Alma-Ata capital of Kazakhstan
Rus./Kaz. Almaty 96 C5 Ambanja Madagascar 61 G2
Aleutian Trench undersea
Al Madínah Saudi Arabia Eng. Ambarchik Russian Federation
feature Pacific Ocean 134 D1
Medina 102 A5 97 G2
Alexander Island island
Al Mafraq Jordan 101 B5 Ambato Ecuador 40 A4
Antarctica 136 A3
Almalyk Uzbekistan Uzb. Amboasary Madagascar 61 F4
Alexandra New Zealand133 B7
Alexandretta see ƒskenderun Olmaliq 105 E2 Ambon Indonesia 121 F4
Alexandria see Al Iskandaríyah Al Manámah see Manama Ambositra Madagascar 61 G3
Alexandria Louisiana, USA Al Marj Libya 53 G2 Ambriz Angola 60 B1
30 B3 Almaty see Alma-Ata Amdo China 108 C4
Alexandroúpoli Greece 86 D3 Al Maw§il Iraq Eng. Mosul Ameland island Netherlands
102 B3 68 D1
Al Fáshir see El Fasher
Almelo Netherlands 68 E3 American Falls Reservoir
Alföld see Great Hungarian Reservoir Idaho, USA 26 E4
Plain Almería Spain 75 E5
American Samoa external
Algarve region Portugal 74 C4 Al Minyá Egypt 54 B2 territory USA, Pacific Ocean
Algeciras Spain 74 D5 Al Mukallá Yemen 103 C7 127 F4
Algeria country N Africa Alofi capital of Niue 127 F5 Amersfoort Netherlands 68 D3
52-53 Alor, Kepulauan island group Amga river Russian Federation
Alghero Italy 79 A5 Indonesia 121 E5 95 F2
Algiers capital of Algeria Alps mountain range C Europe Amiens France 72 C3
52 D1 62 D4 Amíndívi Islands island group
Al Íasakah Syria 100 D2 Al Qáhirah see Cairo India 114 C2
Al Íudaydah Yemen 103 B7 Al Qámishlí Syria var. Kamishli Amirante Islands island group
Al Hufúf Saudi Arabia 103 C5 100 E1 Seychelles 61 H1
Alicante Spain Cat. Alacant Al Qunay√irah Syria 100 B4 Amman capital of Jordan
75 F4 Altai Mountains mountain 101 B5
Alice Springs Australia range C Asia 108 C2 Ammassalik Greenland var.
130 A4 Altamura Italy 79 E5 Angmagssalik 64 D4
370
Ammochostos — Arad
Ammochostos see Gazimaêusa Angeles Philippines 121 E1 Anticosti, Île d· island Canada
Ámol Iran 102 C3 Ángel, Salto waterfall 21 F3
Amorgós island Greece 87 D6 Venezuela Eng. Angel Falls Antigua island Antigua &
Amritsar India 116 D2 41 F2 Barbuda 37 G3
Amsterdam capital of Ångermanälven river Sweden Antigua & Barbuda country
Netherlands 68 C3 66 C4 West Indies 37
Amsterdam Island island Angers France 72 B4 Anti-Lebanon mountains
French Southern and Anglesey island Wales, UK Lebanon/Syria 100 B4
Antarctic Territories 123 C6 71 C5 Antipodes Islands island group
Am Timan Chad 58 C3 Angmagssalik see Ammassalik New Zealand124 D5
Amu Darya river C Asia 104 D3 Angola country C Africa 60 Antofagasta Chile 46 B2
Amundsen Gulf sea feature Angola Basin undersea feature Antsiraùana Madagascar
Canada 19 E2 Atlantic Ocean 49 D6 61 G2
Amundsen Plain undersea Angora see Ankara Antsohihy Madagascar 61 G2
feature Pacific Ocean 136 B4 Angoulême France 73 B5 Antwerp see Antwerpen
Amundsen Sea Antarctica 97 G4 Angren Uzbekistan 105 E2 Antwerpen Belgium Eng.
Amur river E Asia 97 G4 107 E1 Anguilla external territory UK, Antwerp 69 C5
Anabar river Russian West Indies 37 Anyang China 110 C4
Federation 95 E2 Anhui province China var. Aoga-shima island Japan
Anadolu Daêları see Doêu Anhwei, Wan 111 C5 113 D6
Karadeniz Daêlariı Anhwei see Anhui Aomori Japan 112 D3
Anadyr· Russian Federation Anjouan island Comoros 61 F2 Aoraki peak New Zealand var.
97 H1 Ankara capital of Turkey prev. Cook, Mount 133 B6
Anápolis Brazil 43 F4 Angora 98 C3 Aosta Italy 78 A2
Anatolia region SE Europe Annaba Algeria 53 E1 Aoukâr Plateau Mauritania
85 G3 An Nafúd desert region Saudi 56 D3
Anchorage Alaska, USA 18 C3 Arabia 102 B4 Apeldoorn Netherlands 68 D3
Ancona Italy 78 C3 An Najaf Iraq var. Najaf 102 B4 Apennines see Appennino
Andalucía region Spain 74 D4 Annapolis Maryland, USA 23 F4 Apia capital of Samoa 127 F4
Andaman Islands island group Ann Arbor Michigan, USA 22 C3 Appalachian Mountains
India 115 H2 119 A5 Annecy France 73 D5 mountain range E USA 17 D5
Andaman Sea Indian Ocean Anshan China 110 D4 Appennino mountain range
122 D3 Ansongo Mali 57 E3 Italy Eng. Apennines 78 C4
Andes mountain range South Antakya Turkey var. Hatay Apure river Venezuela 40 D2
America 39 B6 98 D4 Aqaba see Al ¶Aqabah
Andijon Uzbekistan Rus. Antalaha Madagascar 61 G2 Aqaba, Gulf of sea feature Red
Andizhan 105 F2 Sea Ar. Khalíj al ¶Aqabah
Antalya Turkey prev. Adalia
Andhra Pradesh state India 98 B4 101 A8
115 E1 ¶Aqabah, Khalíj al see Aqaba,
Antalya, Gulf of see Antalya
Andizhan see Andijon Körfezi Gulf of
Andorra country SW Europe Antalya Körfezi sea feature Áqchah Afghanistan var.
73 B6 Mediterranean Sea Eng. Gulf Áqcheh 104 D3
Andorra la Vella capital of of Antalya, var. Gulf of Áqcheh see Áqchah
Andorra 73 B6 Adalia 98 B4 Arabian Basin undersea
Ándros island Greece 87 D5 Antananarivo capital of feature Indian Ocean 122 B3
Andros Island island Bahamas Madagascar prev. Tananarive Arabian Peninsula peninsula
36 C1 61 G3 Asia 85 H5 94 B5 103 C5
Angara river C Asia 95 D3 Antarctica 136 Arabian Sea Indian Ocean
Ángel de la Guarda, Isla island Antarctic Peninsula peninsula 122 B3
Mexico 32 B2 Antarctica 136 A2 Aracaju Brazil 43 H3
Angel Falls see Salto Ángel Antequera Spain 74 D5 Arad Romania 90 B4
371
Arafura Sea — A√ ◊alfílah
A√ ◊á·if Saudi Arabia 102 B6 Ayer·s Rock see Uluru Baghdad capital of Iraq var.
Attapu Laos 119 E5 Ayr Scotland, UK 70 C4 Bagdad, Ar. Baghdád 102 B3
Attawapiskat Canada 20 C3 Ayutthaya Thailand 119 C5 Baghdád see Baghdad
Attawapiskat river Canada Ayvalık Turkey 98 A3 Baghlán Afghanistan 105 E3
20 B3 Azaouâd desert Mali 57 E2 Bago Myanmar prev. Pegu
Attu Island island Alaska, USA A¶záz Syria 100 B2 118 B4
18 A2 Azerbaijan country SW Asia Bagoé river Côte d·Ivoire/Mali
Auch France 73 B6 99 G2 56 D4
Auckland New Zealand 132 D3 Azores islands Portugal, Baguio Philippines 121 E1
Auckland Islands island group Atlantic Ocean 48 C3 Bahamas country West Indies,
New Zealand124 D5 Azov, Sea of Black Sea Atlantic Ocean 36
Augsburg Germany 77 C6 Ukr. Azovs·ke More, Baharden see Baharly
Augusta Australia 129 B7 Rus. Azovskoye More Baharly Turkmenistan prev.
Augusta Georgia, USA 31 E2 93 A6 91 G4 Baharden, Bäherden,
Azovs·ke More see Bakharden, Bakherden
Augusta Maine, USA 23 G2 104 B3
Azov, Sea of
Aurillac France 73 C5 Baháwalpur Pakistan 116 C3
Azovskoye More see
Aurora Colorado, USA 24 D4 Bäherden see Baharly
Azov, Sea of
Aurora Illinois, USA 22 B3 Bahía Blanca Argentina 47 C5
Azul Argentina 46 D4
Aussig see Ústí nad Labem Bahía, Islas de la islands
Azur, Côte d· coastal region
Austin Texas, USA 29 G4 France 73 E6 Honduras 34 D2
Australasia 124-125 Az Zarqá· Jordan 101 B5 Bahir Dar Ethiopia 54 C4
Australes, Îles island group Az Záwiyah Libya 53 F2 Bahrain country SW Asia
French Polynesia 125 F4 103 C5
Austral Fracture Zone Baia Mare Romania 90 B3
tectonic feature Pacific Ocean
125 H4
Australia country Pacific Ocean
B Baikal, Lake see Baykal, Ozero
Bairiki capital of Kiribati
127 E2
124 Baalbek Lebanon var. Baishan China 110 E3
Australian Alps Australia Ba¶labakk 100 B4
131 D7 Baja Hungary 81 C7
Babeldaob Island Palau 124 B2 Baja California peninsula
Australian Capital Territory Babruysk Belarus Rus. Bobruysk
territory Australia abbrev. Mexico Eng. Lower California
89 D6 32 B2
A.C.T. 131 D6
Babuyan Channel channel Bajo Nuevo island Colombia
Austria country C Europe 77 Philippines 121 E1 35 F2
Auxerre France 72 C4 Bacan, Pulau island Indonesia Baker Oregon, USA 26 C3
Avarua capital of Cook Islands 121 F4
127 G5 Baker & Howland Islands
Baâka Topola Serbia 82 D3 external territory USA,
Aveiro Portugal 74 C2 Bacâu Romania 90 C4 Pacific Ocean 125 E2
Avignon France 73 D6 Badajoz Spain 74 C4 Bakersfield California, USA
Ávila Spain 74 D2 Baden Switzerland 77 E6 27 C7
Avilés Spain 74 D1 Bádiyat ash Shám see Syrian Bakharden see Baharly
Awbárí Libya 53 F3 Desert Bakherden see Baharly
Axel Heiberg Island island Baffin Bay sea feature Atlantic Bákhtarán see Kermánsháh
Canada 19 F1 Ocean 48 B1 Bakı see Baku
Axios see Vardar Baffin Island island Canada Baku capital of Azerbaijan
Ayacucho Peru 42 B4 19 G2 Az. Bakı, var. Baky 99 H2
Aydarko'l Ko'li lake Uzbekistan Bafing river Africa 56 C3 Baky see Baku
var. Aydarkûl 104 D2 Bafoussam Cameroon 58 B4 Balabac Strait sea feature
Aydarkûl see Aydarko'l Ko'li Bagdad see Baghdad South China Sea/Sulu Sea
Aydın Turkey 98 A3 Bagé Brazil 44 C4 120 D2
373
Ba¶labakk — Basra
Bassein see Pathein Beijing capital of China var. Bend Oregon, USA 26 B3
Basse-Terre capital of Peking 110 C4 Bendery see Tighina
Guadeloupe 37 G4 Beira Mozambique 61 E3 Bendigo Australia 131 C7
Basseterre capital of St Kitts & Beirut capital of Lebanon Benevento Italy 79 D5
Nevis 37 G3 var. Beyrouth, Bayrút 100 B4 Bengal, Bay of sea feature
Bass Strait sea feature Beja Portugal 74 C4 Indian Ocean 122 D3
Australia 131 C7 Béjaïa Algeria 53 E1 Bengbu China 111 D5
Bastia Corse, France 73 E7 Bek-Budi see Karshi Benghazi see Banghází
Bastogne Belgium 69 D7 Békéscsaba Hungary 81 D7 Bengkulu Indonesia 120 B4
Bata Equatorial Guinea 58 A5 Belarus country E Europe var. Benguela Angola 60 B2
Batangas Philippines 121 E2 Belorusia 89 Beni river Bolivia 42 C4
Bâtdâmbâng Cambodia 119 D5 Belau see Palau Benidorm Spain 75 F4
Bath England, UK 71 D6 Belcher Islands islands Canada Beni-Mellel Morocco 52 C2
Bathurst Canada 21 F4 20 C2 Benin country N Africa prev.
Bathurst Island island Australia Beledweyne Somalia 55 D5 Dahomey 57
128 D2 Belém Brazil 43 F2 Benin, Bight of sea feature W
Bathurst Island island Canada Belfast Northern Ireland, UK Africa 57 F5
19 F2 71 B5 Benin City Nigeria 57 F5
Bá√in, Wádí al dry watercourse Belfort France 72 E4 Beni Suef see Baní Suwayf
Asia 102 C4 Belgaum India 114 C1 Ben Nevis mountain Scotland,
Batman Turkey var. ƒluh 99 E4 Belgium country W Europe 69 UK 70 C3
Batna Algeria 53 E1 Belgorod Russian Federation Benue river Cameroon/Nigeria
Baton Rouge Louisiana, USA 93 A5 57 G4
30 B3 Belgrade capital of Serbia SCr. Beograd see Belgrade
Batticaloa Sri Lanka 115 E3 Beograd 82 D3 Berat Albania 83 D6
Batumi Georgia 99 F2 Belitung, Pulau island Berbera Somalia 54 D4
Bauru Brazil 44 D2 Indonesia 120 C4 Berbérati Central African
Bavarian Alps mountains Belize country Central America Republic 58 C5
Austria/Germany 34 Berdyans·k Ukraine 91 G4
77 C6 Belize City Belize 34 C1 Bereket Turkmenistan prev.
Bayamo Cuba 36 C2 Belle Île island France 72 A4 Gazandzhyk, var.
Bayan Har Shan mountain Belle Isle, Strait of sea feature Kazandzhik, Turkm.
range China 108 D4 Canada 21 G3 Gazanjyk 104 B2
Bayanhongor Mongolia 108 D2 Bellevue Washington, USA Berezina see Byerazino
Bay City Michigan, USA 22 C3 26 B2 Bergamo Italy 78 B2
Baydhabo Somalia 55 D6 Bellingham Washington, USA Bergen Norway 67 A5
Baykal, Ozero lake Russian 26 B1 Bergse Maas river Netherlands
Federation Eng. Lake Baikal Bellingshausen Sea Antarctica 68 D4
95 E3 136 A3 Bering Sea Pacific Ocean 134 D1
Bayonne France 73 A6 Bello Colombia 40 B2 Bering Strait sea feature
Baÿramaly Turkmenistan Bellville South Africa 60 C5 Bering Sea/Chukchi Sea
104 C3 Belmopan capital of Belize 134 D1
Bayrút see Beirut 34 C1 Berkeley California, USA 27 B6
Beaufort Sea Arctic Ocean Belo Horizonte Brazil Berlin capital of Germany
137 F2 45 F1 76 D3
Beaufort West South Africa Belorussia see Belarus Bermejo river Argentina 46 D2
60 D5 Belostok see Biaîystok Bermuda external territory UK,
Beaumont Texas, USA 29 H4 Beloye More Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean 48 B3
Beauvais France 72 C3 Eng. White Sea 63 F1 Bern capital of Switzerland Fr.
Béchar Algeria 52 C2 Belyy, Ostrov island Russian Berne 77 B7
Be·er Sheva¶ Israel 101 A6 Federation 137 H4 Berne see Bern
375
Berner Alpen — Bonaire
Bongo, Massif des upland Bouvet Island external territory Brezhnev see Naberezhnyye
Central African Republic Norway, Atlantic Ocean 49 D7 Chelny
58 D4 Bowen Australia 130 D3 Bria Central African Republic
Bongor Chad 58 C3 Bowling Green Kentucky, USA 58 D4
Bonn Germany 76 B4 22 C5 Bridgetown capital of
Boosaaso Somalia 54 E4 Bozeman Montana, USA 24 B2 Barbados 37 H4
Borås Sweden 67 B7 Bozen see Bolzano Brig Switzerland 77 B5
Bordeaux France 73 B5 Braâ island Croatia 82 B4 Brighton England, UK 71 E7
Borger Texas, USA 29 E2 Bradford England, UK 71 D5 Brindisi Italy 79 E5
Borisov see Barysaw Braga Portugal 74 C2 Brisbane Australia 131 E5
Borlänge Sweden 67 C6 Bragança Portugal 74 C2 Bristol England, UK 71 D6
Borneo island SE Asia 120-121 Brahmaputra river Asia 117 G3 British Columbia province
Bornholm island Denmark Brâila Romania 90 D4 Canada 18-19
67 C8 Brainerd Minnesota, USA 25 F2 British Indian Ocean Territory
Bosanski ‹amac Bosnia & Brandon Canada 19 F5 external territory UK, Indian
Herzegovina 82 C3 Ocean 122 C4
Brasília capital of Brazil 43 F4
Bosna river Bosnia & British Isles islands W Europe
Bra§ov Romania 90 C4 70-71
Herzegovina 82 C3
Bratislava capital of Slovakia British Virgin Islands external
Bosna I Hercegovina, Ger. Pressburg, Hung.
