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Fundamentals Guide
Anthony W. Horn
CAESAR II® Fundamentals
Anthony W. Horn
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Welcome to these Special Videos for Learning
CAESAR II® Fundamentals!
This is exciting!
When I first started learning CAESAR II I said to myself, "I hope there are some
training videos available for me to look at." I had discovered that watching a
video and then following along with an instructor made it much easier for me to
learn a subject quickly. If I could just see how to do something, I seemed to
catch on faster. I think this is especially true for a more advanced type of
software. So fast forward, a few years, and we now have this type of training
available!
So thank you for taking this course and let's get started!
Anthony W. Horn
2014
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Trademark Information
The material, applications, and routines presented in this book have been
included for their instructional value. They have been tested for accuracy, but
are not guaranteed for any particular purpose. The author and copyright holders
do not offer any representations or warranties, nor do they accept any liabilities
with respect to this video and written material, instructions, software applications,
or routines. This material in these documents and accompanying videos is solely
owned and copyrighted ©2014 by CAD Training Technologies, LLC, Houston,
Texas, USA. Duplication in any manner is strictly prohibited without express
written consent.
Trademarks
AutoCAD® is registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark office by Autodesk,
Inc.
CAESAR II®, CADWorx Plant Professional®, and Isogen® are registered in the
U.S. Patent and Trademark office by Intergraph® Corporation.
Autodesk® provides the program, AutoCAD®, “as is” and with all fault.
Autodesk® specifically disclaims any implied warranty of merchantability or
fitness for a particular use. Autodesk®, Inc. does not warrant that the operation
of the program will be uninterrupted or error free.
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About the Author
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Acknowledgements
Special thanks are due to David Diehl, PE., Director of Training, at CADWorx and
Analysis Solutions, Intergraph Process Power and Marine. His support and great
knowledge of CAESAR II were instrumental in helping me produce this work.
The author also wishes to thank the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
for allowing me to include a copy of their ASME, B31.3 Piping Code, Appendix S
as part of these course materials.
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CAESAR II FUNDAMENTALS
Table of Contents
EXAMPLE 1
Video 1 Introduction and Course Overview................................................................. 1
Video 2 Starting a New File, Using the Interface, Entering Parameters ..................... 11
Video 3 Modeling Geometry, Adding Bends and Restraints,
Viewing Options ............................................................................................. 16
Video 4 Selection and Viewing Options, Orbit, Walkthrough, Display Options ........... 22
Video 5 Error Checking, Running the Analysis, Load Cases, Reviewing Results ...... 30
Video 6 Creating a Custom Report, Comparing Results to Code Results .................. 34
Video 7 Reviewing Sustained Load Case Results, Comparing Stress Results .......... 38
Video 8 Creating a New Load Case and Custom Report, Comparing Results ........... 43
Video 9 Viewing Plotted Results, Showing Deflected Shape, Forces, Moments,
Element Viewer, Animating Results ............................................................... 49
Video 10 Configuration, Outboard Processors, Interfaces, Utilities ............................... 56
EXAMPLE 2
Video 1 Inputting Parameters, Modeling Geometry .................................................... 63
Video 2 Display Options (Materials, Temperature, etc.), Additional Input Options ..... 71
Video 3 Using Lists, Block Operations ........................................................................ 77
Video 4 Running the Analysis, Comparing Results with Code, Animating Results ..... 84
Video 5 Designing a Hanger, Reviewing Load Cases ................................................ 90
Video 6 Generating a Stress Isometric ....................................................................... 98
Video 7 Modeling a Wind Load, Inputting the Wind Profile Parameters ..................... 104
Video 8 Developing Wind Load Cases, Snubbers, Analysis, Reviewing Results ....... 110
EXAMPLE 3
Video 1 Inputting Parameters, Multiple Temperatures and Pressures, Modeling ....... 120
Video 2 Completing the Model, Viewing Different Temperatures and Pressures ....... 128
Video 3 Analyzing Results, Comparing Results with the Code Results ...................... 136
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EXAMPLE 4
Video 1 Exporting a CAESAR II Input File from a 3D CAD System ............................ 140
Video 2 Opening the File, Adjusting Restraints, Adjusting Parameters ...................... 143
Video 3 Calculating and Modeling the Nozzle Displacements .................................... 147
Video 4 Adjusting the Model, Entering Nozzle Limit Check Information ..................... 153
Video 5 Analyzing Results, Finding Excessive Loads on the Pump Nozzles ............. 158
Video 6 Analyzing Alternate Geometry, Looking for More Flexibility .......................... 165
Video 7 Modeling a Dummy Leg ................................................................................. 170
Video 8 Adding a Restraint, Offset, and Single Flange, Running the Analysis ........... 176
Video 9 Modifying Geometry to Increase Flexibility, Deleting Elements ..................... 185
Video 10 Modeling New Geometry, Using the Flange and Valve Database ................. 191
Video 11 Duplicating using Mirror/Copy, Changing Sequence, Renumbering Nodes .. 203
Video 12 Running the Analysis, Conclusion ................................................................. 211
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example One Video 1
2. In this course we're not going to spend much time talking about
the theory behind pipe stress analysis. We're going to assume
you're already familiar with that. So our goal here is to learn
how to use the software.
6. There are four main areas that we're going to explore in this
course. We'll be building the geometry and modeling with the
software. We'll also learn how to run the analysis and the error
checker and produce reports and view our results.
7. We'll learn how to create custom reports so that you can get
your information to come out exactly like you want. We'll also
see how to import a model in from a 3D CAD system and work
with that. In CADWorx Plant Professional software and Smart
Plant 3D, designers have the ability to export out a CAESAR II
model. Then the stress analysts can just open it right up in
CAESAR II, and it's just quick and easy. This way the pipe
stress engineer doesn't have to recreate all the model
geometry. So we're going to see how that happens.
9. If you want more information about the theory behind these first
three examples, you can find it here in this appendix S. It's
explained in detail and they discuss the formulas and
information that forms the basis of these problems. We'll model
and solve these problems ourselves, and also use them as a
means to explore a number of features in CAESAR II.
10. This is what the lessons are going to look like. This first one is
just a simple model. It's example one in Appendix S. Next we'll
work with a liftoff model, and then we'll do this moment reversal
model. So we'll be building these models and comparing our
results to what the code shows.
11. This last model is the one I mentioned earlier. This is the 3D
model that came out of the CADWorx Plant Professional
system. We'll open the input file that CADWorx created for us in
CAESAR II and analyze it. We'll be able to use this model as
an opportunity to look at the nozzle limit checks on these
pumps, and we'll find that we're going to have to modify the
geometry some to get within the recommended allowable
values on these nozzle loads.
13. Also we have a report that shows what's going on here in the
model. We'll see that when you put a hangar in using CAESAR
II, it's an easy process. CAESAR II automates so much of that,
and the software includes over 30 manufacturers' catalogs built
right into it.
14. Here are some other topics we'll look at. We'll create new load
cases for our models. We'll do some nozzle limit checks. We'll
animate the displacements in our models, and we'll add a wind
load (an occasional load) to one the examples.
15. When we work with the imported CAD model we'll modify it to
pass the nozzle limit checks. We'll learn some CAESAR II
editing tools that are really nice, and we'll take a part of the
geometry, and mirror/copy it around the center line in the YZ
axis. We'll also see how to work with block operations, to
rearrange and renumber a group of elements in a single step.
