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Research Article
Numerical Study of Flutter of a Two-Dimensional
Aeroelastic System
Riccy Kurniawan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta 12930, Indonesia
Copyright © 2013 Riccy Kurniawan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This paper deals with the problem of the aeroelastic stability of a typical aerofoil section with two degrees of freedom induced by the
unsteady aerodynamic loads. A method is presented to model the unsteady lift and pitching moment acting on a two-dimensional
typical aerofoil section, operating under attached flow conditions in an incompressible flow. Starting from suitable generalisations
and approximations to aerodynamic indicial functions, the unsteady loads due to an arbitrary forcing are represented in a state-
space form. From the resulting equations of motion, the flutter speed is computed through stability analysis of a linear state-space
system.
Elastic axis
𝑠 𝑑𝛼𝑞𝑠
𝐶 (𝑘) 𝛼𝑞𝑠 = 𝛼𝑞𝑠 (0) 𝜑𝑤 (𝑠) + ∫ 𝜑𝑤 (𝑠 − 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡, (6)
0 𝑑𝑡
𝛼
where 𝑠 is the nondimensional time, given by
b ba bx𝛼 1 𝑡
Center of
mass 𝑠= ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑡, (7)
𝑏 0
Midchord
where 𝜑𝑤 is Wagner’s function, which accounts for the
Figure 1: A typical aerofoil section with two degrees of freedom.
influence of the shed wake, as does Theodorsen’s function.
In fact, both Wagner’s and Theodorsen’s functions represent a
Fourier transform pair. Wagner’s function is known exactly in
where 𝐶𝑀(𝑡) and 𝐶𝐿 (𝑡) denote the coefficients of the aero- terms of Bessel functions (see [2] for details), but for practical
dynamic forces corresponding to pitching moment and lift, implementation it is useful to represent it approximately. One
respectively. For a general motion, where an aerofoil of chord of the most useful expressions is an exponential of the form
𝑐 = 2𝑏 is undergoing a combination of pitching and plunging
motion in a flow of steady velocity 𝑉, Theodorsen [1] obtained 𝜑𝑤 (𝑠) ≈ 1 − 𝐴 1 𝑒−𝑏1 𝑠 − 𝐴 2 𝑒−𝑏2 𝑠 . (8)
the aerodynamic coefficients
One exponential approximation is given by Jones [4] as
𝜋 1 ̈ + 𝜋 (𝑎 + 1 ) 𝐶 (𝑘) 𝛼
𝐶𝑀 (𝑡) = − 2
[( + 𝑎2 ) 𝛼̈ − 𝑎𝑏ℎ] 𝑞𝑠 𝜑𝑤 (𝑠) ≈ 1 − 0.165𝑒−0.0455𝑠 − 0.335𝑒−0.3𝑠 . (9)
2𝑉 8 2
𝜋 1 The state-space equations describing the unsteady aero-
− ̇ ,
[𝑉 ( − 𝑎) 𝛼] dynamics of the typical aerofoil section with two degrees of
2𝑉2 2
(2) freedom can be obtained by direct application of Laplace
transforms to the indicial response as
𝜋𝑏
𝐶𝐿 (𝑡) = (𝑉𝛼̇ + ℎ̈ − 𝑏𝑎𝛼)̈ + 2𝜋𝐶 (𝑘) 𝛼𝑞𝑠 . (3)
𝑉2 0 1
𝑧̇ 𝑧 0
[ 1] = [ 𝑉 2
𝑉 ] [𝑧1 ] + [1] 𝛼𝑞𝑠 (10)
𝑧̇2 −𝑏1 𝑏2 ( ) − (𝑏1 + 𝑏2 ) 2
The first term in (2) and (3) is the noncirculatory or [ 𝑏 𝑏]
apparent mass part, which results from the flow accelera-
tion effect. The second group of terms is the circulatory with the outputs
components arising from the creation of circulation about
the aerofoil. Theodorsen’s function 𝐶(𝑘) = 𝐹(𝑘) + 𝑖𝐺(𝑘) is 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑉 2 𝑉 𝑧 1
𝐶 (𝑘) 𝛼𝑞𝑠 = [ ( ) (𝐴 1 𝑏1 + 𝐴 2 𝑏2 ) ( )] [𝑧1 ] + 𝛼𝑞𝑠 .
a complex-valued transfer function which depends on the 2 𝑏 𝑏 2 2
reduced frequency 𝑘, where (11)
V∗ = V/b𝜔𝛼
d 0.1 1/10 −0.4 0.25 TG (c)
State space (d)
3 Zeiler (d)
TG (d)
2
3
Present (a)
Present (b)
Present (c)
1
2.5 Present (d)
TG (a)
TG (b) 0
2 TG (c) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
VF∗ = VF //b𝜔𝛼
TG (d) 𝜔h /𝜔𝛼
1.5
Figure 3: Comparisons of flutter boundaries from Zeiler [6] and
Theodorsen and Garrick [5] with the present computations. The
1 parameters used are 𝑎 = −0.3, 𝜅 = 0.05, 𝑟𝛼2 = 0.25, 𝑏 = 0.3 (a)
𝑥𝛼 = 0 (b) 𝑥𝛼 = 0.05 (c) 𝑥𝛼 = 0.1, and (d) 𝑥𝛼 = 0.2.
0.5
References
[1] T. Theodorsen, “General Theory of Aerodynamics Instability
and the Mechanism of Flutter,” NACA Report 496, 1934.
[2] H. Wagner, “Über die Entstehung des dynamischen Auftriebes
von Tragflügeln,” Zietschrift Für Angewandte Mathematik Und
Mechanik, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 17–35, 1925.
[3] J. G. Leishman and K. Q. Nguyen, “State-space representation
of unsteady airfoil behavior,” AIAA Journal, vol. 28, no. 5, pp.
836–844, 1990.
[4] R. T. Jones, “The unsteady lift of a wing of finite aspect ratio,”
NACA Report 681, 1940.
[5] T. Theodorsen and I. E. Garrick, “Mechanism of flutter: a
theoretical and experimental investigation of flutter problem,”
NACA Report 685, 1938.
[6] T. A. Zeiler, “Results of Theodorsen and Garrick revisited,”
Journal of Aircraft, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 918–920, 2000.
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