Federacija Admin. region territory UK, West Indies 37
Pozsony 81 C6
republic Bosnia and Brittany see Bretagne
Bratsk Russian Federation
Herzegovina 82 C4 Brno Czech Republic
97 E4
Bosnia & Herzegovina country Ger. Brünn 81 B5
SE Europe 82-83 Braunau am Inn Austria 77 D6
Broken Arrow Oklahoma, USA
Bosporus sea feature Turkey Braunschweig Germany Eng. 29 G1
Turk. ƒstanbul Boêazi 98 B2 Brunswick 76 C4
Broken Hill Australia 131 B6
Bossangoa Central African Brazil country South America
42-43 Broken Ridge undersea feature
Republic 58 C4 Indian Ocean 123 D6
Bosten Hu Lake China Brazil Basin undersea feature
Atlantic Ocean 49 C5 Bromberg see Bydgoszcz
108 C3 Brooks Range mountains
Boston Massachusetts, USA Brazilian Highlands upland
Brazil 43 G4 Alaska, USA 18 D2
23 G3 Brookton Australia 129 B6
Bothnia, Gulf of sea feature Brazos river SW USA 29 G3
Broome Australia 128 C3
Baltic Sea 67 C5 Brazzaville capital of Congo
59 B6 Brownfield Texas, USA 29 E2
Boto§ani Romania 90 C3
Brecon Beacons hills Wales, Brownsville Texas, USA 29 G5
Botswana country southern
Africa 60 UK 71 C6 Bruges see Brugge
Bouar Central African Republic Breda Netherlands 68 C4 Brugge Belgium Fr. Bruges
58 C4 Bregenz Austria 77 B7 69 A5
Bougainville Island island Bremen Germany 76 B3 Brunei country E Asia 120 D3
Papua New Guinea 126 C3 Bremerhaven Germany 76 B3 Brünn see Brno
Bougouni Mali 56 D4 Brescia Italy 78 B2 Brunswick Georgia, USA 31 E3
Boulder Colorado, USA 24 C4 Breslau see Wrocîaw Brunswick see Braunschweig
Boulogne-sur-Mer France Brest Belarus Pol. Brze¡á nad Brusa see Bursa
72 C2 Bugiem, prev. Brze¡á Brussel see Brussels
Bourges France 72 C4 Litewski, Rus. Brest-Litovsk Brussels capital of Belgium Fr.
Bourgogne region France Eng. 89 B6 Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel
Burgundy 72 D4 Brest France 72 A3 69 C6
Bourke Australia 131 C5 Brest-Litovsk see Brest Brüx see Most
Bournemouth England, UK Bretagne region France Eng. Bruxelles see Brussels
71 D7 Brittany 72 A3 Bryan Texas, USA 29 G3
377
Bryansk — Canarias, Islas
Comilla Bangladesh 117 G4 Coral Sea Islands external Cozumel, Isla de island Mexico
Communism Peak peak territory Australia, Coral Sea 33 H3
Tajikistan Rus. Pik 130 E3 Cracow see Kraków
Kommunizma, prev. Stalin Corantijn see Courantyne Craiova Romania 90 B5
Peak, Garmo Peak 105 F3 Cordillera Cantábrica mountain Cremona Italy 78 B2
Como, Lago di lake Italy range Spain 74 D1 Cres island Croatia 82 A3
78 B2 Córdoba Argentina 46 C3 Crescent City California, USA
Comodoro Rivadavia Argentina Córdoba Spain 74 D4 26 A4
47 C6 Cordova Alaska, USA Crete see Kríti
Comoros country Indian Ocean 18 D3
61 Crete, Sea of Mediterranean
Corfu see Kérkyra Sea Gk. Kritikó Pélagos
Conakry capital of Guinea Corinth see Kórinthos 87 D7
56 C4
Corinth, Gulf of see Crimea see Krym
Concepción Chile 47 B5 Korinthiakós Kólpos Cristóbal Panama 48 A4
Concepción Paraguay 44 B2 Corinto Nicaragua 34 C3 Croatia country SE Europe 82
Conchos river Mexico 32 C2 Cork Ireland 71 B6 Croker Island island Australia
Concord New Hampshire, USA Corner Brook Canada 21 G3 128 E2
22 G2
Coro Venezuela 40 D1 Crotone Italy 79 E6
Concordia E Argentina 46 D3
Coronel Oviedo Paraguay Crozet Basin undersea feature
Congo country C Africa 59 44 C2 Indian Ocean 123 B6
Congo river C Africa var. Zaire Corpus Christi Texas, USA Crozet Islands island group
51 C5 29 G5 Indian Ocean 123 B7
Congo Basin drainage basin C Corrib, Lough lake Ireland Crystal Brook Australia
Africa 59 C5 71 A5 131 B6
Congo, Democratic Republic of Corrientes Argentina 46 D3 Cuanza river Angola 60 B2
country C Africa 59
Corse island France Eng. Cuba country West Indies 36
Connecticut state USA 23 G3 Corsica 73 E7 84 D2 Cubango see Okavango
Constance, Lake river C Europe Corsica see Corse
77 B6 Cúcuta Colombia 40 C2
Çorum Turkey 98 D2 Cuenca Ecuador 40 A5
Constantine Algeria 53 E1
Corvallis Oregon, USA Cuenca Spain 75 E3
Constantinople see ƒstanbul 26 A3
Constan√a Romania 90 D5 Cuernavaca Mexico 33 E4
Cosenza Italy 79 D6 Cuiabá Brazil 43 E4
Coober Pedy Australia 131 A5 Costa Blanca coastal region
Cook, Mount see Aoraki Culiacán Mexico 32 C3
Spain 75 F4
Cook Islands external territory Cumaná Venezuela 41 E1
Costa Brava coastal region
New Zealand, Pacific Ocean Spain 75 H2 Cumberland Maryland, USA
127 G4 23 E4
Costa Rica country Central
Cook Strait sea feature New America 34-35 Cunene river Angola/Namibia
Zealand 133 D5 60 B3
Côte d’Ivoire country W Africa
Cooktown Australia 130 D2 Eng. Ivory Coast 56 D4 Cunnamulla Australia 131 C5
Cooma Australia 131 D7 Cottbus Germany 76 D4 Curaçao external territory
Coos Bay Oregon, USA 26 A3 Council Bluffs Iowa, USA Netherlands, West Indies
Cootamundra Australia 25 F4 37 E5
131 D6 Courantyne river Guyana / Curicó Chile 46 B4
Copenhagen capital of Suriname var. Corantijn 41 G3 Curitiba Brazil 44 D3
Denmark 67 B7 Courland Lagoon sea feature Cusco Peru prev. Cuzco 42 B4
Copiapó Chile 46 B3 Baltic Sea 88 B4 Cuttack India 117 F5
Coppermine see Kuglukutuk Coventry England, UK 71 D6 Cuxhaven Germany 76 B3
Coquimbo Chile 46 B3 Covilhã Portugal 74 C3 Cuyuni river Guyana/Venezuela
Corabia Romania 90 B5 Cowan, Lake lake Australia 41 F2
Coral Sea Pacific Ocean 130 E3 129 C6 Cuzco see Cusco
382
Cyclades — Des Moines
Cyclades see Kykládes Danmarksstraedet see Dead Sea salt lake SW Asia Ar.
Cymru see Wales Denmark Strait Al Baír al Mayyit, Baírat Lút,
Cyprus country Mediterranean Danube river C Europe Heb. Yam HaMela¡ 101 B5
Sea 98 C5 63 E4 Death Valley valley W USA
Czechoslovakia see Czech Danville Virginia, USA 23 E5 27 C6
Republic or Slovakia Danzig see Gdaúsk Deatnu river Finland/Norway
Czech Republic country C Danzig, Gulf of 76 C2 Gulf 66 D2
Europe 80-81 Poland 80 C2 Debrecen Hungary prev.
Czèstochowa Poland Ger. Dar¶á Syria 101 B5 Debreczen, Ger. Debreczin
Tschenstochau 80 C4 Dardanelles sea feature Turkey 81 D6
Czîuchów Poland 80 C3 Turk. Çanakkale Boêazı Debreczen see Debrecen
98 A2 Debreczin see Debrecen
Farquhar Group island group Fiume see Rijeka Fóroyar see Faeroe Islands
Seychelles 61 G2 Flagstaff Arizona, USA 28 B2 Fortaleza Brazil 43 H2
Farvel, Cap see Nunap Isua Flanders region Belgium 69 A5 Fortescue River river Australia
Faxaflói bay Iceland 64 D5 Flensburg Germany 76 B2 128 B4
Faya Chad 58 C2 Flinders Island island Australia Fort Collins Colorado, USA
Fayetteville Arkansas, USA 131 C7 24 D4
30 A1 Flinders Ranges mountain Fort-de-France capital of
Fayetteville North Carolina, range Australia 131 B6 Martinique 37 G4
USA 31 F1 Flinders River river Australia Forth river Scotland, UK 70 C4
Fdérik Mauritania 56 C1 130 C3 Forth, Firth of inlet Scotland,
Fear, Cape coastal feature Flin Flon Canada 19 F5 UK 70 D4
North Carolina, USA 31 G2 Flint Michigan, USA 22 C3 Fort Lauderdale Florida, USA
Fehmarn island Germany 76 C2 Flint Island island Kiribati 31 F5
Fehmarn Belt sea feature 127 H4 Fort McMurray Canada 19 F4
Germany 76 C2 Fort Myers Florida, USA 31 E4
Florence Alabama, USA 30 C2
Feira de Santana Brazil 43 G3 Fort Peck Lake lake Montana,
Florence South Carolina, USA
Fellin see Viljandi 31 F2 USA 24 C1
Fengtien see Liaoning Florence see Firenze Fort Saint John Canada 19 E4
Fenoarivo see Fenoarivo Florencia Colombia 40 B3 Fort Smith Canada 19 E4
Atsinanana Fort Smith Arkansas, USA
Flores Guatemala 34 B1
Fenoarivo Atsinanana 30 A1
Madagascar prev. Fenoarivo Flores island Indonesia 121 E5
61 G3 Flores, Laut see Flores Sea Fort Wayne Indiana, USA
Flores Sea Pacific Ocean Ind. 22 C4
Fens, The wetland England, UK
71 E6 Laut Flores 121 E5 Fort William Scotland, UK
Florianópolis Brazil 44 D3 70 C3
Fergana see Farg·ona
Florida state USA 31 E4 Fort Worth Texas, USA 29 G3
Ferizaj Kosovo prev. Uro#evac
83 D5 Florida, Straits of sea feature Foveaux Strait sea feature New
Bahamas/USA 31 F5 36 B1 Zealand 133 A7
Ferrara Italy 78 C3
Fox Glacier New Zealand
Ferrol Spain 74 C1 Florida Keys island chain
133 B6
Fès Morocco Eng. Fez 52 C2 Florida, USA 31 F5
Franca Brazil 45 E1
Feyzábád see Faízábád Flórina Greece 86 B3
France country W Europe
Fez see Fès Flushing see Vlissingen
72-73
Fianarantsoa Madagascar 61 G3 Foâa Bosnia & Herzegovina
Francistown Botswana 60 D3
Fier Albania 83 D6 82 C4
Frankfort Kentucky, USA
Figueira da Foz Portugal 74 C3 Foc§ani Romania 90 C4
22 C5
Figueres Spain 75 G2 Foggia Italy 79 D5
Frankfurt see Frankfurt am
Figuig Morocco 52 D2 Fogo island Cape Verde 56 A3 Main
Fiji country Pacific Ocean 127 Foligno Italy 78 C4 Frankfurt am Main Germany
Finland country N Europe Fongafale capital of Tuvalu Eng. Frankfurt 77 B5
66-67 127 E3
Frankfurt an der Oder
Finland, Gulf of sea feature Fonseca, Gulf of sea feature Germany 76 D5
Baltic Sea 67 E6 El Salvador/Honduras 34 C3
Fränkische Alb mountains
Fiordland physical region New Forlì Italy 78 C3 Germany 77 C6
Zealand 133 A7 Formentera island Spain 75 G4 Frantsa-Iosifa, Zemlya islands
Firenze Italy Eng. Florence Former Yugoslav Republic of Russian Federation Eng.
78 C3 Macedonia see Macedonia Franz Josef Land 137 G4
Fishguard Wales, UK 71 C6 Formosa Argentina 46 D2 Franz Josef Land see Frantsa-
Fitzroy river Australia 128 C3 Formosa see Taiwan Iosifa, Zemlya
Fitzroy Crossing Australia Formosa Strait see Fraser Island island Australia
128 D3 Taiwan Strait 130 E4
387
Frauenburg — Gaza Strip
Frauenburg see Saldus Fujian China prev. Linchuan Gan see Gansu
Fray Bentos Uruguay 44 B5 111 D6 Gan see Jiangxi
Fredericksburg Virginia, USA FYR Macedonia see Macedonia Gäncä Azerbaijan Rus.
23 E4 Gyandzha, prev. Kirovabad,
Fredericton Canada 21 F4 Yelisavetpol 99 G2
Frederikshavn Denmark
67 B7 G Gand see Gent
Gander Canada 21 H3
Fredrikstad Norway 67 B6 Gandía Spain 75 F3
Gaalkacyo Somalia 55 E5 Ganges river S Asia 116 F4
Freeport Bahamas 36 C1
Gabès Tunisia 53 E2 Ganges Fan Undersea feature
Freeport Texas, USA 29 G4
Gabon country W Africa 59 Bay of Bengal 122 D3
Freetown capital of
Sierra Leone 56 C4 Gaborone capital of Botswana Ganges, Mouths of the
60 D4 wetlands Bangladesh/India
Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
77 B6 Gabrovo Bulgaria 86 D2 117 G4
Fremantle Australia 129 B6 Gadsden Alabama, USA 30 D2 Gangtok India 117 G3
French Guiana external Gaeta, Golfo di sea feature Gansu province China var. Gan,
territory France, N South Italy 79 C5 Kansu 111 B5
America 41 Gafsa Tunisia 53 E2 Gao Mali 57 E3
French Polynesia external Gagnoa Côte d’Ivoire Gaoual Guinea 56 C4
territory France, Pacific 56 D5 Gaoxiong Taiwan prev.
Ocean 135 E3 Gagra Georgia 99 E1 Kaohsiung 111 D7
French Southern and Gairdner, Lake lake Australia Gar China var. Shiquanhe
Antarctic Territories French 131 B6 108 A4
overseas territory Indian Galapagos Fracture Zone Garagum Kanaly canal
Ocean Fr. Terres Australes tectonic feature Pacific Ocean Turkmenistan prev.
et Antarctiques Françaises 135 F3 Karakumskiy Kanal 104 C3
123 C7 Galapagos Islands islands Garagum desert Turkmenistan
Fresnillo Mexico 32 D1 Ecuador, Pacific Ocean var. Kara Kum, Karakumy
Fresno California, USA 27 B6 var. Tortoise Islands, Sp. 104 C2
Fobisher Bay see Iqaluit Archipiélago de Colón Garda, Lago di lake Italy
Frome, Lake salt lake Australia 135 G3 78 B2
131 B5 Galapagos Rise undersea Gardéz Afghanistan prev.
Frunze see Bishkek feature Pacific Ocean Gardíz105 E4
135 G3
Fu-chien see Fujian Gardíz see Gardéz
Gala√i Romania 90 D4
Fuerte Olimpo Paraguay Garissa Kenya 55 C6
44 B1 Galesburg Illinois, USA 22 B4
Garmo Peak see Communism
Fuerteventura island Spain Galicia region Spain 74 C1
Peak
52 A3 Galilee, Sea of see Tiberias, Lake
Garonne river France 73 B5
Fuhkien see Fujian Galle Sri Lanka 115 E4
Garoowe Somalia 55 E5
Fujian province China var. Gallego Rise undersea feature
Fu-chien, Fuhkien, Fukien, Pacific Ocean 135 F3 Garoua Cameroon 58 B4
Min 111 D6 Gallipoli Italy 79 E5 Gary Indiana, USA 22 B3
Fukien see Fujian Gällivare Sweden 66 D3 Gaspé Canada 21 F4
Fukui Japan 113 C5 Gallup New Mexico, USA Gastonia North Carolina, USA
Fukuoka Japan 113 A6 28 C2 31 E1
Fukushima Japan 112 D4 Galveston Texas, USA Gävle Sweden 67 C5
Fulda Germany 77 C5 29 G4 Gaya India 117 F4
Fünfkirchen see Pécs Galway Ireland 71 A5 Gaza Gaza Strip 101 A6
Fushun China 110 D3 Gambia country W Africa 56 Gazandzhyk see Bereket
Furnas, Represa de Reservoir Gambia River Africa 56 C3 Gazanjyk see Bereket
Brazil 45 E1 Gambier, Îles island group Gaza Strip disputed territory
Fuxin China 110 D3 French Polynesia 135 E4 SW Asia 101 A6
388
Gaziantep — Grampian Mountains
Gaziantep Turkey prev. Aintab Germany country W Europe Golan Heights disputed
98 D4 76-77 territory SW Asia 100 B4
Gazimaêusa Cyprus var. Gerona see Girona Gold Coast coastal region
Famagusta Gk. Ammochostos Getafe Spain 75 E3 Australia 131 E5
98 C5 Gettysburg Pennsylvania, USA Goldingen see Kuldíga
Gdaúsk Poland Ger. Danzig 23 E4 Golmud China 108 D4
80 C2 Gevgelija Macedonia 83 E6 Goma Dem. Rep. Congo 59 E6
Gdingen see Gdynia Ghana country W Africa 57 Gomel· see Homyel·
Gdynia Poland Ger. Gdingen Ghanzi Botswana 60 C3 Gómez Palacio Mexico 32 D2
80 C2
Ghardaïa Algeria 52 D2 Gonaïves Haiti 36 D3
Gedaref Sudan 54 C4
Gharyán Libya 53 F2 Gonder Ethiopia 54 C4
Geelong Australia 131 C7 Ghazní Afghanistan 105 E4 Gongola river Nigeria 57 G4
Gëkdepe see Gökdepe Ghent see Gent Good Hope, Cape of coastal
Gemena Dem. Rep. Congo Gibraltar external territory UK, feature South Africa 60 C5
59 C5 SW Europe 74 D5 Goondiwindi Australia 131 D5
General Eugenio A. Garay Gibson Desert desert region Goose Lake lake W USA 26 B4
Paraguay 44 A1 Australia 128 C4 Goré Chad 58 C4
General Santos Philippines Gijón Spain var. Xixón 74 D1
121 F3 Goré Ethiopia 55 C5
Gilbert Islands see Tungaru Gore New Zealand 133 B7
Geneva see Genève
Gilbert River river Australia Gorgán Iran 102 D3
Geneva, Lake lake France/ 130 C3
Switzerland Fr. Lac Léman, Gorki see Horki
Gillette Wyoming, USA 24 C3 Gor·kiy see Nizhniy Novgorod
var. Le Léman, Ger. Genfer
See 77 A7 Gingin Australia 129 B6 Gorlovka see Horlivka
Girin see Jilin
Genève Switzerland Eng. Gorontalo Indonesia 121 E4
Geneva 77 A7 Girne Cyprus var. Kyrenia
98 C5 Gorzów Wielkopolski Poland
Genfer See see Geneva, Lake Ger. Landsberg 80 B3
Girona Spain var. Gerona 75 G2
Gengen Gol China 109 F1 Gospiá Croatia 82 B3
Genk Belgium 69 D5 Gisborne New Zealand 132 E3
Gosford Australia 131 D6
Genoa see Genova Giurgiu Romania 90 C5
Gostivar Macedonia 83 D5
Genova Italy see Genoa 78 B3 Gjirokastër Albania 83 D6
Göteborg Sweden 67 B7
Genova, Golfo di sea feature Gjøvik Norway 67 B5
Gotel Mountains mountain
Italy 78 B3 Glasgow Scotland, UK 70 C4 range Nigeria 57 G4
Gent Belgium Fr. Gand, Eng. Gleiwitz see Gliwice Gotland island Sweden 67 C7
Ghent 69 B5 Glendale Arizona, USA 28 B2 Gotó-rettó island group Japan
Geok-Tepe see Gökdepe Glendive Montana, USA 24 D2 113 A6
George South Africa 60 D5 Gliwice Poland Ger. Gleiwitz Göttingen Germany 76 C4
George V Land physical region 81 C5 Gouda Netherlands 68 C4
Antarctica 136 C4 Gloucester England, UK 71 D6 Gough Island external territory
Georgenburg see Jurbarkas Glubokoye see Hlybokaye UK, Atlantic Ocean 49 D7
George Town capital of Gobi desert China/Mongolia Gouin, Réservoir Reservoir
Cayman Islands 36 B3 108 D3 Canada 20 D4
Georgetown capital of Guyana Godáveri river India Gouré Niger 57 G3
41 G2 106 B3 115 E1 Governador Valadares Brazil
George Town Malaysia 120 B3 Godoy Cruz Argentina 46 B4 43 G4 45 F1
Georgia country SW Asia Godthåb see Nuuk Govî Altayn Nuruu mountain
99 F2 Godwin Austin, Mount see K2 range Mongolia 109 E3
Georgia state USA 31 E3 Goiânia Brazil 43 F4 Gozo island Malta 79 C7
Gera Germany 76 C4 Gökdepe Turkmenistan prev. Grafton Australia 131 E5
Geraldton Australia 129 A5 Geok-Tepe, prev. Gëkdepe Grampian Mountains mountains
Gereshk Afghanistan 104 D5 104 B3 Scotland, UK 70 C3
389
Granada — Guaviare
Granada Nicaragua 34 D3 Great Exuma Island island Grenada country West Indies
Granada Spain 75 E4 Bahamas 36 C2 37 G5
Gran Canaria island Spain Great Falls Montana, USA Grenoble France 73 D5
52 A3 24 B1 Greymouth New Zealand 133 B5
Gran Chaco region C South Great Hungarian Plain plain SE Grey Range mountain range
America 38 C4 44 A2 46 D2 Europe Hung. Alföld 81 D7 Australia 124 B4
Grand Bahama island Bahamas Great Inagua island Bahamas Grimsby England, UK 71 E5
36 C1 36 D2 Groningen Netherlands 68 E1
Grand Banks undersea feature Great Khingan Range see Da Grønland see Greenland
Atlantic Ocean 48 B3 Hinggan Ling Groote Eylandt island Australia
Grand Canyon valley SW USA Great Lakes, The lakes N 130 B2
28 B1 America see Erie, Huron, Grootfontein Namibia 60 C3
Grande, Rio river Brazil 45 E1 Michigan, Ontario, Superior
17 C5 Grosseto Italy 78 B4
Grande, Rio River Mexico/ Grosskanizsa see Nagykanizsa
USA 17 B6 Great Nicobar island India
115 H3 Groznyy Russian Federation
Grande Comore island 93 B7 96 A4
Comoros 61 F2 Great Plain of China region
China 106 E2 Grudziàdz Poland Ger.