18. Here's how the course is going to work. Here's a typical video
player, with different videos along the bottom. The best way to
go about this is to start playing the video and watch it for just a
few minutes. Let it show you one or two specific things, and
then you can pause it.
19. While you're watching the video, if you like, there is a full
screen toggle along the bottom. So if you can't see it real well,
you just click that, and then it displays larger, and you can see
it in detail. After you've seen something specific, pause the
video, and then toggle over to CAESAR II. Then you will
recreate the steps you just saw in the software. The videos will
just lead you through everything step-by-step, and you just
recreate what they've shown you.
20. Also your workbook will be very useful. Just have your
workbook open up to the right page as you work, and it will
follow right along with the video very closely. So you'll see it
and hear it in the video, and then you'll use your workbook and
recreate it. Learning this way works really well. What's good
about a video is if something is shown, and you don't quite
understand it, you can just click back a little bit and rewind it,
and you can see it again. So nobody's going to get left behind,
and everybody can work at their own pace here.
21. Now, certification and PDH hours in this course are optional.
If you want to earn a certificate and PDH hours, all you have to
do is just work through the lessons, pass the quizzes, complete
the survey, and the system will produce a certificate
automatically for you. If you don't want to pass quizzes or get
involved in that, you don't have to do that. The certification is
just optional.
23. All right, we're just about ready to get started now. This is the
first example in appendix S, and this is the line we're going to
model. You can see it's a pretty simple line. We have the
measurements given, and we have the restraints positioned in
the figure. So this is the information we're going to be keying
in. When we're done, the completed model will look like this.
24. Here are the design and operating conditions that we'll be
working with. We have the size of the pipe given and its
schedule. We have other information, like the specific gravity
of the fluid, the insulation thickness, and the material, which will
in turn give us the pipe's density. So we have everything here
that we need.
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5. The system will start up, and it will bring us into the Input Piping
screen. First it displays the current units. In this example,
we'll be working in Imperial units, so our length is going to be
in inches, forces will be in pounds, densities-- insulation
density, for instance-- will be in pounds per cubic inch.
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6. For this example, work in the same units. Then later, you can
go back and do this in metric units if you'd like.
Click OK to close the units dialog box and get started.
9. Also, there are some other things you can do with this
spreadsheet area. I'll drag and push it up and it will dock.
Notice the Auto-hide button in the upper right area of the
screen. When that is clicked, the Input spreadsheet will turn
into a tab, and the model display area will be much larger.
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10. Hovering over the spreadsheet tab and clicking it will reopen
the input spreadsheet. It's locked right now, but if you click the
auto-hide button again, it unlocks, and then you can drag it and
reposition it using the mouse.
12. As you watch the video, you will notice my Input screen is
compressed. This is because I'm recording using a fairly low
resolution, thinking users might play this material on a mobile
device.
13. Now we'll begin to input some of our design parameters. The
Input screen has node 10 to 20 displayed. Later, we'll start
inputting pipe lengths as the piping geometry gets modeled.
However, the first step is to specify the pipe diameter,
schedule, material, and other parameters.
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Why don't you get your system set up at this point, and then we'll carry
on after this?
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1. All right. We've got our CAESAR II file opened up and now
we'll begin to model the geometry of this line. Let's check our
sketch first for measurements. I'm going to hold the Alt key
down and press the Tab key, to take a look at the sketch in
Appendix S in the B31.3 Piping Code. We'll be building their
Example One.
2. We can see on the model that we're given nodes which identify
points along the line. The line goes from node 10 to 20, on
around 30, then 40, and down to node 50. We can see that on
node 10 and also on node 50, we have some anchors. On
node 20 we have what's called a Y restraint. This restrains the
line and prevents it from moving up or down on the Y direction
(the vertical direction).
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6. Use the Alt_Tab keys to view the model sketch shown in the
code. Node 15 is an extra node which give us more
information about the stresses and forces in this line. The next
node is node 20, which is 20 feet over in the X direction.
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13. At this point (node 30) we'll have a bend. The line will elbow
and turn up at this point.
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16. Double click Bend. You can see it's set for a long radius
bend.
Use the Alt_Tab keys to view the sketch. The segment we're
working is from node 40 to node 45, which will be a distance of
10 feet. The last segment (node 45 to node 50) will be a
distance of 20 feet, with an anchor on the end of the line.
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21. Click on the small button in the upper right corner of the input
spreadsheet. The spreadsheet will shrink and display as a tab.
22. Click on the Node Numbers tool button. This displays the
node numbers in the model.
24. Move the pointer into an open area of the screen and
right click on the mouse.
Select Properties.
Select Display options.
Here you can change a variety of display settings, background
colors, text size, etc.
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Click the Apply button (near the top of the dialog box).
Close the dialog box.
Why don't you get your model to this point, and in the next
video, we'll take a look at some other display options that we
have available on the toolbars.
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1. We're back at our model. Now let's take a look at some of the
viewing options that we have view the model. I'm in the
Southeast Isometric View. If you click this down arrow, and
you click on the Southeast Isometric, it'll reset the screen to this
view.
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6. Here are buttons for Pan and Zoom. We can also pan and
zoom just using the mouse itself.
Click the Select button to disable Orbit.
Roll the mouse wheel in or out to zoom in or out.
Hold down the wheel of the mouse and move it left or right
to pan. You can see when the wheel of the mouse is held
down, the Pan button highlights.
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14. This toolbar sets the display to front view, back view, top,
bottom, left, right. These buttons produce the various
orthographic and isometric views in the display.
15. Along the top toolbar that we've already looked at, we turned on
the restraints and the anchors. One button will show
hangers if they are in the model. Other buttons will show
displacements and nozzles, flanges, nozzle limits,
expansion joints, and Tees. So CAESAR II has options to
display these elements as well.
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17. The Find Node button will zoom to a particular node, or group
of nodes, in the model.
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If you move the mouse across the screen you can divide it into
four viewports.
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21. The way to reset the display to a single viewport is to move the
pointer back down toward the middle part of the screen,
where the viewports intersect.
So why don't you experiment with these commands? Try the zoom
options, change the views (top, front, southwest isometric), change
the display size of the node numbers, and set up multiple viewports.
Get familiar with these display options and it will be helpful as you
work with CAESAR II in your career.
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1. We're back in our model and now we're ready to begin the
analysis of this line. One thing to mention is the piping code
that we're running, which is the ASME B31.3 Code.
4. This is the screen that shows the results of the analysis that
CAESAR II has done. On the left are some load cases that
CAESAR II has created and recommended and used for its
analysis. You can see that this problem has five load cases.
The first two are called operating load cases. Included in those
are the weight and the temperature and pressure.
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7. The third load case listed is called the Sustained load case.
It involves the weight and the pressure. This represents the
piping system in its installed state, but not operating and heated
up yet.
10. Later, we'll create another load case down to illustrate how this
is done, and it will analyze the expansion between the highest
temperature and the lowest temperature.
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13. Click the View Reports button, which will display the results on
the screen. The system has other report display options. Next
to the View Reports button are other buttons that will send the
report out to Microsoft Excel® or Microsoft Word®.
