Unit 1

Mechanics
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 v= Final velocity Equations
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 1
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 u=Initial velocity of motion
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 × 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2 a= acceleration
𝐶𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 t= Time
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑣=
𝑇𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡 s = Displacement
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 } 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑣+𝑢
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡, 𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑡
𝑢+𝑣 𝐹 𝑤
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑠 = 𝑡 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕, 𝑔 = =
2 𝑚 𝑚

Vector addition

𝑐= 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 A C
𝐴 𝑦
𝜃 = tan−1 = tan−1 𝜃 B
𝐵 𝑥

Resolving vectors

𝐹𝐻 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃 Hot Tips!!!

FV F
𝐹𝑉 = 𝐹 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃is always used for the component
FH= Horizontal component that is attached (adjacent ) to the angle
𝜃 FH Fv= Vertical component

Projectile motion

Only for projection from ground with an initial Hot Tips!!!

velocity (u) and at an angle 𝜃 𝑢2
Range is maximum when θ=45° 𝑠𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑔
Max height is maximum when θ=90°
𝑢2
𝑠𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑕𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 = 2𝑔

For other projectile use the equations of motion

2𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 and resolving vectors Hot Tips!!!
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡, 𝑡 =
𝑔
Be careful with the signs in vectors. ALWAYS be consistent.
𝑈 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒, 𝑅 = Eg, for projectile vertical acceleration is always downward
𝑔 (9.81) and for horizontal there is no acceleration
2
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑕𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 𝑕𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝑔
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒, 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑊 = 𝐹×𝑑

1 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑊
𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦, 𝐸𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑃= 𝑃=
2 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡

𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦, 𝐸𝑃 = 𝑚𝑔𝑕 𝑃 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑕𝑖𝑐𝑕 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑

= 𝐹𝑣
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐸
𝑃= 𝑃=
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡 1 𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑃 = 750 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = = %𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
× 100%
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡

%𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100%
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛
Archimedes Principle
Materials
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚 𝑈𝑝𝑡𝑕𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝜌𝑉𝑔
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜌= 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉
𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 𝐷 , 𝐹 = 6𝜋𝑟𝜂𝑣 ------[Stokes Law ]
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑕, 𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔
For spherical object moving upward through fluid 𝑈𝑝𝑡𝑕𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 > 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 + 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑔 𝑈 > 𝑊+𝐷
At terminal velocity 𝑈 = 𝑊 + 𝐷

For spherical object moving downward through fluid 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 > 𝑈𝑝𝑡𝑕𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 + 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑔 𝑊 >𝑈+𝐷
At terminal velocity 𝑊 = 𝑈 + 𝐷
4 4
Using stokes law 3 𝜋𝑟 3 𝜌𝑠 𝑔 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 𝜌𝑓 𝑔 + 6𝜋𝑟𝜂𝑣
2𝑟 2 𝑔 𝜌 𝑠 −𝜌 𝑓
So 𝑣𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 9𝜂 Hooke’s Law
Restoring force by a spring, 𝐹 = −𝐾∆𝑥 𝐹
Spring Constant, 𝐾 = ∆𝑥
Force exerted for an extension, 𝐹 = 𝑘∆𝑥 1 1
Elastic Strain Energy, 𝐸𝑒𝑙 = 2 𝐹∆𝑥 = 2 𝑘∆𝑥 2
Tensile Stress, 𝜍 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
=𝐴
𝐹 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∆𝑥
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖, 𝜀 = = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜍 𝐹𝑥
Young modulus, 𝐸 = 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
= 𝜖
= 𝐴∆𝑥
 Unit 2
Waves
1 Harmonics in a taut string
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝐹 = 𝑇
2𝑙
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒, 𝑉 = 𝑓𝜆 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕, 𝜆 = 𝑛
𝑇 → 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 (𝑠) 𝑛 𝑇
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑠, 𝑓 = 2𝑙
𝜆 → 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕(𝑚) 𝜇