Grande Prairie Canada 19 E4
Great Plains region N America Graudenz 80 C3
Grand Erg Occidental desert
16-17 C5 Grünberg in Schlesien see
region Algeria 52 D2
Great Rift Valley valley E Zielona Góra
Grand Erg Oriental desert
Africa/SW Asia 55 C6 Guadalajara Mexico 32 D4
region Algeria/Tunisia 53 E3
Great Salt Desert see Kavír, Guadalcanal island Solomon
Grand Falls Canada 21 G3
Dasht-e Islands 124 C3
Grand Forks North Dakota,
Great Salt Lake salt lake Utah, Guadalquivir river Spain 74 D4
USA 25 E1
USA 24 B3 Guadeloupe external territory
Grand Junction Colorado, USA
Great Sand Sea desert region France, West Indies 37 G4
24 C4
Egypt/Libya 53 H3 Guadiana river Portugal/Spain
Grand Rapids Michigan, USA
22 C3 Great Sandy Desert desert 74 C4
Graudenz see Grudziàdz Australia 128 C4 Gualeguaychú Argentina 46 D4
Graz Austria 77 E7 Great Sandy Desert see Ar Guam external territory USA,
Rub¶al Khali Pacific Ocean 126 B1
Great Abaco island Bahamas
36 C1 Great Slave Lake lake Canada Guanare Venezuela 40 D1
19 E4 Guanare river Venezuela 40 D2
Great Ararat see Ararat, Mount
Great Victoria Desert desert Guangdong province China var.
Great Australian Bight sea
Australia 129 C5 Kuang-tung, Kwangtung,
feature Australia 129 D6
Greece country SE Europe Yue 111 C6
Great Barrier Island island
N NZ 132 D2 86-87 Guangxi autonomous region
Great Barrier Reef coral reef Green Bay Wisconsin, USA 22 B2 China var. Kwangsi 111 B6
Coral Sea 130 C4 Greenland external territory Guangzhou China Eng. Canton
Great Basin region USA 26 D4 Denmark, Atlantic Ocean var. 111 C6
Grønland 64 Guantánamo Cuba 36 D3
Great Bear Lake lake Canada
19 E3 Greenland Sea Atlantic Ocean Guaporé River Bolivia/Brazil
65 F2 32 D3
Great Dividing Range
mountain range Australia Greenock Scotland, UK 70 C4 Guarapuava Brazil 44 D3
130-131 Greensboro North Carolina, Guatemala country Central
Great Exhibition Bay inlet New USA 31 F1 America 34
Zealand132 C1 Greenville South Carolina, USA Guatemala Basin undersea
Great Wall of China ancient 31 E2 feature Pacific Ocean 135 G3
monument China 110 C4 Greifswald Germany 76 D2 Guatemala City capital of
Greater Antilles island group Gregory Range mountain Guatemala 34 B2
West Indies 36 C3 range Australia 130 C3 Guaviare river Colombia 40 D3
390
Guayaquil — Hasselt
Hradec Králové Czech Republic Hyderábád India 114 D1, Iligan Philippines 121 F2
Ger. Königgrätz 81 B5 116 B3 Illapel Chile 46 B3
Hrodna Belarus Rus. Grodno Hyères, Îles d· islands France Illinois state USA 22 B4
89 B5 73 D6 Iloilo Philippines 121 E2
Huacho Peru 42 A3 Ilorin Nigeria 57 F4
Huainan China 111 D5 ƒluh see Batman
Huambo Angola 60 B2
Huancayo Peru 42 B3
I Imatra Finland 67 E5
Imperatriz Brazil 43 F2
Huang He river China Eng. Impfondo Congo 59 C5
Yellow River 110 C4 Ia§i Romania 90 D3
Ibadan Nigeria 57 F4 Imphál India 117 H4
Huánuco Peru 42 B3
Ibagué Colombia 40 B3 Independence Missouri, USA
Huaraz Peru 42 B3 25 F4
Hubei province China 111 C5 Ibarra Ecuador 40 A4
Iberian Peninsula peninsula India country S Asia 114-115,
Hubli India 114 C2 116-117
SW Europe 84 B3
Hudson river NE USA 23 F3 Indian Ocean 122-123
Ibérico, Sistema Mountain
Hudson Bay sea feature Indiana state USA 22 C4
range Spain 75 F2
Canada 16 C4 Indianapolis Indiana, USA
Ibiza island Spain Cat. Eivissa
Hudson Strait sea feature 75 G4 22 C4
Canada 19 H3 Indigirka river Russian
Ica Peru 42 B4
Huê Vietnam 118 E4 Federation 95 F2
čel see Mersin
Huehuetenango Guatemala Indonesia country SE Asia
34 B2 Iceland country Atlantic Ocean
65 E4 120-121
Huelva Spain 74 C4 Indonesian Borneo see
Idaho state USA 26
Huesca Spain 75 F2 Kalimantan
Idaho Falls Idaho, USA 26 E3 Indore India 116 D4
Hughenden Australia 130 C4
Idfú Egypt 54 B2 Indus river S Asia 116 C1
Hull see Kingston upon Hull
Idlib Syria 100 B2 Indus Cone see. Indus Fan
Hulun Buir China var. Hailar
109 F1 Ieper Belgium Fr. Ypres 69 A6 Indus Fan var. Indus Cone.
Hulun Nur lake China 109 F1 Ifôghas, Adrar des upland Mali Undersea feature Arabian
var. Adrar des Iforas 57 F2 Sea 122 B3
Humboldt river W USA 27 C5
Hunan province China var. Iforas, Adrar des see Ifôghas, Indus, Mouths of the wetlands
Xiang 111 C6 Adrar des Pakistan 116 B4
Hungarian Plain plain C Europe Iglau see Jihlava Ingolstadt Germany 77 C6
85 E2 Iglesias Italy 79 A5 Inguri see Enguri
Hungary country C Europe 81 Iguaçu River Argentina/Brazil Inhambane Mozambique 61 E4
Huntington Beach California, 44 C3 Inn river C Europe 77 D6
USA 27 C8 Iguîdi, ¶Erg desert Algeria/ Innaanganeq headland
Huntington West Virginia, USA Mauritania 56 D1 Greenland 64 C1
22 D5 Ihavananthapuram island Inner Islands islands Seychelles
Huntsville Alabama, USA 30 D2 Maldives 114 C4 61 H1
Hurghada Egypt 54 B2 Ihosy Madagascar 61 G4 Inner Mongolia autonomous
Huron, Lake lake Canada/USA Iisalmi Finland 66 E4 region China 109 F3
22 D2 IJssel river Netherlands 68 D3 Innsbruck Austria 77 C7
Hurunui river New Zealand IJsselmeer lake Netherlands I-n-Sâkâne, Erg Desert Mali
133 C5 prev. Zuider Zee 68 D2 57 E2
Húsavík Iceland 65 E4 Ikaría island Greece 87 D5 I-n-Salah Algeria 52 D3
Huvadhu Atoll island Maldives Iki island Japan 113 A6 Insein Myanmar 118 B4
114 C5 Ilagan Philippines 121 E1 Inukjuak Canada prev. Port
Hvar island Croatia 82 B4 Ilebo Dem. Rep. Congo 59 C6 Harrison 20 D2
Hyargas Nuur lake Mongolia Ili River China/Kazakhstan Inuvik Canada 19 E3
108 D2 94 D3 Invercargill New Zealand 133 A7
393
Inverness — Jena
Jenín var. Janín, Jinín; anc. Joliet Illinois, USA 22 B3 Kábol see Kabul
Engannim. West Bank 101 D6 Jönköping Sweden 67 B7 Kabul capital of Afghanistan
Jérémie Haiti 36 D3 Jonquière Canada 21 E4 Per. Kabol 105 E4
Jerevan see Yerevan Jordan country SW Asia Kachch, Gulf of sea feature
Jericho West Bank 101 B5 100-101 Arabian Sea 116 B4
Jerid, Chott el salt lake Africa Jordan river SW Asia 101 B5 Kachch, Rann of wetland India/
84 D4 Joseph Bonaparte Gulf gulf Pakistan var. Rann of Kutch
Jersey island Channel Islands Australia 128 D2 116 B4
71 D8 Jos Plateau upland Nigeria Kadugli Sudan 54 B4
Jerusalem capital of Israel 57 G4 Kaduna Nigeria 57 G4
101 B5 Juan Fernandez, Islas islands Kaédi Mauritania 56 C3
Jhelum Pakistan 116 C2 Chile 46 A4 Kâgheœ Physical region
Ji see Hebei Juàzeiro Brazil 43 G3 Mauritania 56 D1
Ji see Jilin Juàzeiro do Norte Brazil 43 G3 Kagoshima Japan 113 A6
Jiangsu province China var. Juba capital of South Sudan Kahramanmara§ Turkey var.
Chiang-su, Kiangsu, Su 55 B5 Marash, Mara§ 98 D4
111 D5 Júcar river Spain 75 E3 Kai, Kepulauan island group
Jiangxi province China var. Indonesia 121 G4
Judenburg Austria 77 D7
Chiang-hsi, Gan, Kiangsi Kaifeng China 111 C5
Juigalpa Nicaragua 34 D3
111 C6 Kaikohe New Zealand 132 C2
Jiaxing Zhejiang, China 111 D5 Juiz de Fora Brazil 43 G5 45 F2
Kaikoura New Zealand 133 C5
Jibuti see Djibouti Juneau Alaska, USA 18 D4
Kainji Reservoir Reservoir
Jiddah Saudi Arabia Eng. Jedda Junggar Pendi desert China Nigeria 57 F4
103 A5 108 C2
Kairouan Tunisia 53 E1
Junín Argentina 46 D4 Kaiserslautern Germany
Jiftlik Post West Bank
101 D7 Jura mountains France/ 77 B5
Switzerland 77 A7 Kaitaia New Zealand 132 C2
Jihlava Czech Republic Ger.
Iglau 81 B5 Jura island Scotland, UK 70 B4 Kajaani Finland 66 E4
Jilin province China var. Chi-lin, Jurbarkas Lithuania Ger. Kaka Turkmenistan prev.
Girin, Ji, Kirin 110 E3 Jurburg, var. Georgenburg Kaakhka, var. Kaachka 104 C3
88 B4
Jilin China 110 E3 Kakhovka Ukraine 91 F4
Jurburg see Jurbarkas
Jíma Ethiopia 55 C5 Kakhovs·ka Vodoskhovyshche
Jin see Shanxi Juruá river Brazil/Peru 42 C2 Reservoir Ukraine 91 F3
Jinan China 111 C4 Juticalpa Honduras 34 D2 Kalahari Desert desert
Jingdezhen China 111 D5 Jutland see Jylland southern Africa 60 C4
Jinhua China 111 D5 Juventud, Isla de la island Kalamariá Greece 86 C3
Cuba 36 B2 Kalámata Greece 87 B6
Jining see Ulan Qab
Jylland peninsula Denmark Kalát see Qalát
Jinotega Nicaragua 34 D3
Eng. Jutland 67 A7 Kalbarri Australia 129 A5
Jinsha Jiang river China 108 D5
Jyväskylä Finland 67 D5 Kalemie Dem. Rep. Congo
Jinzhou China 110 D4
59 E7
Jízán Saudi Arabia 103 B6
Kalgoorlie Australia 129 C6
João Pessoa Brazil 43 H3
Jodhpur India 116 C3 K Kalimantan geopolitical region
Indonesia Eng. Indonesian
Joensuu Finland 67 E5 Borneo 120 D4
Johannesburg South Africa K2 peak China/Pakistan Kaliningrad external territory
60 D4 Eng. Mount Godwin Austen Russian Federation 96 A2
Johnston Atoll US 116 D1
Kaliningrad Kaliningrad,
unincorporated territory Kaachka see Kaka Russian Federation prev.
Pacific Ocean 125 E1 Kaakhka see Kaka Königsberg 88 A4
Johor Bahru Malaysia 120 C3 Kabale Uganda 55 B6 Kalinkavichy Belarus Rus.
Joinville Brazil 44 D3 Kabinda Dem. Rep. Congo 59 D7 Kalinkovichi 89 D7
395
Kalinkovichi — Kemi
Kemijärvi Finland 66 D3 Kheta river Russian Federation King Sound sound Australia
Kendari Indonesia 121 E4 94 D2 128 C3
Këneurgench see Köneürgench Khíos see Chíos Kingsport Tennessee, USA
Kénitra Morocco 52 C2 Khirbet el ¶Aujá et Tahtá West 31 E1
Bank 101 D6 Kingsville Texas, USA 29 G5
Kennewick Washington, USA
26 C2 Khmel ·nyts·kyy Ukraine 90 D2 Kingston Canada 20 C5
Kenora Canada 20 A3 Khodzhent see Khûjand Kingston capital of Jamaica
Khojend see Khûjand 36 C3
Kentucky state USA 22 C5
Khokand see Qo·qon Kingston upon Hull England,
Kenya country E Africa 55 UK var. Hull 71 E5
Kholm see Khulm
Kerala state India 114 D3 Kingstown St Vincent & The
Khon Kaen Thailand 118 C4
Kerch Ukraine 91 G4 Grenadines 36 G4
Khorog see Khorugh
Kerguelen island group Indian King William Island island
Ocean 123 C7 Khorugh Tajikistan Rus. Khorog
105 F3 Canada 19 F3
Kerguelen Plateau undersea Kinneret, Yam see Tiberius,
Khouribga Morocco 52 C2
feature Indian Ocean Lake
123 C7 Khudzhand see Khûjand
Khûjand Tajikistan var. Kinshasa capital of Dem. Rep.
Kerki see Atamyrat Congo prev. Léopoldville
Khodzheut, Khojend, Rus.
Kérkira see Kérkyra Khudzhand prev. Leninabad 59 B6
Kérkyra Greece 86 A4 105 E2 Kirghizia see Kyrgyzstan
Kérkyra island Greece prev. Khulna Bangladesh 117 G4 Kiribati country Pacific Ocean
Kérkira, Eng. Corfu 86 A4 Khulm Afghanistan prev. 127
Kermadec Islands island group Kholm 105 E3 Kirin see Jilin
Pacific Ocean 125 E4 Khvoy Iran 102 B3 Kiritimati island Kiribati var.