14. The system will generate the report for us. The report shows
the different nodes, and then the different forces, in X, Y, and Z,
and also the different bending moments around X, Y, and Z.
15. If we look at node 10, we can see the Fx. The force in the x
direction is 5956, and the moment around Y is 15872
(15871.9). So let's just remember these values which we'll
compare to the Code results - 5956 and 15872.
16. Looking at the Code and scrolling down, we'll see their results.
They had 5960, and their bending moment result was 15870.
So we're within a 1% range of their calculated results.
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While we're viewing the results shown by the Code, let's take a
look at some of the other numbers listed. The report also
includes horizontal and vertical deflections. Let's look at these
three nodes, nodes 15, 20, and what they call 30 near. In
CAESAR II, that node is number 28 (we'll discuss this
numbering difference in a later video). These three nodes have
horizontal deflection values of 0.72, 1.44, 1.73.
17. Now we'll see what CAESAR II came up with for these same
values. We'll toggle back to CAESAR II, and close this report.
Then we'll stay in the same load case, and click on the
Displacements report.
18. Click on the View Reports button, and the results will display on
the screen. Looking at the results for nodes 15, 20, and 28, we
can see we're getting the same values: 0.72, 1.44, and 1.73.
So our model and analysis is producing the same numbers that
we saw in the B31.3 Code example.
19. So you go ahead and experiment with this for a while. Run
some of these other reports. You can see how they look and
you can get a sense of some of the things that CAESAR II can
report out.
20. In the next video, we'll create a custom report. We'll set a
report up that looks just like the one shown in the Code. We'll
include the axial forces, bending moments, and horizontal and
vertical deflections, and we'll be able to see how our results
compare to the example problem in the Code.
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As we look at this report set up, in the left area of the screen we
have some template settings. We have a header section and
the report body section, and we have options on changing the
type of the fonts and the sizes.
We also have a preview area to the right that lets us see the
report as we develop it.
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4. I'll toggle back over to the report builder, and we'll take a look at
adding these fields to our report. Down toward the bottom is
where we'll be able to access that information we need. So the
first thing we can do is
Click on the area called global forces.
Click the small arrow next to it.
Click the arrow next to Axial Forces.
This is the value that will be in column one in the new report.
You'll notice the report flashes as you hit enter each time. This
is indicating it's updating.
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9. What I'll do next is copy some of these and paste them into a
page showing how they compare to the results in the B31.3
piping code.
In the meantime, why don't you pause the video and build the
report as shown.
10. I've copied and pasted the results that we obtained in our report
next to the calculated the results that the B31.3 Appendix S
example calculated.
I've left a few of these fields off the list for simplicity, and also
so that we could show these side-by-side a little easier.
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The Code showed 0.72 and 0.05 for the vertical. We had the
same numbers: 0.72, 0.05.
As we look down the list at the other results we can see that
CAESAR II had results that are virtually identical to the Code
results. The note down here in the B31.3 Code is saying that
these are average from commercial programs with a variance
within units conversion tolerance. So our calculator results are
coming out as expected.
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2. Notice how the tables lists the nodes. It includes a node 30 far
and node 40 far.
7. So when the report in the Code shows a node called 30 far, it's
referring to the point on the far end of the elbow. The same is
true for node 40 far.
8. The output reports in CAESAR II list all of the bends in the line.
In the table in the piping Code, only some are shown.
10. We'll select the sustained load case, and we'll click on the
report called global element forces extended.
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11. Let's take a look now at the computed values that we got for
bending moments. On node 50, we had a bending moment of
27,936. We can also see that we had a high bending moment
on node 20, and it was 41,400. Then when we look at the
value for node 10, we have 12,730. So let's see what the Code
came up with for those.
12. Under bending moment for the Code results, they showed
27,930, 41,400, and 12,730. So our results came out virtually
the same.
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14. I'll toggle back over to CAESAR, and we'll close out this report.
This was our extended forces report.
15. Scrolling down, we can see the computed results for the
different nodes.
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16. Checking the values in the report, they went from 8,560 14,370
and 11,650. So the results computed by CAESAR II came out
as expected, and matched those given in the example.
This is a good point to pause the video. Go ahead and get your
model and analysis to here. Run these reports, compare
results, and then we'll continue on after this.
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What we'll do in this video is write a new load case that will
show the full range of expansion, from the lowest
temperature, up to the highest temperature. This will show
us how much our system is going to expand across this full
range of temperatures.
3. The way you build a new load case is using the load case
editor.
Close out the window which shows the load cases and the
reports, and we'll return back into our main screen.
This button is the one that we'll click to open the load case
editor.
Click the small button that has a plus, which will an add a
new entry in the list.
Click inside the L6 area, and we can begin to add some new
information.
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5. This load case will calculate the expansion across the full range
of temperatures. In this case, that will be the difference
between L1 and L2 (L1 is at the high temperature and L2 is at
the lowest temperature). If we take that difference, the system
will calculate the line across the full range of expansion.
Type: L1 - L2.
In the field for the Stress Type column,
Click, and click the down arrow, then click on Expansion.
8. We see now that our new load cases appeared in the list of
load cases analyzed. Later, if we click it to highlight it, we will
be able to select some of the various reports, and view the
calculated results that occurred from using this load case.
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9. I'll scroll back over and take a look at the example shown in the
code. They have a report in here that has the forces in x and y,
it has the moments around z, and it has the expansion stress
(CAESAR II will refer to this expansion stress as the code
stress).
10. Now we'll set up a custom report with these four columns.
12. Click the small symbol next to Global Forces, which will
expand it, and scroll down to FX.
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14. For the last column, we'll come down under Stresses, and
expand that.
Scroll down, and find "CODE STRESS."
Expand that.
Set it to column number four, with a precision of zero.
16. Now, we'll click on the Expansion Load Case, we'll click on
the Example One Expansion Report Two, and we'll go
ahead and run that. We'll tell the system to display that on
the screen, and we'll see what kind of results we come up with.
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This was an interesting lesson, and you can see that as you get
familiar with this, it gets easier to navigate. In this example, we
created a new load case for ourselves, we created a new
custom report for it, and we compared our values to those
shown here in the code.
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For instance, we can view the graphic output based on the load
case.
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50
And we can see that the higher the stresses get, the redder the
color is going to get. So along nodes 30, and around to 40 are
going to be where these maximum stresses occur.
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The system will zoom in to that area and it will show a split
screen. We'll see what's called an Element Viewer screen
down toward the bottom.
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13. We can select from the different load cases listed on the left.
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You can click on different parts of the model, use different load
cases, view the different reports within those load cases, and
see exactly how this is all working out.
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Click File.
Click Print Motion.
The system will actually assign it to your printer, and it will also
show how the line looks as it expands through its full range of
motion.
Now you go through this video and your notes, and do each
one of these steps and practice this and get familiar with it.
And then, as we go on in the later examples, this will be easy
for you to use as needed.
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1. When you first come into CAESAR II, this is the screen that you
see.
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6. Click Configure.
The system will open up the configuration screens for us.
One of the things that you'll typically do when you go into this
configuration screen is you'll take a look at the databases first.
I'm set for English, so I'll be using Imperial Units. But if you had
to do a job in millimeters, you can click the down arrow and list
the various choices available.
You can see there are units files that are specific to different
countries: a Japanese units file, French, and German.