𝑇
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒, 𝑣 = 𝜇

Refractive Index from medium 1 to medium 2

Hot Tips!!!
sin 𝑖 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 1 𝑣1
1 𝜇2 = = = = 2 𝜇1 In questions refractive index is
sin 𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 2 𝑣2
Critical angle (Always measured from dense medium to rare medium) generally given for light to dense
sin 𝑐 1 → 𝐿𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 medium, as evident by a value
2 𝜇1 = = sin 𝑐
sin 90 2 → 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 greater than 1. So second formula
sin 90 1
𝜇
1 2 = = should be used for critical angle
sin 𝑐 sin 𝑐
Phase difference-Path difference relations
For λ path difference, 𝑝𝑕𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2𝜋
𝜆
So, 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑕 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2𝜋 × 𝑃𝑕𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
2𝜋
𝑃𝑕𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝜆
× 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑕 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑃𝑕𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0 , 2𝜋, 4𝜋 … … … → 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑕𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜋 → 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑕𝑎𝑠𝑒
= 𝜋, 3𝜋, 5𝜋 … … … → 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑕𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑂𝑑𝑑 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜋 → 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑕𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑛+1 𝜆 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛 → 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑕𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑕 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
2 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛 → 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑕𝑎𝑠𝑒

DC Electricity
EMF (Energy Available per Coulomb of charge) Potential difference
𝑊 𝑊
𝐸𝑚𝑓 = 𝑉=
𝑄 𝑄
𝑊 → 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑊 → 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑄 → 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑄 → 𝐶𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒 ∆𝑊 ∆𝐸 𝐸
∆𝑄 = 𝐼∆𝑡 𝑄 = 𝐼𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃 = = = =
∆𝑄 𝑄 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 𝑡
𝐼= I= 𝑉 𝑉2
∆𝑡 𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝑉 × = = 𝐼 × 𝑅 × 𝐼 = 𝐼2 𝑅
𝑅 𝑅
𝑉 𝑉2
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑅 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘, 𝐸 = 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑉𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑡 = 𝑡
𝐼 𝑅
𝜌𝑙 𝐴 → 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆, 𝑅 = 𝐴
𝑅𝐴 𝑙 → 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚, 𝜌 = 𝑙
Transport equation 𝐴 → 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐼 = 𝑛𝐴𝑞𝑣 = 𝑛𝐴𝑣𝑒 𝑞 → 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑕 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟
𝐼 𝐼 𝑣 → 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐶𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑛 = 𝐴𝑣𝑞 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒
𝐼 → 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑕𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔𝑕 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
 Hot Tips!!!
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 , 𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯ + 𝑅𝑛 In series total resistance increases.
1 In parallel total resistance
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡, 𝑅 =
1 1 1 decrreases
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯ + 𝑅𝑛
Kirchhoff’s First law Hot Tips!!!
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛 Current is always same in series
Kirchhoff’s Second law and voltage is always same in
𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛 parallel

Potential divider
𝑅1 𝑅𝑛 𝑉1 𝑅1
𝑉1 = × 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑛 = × 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 Or simply: =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉2 𝑅2
Emf and internal resistance Hot Tips!!!
𝑉 = 𝐸 − ∆𝑉 = 𝐸 − 𝐼𝑟
Maximum power is delivered
𝑉 → 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
when the load Resistance (R) is
𝑟 → 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐸 → 𝐸𝑀𝐹 𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 equal to the internal Resistance (r)

Nature of light
Energy of photon, 𝐸 = 𝑕𝑓 =
𝑕𝑐 𝑕 → 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡(6.63 × 10−34 𝐽𝑠)
𝜆
𝑃 𝑃 → 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥, 𝐹 = 𝐴 → 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠
𝐴
Photoelectric effect
1 2 𝜙 → 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐸 = 𝑕𝑓 = 𝜙 + 𝑚𝑣max
2 𝐸 → 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑕𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑕𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝜙
Threshold frequency [Frequency of light for which a photoelectron will just be released], 𝑓0 =
𝑕
1𝑒𝑉 = 1.6 × 10−19 𝐽