Kermadec Trench undersea Kiangsi see Jiangxi Christmas Island 127 G2
feature Pacific Ocean 125 E4 Kiangsu see Jiangsu Kirkenes Norway 66 E2
Kermán Iran var. Kirman Kiâevo Macedonia 83 D5 Kirklareli Turkey 98 A2
102 D4 Kiel Germany 76 C2 Kirksville Missouri, USA 25 F4
Kermánsháh Iran prev. Kielce Poland 80 D4 Kirkúk Iraq 102 B3
Bákhtarán 102 C3 Kiev capital of Ukraine Kirkwall Scotland, UK 70 C2
Kerulen river China/Mongolia Ukr. Kyyiv 91 E2
109 E2 Kirman see Kermán
Kiffa Mauritania 56 C3
Ketchikan Alaska, USA 18 D4 Kirov Russian Federation
Kigali capital of Rwanda 55 B6 92 C4 96 B3
Key West Florida, USA 31 E5 Kigoma Tanzania 55 B7 Kirovabad see Gäncä
Khabarovsk Russian Federation Kikládhes see Kyklades
97 G4 Kirovakan see Vanadzor
Kikwit Dem. Rep. Congo 59 C6 Kirovohrad Ukraine 91 E3
Khanka, Lake lake China/ Kilimanjaro peak Tanzania
Russian Federation 110 E3 Kiruna Sweden 66 C3
55 C7
Khankendy see Xankändi Kisangani Dem. Rep. Congo
Kilkís Greece 86 B3
prev. Stanleyville 59 D5
Kharkiv Ukraine Rus. Khar·kov Killarney Ireland 71 A6
91 G2 Kishinev see Chi§inâu
Kimberley South Africa 60 D4
Khar’kov see Kharkiv Kismaayo Somalia 55 D6
Kimberley Plateau upland
Khartoum capital of Sudan Australia 128 D3 Kisumu Kenya 55 C6
var. Al Khur√úm 54 B4 Kindia Guinea 56 C4 Kitakyúshú Japan 113 A5
Khásh Iran 102 E4 Kindu Dem. Rep. Congo 59 D6 Kitami Japan 112 D2
Khaskovo Bulgaria 86 D2 King Island island Australia Kitchener Canada 20 C5
Khaydarkan Kyrgyzstan var. 131 C7 Kitwe Zambia 60 D2
Khaydarken, Hajdarken Kingissepp see Kuressaare Kivu, Lake lake Rwanda/Dem.
105 E2 Kingman Reef external Rep. Congo 55 B6 59 E6
Khaydarken see Khaydarkan territory USA, Pacific Ocean Kızıl Irmak river Turkey 98 C2
Kherson Ukraine 91 E4 125 F2 Kizyl-Arvat see Serdar
397
Kladno — Krasnodar
La Crosse Wisconsin, USA Lanzhou China 110 B4 Laylá Saudi Arabia 103 C5
22 A2 Laon France 72 D3 Lazarev Sea sea Antarctica
Ladoga, Lake see Ladozhskoye La Oroya Peru 42 B3 136 B2
Ozero Laos country SE Asia 118 Lebanon country SW Asia
Ladozhskoye Ozero lake La Palma island Spain 52 A3 100-101
Russian Federation Eng. Lake La Paz capital of Bolivia 42 C4 Lebu Chile 47 B5
Ladoga 92 B3 Lecce Italy 79 E5
La Paz Mexico 32 B3
Ladysmith Wisconsin, USA Leduc Canada 19 E5
22 A2 La Pérouse Strait sea feature
Japan 112 D1 Leeds England, UK 71 D5
Lae Papua New Guinea 126 B3 Leeuwarden Netherlands 68 D1
Lapland region N Europe
La Esperanza Honduras 34 C2 66 C3 Leeward Islands see Sotavento,
Lafayette Louisiana, USA 30 B3 La Plata Argentina 46 D4 Ilhas de
Laghouat Algeria 52 D2 Lappeenranta Finland 67 E5 Lefkáda island Greece prev.
Lagos Nigeria 57 F5 Laptev Sea see Levkás 87 A5
Lagos Portugal 74 C4 Laptevykh, More Lefko§a see Nicosia
Lagouira Western Sahara 52 A4 Laptevykh, More Arctic Ocean Lefkosia see Nicosia
La Grande Oregon, USA 26 C3 Eng. Laptev Sea 97 F2 Legaspi see Legazpi City
La Habana see Havana L·Aquila Italy 78 C4 Legazpi City Philippines var.
Lahore Pakistan 116 C2 Laramie Wyoming, USA 24 C4 Legaspi 120 E2
Laï Chad 58 C4 Laredo Texas, USA 29 F5 Legnica Poland Ger. Liegnitz
Laila see Laylá La Rioja Argentina 46 C3 80 B4
Lajes Brazil 44 D3 Lárisa Greece 86 B4 Le Havre France 72 B3
Lake Charles Louisiana, USA Lárkána Pakistan 116 B3 Leicester England, UK 71 D6
30 B3 Larnaca Cyprus var. Larnaka, Leiden Netherlands 68 C3
Lake District region England, Larnax 98 C5 Leipzig Germany 76 D4
UK 71 C5 Larnaka see Larnaca Lek river Netherlands 68 C4
Lakewood Colorado, USA Larnax see Larnaca Le Léman see Geneva, Lake
24 D4 La Rochelle France 72 B4 Lelystad Netherlands 68 D3
Lakshadweep island group La Roche-sur-Yon France 72 B4 Léman, Lac see Geneva, Lake
India Eng. Laccadive Islands La Romana Dominican Republic Le Mans France 72 B4
114 B2 36 E3 Lemesos see Limassol
La Ligua Chile 46 B4 Las Cruces New Mexico, USA Lemnos see Límnos
La Louvière Belgium 69 B6 28 D3
Lena river Russian Federation
Lambaré Paraguay 44 B3 Las Piedras Uruguay 44 C5 97 F3
Lambaréné Gabon 59 B6 La Serena Chile 46 B3 Leninabad see Khûjand
Lamía Greece 86 B4 La Spezia Italy 78 B3 Leninakan see Gyumri
Lancaster England, UK 71 D5 Las Tablas Panama 35 F5 Leningrad see St Petersburg
Lancaster California, USA 27 C7 Las Vegas Nevada, USA 27 D7 Leninsk see Türkmenabat
Lancaster Sound sea feature Latakia see Al Ládhiqíyah
Lenkoran· see Länkäran
Canada 19 F2 Latvia country NE Europe 88
León Mexico 33 E4
Landsberg see Gorzów Launceston Tasmania 131 C8
Wielkopolski León Nicaragua 34 C3
Laurentian Basin see Canada
Land·s End coastal feature León Spain 74 D1
Basin
England, UK 71 C7 Léopoldville see Kinshasa
Laurentian Mountains upland
Landshut Germany 77 D6 Canada 16 D4 Lepel· see Lyepyel·
Lang Sòn Vietnam 118 D3 Lausanne Switzerland 77 A7 Le Puy France 73 C5
Länkäran Azerbaijan Rus. Laut, Pulau prev. Laoet. Island Lérida see Lleida
Lenkoran· 99 H3 Indonesia 120 D4 Lerwick Scotland, UK 70 D1
Lansing Michigan, USA 22 C3 Laval France 72 B4 Lesbos see Lésvos
Lanzarote island Spain 52 B3 Lawton Oklahoma, USA 29 F2 Leshan China 111 B5
400
Leskovac — Lord Howe Rise
Maicao Colombia 40 C1 Malekula island Vanuatu 124 D3 Mannar, Gulf of sea feature
Maiduguri Nigeria 57 H4 Mali country W Africa 57 Indian Ocean 114 D3
Maímanah Afghanistan prev. Malindi Kenya 55 C7 Mannheim Germany 77 B5
Meymaneh 104 D4 Mallorca island Spain Eng. Manono Dem. Rep. Congo
Maine state USA 23 G1 Majorca 75 H3 59 E7
Maine, Gulf of gulf USA 23 G2 Malmö Sweden 67 B7 Mansel Island island Canada
Mainz Germany 77 B5 Malta country Mediterranean 20 C1
Maio Island Cape Verde 56 A3 Sea 79 C8 Mansfield Ohio, USA 22 D4
Maíz, Islas del islands Malta Montana, USA 24 C1 Manta Ecuador 40 A4
Nicaragua 35 E3 Malta Channel sea feature Mantes-la-Jolie France 72 C3
Majorca see Mallorca Mediterranean Sea 79 C7 Mantova Italy Eng. Mantua
Majuro island Marshall Islands Maluku island group 78 B2
126 D1 Indonesia var. Moluccas Mantua see Mantova
Makarska Croatia 82 B4 107 E4 121 F4 Manurewa New Zealand
Makarov Basin undersea Maluku, Laut Pacific Ocean 132 D3
feature Arctic Ocean 137 G3 Eng. Molucca Sea 121 F4 Manzhouli China 109 F1
Makassar Indonesia prev. Mamberamo river Indonesia Mao Chad 58 B3
Ujungpandang 121 E4 121 H4 Maoke, Pegunungan
Makassar Strait strait Indonesia Mamoudzou capital of mountains Indonesia
120 D4 Mayotte 61 G2 121 H4
Makeyevka see Makiyivka Man, Isle of island UK 71 C5 Maputo capital of
Makhachkala Russian Manado Indonesia 121 F3 Mozambique 61 E4
Federation 93 B7 96 A4 Mar, Serra do mountains Brazil
Managua capital of Nicaragua
Makiyivka Ukraine Rus. 34 D3 38 D4
Makeyevka 91 G5 Maracaibo Venezuela 40 C1
Manama capital of Bahrain Ar.
Makkah Saudi Arabia Eng. Al Manámah 103 C5 Maracaibo, Lago de inlet
Mecca 103 A5 Venezuela 40 C1
Mananjary Madagascar 61 G3
Makkovik Canada 21 F2 Maracay Venezuela 40 D1
Manaus Brazil 42 D2
Malabo capital of Equatorial Maradi Niger 57 F3
Guinea 59 A5 Manchester England, UK
71 D5 Marágheh Iran 102 C3
Malacca, Strait of sea feature
Indonesia/ Malaysia Manchester New Hampshire, Marajó, Ilha de island Brazil
106 C4 119 C8 120 B3 USA 23 G2 43 F2
Maladzyechna Belarus Rus. Manchurian Plain plain E Asia Marañón river Peru 42 B2
Molodechno, Pol. 107 E1 Mara§ see Kahramanmara§
Molodeczno 89 C5 Mandalay Myanmar 118 B3 Marash see Kahramanmara§
Málaga Spain 74 D5 Mangalia Romania 90 D5 Marbella Spain 74 D5
Malakal South Sudan 55 B5 Mangalore India 114 C2 Marble Bar Australia 128 B4
Malang Indonesia 120 D5 Manicouagan, Réservoir Mar Chiquita, Laguna salt lake
Malanje Angola 60 C2 Reservoir Canada 21 E3 Argentina 46 C3
Malatya Turkey 99 E3 Manihiki atoll Cook Islands Mardán Pakistan 116 C1
125 F3 Mar del Plata Argentina 47 D5
Malawi country southern
Africa 61 Maniitsoq Greenland 64 C3 Mardin Turkey 99 E4
Malay Peninsula peninsula Manila capital of Philippines Margarita, Isla de island
Malaysia/Thailand 119 D8 121 E1 Venezuela 41 E1
Malaysia country Asia 120 Manisa Turkey prev. Saruhan Márgow, Dasht-e- desert
Malden Island atoll Kiribati 98 A3 Afghanistan 104 C5
125 F2 Manitoba province Canada Mariana Trench undersea
Maldives country Indian Ocean 19 G4 feature Pacific Ocean
114 C4 Manizales Colombia 40 B3 124 B1 126 B1
Male· capital of Maldives Manjimup Australia 129 B7 Marías, Islas islands Mexico
114 C4 Mannar Sri Lanka 115 E3 32 C4
403
Maribor — Melanesian Basin
Melbourne Australia 131 C7 Messina, Stretto di sea feature Midway Islands US territory
Melbourne Florida, USA 31 F4 Ionian Sea/Tyrrhenian Sea Pacific Ocean 134 D2
Melghir, Chott Salt lake Algeria 79 D7 Mikhaylovka Russian
53 E2 Mestre Italy 78 C2 Federation 93 B6
Melilla external territory Spain, Meta river Colombia/Venezuela Milagro Ecuador 40 A4
N Africa 52 C1 40 C2 Milan see Milano
Melitopol· Ukraine 91 F4 Metkoviá Croatia 82 C4 Milano Italy Eng. Milan 78 B2
Melo Uruguay 44 C4 Metz France 72 E3 Mildura Australia 131 C6
Melville Island island Australia Meuse river W Europe var. Millennium Island island
128 E2 Maas 72 D3 Kiribati prev. Caroline Island
Melville Island island Canada Mexicali Mexico 32 A1 127 H3
19 E2 Mexico country North America Miles Australia 131 D5
Memel see Klaipëda 32-33 Miles City Montana, USA 24 C2
Memel see Neman México, Golfo de see Mexico, Milford Haven Wales, UK 71 C6
Gulf of Milford Sound New Zealand
Memphis Tennessee, USA 30 C1
Mexico, Gulf of sea feature 133 E6
Mendaña Fracture Zone
Atlantic Ocean/Caribbean Milford Sound inlet New
tectonic feature Pacific Ocean
Sea 48 A4 Zealand 133 A6
135 G3
Mexico City capital of Mexico Mílos island Greece 87 C6
Mende France 73 C6
Sp. Ciudad de México 33 E4
Mendeleyev Ridge undersea Milwaukee Wisconsin, USA
Meymaneh see Maímanah 22 B3
feature Arctic Ocean 137 G2
Mendocino Fracture Zone Mezen· river Russian Min see Fujian
tectonic feature Pacific Ocean Federation 92 D3
Minatitlán Mexico 33 G4
134 D2 Miami Florida, USA 31 F5 Minch, The Strait Scotland,
Mendoza Argentina 46 B4 Miami Beach Florida, USA UK 70 C3
Menengiyn Tal plain Mongolia 31 F5
Mindanao island Philippines
109 F2 Mianyang China 111 B5 121 F2
Menongue Angola 60 C2 Michigan state USA 22 C2 Mindoro island Philippines
Menorca island Spain Eng. Michigan, Lake lake USA 17 C5 121 E2
Minorca 75 H3 Micronesia country Pacific Mindoro Strait sea feature
Metairie Louisiana, USA 30 C3 Ocean 126 B2 South China Sea/Sulu Sea
Mentawai, Kepulauan island Micronesia region Pacific 121 E2
group Indonesia 120 B4 Ocean 126 Mingäàevir Azerbaijan Rus.
Meppel Netherlands 68 D2 Mid Atlantic Ridge undersea Mingechaur 99 G2
feature Atlantic Ocean Mingechaur see Mingäàevir
Merced California, USA 27 B6 48 B4
Mercedes Uruguay 44 B5 Minho river Portugal/Spain Sp.
Middelburg South Africa 60 D5 Miño 74 C2
Mergui see Myeik Middle Andaman island India
Mergui Archipelago island Minicoy Island island India
115 G2 114 C3
chain Myanmar 119 B6 Middlesbrough England, UK
Mérida Mexico 33 H3 Minneapolis Minnesota, USA
71 D5 23 F2
Mérida Spain 74 D3 Mid-Indian Basin undersea
Minnesota state USA 25 F2
Mérida Venezuela 40 C2 feature Indian Ocean 122 C4
Miño river Portugal/Spain Port.
Meridian Mississippi, USA 30 C2 Mid-Indian Ridge undersea
feature Indian Ocean 123 C5 Minho 74 C1
Merredin Australia 129 B6 Minorca see Menorca
Mersin Turkey var. čel 98 C4 Midland Texas, USA 29 E3
Mid-Pacific Mountains var. Minot North Dakota, USA
Meru Kenya 55 C6 24 D1
Mid-Pacific Seamounts.
Merv see Mary Undersea feature Pacific Míná· Qábús Oman 122 B3
Mesa Arizona, USA 28 B2 Ocean 124 C1 Minsk capital of Belarus 89 C5
Meshed see Mashhad Mid-Pacific Seamounts see Minto, Lake lake Canada
Messina Italy 79 D6 Mid-Pacific Mountains 20 D2
405
Miranda de Ebro — Moselle
Mosgiel New Zealand 133 B7 Muncie Indiana, USA 22 C4 Mysore India 114 D2
Moshi Tanzania 55 C7 Munich see München Mzuzu Malawi 61 E2
Moskva see Moscow Münster Germany 76 B4
Mosquito Coast coastal region Muqdisho see Mogadishu
Nicaragua 35 E3
Moss Norway 67 B6
Mur river C Europe 77 E7
Murchison River river Australia
N
Mossendjo Congo 59 B6 129 B5
Murcia Spain 75 F4 Naberezhnyye Chelny Russian
Mossoró Brazil 43 H2
Federation prev. Brezhnev
Most Czech Republic Ger. Brüx Mures river Hungary/Romania 93 C5
80 A4 81 D7
Nablus West Bank var. Nâbulus,
Mostaganem Algeria 52 D1 Murfreesboro Tennessee, USA Heb. Shekhem 101 D6
Mostar Bosnia & Herz. 82 C4 30 D1 Nâbulus see Nablus
Mosul see Al Maw§il Murgab Tajikistan 105 F3 Nacala Mozambique 61 F2
Motril Spain 75 E5 Murgap river Turkmenistan var. Naga Philippines 120 E2
Motueka New Zealand 133 C5 Murghab 104 C3
Nagano Japan 112 C4
Moulins France 72 C4 Murghab see Murgap Nagasaki Japan 113 A6
Moulmein see Mawlamyine Müritz lake Germany 76 D3 Nágercoil India 114 D3
Moundou Chad 58 C4 Murmansk Russian Federation Nagorno-Karabakh region
92 C2 96 C1 Azerbaijan 99 G2
Mount Gambier Australia
131 B7 Murray river Australia 131 B6 Nagoya Japan 113 C5
Mount Isa Australia 130 B4 Murray Fracture Zone tectonic Nágpur India 116 D4
feature Pacific Ocean 135 E2
Mount Magnet Australia Nagqu China 108 C5
129 B5 Murray Ridge Undersea
feature Arabian Sea 122 B3 Nagykanizsa Hungary Ger.
Mount Vernon Illinois, USA Grosskanizsa 81 C7
22 B5 Murwillumbah Australia
131 E5 Nagyszombat see Trnava
Mouscron Belgium 69 A6 Naha Japan 113 A8
Murzuq Libya 53 F3
Moyobamba Peru 42 B2 Nain Canada 21 F2
Mu§ Turkey 99 F3
Moyu China 108 B2 Nairobi capital of Kenya
Muscat capital of Oman Ar.