CAESAR II ships with a collection of these. For the work we do
in this course, we'll be set to English.
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If I click the down arrow, we can see there are over 30 of these
in here that we could choose from.
10. For the Valve/Flange listing we have files that we can pull
data from. There's a CADWorx file shown that has a collection
of valves, and their weights, lengths, and information. So when
we place valves into the model, they'll pull data from this file.
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This lets us change the display settings. We'll look at this again
later, but this will affect a particular job. If we save this
configuration, it's going to be in this fundamentals course files
folder. So, all the files that we create in this folder will have
these settings.
When you start CAESAR II for the very first time, you get a
screen that comes up about configuration.
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The right in area of this panel is for licensing the hardware lock,
and there are some diagnostics that the technical support
people can use to help you verify things, if you need assistance
for your installation.
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1. In this lesson, we're going to model this line, and this is the
second example in the B31.3 Appendix S Piping Code.
As this line begins to heat up, we could anticipate that it's going
to lift off (to some extent) from the +Y restraint in the center
segment.
We'll put this into CAESAR II, analyze it, and we see what kind
of results the system generates.
For instance, we'll take the central +Y restraint out, and we'll
analyze it and see if it fails. Then we can use that as an
opportunity to design a hanger for that location.
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Click New.
Type: EXAMPLE_2 for the name.
The file will be saved in the CAESAR II Fundamentals Course
Files folder.
Notice the message in the lower area of the screen when you
press Enter. CAESAR II is telling you that it's making some
conversions, or entering a more precise value. You may hear a
beep to alert you as it makes these modifications.
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7. For Corrosion,
Type: 0.063 <Enter>.
8. For Material,
Type: 106 <Enter>.
CAESAR II will use its default material for 106, which is A106
Grade B.
It will automatically fill out the Pipe Density field and other
material properties for that selection.
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12. We're getting ready to start modeling the geometry of the line.
Let's take a quick look at it. We can see that our line is going to
go in the horizontal direction from nodes 10 over to 30, then it
will travel up in the plus Y direction, turn back to horizontal, turn
down, and end with a horizontal run.
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13. If you'd like to try this on your own, go right ahead and do that,
and then you can follow along with the video after that. Or if
you'd like to just watch the video first or follow along with it,
that's fine, too.
Click Continue.
Click Continue.
In the DX field,
Type: 10- <Enter>.
Double Click Bend.
The system will place a Long Radius Bend at node 30.
Click Continue.
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Click Continue.
This will support the line from underneath; it's like the line is
resting on a beam or other type of support.
Click Continue.
Click Continue.
Click Continue.
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Click Continue.
So make sure you have your model to this point, and then on
the next video, we'll start to run the analysis.
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1. We'll analyze this soon, but first let's take a look at some of the
other options that we have here in this piping input screen.
So you do that now. Hold down the mouse button in the top
bar area of the spreadsheet, drag over and touch the left
toolbars, then release.
Once it's docked, you can minimize it by clicking the small pin
in the upper right area of the spreadsheet. This changes it into
a tab, which you can click to restore.
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5. The other buttons display other properties of the line. They will
show the Piping Codes, Insulation, Diameters, Wall
Thicknesses, Forces, Uniform Loads, Wind and Wave
Loads, Temperatures, Pressures, Corrosion, Pipe Density,
Fluid Density, and Insulation Density.
8. If needed, turn off any button you have active to close the
window next to the plot. I'll toggle the fluid density button to
reset my screen, and we'll look at some additional display
options.
9. This toolbar and button on the left has to do with the plot.
Click on the Reset Plot button.
This button resets the display to the default plot, showing the
first segment as the current element. It also displays the line in
the southeast isometric orientation.
10. This button (Reset View) sets the system to regenerate as you
add elements to the model. As long as this button is lit, the
system will automatically update the plot with each new
addition to the model and Zoom Extents. For a large model,
this can be something you might want to disable. It will still
update as new elements are added, but it will not do a Zoom
Extents.
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11. The Lock Graphics button will actually lock the display so it
won't try to update itself as new things get added. That might
be useful if you have a large model, which you may not want to
update each time you a component. You could lock the
display, add a number of components, and then later update it
yourself with the Reset View button.
73
17. The next button is the Close Loop button. If you click
Continue, then enter in two node numbers and click on this
button, the system will insert a new element between them.
74
75
23. This button opens the Hanger Design Criteria dialog box.
CAESAR II includes a large number of hanger vendors, with a
wide variety of hangers available for modeling.
The box displays the current settings for the hangers, and you
have the option to change these. For instance, hangers will
have a load variation of 25%, and the manufacturer is set to
Anvil by default.
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Click on the next row (node 30 to 40), the bend button will
light up. If I have two lines that form a corner and I don't have a
bend there, I can use this interface to add a bend.
6. The same idea can work with other elements. For instance, if I
have a sequence of elements and maybe I want to put an
anchor or a restraint in them, I can click on the Restraints
button to add it to the model. Using the list and the selection
tool button, and the toolbar on the right will let you insert other
kinds of elements similar to the way it was done when we
worked with the input spreadsheet. So this is really nice way to
work in CAESAR II.
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7. Now along the bottom of the list display are tabs which will
show other aspects of the model. For instance, you can see
the materials.
So you can see, using this list box and its tabs gives us another
good way to get an organized, easy to use view of the model.
78
These lists are kind of nice because what you can do with
these is if you push them over to the side like we did the input
spreadsheet earlier, they'll dock.
79
Then you can turn them on and off, and they will become tabs
that you can activate when you need them.
80
13. The Edit Tools toolbar along the bottom of the screen has a
group of buttons that will open up dialogue boxes with model
information.
81
The dialog box has tabs along the left side which will display
additional information.
17. The Block Operations toolbar (normally along the lower right
area of the screen) can be used to modify the geometry in the
model.
Select the two end elements in the line. Hold down the
Shift key as you select them.
Set Degrees to 90
(Note: There's also an option to
add bends)
Click OK.
82
83
1. We're back in our model now and ready to run the analysis. To
test things, let's create an error or something that will cause a
warning when the error checker checks the model.
Type: 1 <Enter>.
84
We'll see the messages about the bends, but the message
about a large fluid density is now gone.
10. Click the Batch Run button (the running man button).
CAESAR II will start the analysis of this line.
85
14. Lower down in the list at node 20 our results were 13239.
The code showed 13250 - virtually the same.
86
15. Now let's take a look at the plot of the line, particularly at the +Y
restraint at node 50.
The system will display how the line expands as it heats up.
We can see that the nodes around the elbows are displaced.
Also we can see that the line lifts off the +Y restraint at node
50.
87
17. Zoom into the area around node 50 (in the center area of the
top segment).
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89
Double click the Restraint check box, and the system will
delete the +Y restraint at that node.
3. We can see that the Sustained Load Case has failed the
code's allowed values, since it is displayed in red in the list.
90
91
With these two numbers, the deadweight and the travel, the
program can go to the Anvil catalog and select a spring that will
meet this demand. And then any other additional load cases
that the user might want will be analyzed after that.
92
The system will now recommend a new set of load cases for
us.
93
The first load case calculates the dead load. To do this, the
system puts a rigid restraint at node 50, and it calculates the
dead load on it.