Mozambique country 55 C6
Masqa√ 103 E5
SE Africa 61 Najaf see An Najaf
Musgrave Ranges mountain
Mozambique Channel sea Najrán Saudi Arabia 103 B6
range Australia 129 D5
feature Indian Ocean 61 F3
Musters, Lago lake Argentina Nakamura Japan 113 B6
Mozyr· see Mazyr
46 C6 Nakhichevan· see Naxàıvan
Mpika Zambia 61 E2 Mu Us Shadi Desert China Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
Mtwara Tanzania 55 C8 109 E3 119 C5
Muang Không Laos 119 D5 Mvonioälv river Finland/ Nakhon Sawan Thailand 119 C5
Muang Xaignabouri see Sweden 66 D3 Nakhon Si Thammarat
Xaignabouri Mwali island Comoros 61 F2 Thailand 119 C6
Mudanjiang China 110 E3 Mwanza Tanzania 55 B6 Nakuru Kenya 55 C6
Mufulira Zambia 60 D2 Mwene-Ditu Dem. Rep. Congo Nal·chik Russian Federation
Muêla Turkey 98 A4 59 D7 96 A4
Mulhouse France 72 E4 Mweru, Lake lake Dem. Rep. Namangan Uzbekistan 105 E2
Mull island Scotland, UK 70 B3 Congo/Zambia 59 D7 Nam Co lake China 108 C4
Muller, Pegunungan mountains Myanmar country SE Asia var. Nam Ãinh Vietnam 118 D3
Indonesia 120 C3 Myanmar 118-119 Namib Desert desert Namibia
Multán Pakistan 116 C2 Myeik Myanmar prev. Mergui 60 B3
Mumbai India var. Bombay 119 B5 Namibe Angola 60 B2
117 C5 Mykolayiv Ukraine Rus. Namibia country southern
München Germany Eng. Nikolayev 91 E4 Africa 60
Munich 77 C6 Mykonos island Greece 87 D5 Nampa Idaho, USA 26 C3
407
Namp·o — New Haven
Namp·o North Korea 110 E4 Navassa Island external territory Netherlands Antilles external
Nampula Mozambique 61 F2 USA, West Indies 36 D3 territory Netherlands, West
Namur Belgium 69 C6 Navoiy Uzbekistan Indies prev. Dutch West
Uzb. Nawoly 104 D2 Indies 37 E5
Nanchang China 111 C5
Nawábsháh Pakistan 116 B3 Netze see Noteá
Nancy France 72 D3
Nawoly see Navoiy Neubrandenburg Germany
Nánded India 116 D5 114 D1 76 D3
Nanjing China 111 D5 Naxàıvan Azerbaijan Rus.
Nakhichevan· 99 G3 Neuchâtel, Lac de lake
Nanning China 111 B6 Switzerland 77 A7
Náxos island Greece 87 D6
Nanortalik Greenland 64 C5 Neumünster Germany 76 C2
Nansen Basin undersea feature Nay Pyi Taw capital of
Myanmar 118 B3 Neuquén Argentina 47 C5
Arctic Ocean 137 G4 Neusiedler See lake Austria/
Nantes France 72 B4 Nazareth see Natzrat
Hungary 77 E6
Napier New Zealand 132 E4 Nazca Peru 42 B4
Neusohl see Banská Bystrica
Naples see Napoli Nazrét Ethiopia 55 C5
Neutra see Nitra
Napo river Ecuador/Peru 42 B2 Nazwá Oman 103 E5
Nevada state USA 26-27
Napoli Italy Eng. Naples 79 D5 N·Dalatando Angola 60 B2
Nevers France 72 C4
Narbonne France 73 C6 Ndélé Central African Republic
58 C4 Nev§ehir Turkey 98 C3
Nares Strait sea feature New Amsterdam Guyana 41 G2
Canada/Greenland 64 C1 N·Djamena capital of Chad
58 B3 Newark New Jersey, USA 23 F3
Narew river Poland 80 E3 New Britain island Papua New
Ndola Zambia 60 D2
Narmada river India 116 D4 Guinea 126 B3
Nebitdag see Balkanabat
Narva Estonia 88 E2 New Brunswick province
Nebraska state USA 24-25 E3 Canada 21 F4
Narva river Estonia/Russian
Federation 88 E2 Neches river S USA 29 H3 New Caledonia external
Narva Bay sea feature Gulf of Neckar river Germany territory France, Pacific
Finland Est. Narva Laht, Rus. 77 B5 Ocean 126 C5
Narvskiy Zaliv 88 E2 Necochea Argentina 47 D5 New Caledonia island Pacific
Narva Laht see Narva Bay Neftezavodsk see Seÿdi Ocean 124 D3
Narvik Norway 66 C3 Negélé Ethiopia 55 C5 New Caledonia Basin undersea
Narvskiy Zaliv see Narva Bay Negev see HaNegev feature Pacific Ocean
124 D4
Naryn Kyrgyzstan 105 G2 Negro, Río river Argentina
47 C5 Newcastle Australia 131 D6
Náshik India 116 C5
Negro, Rio river Brazil/Uruguay Newcastle upon Tyne
Nashville Tennessee, USA 30 D1 England, UK 70 D4
Nâ¢ir, Buìeiret see Nasser, Lake 44 C4
Negro, Rio river N South New Delhi capital of India
Nassau capital of Bahamas 116 D3
36 C1 America 40 C1
Neiva Colombia 40 B3 Newfoundland & Labrador
Nasser, Lake reservoir Egypt province Canada 21 F2
var. Nâ¢ir, Buìeiret 54 B2 Nellore India 115 E2
Newfoundland island Canada
Natal Brazil 43 H3 Neman river NE Europe Bel. 21 G3
Natal Basin Undersea feature Nyoman, Lith. Nemunas, Ger.
Newfoundland Basin undersea
Indian Ocean 123 A5 Memel, Pol. Niemen 88 B4
feature Atlantic Ocean
Natitingou Benin 57 E4 Nemunas see Neman 48 B3
Naturaliste Plateau undersea Nemuro Japan 112 E2 New Georgia Islands island
feature Indian Ocean 123 E6 Nepal country S Asia 117 group Solomon Is 126 C3
Natzrat Israel Eng. Nazareth Neris river Belarus/Lithuania New Guinea island Pacific
101 A5 Bel. Viliya, Pol. Wilja 88 C4 Ocean 126 B3
Nauru country Pacific Ocean Ness, Loch lake Scotland, UK New Hampshire state USA
126 D3 70 C3 23 G2
Navapolatsk Belarus Rus. Netherlands country W Europe New Haven Connecticut, USA
Novopolotsk 89 D5 var. Holland 68-69 23 G3
408
New Ireland — North Island
New Ireland island Papua New Nieuw Amsterdam Suriname Norfolk Ridge undersea
Guinea 126 C3 41 H2 feature Pacific Ocean 124 D4
New Jersey state USA 23 F4 Niêde Turkey 98 D4 Norman Oklahoma, USA 28 F2
Newman Australia 128 B4 Niger country W Africa 57 Normandie region France Eng.
New Mexico state USA Niger river W Africa 56-57 D3 Normandy 72 B3
28-29 Niger, Mouths of the delta Normandy see Normandie
New Orleans Louisiana, USA Nigeria 57 F5 Normanton Australia 130 C3
30 C3 Nigeria country W Africa 57 Norrköping Sweden 67 C6
New Plymouth New Zealand Niigata Japan 112 C4 Norseman Australia 129 C6
132 D3 Nijmegen Netherlands North Albanian Alps
Newport Oregon, USA 26 A3 68 D4 mountains Albania/
Newport News Virginia, USA Nikolayev see Mykolayiv Montenegro 83 D5
23 F5 Nikopol· Ukraine 91 F3 North America 16-17
New Providence island Nile river N Africa 54 B3 North Andaman island India
Bahamas 36 C1 115 G2
Nile Delta wetlands Egypt
Newry Northern Ireland, UK 54 B1 North Atlantic Ocean 64-65
71 B5 North Australian Basin
Nîmes France 73 D6
New Siberian Islands see undersea feature Indian
Novosibirskiye Ostrova Ninetyeast Ridge undersea
Ocean 124 A2 128 A2
feature Indian Ocean 123 C5
New South Wales state North Bay Canada 20 D4
Australia 131 C6 Ningbo China 111 D5
North Cape coastal feature
New York state USA 23 F3 Ningxia autonomous region
New Zealand 132 C1
China 110-111 B4
New York New York, USA 23 F3 North Cape coastal feature
Nioro Mali 56 D3
New Zealand country Pacific Norway 66 D2
Ocean 132-133 Nipigon, Lake lake Canada
North Carolina state USA 31 F1
20 B4
Neyshábúr Iran 102 D3 North Dakota state USA
Ni# Serbia 82 E4
Ngaoundéré Cameroon 58 B4 24-25 D2
Nitra Slovakia Ger. Neutra, North Fiji Basin undersea
Ngerulmud capital of Palau Hung. Nyitra 81 C6
126 A1 feature Coral Sea 124 D3
Nitra river Slovakia Ger. Northern Cook Islands islands
N·Giva Angola 60 C3 Neutra, Hung. Nyitra 81 C6
N·Guigmi Niger 57 H3 Cook Islands 127 G4
Niue external territory New Northern Cyprus, Turkish
Nha Trang Vietnam 119 E5 Zealand, Pacific Ocean Republic of disputed region
Niagara Falls waterfall Canada/ 127 F4 Cyprus 98 C5
USA 23 E3 Nizámábád India 114 D1 Northern Dvina river Russian
Niamey capital of Niger 57 F3 Nizhnevartovsk Russian Federation see Severnaya
Niangay, Lac lake Mali 56 E3 Federation 96 D3 Dvina 63 G2
Nias, Pulau island Indonesia Nizhniy Novgorod Russian Northern Ireland province UK
120 B3 Federation prev. Gor·kiy 70-71
Nicaragua country Central 93 C5 96 B3 Northern Mariana Islands
America 34-35 Nkongsamba Cameroon external territory USA,
Nicaragua, Lago de lake 58 B4 Pacific Ocean 124 C1
Nicaragua 34 D3 Norak Tajikistan 105 E3 Northern Sporades see Vóreies
Nice France 73 E6 Nord Greenland 65 E2 Sporádes
Nicobar Islands island group Nordaustlandet island Svalbard Northern Territory territory
India 115 H3 65 G1 Australia 130 A3
Nicosia capital of Cyprus Norfolk Virginia, USA 23 F5 North European Plain region
var. Lefkosia, Turk. Lefko§a Norfolk Island external N Europe 62 E3
98 C5 territory Australia, Pacific North Frisian Islands islands
Nicoya, Península de peninsula Ocean 124 D4 Denmark/Germany 76 B2
Costa Rica 34 D4 Nori·lsk Russian Federation North Island island New
Niemen see Neman 96 D3 Zealand 132 G2
409
North Korea — Okhotsk
North Korea country E Asia 110 Novo Urgench see Urgench Ob· river Russian Federation
North Little Rock Arkansas, Novyy Margilan see Farg·ona 96 D4
USA 30 B1 Nsanje Malawi 61 E3 Oban Scotland, UK 70 C4
North Platte Nebraska, USA Nsawam Ghana 57 E5 Obihiro Japan 112 D2
25 E4 Nubian Desert desert Sudan Obo Central African Republic
North Platte river C USA 24 D3 54 B3 58 D4
North Pole ice feature Arctic Nu’eima West Bank 101 D7 Oceania 124-125
Ocean 137 G3 Nuevo Laredo Mexico 33 E2 Ocean Island see Banaba
North Sea Atlantic Ocean 70 E2 Nuku¶alofa capital of Tonga Oceanside California, USA
North Siberian Lowland 127 F5 27 C8
lowlands Russian Federation Ochamchira see Och·amch·ire
Nukus Uzbekistan 104 C2
94-95 Och·amch·ire Georgia Rus.
North Taranaki Bight gulf New Nullarbor Plain region
Ochamchira 99 E1
Zealand 132 D3 Australia 129 D6
Ödenburg see Sopron
North Uist island Scotland, UK Nunap Isua Island coastal
region Greenland var. Odense Denmark 67 B7
70 B3 Oder river C Europe 80 C4
Northwest Territories territory Uummannaruaq Dan. Kap
Farvel 64 C5 Odesa Ukraine Rus. Odessa
Canada 19 E3 91 E4
Nunavut Territory Canada
Norway country N Europe 66-67 Odessa see Odesa
19 F3
Norwegian Sea Arctic Ocean Odessa Texas, USA 29 E3
Nunivak Island island Alaska,
137 G5
USA 18 B2 Odienné Côte d’Ivoire 56 D4
Norwich England, UK 71 E6
Nuoro Italy 79 A5 Oesel see Saaremaa
Noteá river Poland Ger. Netze
Nuremberg see Nürnberg Ofanto river Italy 79 D5
80 C3
Nürnberg Germany Eng. Offenbach Germany 77 B5
Nottingham England, UK 71 D6
Nuremberg 77 C5 Ogaden plateau Ethiopia 55 D5
Nottingham Island island
Hudson Strait 20 D1 Nusa Tenggara islands East Ogallala Nebraska, USA 24 D4
Timor / Indonesia 120 E5 Ogbomosho Nigeria 57 F4
Nouâdhibou Mauritania
56 B2 Nuuk Greenland var. Godthåb Ogden Utah, USA 24 B3
64 C4 Ogdensburg New York, USA
Nouakchott capital of
Nyainqêntanglha Shan 23 F2
Mauritania 56 B2
mountain range China 108 D5 Oger see Ogre
Nouméa capital of New Nyala Sudan 54 A4
Caledonia 126 D5 Ogre Latvia Ger. Oger 88 C3
Nyasa, Lake lake E Africa Ogulin Croatia 82 B3
Nova Gradi#ka Croatia 82 C3 51 D5
Nova Iguaçu Brazil 43 F5 45 F2 Ohio state USA 22 D4
Nyeri Kenya 55 C6
Novara Italy 78 B2 Ohio river N USA 22 B5
Nyima China 108 C4
Nova Scotia province Canada Ohrid Macedonia 83 D6
Nyíregyháza Hungary 81 E6
21 F4 Ohrid, Lake lake Albania/
Nyitra see Nitra Macedonia 83 D6
Novaya Zemlya islands Russian
Federation 137 H4 Nykøbing Denmark 67 B8 Ohüe river Czech Republic/
Novaya Zemlya Trench see East Nyköping Sweden 67 C6 Germany Ger. Eger 81 A5
Novaya Zemlya Trench Nyngan Australia 131 D6 Óita Japan 113 B6
Novi Sad Serbia 82 D3 Nyoman see Neman Okavango river var. Cubango
Novokuznetsk Russian southern Africa 60 C3
Federation prev. Stalinsk Okavango Delta wetland
96 D4
Novopolotsk see Navapolatsk O Botswana 60 C3
Okayama Japan 113 B5
Novosibirsk Russian Federation Okazaki Japan 113 C5
96 D4 Oakland California, USA 27 B6 Okeechobee, Lake lake Florida,
Novosibirskiye Ostrova islands Oakley Kansas, USA 25 E4 USA 31 F4
Russian Federation Eng. New Oamaru New Zealand 133 B7 Okhotsk Russian Federation
Siberian Islands 95 F1 Oaxaca Mexico 33 F5 97 G3
410
Okhotsk, Sea of — Owensboro
Okhotsk, Sea of Pacific Ocean Opole Poland Ger. Oppeln 80 C4 Ostend see Oostende
134 C1 Oporto see Porto Östersund Sweden 67 C5
Okinawa island Japan 113 A8 Oppeln see Opole Ostrava Czech Republic Ger.
Oki-shotó island group Japan Oradea Romania 90 B3 Mährisch-Ostrau, prev.
113 B5 Oran Algeria 52 D1 Moravská Ostrava 81 C5
Oklahoma state USA 29 F1 Orange River river southern Ostroîèka Poland 80 D3
Oklahoma City Oklahoma, USA Africa 60 C4 Ostrowiec ⁄wiètokrzyski
29 F2 Poland 80 D4
Oranjestad Aruba 37 E5
Okushiri-tó island Japan 112 C2
Orantes River Asia 100 B3 Ósumi-shotó island group
Okára Pakistan 116 C2 Japan 113 A7
Ordu Turkey 98 D2
Öland island Sweden 67 C7 Otago Peninsula peninsula
Ordzhonikidze see Vladikavkaz New Zealand 133 B7
Olavarría Argentina 46 D4
Örebro Sweden 67 C6 Otaru Japan 112 D2
Olbia Italy 79 B5
Oregon state USA 26 Oti river Africa 57 E4
Oldenburg Germany 76 B3
Orël Russian Federation 83 A5 Otranto, Strait of sea feature
Oleksandriya Ukraine Rus.
Aleksandriya 91 E3 Orem Utah, USA 24 B4 Albania/Italy 79 E5
Olenëk Russian Federation 97 E3 Orenburg Russian Federation Ottawa capital of Canada
Ölgiy Mongolia 108 C2 93 C6 96 B4 20 D4
Olhão Portugal 74 C4 Orense see Ourense Ottawa river Canada 20 D4
Olita see Alytus Orestiáda Greece 86 D3 Ou river Laos 118 C3
Olmaliq see Almalyk Orinoco river Colombia/ Ouachita river SE USA 30 B2
Olmütz see Olomouc Venezuela 41 E3 Ouagadougou capital of
Oristano Italy 79 A5 Burkina Faso 57 E3
Olomouc Czech Republic Ger.
Olmütz 81 C5 Orkney islands Scotland, UK Ouarâne desert Mauritania
70 C2 56 D2
Olsztyn Poland Ger. Allenstein
80 D2 Orlando Florida, USA 31 E4 Ouargla Algeria 53 E2
Olt river Romania 90 B5 Orléans France 72 C4 Ouessant, Île d· island France
Örnsköldsvik Sweden 67 C5 72 A3
Olympia Washington, USA
26 B2 Orantes river SW Asia 100 B3 Ouésso Congo 59 C5
Omaha Nebraska, USA 25 F4 Orosirá Rodópis see Rhodope Oujda Morocco 52 D2
Oman country SW Asia 103 D6 Mountains Oulu Finland 66 D4
Oman, Gulf of sea feature Orsha Belarus 89 E5 Oulu river Finland 66 D4
Indian Ocean 103 E5, 122 B3 Orsk Russian Federation Oulujärvi lake Finland 66 E4
Omdurman Sudan 54 B4 93 D6 96 B4 Ounasjoki river Finland
Omsk Russian Federation 96 C4 Oruro Bolivia 42 C4 66 D3
Onega river Russian Federation Ósaka Japan 113 C5 Our river W Europe 69 E7
92 C4 Osborn Plateau undersea Ourense Spain Cast. Orense
Onega, Lake see Onezhskoye feature Indian Ocean 123 C5 74 C2
Ozero Ösel see Saaremaa Ourinhos Brazil 44 D2
Onezhskoye Ozero lake Osh Kyrgyzstan 105 F2 Ourthe river Belgium 69 D6
Russian Federation Eng. Lake Oshawa Canada 20 D5 Outer Hebrides island group
Onega 92 B3 UK var. Western Isles 70 B3
Oshkosh Wisconsin, USA 22 B2
Ongole India 115 E2 Outer Islands island group
Osijek Croatia 82 C3 Seychelles 61 H2
Onitsha Nigeria 57 F5
Oslo capital of Norway 67 B6 Ouyen Australia 131 C6
Onslow Australia 128 A4
Ontario province Canada Osmaniye Turkey 98 D4 Oviedo Spain 74 D1
18 B3 Osnabrück Germany 76 B3 Owando Congo 59 C6
Ontario, Lake lake Canada/USA Osorno Chile 47 B5 Owen Fracture Zone tectonic
17 D5 Oss Netherlands 68 D4 feature Arabian Sea 122 B3
Oostende Belgium Eng. Ostend Ossora Russian Federation Owensboro Kentucky, USA
69 A5 97 H2 22 B5
411
Oxford — Paysandú
Pazardzhik Bulgaria prev. Tatar Percival Lakes lakes Australia Philippines country Asia 121
Pazardzhik 86 C2 128 C4 Philippine Sea Pacific Ocean
Pearl river SE USA 30 C3 Pereira Colombia 40 B3 121 F1 124 A1
Peawanuck Canada 20 C2 Périgueux France 73 B5 Philippopolis see Plovdiv
Peá see Pejë Perm· Russian Federation prev. Phnom Penh capital of
Pechora river Russian Molotov 93 D5 96 B3 Cambodia 119 D6
Federation 92 D3 Pernau see Pärnu Phoenix Arizona, USA 28 B2
Pecos Texas, USA 29 E3 Pernik Bulgaria prev. Dimitrovo Phoenix Islands island group
Pecos river SW USA 28 D2 86 C2 Kiribati 127 F3
Pécs Hungary Ger. Fünfkirchen Pernov see Pärnu Phôngsali Laos 118 C3
81 C7 Perpignan France 73 C6 Phuket Thailand 119 B7
Pegasus Bay bay New Zealand Persian Gulf sea feature Phuket, Ko island Thailand
133 C5 Arabian Sea var. The Gulf 119 B7
Pegu see Bago 122 B2
Phumî Sâmraông Cambodia
Peipsi Järv see Peipus, Lake Perth Australia 129 B6
119 D5
Peipus, Lake lake Estonia/ Perth Scotland, UK 70 C3
Piacenza Italy 78 B2
Russian Federation Est. Peipsi Perth Basin undersea feature
Indian Ocean 123 E6 Piatra-Neam√ Romania 90 C3
Järv, Rus. Chudskoye Ozero Piave river Italy 78 C2
88 D2 Peru C South America 42
Peru-Chile Trench undersea Picton New Zealand 133 C5
Peiraías Greece var. Piraiévs,
Eng. Piraeus 87 C5 feature Pacific Ocean 135 G3 Pielinen lake Finland 66 E4
Pejë Kosovo prev. Peá 83 D5 Perugia Italy 78 C4 Pierre South Dakota, USA 25 E3
Pekalongan Jawa, Indonesia Pescara Italy 78 D4 Pie#˚any Slovakia Ger. Pistyan,
120 C4 Pesháwar Pakistan 116 C1 Hung. Pöstyén 81 C6
Pekanbaru Indonesia 120 B3 Petah Tikva Israel 101 A5 Pietermaritzburg South Africa
Peking see Beijing Peterborough England, UK 60 D4
Pelagie, Isola island Italy 79 B8 71 E6 Pihkva Järv see Pskov, Lake
Peloponnese see Pelopónnisos Peterborough Canada 20 D5 Piîa Poland Ger. Schneidemühl
Peter the First Island island 80 C3
Pelopónnisos peninsula Greece
Eng. Peloponnese 87 B5 Antarctica 136 A4 Pilar Paraguay 44 B3
Pelotas Brazil 44 C4 Petra see Wádí Músá Pilchilemu Chile 46 B4
Pelotas river Brazil 44 C3 Petrich Bulgaria 86 C3 Pilcomayo river C South
Petroaleksandrovsk see America 44 B2 46 D2
Pematangsiantar Indonesia
120 B3 To·rtko·O Pilsen see Plzeõ
Pemba island Tanzania 51 E5 Petrograd see St Petersburg Pinar del Río Cuba 36 A2
Pendleton Oregon, USA 26 C2 Petropavlovsk Russian Píndos mountain range Greece
Federation 96 C4 Eng. Pindus Mountains
Pennines hills England, UK
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy 86 A4
70 D4
Russian Federation 97 H3 Pindus Mountains see Píndos
Pennsylvania state USA
Petrozavodsk Russian Pine Bluff Arkansas, USA 30 B2
23 E3 Federation 92 B3
Penong Australia 131 A6 Pine Creek Australia 128 E2
Pevek Russian Federation Pinega river Russian Federation
Penonomé Panama 35 F5 97 G1
Penrhyn atoll Cook Islands 92 C3
Pforzheim Germany 77 B6
125 F3 Pineiós river Greece 86 B4
Phangan, Ko island Thailand
Penrhyn Basin undersea 119 C6 Pínes, Akrotírio coastal feature
feature Pacific Ocean 135 E2 Greece 86 C4
Philadelphia Pennsylvania, USA
Pensacola Florida, USA 30 D3 23 F4 Ping, Mae Nam river Thailand
Penza Russian Federation Philippine Basin undersea 118 C4
93 B5 feature Pacific Ocean 124 B1 Pinsk Belarus Pol. Piúsk 89 B4
Penzance England, UK 71 C7 Philippine Trench undersea Piraeus see Peiraías
Peoria Illinois, USA 22 B4 feature Philippine Sea 124 A2 Piraiévs see Peiraías
413
Pisa — Presque Isle
Pressburg see Bratislava Ptich· see Ptsich Pyramid Lake lake Nevada,
Preston England, UK 71 D5 Ptsich river Belarus Rus. Ptich· USA 27 C5
Pretoria capital of South Africa 89 D6 Pyrenees mountain range SW
see Tshwane 60 D4 Pucallpa Peru 42 B3 Europe 62 C4
Préveza Greece 86 A4 Puebla Mexico 33 F4
Prijedor Bosnia & Herzegovina Pueblo Colorado, USA 22 D4
82 B3
Prilep Macedonia 83 E5
Puerto Aisén Chile 47 B6
Puerto Barrios Guatemala
Q
Prince Albert Canada 19 F5 34 C2
Qaanaaq Greenland var. Thule
Prince Edward Island province Puerto Carreño Colombia 64 D1
Canada 21 F4 40 D2
Qábatiya West Bank 101 D7
Prince Edward Islands island Puerto Cortés Honduras
34 C2 Qaidam Pendi basin China
group South Africa 123 A7
108 D4
Prince George Canada 19 E5 Puerto Deseado Argentina
47 C6 Qalát Afghanistan prev.
Prince of Wales Island island Kalát104 D5
Canada 19 F2 Puerto Maldonado Peru
42 C4 Qalqílya West Bank 101 D7
Prince Rupert Canada 18 D4
Puerto Montt Chile 47 B5 Qamdo China 108 D5
Princess Charlotte Bay bay
Australia 130 C2 Puerto Natales Chile 47 B7 Qandahár see Kandahár
Princess Elizabeth Land region Puerto Plata Dominican Qaqortoq Greenland 64 C4
Antarctica 136 C3 Republic 37 E3 Qara Qum see Karakumy
Príncipe island Sao Tome & Puerto Princesa Philippines Qarshi see Karshi
Principe 59 A5 120 E2 Qasigiannguit Greenland 64 C3
Pripet river Belarus/Ukraine Puerto Rico external territory Qatar country SW Asia 103 D5
90 C1 USA, West Indies 37 F3 Qattara Depression see
Pripet Marshes wetlands Puerto San Julián Argentina Qa√√árah, Munkhafaç al
Belarus/Ukraine 90 C1 47 C7 Qa√√árah, Munkhafaç al desert
Prishtinë capital of Kosovo Puerto Suárez Bolivia 42 D4 basin Egypt Eng. Qattara
83 D5 Puerto Vallarta Mexico 32 D4 Depression 54 A1
Prizren Kosovo 83 D5 Pula Croatia 82 A3 Qausuittuq see Resolute
Prome see Pyay Pul-e Khumrí Afghanistan Qeqertarsuaq Greenland 64 B3
Prossnitz see Prostêjov prev. Pol-e Khomrí 105 E4 Qeqertarsuaq island Greenland
Prostêjov Czech Republic Ger. Pune India prev. Poona 114 C1 64 B3
Prossnitz 81 C5 Puno Peru 42 C4 Qian see Guizhou
Provence region France 73 D6 Punta Arenas Chile prev. Qilian Shan mountain range
Magallanes 47 B7 China 108 A4
Providence Rhode Island, USA
23 G3 Puntarenas Costa Rica 34 D4 Qimusseriarsuaq bay
Purmerend Netherlands Greenland 64 C2
Providencia, Isla de island Qiná Egypt 54 B2
Colombia 35 E3 68 C3
Purus river Brazil/Peru 42 C3 Qingdao China 110 D4
Provo Utah, USA 24 B4
Pusan see Busan Qinghai province China var.
Prudhoe Bay Alaska, USA Chinghai, Koko Nor, Qing,
18 D2 Putrajaya capital of Malaysia Tsinghai 108 D4
Przheval·sk see Karakol 120 B3
Qinghai Hu lake China var.
Pskov Russian Federation Putumayo river NW South Koko Nor 108 D4
92 A4 America 38 B3
Qingzang Gaoyuan plateau
Pskov, Lake lake Estonia/ Pyapon Myanmar 118 B4 China Eng. Plateau of Tibet
Russian Federation Est. Pyarnu see Pärnu 110 A4
Pihkva Järv, Rus. Pskovskoye Pyay Myanmar prev. Prome Qiong see Hainan
Ozero 88 D3 118 A4 Qiqihar China 110 D3
Pskovskoye Ozero Pyongyang capital of North Qira China 108 B4
see Pskov, Lake Korea 110 E4 Qitai China 108 C3
415
Qom — Rhode Island
Rhodes see Ródos Riyadh capital of Saudi Arabia Rostak see Ar Rustáq
Rhodope Mountains mountain Ar. Ar Riyáç 103 C5 Rostock Germany 76 C2
range Bulgaria/Greece Gk. Rize Turkey 99 E2 Rostov-na-Donu Russian
Orosirá Rodópis, Bul. Rkîz Mauritania 56 C3 Federation 96 A3
Despoto Planina 86 C3 Road Town capital of British Roswell New Mexico, USA
Rhône river France/Switzerland Virgin Islands 37 F3 28 D2
62 C4 Roanne France 73 D5 Rotorua New Zealand
Ribeirão Preto Brazil 45 E1 Roanoke Virginia, USA 23 E5 132 D3
Riberalta Bolivia 42 C3 Roanoke river SE USA 31 G1 Rotorua, Lake lake New
Rîbni√a Moldova 90 D3 Robinson Range mountain Zealand 132 D3
Richfield Utah, USA 24 B4 range Australia 129 B5 Rotterdam Netherlands
Richland Washington, USA Rochester Minnesota, USA 68 C4
24 C2 25 F3 Rouen France 72 C3
Richmond Kentucky, USA Rochester New York, USA Rovaniemi Finland 66 D3
22 C5 23 E3 Rovno see Rivne
Richmond New Zealand 133 C5 Rockford Illinois, USA 22 B3 Rovuma river Mozambique/
Richmond Virginia, USA 23 E5 Rockhampton Australia 130 D4 Tanzania 61 F2
Richmond Range mountain Rock Island Illinois, USA 22 B3 Roxas City Philippines
range New Zealand 133 C5 121 E2
Rock Springs Wyoming, USA
Ricobayo, Embalse de reservoir 24 C3 Roªõava Slovakia Ger.
Spain 74 D2 Rosenau, Hung. Rozsnyó
Rockstone Guyana 41 G2
Riga capital of Latvia Latv. Ríga 81 D6
88 C3 Rocky Mountains mountain
range Canada/USA 18-19 D4 Rozsnyó see Roªõava
Riga, Gulf of sea feature Ruatoria New Zealand
Baltic Sea 88 C3 Rodez France 73 C6
132 E3
Riihimäki Finland 67 D5 Ródhos see Ródos
Ruawai New Zealand
Rijeka Croatia It. Fiume 82 A3 Ródos island Greece var. 132 D2
Rimah, Wádí ar dry Ródhos, Eng. Rhodes 87 E6
Rudnyy Kazakhstan 96 C4
watercourse Saudi Arabia Ródos Greece Eng. Rhodes
87 E6 Rudolf, Lake see Lake Turkana
103 B5
Rodosto see Tekirdaê Rügen headland Germany
Rimini Italy 78 C3 76 D2
Rîmnicu Vîlcea see Roeselare Belgium 69 A5
Rukwa, Lake lake Tanzania
Râmnicu Vâlcea Roma Australia 131 D5 55 B7
Riobamba Ecuador 40 A4 Roma see Rome Rumbek South Sudan 55 B5
Rio Branco Brazil 42 C3 Romania country SE Europe 90 Rundu Namibia 60 C3
Río Cuarto Argentina 46 C4 Rome capital of Italy It. Roma Ruoqiang China 108 C3
Rio de Janeiro Brazil 45 F2 78 C4 Ruse Bulgaria 86 D1
Río Gallegos Argentina 47 C7 Rome Georgia, USA 30 D2 Russian Federation country
Rio Grande Brazil 44 D4 Rønne Denmark 67 B8 Europe/Asia 92-93 96-97
Rio Grande river N America Ronne Ice Shelf ice feature Rustavi Georgia 99 F2
16 B6 Antarctica 136 B3 Rutland Vermont, USA 23 F2
Rio Grande Rise undersea Roosendaal Netherlands Rutog China 108 B4
feature Atlantic Ocean 49 C6 68 C4 Rwanda country C Africa 55
Río Verde Mexico 33 E3 Rosario Argentina 46 D4 Ryazan· Russian Federation
Rishiri-tó island Japan 112 D1 Roseau capital of Dominica 93 B5 96 B3
Rivas Nicaragua 34 D3 37 G4 Rybinskoye Vodokhranilishche
Rivera Uruguay 44 C4 Rosenau see Roªõava Reservoir Russian Federation
Riverside California, USA Rositten see Rézekne Eng. Rybinsk Reservoir 92 B4
27 C8 Ross Ice Shelf ice feature Rybnik Poland 81 C5
Riverton New Zealand 133 A7 Antarctica 136 B4 Ryúkyú-rettó island group
Rivne Ukraine Rus. Rovno 90 C2 Ross Sea Antarctica 136 B4 Japan 113 A8
417
Ryukyu Trench — Samsun
Samui, Ko island group San Juan de los Morros Santa Rosa Argentina 47 C4
Thailand 119 C6 Venezuela 40 D1 Santa Rosa California, USA
San river Poland 81 E5 Sankt Martin see Martin 27 A6
Saña Peru 42 A3 Sankt-Peterburg see St Santa Rosa de Copán Honduras
Sana capital of Yemen var. Petersburg 34 C2
flan¶á· 103 B7 Sankt Pölten Austria 77 E6 Santa Rosa Island island W
Sanandaj Sinneh. Iran 102 C3 flanlıurfa Turkey prev. Urfa USA 27 B8
San Andrés, Isla de island 98 E4 Santiago island Cape Verde
Colombia 35 E3 San Lorenzo Honduras 34 C3 56 A3
San Angelo Texas, USA 29 F3 San Luis Potosí Mexico 33 E3 Santiago capital of Chile 46 B4
San Antonio Chile 46 B4 San Marino country S Europe Santiago Dominican Republic
San Antonio Texas, USA 29 F4 78 C3 37 E3
San Antonio river S USA 29 G4 San Matías, Golfo sea feature Santiago Panama 35 F5
Argentina 39 C6 Santiago de Compostela Spain
San Antonio Oeste Argentina
San Miguel El Salvador 34 C3 74 C1
47 C5
San Miguel de Tucumán Santiago de Cuba Cuba 36 C3
Sanáw Yemen 103 C6 Argentina 46 C3
San Bernardino California, USA Santiago del Estero Argentina
San Nicolas Island island W 46 C3
27 C7 USA 27 B8
San Carlos Uruguay 44 C5 Santo Antão island Cape Verde
San Pedro Sula Honduras 56 A2
San Carlos de Bariloche 34 C2
Argentina 47 B5 Santo Domingo capital of
San Remo Italy 78 A3
San Clemente Island island W Dominican Republic 37 E3
San Salvador capital of El
USA 27 C8 Salvador 34 C3 Santo Domingo de los
San Cristóbal Venezuela 40 C2 Colorados Ecuador 40 A4
San Salvador de Jujuy
San Diego California, USA Argentina 46 C2 Santoríni island Greece
27 C8 87 D6
San Sebastián Spain Bas.