That force is equal to the load that we got from the first load
case. Load case 2 calculates the thermal deflection, the
change in position between the cold and the hot position of the
node at that spring point. So using these two numbers, the
dead load and the travel, the system can take these over to the
hanger catalogue, where the catalog selection is then included
in the model (both the spring rate and preload) for the
remaining load cases
17. Now we'll add one more load case that will give us the full
expansion.
18. Click in the space next to L7, and click the Add button.
94
Type in: L3 - L4, and select EXP for the stress type.
20. Let's take a look at the hanger that has been selected.
95
This is figured on the T1, on the hot load case, and it's carrying
almost 7,000 pounds. The range is between 5,250 pounds and
9,000 pounds, so we're well within the range that's
recommended for this.
The spring rate was 500 pounds per inch, and we had a load
variation of 21%. The allowable is 25%. This is a large hanger,
it's 49 inches long (a little over four feet). This length is the
hanger itself not including the hardware.
Scrolling down and looking at node 50, and we can see these
are the values for that.
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22. All right, let's go ahead and close out this report.
Click the input piping screen button, and we're going to take
a look at one more thing.
23. First let's save our file. You'll save it in your folder - the
CAESAR II Fundamentals Course folder.
Click File.
Click Save As.
This will give you a negative space, and you'll have some
choices for a spring support.
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3. The system will bring up a screen that shows our model, and
I'm going to maximize this. If we want, we can just create an
isometric right here.
Click View.
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5. Close this stress isometric drawing (you don't need to save it).
99
100
10. So now we have a little bit more going on here. We have our
same dimensions and labeling, but now we have some forces
displayed here for this Y restraint. Also the isometric contains
hanger information. We have information about the loading,
the size of it, the movement, the spring rate. So you can see
that you have a lot of options here in CAESAR II on how you
can display information on your stress isometrics.
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Let's say now that you wanted to use a certain size border, or
you wanted to have your company logo in the title block.
Also, perhaps you want to use the same input settings for your
annotation on the stress iso, and you would like to save them
as a standard template.
Note: You can save the input annotation in a template, but the
system does not allow you to save any output (results)
annotation in a template.
Let's say not that you wanted to run your stress isos and save
them in a particular folder. Also you want to use a particular
border, with your title block instead of the default border.
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The system has now created the drawing and stored it in our
folder.
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1. We're back in our model and this is the file that we saved
earlier. This is EXAMPLE_2_WITH_HANGER.
For instance, the first box shown here can be used to specify a
Point Force. This might be the force caused by a Relief Valve
discharging. We can check to see if that overloads the weldolet
connection between the relief valve and the header pipe.
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If we use a value of 1 here, that would tell the system that the
wind does not flow around the shape, that it's just blocking the
wind. However, since piping is cylindrical, the wind will hit the
shape and then flow around the edges of it. So we're going to
be between 0.5 and 0.65 for this factor.
7. Next the system asks for the global coordinates for node 10.
We'll leave that set to 0,0,0.
Click OK.
We'll get enough elevation for this line to see how wind loading
can affect it.
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10. Click on the Edit Static Load Cases button, which will open
up the Load Case Editor.
We're getting a message that the loads for this job have
changed. Remember, we've added a wind load here, so click
OK and we'll see what the system shows.
We can see we have some new load cases that have been set
up. However, we don't see them in our load case listings in the
editor.
11. Now, one thing to ask here is if we're dealing with a linear or
nonlinear system. For this example, we're going to say it's
linear. We have anchors on each end and our restraints act in
both directions. We have a hanger in the middle of the line. So
for this example, we'll be working with a linear system. This
allows us to evaluate wind independent of any other loads.
12. Looking over on the left side of the dialogue box, we can see
that we have four wind load cases that we can define. In a few
minutes, we'll add one of these into our list of load cases.
14. For this example, when we look at our model, we could say that
our maximum wind effect is going to occur when the wind blows
across the model in the Z direction. So we're going to use one
wind load case here, and we're going to set it up to be coming
in the +Z direction. We could go either way, but we'll get the
same effects as long as it's blowing across the model.
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Type: 1 <Enter>.
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18. For the Basic Wind Speed, the system is looking for that input
in feet per second.
19. Click in the Wind Exposure field, and press the F1 key.
We're probably going to use this number 2 here for that. This is
for everything but these special cases. Category 3 would be for
buildings more than 300 people. Category 4 would be for
essential structures, facilities like hospitals and police stations.
So we'll just use category 2 for this example.
Leave it set to 1.
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23. For the natural frequency, structural frequency, leave that set at
0. We don't have any data on that. If you had it, then you
could put it in. That can come into play with certain wind gusts
that the system might encounter.
24. The fields down in the lower area of the dialog box are based
on topography. In this example we don't have any hills nearby,
or any crest of hills close to us, so we'll leave these set to 0.
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1. OK. Now that we have our wind loads defined, let's go back to
the Load Case Editor. We'll incorporate these into a new load
case or two, and we'll use that in analysis.
Let's just say we wanted to try a test using this load case. It
would be nice if we could just drag one of these wind load
cases over to our list and run it.
So I'm going to click the plus sign to add a new load case
to the list. Then I'll take this Wind Load Case number 1 and
just drag and drop it down into the new load case, and
hopefully this would work.
The system comes back with an error. It's saying that the
end of the load case strings must have an algebraic load
case listed. The wind load case is a fundamental load cases
so it's not allowed at the end.
So I'll click the OK button and we'll delete this last load
case we just tested.
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It'll be down in the list, below L5 in the list. Since the lower set
of load cases don't contain any terms greater than L5,
adding new rows in the list won't interfere with how they're
numbered.
The system will insert a row into the list, and we can see these
combination terms now will not be affected because whatever
I'm doing is down below L5.
Click in the space, and drag and drop Wind Load Case
number 1 into the space.
Click Occasional for the stress type.
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Type: L5 + L6
Select OCC for the stress type.
This will represent the sustained load case plus the occasional
wind load, and this stress will be an occasional stress.
What the system will allow for this stress will be 1.33 times the
hot allowable stress. Whereas back when it's does the sustain
load case analysis, it just uses the hot allowable stress for that
value. Here it will take that and allow us to use 1.33 times that
value.
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6. OK, so we think we're almost done, and we can try to run this,
but we're not quite there yet. Let's try to run it and see what
happens.
The B31.3 Piping Code doesn't actually say it this way, but this
is how CAESAR II notifies us. So we have a couple of choices.
We can just say OK, just ignore it, or we can return to the Load
Case Options to set this.
7. Click OK. The system takes you to the Load Case Options.
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Now, the program has even highlighted the cell that we need to
focus on, and it's for our sustained plus our wind load.
The combination method is not used for basic load cases in the
upper area of the load case list. There's nothing to combine
there. The system will just simply calculate them and move
forward. When it gets down on these expansion load cases, it
will combine them in an algebraic fashion.
11. That's the way it's going to happen if we have scalar here. If
we switch this over to absolute, then the system will use
an absolute value for all three of these (stresses,
displacements, and forces), but we want scalar only for
stresses. So that's a subtle distinction in working with
occasional loads, but it's worth noting. In our case, we want to
use scalar for this.
12. When we look at this list of options for our load cases, we see
we have a check box under Snubbers Active. The system can
accommodate us to have a snubber in the model and use it
only on this particular load case. Let me just show you very
briefly how that works (you don't have to do this unless you
like).
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13. I'm going to save this set-up for a moment, and then I'll go back
to the Input Processor. I'll click Save and close this.
14. I'll click on the element going to node 40. This would be a good
place for a snubber.
115
Next I'll open the Load Case Editor. If we check the options
tab, we can see that having a Snubber in the model is like
having a selectable restraint, and it's just another nice feature
that's in CAESAR II. It's only active for the wind load case.
116
18. At the midpoint along the top center was node 50.
We can see that this is deflecting in the Z direction over 8
inches.
We'll see what we get on that. Does the wind plus the
sustained is going to put this in jeopardy and possibly
collapsing?
117
118
22. You remember when we set these up that we said use scalar
values, combine 5 and 6 for this load case 10 here. Let's just
see how that happened.
Scroll down in the report and we can see how this is working.
We see that we have a value in 5 and 6, and they combine
together to give us the value in load case 10. So we can see
these are just a simple summation here, and the system is
doing scalar like we expect.
Click File.
Click Save As.
Save this as EXAMPLE_2_WITH_WIND.
Get your model to this point. Go through all of these steps, and
run the reports, and make sure you're really clear on this. I
think we had a great lesson here. We covered a lot of ground
on this and we got to see a number of features in CAESAR II.
119
2. The line has two 24-inch diameter headers on each side, and
two runs along the upper and lower sides of 20-inch diameter
pipe. As the line operates, only one of the runs will be active at
a time.
4. So what happens is this top part will expand and push these
tees out. Then one week later, the system will alternate and
the top branch will be turned off and the bottom branch will be
turned on. This will cause the lower line to expand and the tees
in the center of the headers will experience a moment reversal
over time.
120
5. The code states this line is set to alternate once a week for
the expected life of the system, which is 20 years. This
cycling will not have enough of an impact to affect and will
not require any analysis for fatigue.
Later, when you use CAESAR II in your work, and you have
a model that includes a manifold with multiple lines
connected to it. You’ll be able to use this as an example.
121
9. Click File.
Click New.
Type: Example_3 for the name.
Click OK.
122
The system will fill out other fields based on that material.
12. The first leg of the model will be the input line. It will always be
pressurized and hot.
123
Click Continue.
T1: 250
T2: 40
P1: 250
P2: 0
124
Click Continue.
125
In the DX field,
Type: 5- <Enter>.
126
We'll enter the length for the element between 130 and 140.
In the DX field,
Type: 5- <Enter>.
Double Click Restraints.
Click Y (for a Y restraint at node 140).
127
1. All right, we're back at our model now and we're going to model
the rest of the line.
3. Click Continue.
Set the From node to 20.
Set the To node to 30.
In the DZ field,
Type: 5- <Enter>.
128
5. Now we'll change the temperature and pressure values for this
section of the model.
129
7. Click Continue.
In the DZ field,
Type: 2.5- <Enter>.
8. Click Continue.
130
In the DX field,
Type: 5- <Enter>.
In the DX field,
Type: 5- <Enter>.
131
Click Save.
14. Next we'll model this header across the right end of the model.
In CAESAR II, when you have tees in the a model like this,
the system will treat them as if they had caps on the ends
of the tees. CAESAR II will analyze this as a pressurized
system.
132
133
The next step is to model the end of the line, going from node
320 to node 310.
The system will display the higher temperature in the upper run
and the lower temperature in the lower run.
134
Click on Pressure 1.
Click on Pressure 2.
You can see how the system displays the high and low
pressure in the line.
Click on Show Pressures to turn that off.
135
On node 310
Select a Z restraint.
On node 310,
Select a Rotational Y restraint.
On node 310,
Select a Rotational Z restraint.
As this model was being built, Tees were left out of two
locations.
136
We can see that tees need to be added at nodes 330 and 320.
137
10. Click the Show Tees button to turn off the Tees.
138
This will be the operating load case minus the sustained load
case.
15. We see here on Node 10, we're 108,987. On Node 30, we're
33,709. I'm going to toggle over to the Appendix S and just see
what they had. We had similar numbers, 108,755, 33,850. So
our numbers are coming out within a fraction of 1%.
Now you get your model completed, and then run the analysis
of this yourself and compare your results with what appears in
the B31.3 Appendix S Piping Codes. Then if you're doing the
quizzes, we'll have a quiz that follows so we can just verify
results, and after that, we'll go on to something new!
139
140
Now, I'm going to go up to the View tab for a second, and I'll
show you something. If I go back to Visual Styles and I go to
2D Wireframe, and I'll zoom in, you can see where I manually
placed some restraints in this CAD modeler. If I double click
this one, this is a translational restraint. The main thing I want
to get accomplished with this is get this located in the model in
the proper location, and later I can tell CAESAR II if it's a +Y or
it's a rotational restraint about x, or whatever type of restraint it
is. Placing it in the model will produce some nodes and a
restraint located properly in the model. So wherever we have
these restraints, elbows, and components, we'll end up with
nodes in our CAESAR II file, and the geometry will be correct.
141
When I click this Export (System Out) button, I get prompted for
a file location and to Select Components. I'll window all of the
components and press Enter. The system asks if you do want
to assign start locations, and if you press No, it just starts
running and it builds the CAESAR II input file for you.
142
1. All right. So we're back in Caesar II. Let's go ahead now and open
up that file that was exported out of the 3D modeling system.
Click Open.
Click Export_Initial_A (it’s in the CAESAR II Fundamental
Course Files folder).
Click the Piping Input button to see how the data comes in to
CAESAR II.
2. It looks like we have some pretty nice geometry here. Zoom in for
a minute and take a look at the model.
You can see that the node numbering came out very nice in the
CAESAR II model. It started out at node 10 and went right around
the geometry nicely.
143
What can cause that is if the piping designer did not snap the
restraint correctly to the line in the CAD modeling system. This is
an error that you’ll see from time-to-time as you export in lines
from a CAD model.
144
Click OK.
The system inserts the new node with its restraint.
145
12. In the next video we’ll set up some nozzle displacement values, to
model how the pump nozzles will expand as they heat up.
For now we’re in great shape. Why don’t you get your model to
here and we’ll go on after that?
146
The system will show you the value to use to calculate the
expansion for this material.
3. I've calculated that result, and now we’ll enter it into our model.
In the DY field,
Type: 0.027324 <Enter>.
4. One thing to note here is that we are doing this at node 10.
That's the node for the first pump nozzle. Now we’ll do the same
for the other pump’s discharge nozzle.
147
Double-click Displacements.
In the DY field,
Type: 0.027324 <Enter>.
5. Here are the measurements for the nozzle location on the vertical
vessel.
6. Click File.
Click Save As.
Type: EXPORT_REV <Enter>.
148
7. Click File.
Click New.
12. We’re ready to model the element between node 10 and node 20.
In the DY field,
Type: 5- <Enter>.
149
In the DZ Field,
Type: -42 <Enter>.
150
19. On node 40, we have the displacement values shown in the DX,
DY, and DZ fields. So these are the values we’ll use when we
enter in the displacements in the nozzle dialog box later.
This is simple, easy to do, and you can save and modify it if your
design changes.
151
In the DX field,
Type: 0 <Enter>.