Sandwich Island see Efate Donostia 75 E1 Santos Brazil 45 E2
San Fernando Trinidad & Santa Ana El Salvador 34 B2 São Borja Brazil 44 C3
Tobago 37 G5 Santa Ana California, USA 27 C8 São Francisco river Brazil
San Fernando Venezuela 40 D2 Santa Barbara California, USA 43 G3
San Fernando de Noronha 27 B7 São José do Rio Preto Brazil
island Brazil 43 H2 Santa Catalina Island island W 44 D1
San Francisco California, USA USA 27 C8 São Luís Brazil 43 G2
27 B6 Santa Clara Cuba 36 B2 São Nicolau island Cape Verde
Sangir, Kepulauan island group Santa Cruz Bolivia 42 D4 56 A2
Indonesia 121 F3 Santa Cruz California, USA Saône river France 72 D4
San Ignacio Belize 34 C1 27 B6 São Paulo Brazil 43 F5 45 E2
San Joaquin Valley valley W Santa Cruz Islands island group São Tomé capital of Sao Tome
USA 27 B6 Solomon Islands 126 C4 & Principe 59 A5
San José capital of Costa Rica Santa Fe Argentina 46 D3 São Tomé island Sao Tome &
34 D4 Santa Fe New Mexico, USA Principe 59 A5
San Jose California, USA 27 B6 28 D2 Sao Tome & Principe country
San José del Guaviare Santa Maria Brazil 44 C4 W Africa 59
Colombia 40 C3 Santa Marta Colombia 40 C1 São Vincente island Cape
San Juan Argentina 46 B3 Santander Spain 75 E1 Verde 56 A2
San Juan river Costa Rica/ Santanilla, Islas islands São Vicente, Cabo de coastal
Nicaragua 34 D4 Honduras 35 E1 feature Portugal Eng. Cape
San Juan capital of Puerto Rico Santarém Brazil 43 E2 St Vincent 74 B4
37 F3 Santarém Portugal 74 C3 Sapele Nigeria 57 F5
San Juan Bautista Paraguay Santaren Channel Channel Sapporo Japan 112 D2
44 B3 Bahamas 36 C2 Saragossa see Zaragoza
419
Sarajevo — Shache
Shackleton Ice Shelf ice feature Shreveport Louisiana, USA Sighi∞oara Romania 90 C4
Antarctica 136 D3 30 A2 Siglufjördhur Iceland 65 E4
Shandong province China var. Shrewsbury England, UK 71 D6 Siguiri Guinea 56 D4
Lu, Shantung 110 D4 Shumen Bulgaria 86 D2 Siirt Turkey 99 F3
Shanghai China 111 D5 Shymkent Kazakhstan prev. Siling Co lake China 108 C5
Shangrao China 111 D6 Chimkent 96 B5 Silkeborg Denmark 67 A7
Shan-hsi see Shaanxi ‹iauliai Lithuania Ger. Schaulen Sillein see ·ilina
Shannon river Ireland 71 B5 88 B4
‹ilutë Lithuania 88 B4
Shan Plateau upland Myanmar ‹ibenik Croatia 82 B4 Simeulue, Pulau island
118 B3 Siberia region Russian Indonesia 120 A3
Shantou China 111 D6 Federation 97 E3 Simferopol·Ukraine 91 F5
Shantung see Shandong Siberut, Pulau island Indonesia Simpson Desert desert
Sharjah see Ash Sháriqah 120 B4 Australia 130 C4
Shawnee Oklahoma, USA Sibiu Romania 90 B4
Sinai desert Egypt 54 B1
29 G2 Sibolga Indonesia 120 B3
Sincelejo Colombia 40 B1
Shdanov see Mariupol· Sibu Malaysia 120 C3
Sines Portugal 74 B4
Shebeli river Ethiopia/Somalia Sibut Central African Republic
55 D5 58 C4 Singapore country SE Asia 120
Sheberghán see Shibirghán Sibuyan Sea sea Philippines Singapore capital of Singapore
121 E2 120 C3
Sheffield England, UK 71 D5
Shengking see Liaoning Sichuan province China var. Sinkiang see Xinjiang Uygur
Shenking see Liaoning Chuan, Ssu-ch·uan, Szechwan Zizhiqu
Shenshi see Shaanxi 111 B5 Sinnamary French Guiana
Shensi see Shaanxi Sichuan Pendi depression 41 H2
Shenyang China 110 D3 China 111 B5 Sinop Turkey 98 D2
Sherbrooke Canada 21 E4 Sicilia island Italy Eng. Sicily Sint-Niklaas Belgium 69 B5
Sheridan Wyoming, USA 22 C2 79 C7 Sintra Portugal 74 B3
·s-Hertogenbosch Netherlands Sicily, Strait of sea feature Sion Switzerland 77 B7
68 C4 Mediterranean Sea 79 B7 Sioux City Iowa, USA 25 F3
Shetland islands Scotland, UK Sicily see Sicilia Sioux Falls South Dakota, USA
70 D1 Sidi Bel Abbès Algeria 52 D1 25 E3
Shevchenko see Aktau Sidon see Saïda Siracusa Italy Eng. Syracuse
Shihezi China 108 C2 Siednesibirskoye Ploskogor’ye 79 D7
Shijiazhuang China 110 C4 plateau Russian Federation Siret river Romania/Ukraine
Shikoku island Japan 113 B6 Eng. Central Siberian Plateau 90 C4
97 E3
Shikoku Basin undersea Sirikit Reservoir Reservoir
feature Philippine Sea 134 B2 Siegen Germany 76 B4 Thailand 118 C4
Shikotan island Japan/Russian Siena Italy 78 B3 Sirte, Gulf of see Surt, Khalíj
Federation (disputed) 112 E2 Sierra Leone country W Africa Sisak Croatia 82 B3
Shikárpur Pakistan 116 B3 56
Sisimiut Greenland 64 C3
Shimonoseki Japan 113 A5 Sierra Madre del Sur mountain
range Mexico 33 E5 Sittoung river Myanmar 118 B4
Shinano-gawa river Japan Sittwe Myanmar prev. Akyab
112 C4 Sierra Madre Occidental
mountain range Mexico var. 118 A3
Shingú Japan 113 C5 Sivas Turkey 98 D3
Western Sierra Madre 17 B6
Shinyanga Tanzania 55 B7 Sjælland island Denmark
Sierra Madre Oriental
Shiquanhe see Gar mountain range Mexico var. 67 B7
Shibirghán Afghanistan Eastern Sierra Madre 32 D2 Skagerrak sea feature
prev. Sherberghán 104 D3 Sierra Nevada mountain range Denmark/Norway 67 A6
Shíráz Iran 102 D4 Spain 75 E4 Skellefteå Sweden 66 D4
Shkodër Albania 83 D5 Sierra Nevada mountain range Skopje capital of Macedonia
Shostka Ukraine 91 E1 W USA 27 B6 83 E5
421
Skövde — South West Cape
Skövde Sweden 67 B6 Sol, Costa del coastal region South China Sea Pacific Ocean
Skovorodino Russian Spain 75 E5 119 E7
Federation 97 F4 Soligorsk see Salihorsk South Dakota state USA
Skye island Scotland, UK Solomon Islands country Pacific 24-25 E3
70 B3 Ocean 126 South East Point coastal
Slavonski Brod Croatia 82 C3 Solomon Islands island group feature Australia 131 C7
Sligo Ireland 71 B5 PNG/Solomon Islands 124 C3 Southeast Indian Ridge
Solomon Sea Pacific Ocean undersea feature Indian
Sliven Bulgaria 86 D2
126 B3 Ocean 123 E6
Slonim Belarus 89 C6
Somalia country E Africa 54-55 Southeast Pacific Basin
Slovakia country C Europe 81 undersea feature Pacific
Slovenia country SE Europe 77 Somali Basin undersea feature
Ocean 135 E5
Indian Ocean 122 A4
Slov·yans·k Ukraine 91 G3 Southend-on-Sea England, UK
Somaliland Disputed territory
Sîupsk Poland Ger. Stolp 71 E6
E Africa 55 D5
78 C2 Southern Alps mountain range
Sombor Serbia 82 C3 New Zealand 133 B6
Slutsk Belarus 89 C6
Somerset Island island Canada Southern Cook Islands islands
Smallwood Reservoir reservoir 19 F2
Canada 21 E3 Cook Islands 127 G5
Somme river France 72 C3 Southern Cross Australia
Smara Western Sahara var.
Semara 52 B3 Somoto Nicaragua 34 D3 129 B6
Smederevo Serbia 82 D3 Songea Tanzania 55 C8 Southern Ocean ocean 123 D7
Songkhla Thailand 119 C7 Southern Upland mountain
Smolensk Russian Federation
92 A4 Sonoran Desert see Altar, range Scotland, UK 70 C4
Desierto de South Fiji Basin undersea
Smyrna see ƒzmir
Sopron Hungary Ger. feature Pacific Ocean
Snake river NW USA 26 D4 Ödenburg 81 B6 124 D4
Snowdonia mountains Wales, Soria Spain 75 E2 South Geomagnetic Pole pole
UK 71 C5 Antarctica 136 C3
Sorocaba Brazil 43 F5 45 E2
Sobradinho, Represa de South Georgia external
Reservoir Brazil 43 G3 Sorong Indonesia 124 G4
territory UK, Atlantic Ocean
Sotavento, Ilhas de island
Sochi Russian Federation 136 A1
group Cape Verde var.
93 A7 96 A3 South Indian Basin undersea
Leeward Islands 56 A3
Société, Îles de la islands feature Indian Ocean 123 E7
Soûr Lebanon anc. Tyre 100 A4
French Polynesia Eng. Society South Island island New
Islands 127 H4 Sousse Tunisia 53 F1 Zealand 133 D5
Society Islands see South Africa country southern South Korea country E Asia
Société, Îles de la Africa 60-61 110-111
Socotra see Suqu√rá South America 38-39 South Orkney Islands islands
Sodankylä Finland 66 D3 Southampton England, UK Antarctica 136 A2
71 D7 South Pole ice feature
Sofia capital of Bulgaria var.
Sofija, Bul. Sofiya 86 C2 Southampton Island island Antarctica 136 B3
Canada 17 G3 South Sandwich Islands
Sofija see Sofia
South Andaman island India external territory UK,
Sofiya see Sofia 115 G2 Atlantic Ocean 136 A1
Sognefjorden inlet Norway South Australia state Australia South Shetland Islands islands
67 A5 131 A5 Antarctica 136 A2
Sohâg see Sawháj South Australian Basin South Sudan country NE Africa
Sokhumi Georgia Rus. Sukhumi undersea feature Southern 55 B5
99 E1 Ocean 124 B5 South Taranaki Bight bight
Sokodé Togo 57 E4 South Bend Indiana, USA 22 C3 New Zealand 132 C4
Sokoto Nigeria 57 F3 South Carolina state USA 31 F2 South Uist island UK 70 B3
Sokoto river Nigeria 57 F3 South Carpathians see Carpa√ii South West Cape headland
Solápur India 116 D5 114 D1 Meridionali New Zealand 133 A8
422
Southwest Indian Ridge — Suntar
Tampico Mexico 33 F3 Tarim Basin basin China Tbilisi capital of Georgia prev.
Tamworth Australia 108 B3 Tiflis 99 F2
131 D6 Tarim He river China 108 B3 Te Anau New Zealand
Tanami Desert desert Australia Tarn river France 73 C6 133 A7
128 E3 Tarnów Poland 81 D5 Te Anau, Lake lake New
Tananarive see Antananarivo Tarragona Spain 75 G2 Zealand 133 A7
Tanega-shima island Japan Tarsus Turkey 98 D4 Tedzhen see Tejen
113 B7 Tartu Estonia prev. Yur·yev, var. Tegal Indonesia 120 C5
Tanga Tanzania 55 C7 Yurev, Ger. Dorpat 88 D3 Tegucigalpa capital of
Tanganyika, Lake lake E Africa ◊ar√us Syria 100 B3 Honduras 34 C2
51 D5 Tashauz see Da§oguz Teheran see Tehrán
Tanger Morocco var. Tangiers Tashkent capital of Uzbekistan Tehrán capital of Iran prev.
52 C1 var. Ta#kent, Uzb. Toshkent Teheran 102 C3
Tanggula Shan mountain 105 E2 Tehuacán Mexico 33 F4
range China 108 C4 Ta#kent see Tashkent Tehuantepec, Golfo de sea
Tangiers see Tanger Tasman Bay inlet New Zealand feature Mexico 33 G5
Tangra Yumco lake China 132 C4 Tejen Turkmenistan prev.
108 B5 Tasmania state Australia Tedzhen 104 C3
Tangshan China 110 D4 131 C8 Tejo see Tagus
Tanimbar Islands see Tanimbar, Tasman Basin undersea feature Te Kao New Zealand131 C1
Kepulauan Tasman Sea 124 D5 Tekirdaê Turkey It. Rodosto
Tanimbar, Kepulauan island Tasman Plateau undersea 98 A2
group Indonesia Eng. feature Pacific Ocean 124 C5
Te Kuiti Waikato, New Zealand
Tanimbar Islands 121 F5 Tasman Sea Pacific Ocean 132 D3
Tanjungkarang see Bandar 134 C4
Tel Aviv-Yafo Israel 101 A5
Lampung Tassili-n-Ajjer desert plateau
Algeria 53 E4 Teles Pires river Brazil 43 E3
Tan-Tan Morocco 52 B3 Tell Atlas plateau Africa 84 C3
Tanzania country E Africa 55 Tatabánya Hungary 81 C6
Tatar Pazardzhik see Telschen see Tel#iai
Taoudenni Mali 57 E2 Tel#iai Lithuania Ger. Telschen
Pazardzhik
Tapa Estonia Ger. Taps 88 D2 88 B4
Taubaté Brazil 43 F5 45 E2
Tapachula Mexico 33 G5 Temuco Chile 47 B5
Taumarunui New Zealand
Tapajós river Brazil 43 E2 132 D3 Ténéré physical region Niger
Taps see Tapa Taunggyi Myanmar 118 B3 57 G2
◊arábulus see Tripoli, Lebanon Taunton England, UK 71 D7 Tenerife island Spain 52 A3
◊arábulus al-Gharb see Tripoli, Taupo New Zealand 132 D3 Tennant Creek Australia 130 A3
Libya Taupo, Lake lake New Zealand Tennessee state USA 30 D1
Taranto Italy 79 E5 132 D3 Tennessee river SE USA 31 C1
Taranto, Golfo di sea feature Tauragë Lithuania 88 B4 Tepelenë Albania 83 D6
Mediterranean Sea 79 E5 Tauranga New Zealand 132 D3 Tepic Mexico 32 D4
Tarapoto Peru 42 B2 Taurus Mountains mountain Teplice Czech Republic Ger.
Tarawa island Kiribati range Turkey see Toros Teplitz, prev. Teplice-‹anov,
127 E2 Daêları 94 D4 Ger. Teplitz-Schönau 80 A4
Taraz Kazakhstan prev. Tavoy see Dawei Teplice-‹anov see Teplice
Dzhambul, Zhambyl 96 C5 Tawau Malaysia 120 D3
Tarbes France 73 B6 Teplitz see Teplice
Taymyr, Ozero lake Russian Teplitz-Schönau see Teplice
Tarcoola Australia 131 A5 Federation 97 E2
Târgovi§te Romania prev. Teraina island Kiribati 127 G2
Taymyr, Poluostrov peninsula
Tîrgovi∞te 90 C4 Russian Federation Eng. Teresina Brazil 43 G2
Târgu Mure§ Romania prev. Taymyr Peninsula 97 E2 Termez Uzbekistan 105 E3
Tîrgu Mure∞ 90 C4 Taymyr Peninsula see Taymyr, Terneuzen Netherlands 69 B5
Tarija Bolivia 42 C5 Poluostrov Terni Italy 78 C4
425
Ternopil· — Tongking, Gulf of
Ternopil· Ukraine Rus. Thorn see Toruú Tirol region Austria var. Tyrol
Ternopol· 90 C2 Thorshavn see Tórshavn 77 C7
Ternopol·see Ternopil· Thracian Sea Greece Gk. Tiruchchiráppalli India 114 D3
Terrassa Spain 75 G2 Thrakikó Pélagos 86 D3 Tisa see Tisza
Terre Haute Indiana, USA 22 B4 Thrakikó Pélagos see Tisza river E Europe Ger. Theiss,
Terres Australes et Thracian Sea Cz./Rom./SCr. Tisa
Antarctiques Françaises Three Kings Islands island 81 D6
see French Southern and group New Zealand 132 C1 Titicaca, Lake lake Bolivia/Peru
Antarctic Territories Thule see Qaanaaq 42 C4
Terschelling island Netherlands Thunder Bay Canada 20 B4 Tlemcen Algeria 52 D2
68 C1 Thuner See lake Switzerland Toamasina Madagascar 61 G3
Teruel Spain 75 F3 77 B7 Toba, Danau lake Indonesia
Teseney Eritrea 54 C4 Thurso Scotland, UK 70 C2 120 B3
Tessalit Mali 57 E2 Tianjin China var. Tientsin Tobago island Trinidad and
Tete Mozambique 61 E3 110 D4 Tobago 37 G5
Tétouan Morocco 52 C1 Tiberias, Lake lake Israel var. Toba Kákar Range mountains
Tetovo Macedonia 83 D5 Sea of Galilee, Heb. Yam Pakistan 116 B2
Tetschen see Dêâín Kinneret, Ar. Bahrat Tabariya Tobruk see ◊ubruq
101 B5 Tocantins river Brazil 43 F3
Tevere river Italy 78 C4
Tibesti mountains Chad/Libya Tocopilla Chile 46 B2
Texas state USA 28-29 F3 50 C3
Texarkana Arkansas, USA Togo country W Africa 57 E4
Tibet autonomous region
30 A2 China Chin. Xizang 108 C5 Tokat Turkey 98 D3
Texas City Texas, USA 29 G4 Tibet, Plateau of see Qingzang Tokelau external territory New
Texel island Netherlands 68 C2 Gaoyuan Zealand, Pacific Ocean
Thailand country SE Asia 118- 127 F3
Tienen Belgium 69 C6
119 Tokmak Kyrgyzstan 105 F2
Tien Shan mountain range C
Thailand, Gulf of sea feature Asia 105 G2 Tokuno-shima island Japan
South China Sea 119 C6 113 A8
Tientsin see Tianjin
Thames river England, UK 71 D6 Tokushima Japan 113 B5
Tierra del Fuego island
Thar Desert desert India/ Argentina/Chile 47 C8 Tokyo capital of Japan 113 D5
Pakistan 116 C3 Tiflis see Tbilisi Toledo Spain 75 E3
Tharthár, Buíayrat ath lake Tighina Moldova prev. Bendery Toledo Ohio, USA 22 C3
Iraq 102 B3 90 D4 Toledo Bend Reservoir
Thásos island Greece 86 C3 Tigris river SW Asia 94 B4 Reservoir S USA 29 H3
Thaton Myanmar 118 B4 Tijuana Mexico 32 A1 Toliara Madagascar 61 E3
Theiss see Tisza Tiki Basin undersea feature Tol·yatti prev. Stavropol·
Thermaic Gulf see Thermaïkós Pacific Ocean 135 E3 Russian Federation 93 C5
Kólpos Tiksi Russian Federation 97 F2 Tomakomai Japan 112 D2
Thermaïkós Kólpos sea feature Tilburg Netherlands 68 C4 Tombouctou Mali 57 E3
Greece Eng. Thermaic Gulf Timaru New Zealand 133 B6 Tombua Angola 60 B2
86 B4 Tomini, Gul of sea feature
Timi∞oara Romania 90 A4
Thessaloníki Greece var. Indonesia 121 E4
Salonica 86 B3 Timmins Canada 20 C4
Timor island Indonesia 121 F5 Tomsk Russian Federation
The Valley dependent territory 96 D4
capital Anguilla 37 G5 Timor Sea Indian Ocean 121 F5
Tonga country Pacific Ocean
Thimphu capital of Bhutan Tindouf Algeria 52 B3
127 E5
117 G3 Tínos island Greece 87 D5 Tongatapu island Tonga
Thionville France 72 E3 Tirana capital of Albania 83 D6 125 E3
Thiruvananthapuram India see Tiraspol Moldova 90 D4 Tongking, Gulf of sea feature
Trivandrum 114 D3 Tîrgovi∞te see Târgovi∞te South China Sea var. Gulf of
Thompson Canada 19 F4 Tîrgu Mure∞ see Târgu Mure∞ Tonkin 111 B7
426
Tongliao — Tuguegarao
Tongliao China 109 G2 Toyama Japan 112 C4 Tripoli Lebanon var. Trâblous,
Tongtian He river China 108 C4 Tozeur Tunisia 53 E2 ◊arábulus 100 B4
Tonkin, Gulf of see Tongking, Trâblous see Tripoli, Lebanon Tripoli capital of Libya Ar.