In the DY field,
Type: 0.36 <Enter>.
In the DZ field,
Type: - 0.0639 <Enter>.
\\\\\
In the RX field,
Type: -0.0008 <Enter>.
In the RY and RZ fields,
Type: 0 <Enter>.
We've got our model pretty far along here now. Get yours to this
same point, and then save it.
In the next video, we'll analyze the line and take a look at the
forces, moments, and the stresses in this line, and we'll see if it's
in compliance with the code.
It's just another aspect of CAESAR II. It's very powerful, and it'll
be worthwhile for us to look at that.
152
1. We're in the EXPORT_REV file model and we've got a little bit
of clean up to do before we continue.
I'll tell it to run and the system will come back and say that it
has some information it can't find here. It says there's an
element that doesn't appear anywhere else in the model.
153
9. All right, so if we run our analysis now, we'll get nice results, at
least for the piping. What we'll find though later, when we do
some nozzle limit checks, is that there are excessive forces and
moments on these pump nozzles.
154
10. So let's go ahead and set up these nozzle limit checks now and
then we'll run the analysis of the line.
14. When CAESAR II works with nozzles and interfaces with other
programs it uses a local coordinate system for the nozzles.
155
16. The discharge line goes straight up off the center line so
everything is set for these two nozzles.
17. Pan and Zoom over to the end of the line where it connects to
the vertical tower.
156
19. Let's do one more thing now before we run the analysis.
Click File.
Click Save As.
Type: EXPORT_REV_2.
All right - get your file to here, and then after that, we'll run the
analysis.
157
Displayed are the results for the Operating Load Case and the
Sustained Load Case. Around Node 10 and Node 90, we can
see we have some large reactions in the X direction.
158
5. If we scroll down through the rest of the report, we can see that
we don't have excessive loading going on in the rest of the
system. At the end of this line, where the line connects into the
vertical vessel we have more reasonable values.
159
In the Sustained Load Case report we can see that our ratio is
at about 13% of allowable stress, so the piping is fine as far as
stress goes in the Sustained Load Case.
160
161
So now if we look at our model, we can see that it's heating up,
and it's expanding up in the positive Y direction. It's also
pushing out in both X directions (plus and minus direction).
162
10. Let's go ahead now and take a look at some of these forces
and moments in more detail.
So the Element Viewer Grid lets you see results for different
load cases as you view the plot.
163
That way, later on, when you go back and look at the printed
reports, you'll have a better understanding of how your model is
reacting.
So now you do this. Go ahead and pan around, look at it, take
a look at this viewing grid, and get clear on what's happening in
this model and then we'll talk about how do we fix this.
164
165
2. Well, the first thought would be that this could give us some
better flexibility when it came to expanding in the X direction
and producing these moments around Z. We'll see if that's true
soon when we run the analysis.
166
Note: The report of the results are shown on the next page.
167
The moments around the Z-axis are within the allowable limits,
which we fixed by lengthening the line in this model compared
to the first model we checked. But our moments around the X-
axis now are excessive. So we got a trade-off. We were able to
solve one part of it, but we ended up creating trouble on
another part of the model.
168
Then in the videos that follow the dummy leg, we're going to
take this starting geometry that we used in this video, and we're
going to edit it and change it into this new geometry.
This will just give us a chance to see how to work with different
editing tools in CAESAR II, and change geometry, rearrange
elements, and renumber nodes as a model evolves.
169
170
171
Click OK.
172
173
The system added the pipe at the same diameter, and when
modeling a dummy leg it's common to make it a smaller
diameter, typically smaller by one or two sizes.
174
11. When we changed the size to 6", the system set all the
following pipes to that same diameter.
All right, I think this is a really good stopping point. Why don't
you get your model to here, and then we'll continue after this.
175
Then if we click on the dummy leg, we can see that it's a 6-inch
pipe, but it has the same wall thickness as the larger pipe. So
we need to update this.
176
The system will convert the wall thickness to the correct value.
However, this value (.2800) is like the size, and it will propagate
on down through the rest of the line as well. If we click on the
next element, I can see that it's got the same wall thickness, so
let me change that.
You can see it's set for .3220, and if we click somewhere
further down the line these following elements will have the
same value.
We can see that it's going to treat it like it's this full length, like
it's 2 feet, 6 inches long when it does the calculations.
In reality, the dummy is not really that long. It's shorter
because it merges with the elbow a few inches down toward
the corner from node 20.
The dummy leg connects to the elbow around 8" down from the
end, in the -X direction.
177
In the X field,
Type: -8 <Enter>.
178
First of all we're not seeing red numbers in the report, which is
good. We have the same kind of forces that we had before, but
our moments are less.
9. Now, let's take this one step even further. We're going to look
at some other things we can do to perhaps get an even better
picture of this.
179
180
15. If we take this flange off, we should see this flexibility factor
increase, and the stress intensification factor go up as well.
Let's do that.
181
16. When you change a bend type like this, CAESAR II doesn't
add any weight to the elbow or modify its length. It simply
changes the factors that uses as it does the calculations.
182
So great, I thought this was interesting and I wanted you see how to
do this. Go ahead and go through these steps, and make sure you
understand what we're doing, and then we'll go on after that!
183
184
3. One thing we'll do is we'll lower the height of the two lines
leaving the discharge nozzles on the pumps. When we take
these discharge lines up high and turn them toward the pipe
rack, it does help reduce some of the forces in the X direction.
Having the line which connects the two discharge lines located
further away from the pump nozzles lowers these forces.
The new discharge lines will come part way in vertical, then
elbow out and down toward the pipe rack. Adding two elbows
will give us quite a bit of flexibility around the nozzles.
185
That's one option and once you've done it a time or two it's
easy. However, for this example, we'll leave ours at its current
location. Either way will work.
Let's first check the coordinates of the end of the line. That way
we can use this to verify the model hasn't shifted when the
modifications are completed.
Click OK.
The system displays the
coordinates of node 260.
186
9. We'll break the line at node 120. Then we'll reposition node
120 back a little bit in the -Z direction.
The element from node 120 to node 130 has plenty of length,
and we have room to shorten it as needed. When we check it,
it's over 4 feet 1 inches long. So we'll end up moving node 120
back in the -Z direction for a distance of 1 foot 6. This will give
us room for the two discharge lines to extend over the pipe rack
and be supported. Then they will be connected and continue
down the rack after that.
187
The segment from node 120 to node 130 has been shifted
but remains the same length. The starting node, (120) has
been repositioned. The system keeps elements connected,
so all of the remaining elements following node 120 have also
been shifted back. This would cause a problem if we don't fix it,
since the end of the line no longer connects to the vertical
vessel.
14. The distance from node 120 to node 130 is 4 feet 1.011 inches.
That's 49.011 inches.
188
Pan back down to the area of the line near the pumps.
Then we'll rebuild the first side of the line, and explore some of
the features in CAESAR II to copy and mirror elements in a
model. This will be a great example for that.
17. Click on the end of this part of the line where it ends on the
second pump.
189
Hold down the Control key and make more than one
window if needed to select all the elements to be deleted.
190
We'll actually do half of it. We'll take it from the nozzle up and
lay it back down up and over to a point where it will connect at
the upper centerline. Then, in the later videos, we'll model the
other side of it, and we'll use some different CAESAR II
techniques as we do that part of the line.