Gulf of Trabzon Turkey Eng. Trebizond ◊arábulus al-Gharb 53 F2
Tônle Kông river Cambodia/ 99 E2 Tristan da Cunha external
Vietnam 118 E5 Tralee Ireland 71 A6 territory UK, Atlantic Ocean
Tônlé Sap lake Cambodia Trang Thailand 119 C7 49 D6
119 D5 Transantarctic Mountains Trivandrum India see
Tonopah Nevada, USA 27 C6 mountain range Antarctica Thiruvananthapuram 114 D3
Toowoomba Australia 131 D5 136 B3 Trnava Slovakia Ger. Tyrnau,
Topeka Kansas, USA 25 F4 Transnistria region Moldova Hung. Nagyszombat
90 D3 81 C6
Top Springs Australia 130 A3
Torino Italy Eng. Turin 78 A2 Transylvania region Romania Trois-Rivières Canada
90 B3 21 E4
Tornio Finland 66 D4
Transylvanian Alps see Carpa√ii Trollhättan Sweden 67 B6
Tornionjoki river Finland/
Sweden 66 D3 Meridionali Tromsø Norway 66 C2
Toronto Canada 20 D5 Trapani Italy 79 C6 Trondheim Norway 66 B4
Toros Daêları mountain range Traralgon Australia 131 C7 Trondheimsfjorden inlet
Turkey Eng. Taurus Trasimeno, Lago Lake Italy Norway 66 B4
Mountains 98 C4 78 C4 Troyes France 72 D4
Torre del Greco Italy 79 D5 Traverse City Michigan, USA Trujillo Honduras 34 D2
Torrens, Lake lake Australia 22 C2 Trujillo Peru 42 A3
131 B5 Travis, Lake lake Texas, USA Tsarigrad see ƒstanbul
Torreón Mexico 32 D2 29 F4 Tschenstochau see
Torres Strait sea feature Trebinje Bosnia & Herzegovina Czèstochowa
Arafura Sea/Coral Sea 126 B4 83 C5
Tselinograd see Astana
Torrington Wyoming, USA Trebizond see Trabzon
Tsetserleg Mongolia 108 D2
24 D3 Trelew Argentina 47 C6
Tshikapa Dem. Rep. Congo
Tórshavn capital of Faeroe Trenâín Slovakia Ger. Trentschin 59 C7
Islands Dan. Thorshavn 65 F5 Hung. Trencsén 81 C6
Tshwane capital of South
To·rtko·l Uzbekistan prev. Trencsén see Trenâín Africa see Pretoria 60 D4
Petroaleksandrovsk, prev. Trento Italy Ger. Trient 78 C2 Tsinghai see Qinghai
Turtkul·, Uzb. Tûrtkûl 104 C2 Trenton New Jersey, USA Tsumeb Namibia 60 C3
Tortoise Islands see Galapagos 23 F4
Islands Tsushima island Japan
Trentschin see Trenâín 113 A5
Tortosa Spain 75 F2 Tres Arroyos Argentina 47 D5 Tuamotu Fracture Zone
Toruú Poland Ger. Thorn Treviso Italy 78 C2 tectonic feature Pacific Ocean
80 C3 Trient see Trento 125 H3
Toscana region Italy Eng. Trieste Italy 78 D2 Tuamotu Islands island group
Tuscany 78 B3 French Polynesia 125 G3
Tríkala Greece 86 B4
Toscano, Archipelago island Tubmanburg Liberia 56 C4
Trincomalee Sri Lanka 115 E3
group Italy 78 B4
Trindade external territory ◊ubruq Libya Eng. Tobruk
Toshkent see Tashkent 53 H2
Brazil, Atlantic Ocean
Tottori Japan 113 B5 49 C6 Tucson Arizona, USA 28 B3
Touggourt Algeria 53 E2 Trinidad Bolivia 42 C4 Tucupita Venezuela 41 F1
Toulon France 73 D6 Trinidad Uruguay 44 B5 Tucuruí, Represa de Reservoir
Toulouse France 73 B6 Trinidad island Trinidad & Brazil 43 F2
Toungoo Myanmar 118 B4 Tobago 38 C2 Tudmur Syria var. Tadmur,
Tournai Belgium 69 B6 Trinidad & Tobago country Eng. Palmyra 100 C3
Tours France 72 C4 West Indies 37 G5 Tuguegarao Philippines
Townsville Australia 130 D3 Trípoli Greece 87 B5 121 E1
427
Tuktoyaktuk — Urfa
Tuktoyaktuk Canada 137 E2 Turtkul· see To·rtko·l Ulaanbaatar see Ulan Bator
Tula Russian Federation Tûrtkûl see To·rtko·l Ulaangom Mongolia 108 C2
93 B5 96 A3 Tuscany see Toscana Ulan Bator capital of Mongolia
Tulancingo Mexico 33 E4 Tuvalu country Pacific Ocean var. Ulaanbaatar 109 E2
Tulcán Ecuador 40 B4 127 E3 Ulanhad see Chifeng
Tulcea Romania 90 D4 Tuxtla Mexico 33 G5 Ulan Qab China var. Jining
Túlkarm West Bank 101 D7 Tuz Gölü lake Turkey 98 C3 109 F3
Tully Australia 130 D3 Tuzla Bosnia & Herz. 82 C3 Ulan-Ude Russian Federation
Tulsa Oklahoma, USA 29 G1 Tver· Russian Federation 97 E4
Tundzha river Bulgaria 92 B4 Ullapool Scotland, UK 70 C3
86 D2 Twin Falls Idaho, USA 26 D4 Ulm Germany 77 C6
Tungaru island group Kiribati Tyler Texas, USA 29 G3 Ulster region Ireland/UK
prev. Gilbert Islands 71 B5
127 E2 Tyre see Soûr
Ulungur Hu lake China
Tunis capital of Tunisia 53 F1 Tyrnau see Trnava 108 C2
Tunisia country N Africa Tyrol see Tirol Uluru peak Australia var. Ayers
53 F2 Tyrrhenian Sea Mediterranean Rock 129 E5
Tunja Colombia 40 C2 Sea 78 C6 Ul·yanovsk Russian Federation
Tupiza Bolivia 42 C5 Tyup Kyrgyzstan 105 G2 93 C5
Turan Lowland lowland Tziá island Greece prev. Kéa Umeå Sweden 66 D4
Turkmenistan/Uzbekistan 87 C5 Umnak Island island Alaska,
var. Turan Plain, Rus. USA 18 B3
Turanskaya Nizmennost· Una river Bosnia &
104 C2
Turan Plain see Turan Lowland U Herzegovina/Croatia
82 B3
Turanskaya Nizmennost· see Unalaska Island island Alaska,
Turan Lowland Ubangi river C Africa 59 C5 USA 18 B3
Turâianskÿ Svätÿ Martin see Uberaba Brazil 43 F5, 45 E1 Ungava, Péninsule d· peninsula
Martin Uberlândia Brazil 43 F5, 45 E1 Canada 20 D1
Turin see Torino Ubon Ratchathani Thailand Ungava Bay sea feature
Turkana, Lake lake Ethiopia/ 119 D5 Canada 21 E1
Kenya var. Lake Rudolf Ucayali river Peru 42 B3 United Arab Emirates country
50 D4 55 C5 Uchkuduk Uzbekistan Uzb. SW Asia 103 D5
Turkey country SW Asia Uchquduq 104 D2 United Kingdom country NW
98-99 Uchquduq see Uchkuduk Europe 70-71
Türkmenabat Turkmenistan Udine Italy 78 C2 United States of America
prev. Chardzhev, prev. country North America
Chardzhou, prev. Leninsk, Udon Thani Thailand 118 C4
16-17
Turkm. Chärjew 104 D3 Uele river Dem. Rep. Congo Uppsala Sweden 67 C6
Türkmenba§y Turkmenistan 58 D5
Ural river Kazakhstan/Russian
prev. Krasnovodsk 104 A2 Ufa Russian Federation Federation 96 B4
Turkmenistan country C Asia 104 96 B3
Ural Mountains mountain
Turks & Caicos Islands external Uganda country E Africa 55 range Russian Federation
territory UK, West Indies 37 Uíge Angola 60 B1 var. Ural·skiy Khrebet,
Turku Finland 67 D5 Ujungpandang see Makassar Ural·skiye Gory 92-93
Turnagain, Cape headland New Ukhta Russian Federation Ural·sk Kazakhstan
Zealand 132 E4 92 D4 96 B3
Turnhout Belgium 69 C5 Ukiah California, USA Ural·skiy Khrebet see Ural
Turnu Severin see Drobeta- 27 A5 Mountains
Turnu Severin Ukmergë Lithuania 88 C4 Ural·skiye Gory see Ural
Turócszentmárton see Martin Ukraine country E Europe Mountains
Turpan China 108 C3 90-91 Urfa see flanlıurfa
428
Urganch — Verkhoyanskiy Khrebet
Urganch see Urgench Uzhhorod Ukraine Rus. Vanua Levu island Fiji 127 E4
Urgench Uzbekistan prev. Novo Uzhgorod 90 B2 Vanuatu country Pacific Ocean
Urgench, Uzb. Urganch 126 D4
104 C2 Váránasi India 117 E3
Urosevac see Ferizaj
Ûroteppa Tajikistan 105 E2 V Varaªdin Croatia 82 B2
Vardar river Greece/Macedonia
Uruapan Mexico 33 E4 prev. Axios 83 E6
Uruguaiana Brazil 44 B4 Vaal river South Africa 60 D4 Vardø Norway 66 E2
Uruguay country SE South Vaasa Finland 67 D5 Varkaus Finland 67 E5
America 44 Vadodara India 116 C4 Varna Bulgaria 86 E2
Uruguay river S South America Vaduz capital of Liechtenstein Västerås Sweden 67 C6
46 D3 77 B7
Vatican City country S Europe
Urumchi see Ürümqi Vág see Váh 78 C4
Ürümqi China prev. Urumchi Váh river Slovakia Ger. Waag, Vättern lake Sweden 67 B6
108 C3 Hung. Vág 81 C6
Vava¶u Group island group
Usa river Russian Federation Valdés, Península peninsula Tonga 127 F4
92 D3 Argentina 47 C5
Vawkavysk Belarus Rus.
U§ak Turkey prev. Ushak 98 B3 Valdez Alaska, USA 18 D3 Volkovysk, Pol. Woîkowysk
Ushak see U§ak Valdivia Chile 47 B5 89 B5
Ushuaia Argentina 47 C8 Valdosta Georgia, USA 31 E3 Växjö Sweden 67 C7
Ust·-Chaun Russian Federation Valence France 73 D5 Vaygach, Ostrov island Russian
97 G1 Valencia Spain 75 F3 Federation 92 E3
Ustica, Isola de island Italy Valencia Venezuela 40 D1 Veles Macedonia 83 E5
79 C6 Valencia region Spain 75 F3 Velikaya river Russian
Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic Valera Venezuela 40 C1 Federation 95 G2
Ger. Aussig 80 A4 Velikiye Luki Russian
Valga Estonia Ger. Walk 88 D3
Ust·-Kamchatsk Russian Federation 92 A4
Federation 97 H2 Valladolid Spain 74 D2
Velikiy Novgorod Russian
Ust·-Kamenogorsk Kazakhstan Valledupar Colombia 40 C1
Federation 92 B4 96 B2
96 D5 Vallenar Chile 46 B3
Velingrad Bulgaria 86 C2
Ustyurt Plateau upland Valletta capital of Malta 79 C8 Vellore India 114 D2
Kazakhstan/Uzbekistan Valley, The capital of Anguilla Venezia Italy Eng. Venice
104 B1 37 G3 78 C2
Usumacinta river Guatemala/ Valmiera Latvia Ger. Wolmar Venezuela country N South
Mexico 34 B1 88 C3 America 40-41
Usumbura see Bujumbura Valparaíso Chile 46 B4 Venezuela, Gulf of sea feature
Utah state USA 24 B4 Van Turkey 99 F3 Caribbean Sea 40 C1
Utena Lithuania 88 C4 Van, Lake see Van Gölü Venice see Venezia
Utica New York, USA 23 F2 Vanadzor Armenia prev. Venice, Gulf of sea feature
Utrecht Netherlands 68 C3 Kirovakan 99 F2 Adriatic Sea 78 C2
Uttar Pradesh state India Vancouver Canada 19 E5 Venlo Netherlands 69 D5
117 E3 Vancouver Washington, USA Venta river Latvia/Lithuania
Uummannarsuaq see 26 B2 88 B3
Nunap Isua Vancouver Island island Ventspils Latvia Ger. Windau
Uvs Nuur lake Mongolia Canada 18 D5 88 B3
108 C2 Vänern lake Sweden 67 B6 Vera Argentina 46 D3
Uyo Nigeria 57 G5 Vangaindrano Madagascar Veracruz Mexico 33 F4
Uyuni Bolivia 43 C5 61 G4 Verkhoyanskiy Khrebet
Uzbekistan country C Asia Van Gölü lake Turkey Eng. Lake mountain range Russian
104-105 Van 99 F3 Federation Eng. Verkhoyansk
Uzhgorod see Uzhhorod Vantaa Finland 67 D5 Range 97 F3
429
Verkhoyansk Range — Wabash
White Volta river Burkina Faso Winton Australia 130 C4 Xánthi Greece 86 C3
/Ghana 57 E4 Wisconsin state USA 22 B2 Xiamen China 111 D6
Whitianga New Zealand Wismar Germany 76 C3 Xi·an China 111 B5
132 E3 Wisîa river Poland Ger. Xiang see Hunan
Whitney, Mount peak W USA Weichsel, Eng. Vistula Xianggang see Hong Kong
27 C6 63 E3 80 D4 Xiao Hinggan Ling mountain
Whitsunday Group island W.J. van Blommesteinmeer range China 110 D2
group Australia 130 D3 Reservoir Suriname 41 H3 Xilinhot China 109 F2
Whyalla Australia 131 B6 Wîocîawek Poland 80 C3 Xingu river Brazil 43 E2
Wichita Kansas, USA 25 E5 Wodzisîaw ⁄làski Poland Ger. Xingxingxia China 108 D3
Wichita Falls Texas, USA 29 F2 Loslau 81 C5 Xining China 109 E4
Wicklow Mountains mountains Wolfsburg Germany 76 C3 Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu
Ireland 71 B5 Wollongong Australia 131 D6 autonomous region China
Wien see Vienna Wolmar see Valmiera var. Sinkiang 108 B3
Wiener Neustadt Austria Woods, Lake of the lake Xinxiang China 110 C4
77 E6 Canada/USA 20 A3 Xixón see Gijon
Wiesbaden Germany 77 B5 Woodville New Zealand 132 D4 Xizang Zizhiqu see Tibet
Wight, Isle of island England, Worcester England, UK 71 D6 Xuzhou China 111 D5
UK 71 D7 Worcester Massachusetts, USA
Wilcannia Australia 131 C6 23 G3
Wilhelm, Mount peak Papua
New Guinea 126 B3
Wilja see Neris
Worms see Vormsi
Woîkowysk see Vawkavysk Y
Wrangel Island see Vrangel·ya,
Wilkes Land region Antarctica Ostrov Yafran Libya 53 F2
137 C4 Wrocîaw Poland Ger. Breslau Yakima Washington, USA 26 B2
Willemstad Curaçao 37 E5 80 C4 Yaku-shima island Japan 113 B7
Williamsport Pennsylvania, Wuday ¶ah Saudi Arabia Yakutsk Russian Federation
USA 23 E3 103 C6 97 F3
Williston North Dakota, USA Wuhai China var. Haibowan Yala Thailand 119 C7
24 D1 109 E3 Yalong Jiang river China 111 A5
Wilmington Delaware, USA Wuhan China 111 C5
23 F4 Yalta Ukraine 91 F5
Wuliang Shan mountain range
Wilmington North Carolina, Yamaguchi Japan 113 B5
China 111 A6
USA 31 G2 Wuppertal Germany 76 A4 Yambio South Sudan 55 B5
Wilna see Vilnius Würzburg Germany 77 C5 Yambol Bulgaria 86 D2
Wilno see Vilnius Wuxi China 111 D5 Yamdena, Pulau island
Windau see Ventspils Indonesia 121 G5
Wyndham Australia 128 D3
Windhoek capital of Namibia Yamoussoukro capital of Côte
Wyoming state USA 24 C3
60 C3 d’Ivoire 56 D5
Yamuna river India 117 E3
Windorah Australia 130 C4
Windsor Canada 20 C5
Windward Islands see
X Yana river Russian Federation
95 F2
Barlavento, Ilhas de Xaignabouli Laos prev. Muang Yangon Myanmar Eng.
Winisk river Canada Xainabouri 118 C3 Rangoon 118 B4
20 B3 Xalapa Mexico var. Jalapa Yangtze see Chang Jiang
Winnemucca Nevada, USA 118 C3 Yaoundé capital of Cameroon
27 C5 Xai-Xai Mozambique 61 E4 59 B5
Winnipeg Canada 19 G5 Xalapa Mexico 33 F4 Yap island Micronesia 126 A1
Winnipeg, Lake lake Canada Xam Nua Laos 118 D3 Yap Trench undersea feature
19 G5 Xankändi Azerbaijan Rus. Philippine Sea 124 B2
Winston-Salem North Carolina, Khankendy, prev. Yaqui river Mexico 32 B2
USA 31 F1 Stepanakert 99 G2 Yarmouth Canada 21 F4
432
Yaroslavl· — Zwolle