191
192
Set the nodes to be 10 to 14, and that way we'll have plenty of
nodes as we build all these elements in this model.
Since this is part of the model near the beginning, and there are
a number of elements that are part of this file as well, we won't
use the Continue button to add new elements.
193
194
At this point, we're going to have a flange and then we'll have a
check valve and a gate valve and another flange. So for this,
we'll just click in any field that we like. What we'll do here is
use the valve flange database.
195
Exit the dialog box showing the properties for the rigid
element. We just placed a Flange. Next we'll place a Check
Valve, Gate Valve, and another Flange.
Click Insert.
Click OK for after the current element.
Set the node number to be 30 to 32.
We can see it's given it a rigid weight of 620, so it's working like
it should.
196
9. Click Insert.
Click OK for after the current element.
The nodes will be 32 to 34.
Click the Valve Flange database.
Select GATE.
Select NOFLG.
Select 300.
Click OK.
197
From here, we're going to have a one foot length segment and
then we'll put a plus y under that. So this is where we'll put a
support to hold some of this weight.
Double-click Restraints.
Select +Y for the restraint.
Click in another field to update it.
From here the line will travel back toward the pipe rack and
then turn up.
In the DZ field,
Type: -1- <Enter>.
198
When we place the next element, this elbow will appear, turned
up.
13. From here, we want to turn the line up so that we can get to the
proper level and eventually connect out to node 120. Let's
measure the distance up that we'll need.
Click Distance.
In the dialog box set it for node 44 to node 120.
Click OK.
199
From here the line will travel back to the pipe rack.
From here the line will travel back to where it lines up with node
120.
200
In the DX field,
Type: 5-7.004 <Enter>.
201
Now you go ahead and recreate these steps and get your file
built to here, and then we'll carry on after this.
202
203
204
We can see all the elements listed, along with their information.
The nodes that we duplicated went from node 10 down to node
60.
205
The system placed these nodes at the end of our model. We'll
look at something later on how to go about renumbering these
nodes.
When you do this a time or two, it gets pretty easy to see how
CAESAR II can be told to connect various parts of a model
together.
206
The system will take a second or two, and the elements will be
set to follow each other in the sequence we want.
207
Click the Next Element button and sequence down the line.
You should see the elements progress down the first discharge
nozzle and around over to the second pump’s discharge
nozzle.
Click Elements.
We'll get an element list.
208
We can see how they came out like we want. This procedure is
very useful to clean up your model after you've modified it.
209
12. Click on the element where the discharge lines and the line
going down to the pipe rack connect. This used to be
nodes 56 to 60 before we renumbered them. In my model it
is now the element from node 140 to 150.
This connects these exactly and there are no gaps in the model
since every node is properly connected.
Get your model to here, then we'll run the analysis of this line
and check our results!
210
2. To do that,
Select the element to break.
3. The other thing that happened in this model is when I first ran
my error check I had some errors get listed.
One error said that node 260 had been re-defined and did not
to be done twice.
The way I cleared them was to click on the element and delete
the bend. Then I went to the next element and also deleted
that bend.
So all I had to do was come back and put the bends back into
the elements as before, and everything worked fine.
211
212
So now, why don't you go ahead and run the analysis on your
line, and then take a look at some of the other things here.
Take a look at some of the loads on the restraints. Perhaps
check out the stresses in this line. Just take a good look at it,
because there are a lot of things yet that can be explored.
213
We've explored the different display options for both the input
screen and the plotted results. We designed a hanger and
included a wind load in one of the models.
214
215
Anthony W. Horn
PipingDesignOnline.com
admin@pipingdesignonline.com
216
APPENDIX S
PIPING SYSTEM STRESS ANALYSIS EXAMPLES
6.10 m
S300.1 Definitions and Nomenclature
(20 ft)
Z X
global axes: These are Cartesian X, Y, and Z axes. In
15
this Appendix, vertically upward is taken to be the +Y
direction with gravity acting in the −Y direction. 30
Asf : cross-sectional area of the conveyed fluid, consider-
ing nominal pipe thickness less allowances
Asp : cross-sectional area of the pipe, considering nominal
Y+: a “single acting support” that provides support in
pipe thickness less allowances
only the vertically upward direction and is considered
Fsa : sustained axial force including the effects of weight, to be “active” when the pipe exerts a downward force
other sustained loads, and internal pressure on the support. The pipe is free to move upward, i.e.,
is,i : in-plane sustained stress index ≥ 1.00 (The stress the pipe “lifts off” the support; the support in the “lift-
index equals 0.75i i for all components included in off” situation is considered to be “removed” from pro-
Appendix D in the absence of more applicable data and viding support, i.e., inactive, during the load condition
in accordance with para. 319.3.6.) considered.
is,o : out-plane sustained stress index ≥ 1.00 (The stress
index equals 0.75i o for all components included in S301 EXAMPLE 1: CODE COMPLIANT PIPING
Appendix D in the absence of more applicable data and SYSTEM
in accordance with para. 319.3.6.)
S301.1 Example Description
Ms,i : in-plane bending moment for the sustained condi-
This example is intended to illustrate the design of
tion being evaluated
an adequately supported and sufficiently flexible piping
Ms,o : out-plane bending moment for the sustained condi- system. The piping system in Fig. S301.1 is fabricated
tion being evaluated from ASTM A 106 Grade B seamless pipe (i.e., E p
Mst : torsional moment for the sustained condition being 1.00); the pipe is DN 400 (NPS 16) with a nominal wall
evaluated thickness of 9.53 mm (0.375 in.), 127 mm (5 in.) thickness
of calcium silicate insulation, and 1.59 mm (0.063 in.)
Pj : piping internal pressure; see para. 301.2; when more
corrosion allowance; the fluid has a specific gravity of
than one condition exists for the piping system, each is
1.0. The equivalent number of cycles expected for the
subscripted (e.g., P1, P2, …)
piping system is fewer than 7 000 [i.e., f p 1.00 in accor-
Ssa : stress due to the sustained axial force summation, dance with para. 302.3.5(d)].
Fsa /Asp The piping system is in normal fluid service. The
S sb : stress due to the indexed sustained bending installation temperature is 21°C (70°F). The reference
moments’ vector summation modulus of elasticity used for the piping analysis is
203.4 GPa (29.5 Msi) from Appendix C, Table C-6 in
Sst : stress due to sustained torsional moment accordance with paras. 319.3.2 and 319.4.4, and Poisson’s
Tj : pipe maximum or minimum metal temperature; see ratio is 0.3 in accordance with para. 319.3.3.
paras. 301.3 and 319.3.1(a); when more than one condi- The piping internal pressure, maximum and mini-
tion exists for the piping system, each is subscripted mum metal temperatures expected during normal
(e.g., T1, T2, …) operation, and the design conditions are listed in
217
ASME B31.3-2008
Table S301.1 Temperature/Pressure Table S301.3.1 Generic Pipe Stress Model Input
Combinations Term Value
Conditions Pressure Temperature
Operating conditions:
Design conditions 3 795 kPa (550 psi) 288°C (550°F) internal pressure, P1 3 450 kPa (500 psi)
maximum metal temp., T1 260°C (500°F)
Operating (P1,T1) 3 450 kPa (500 psi) 260°C (500°F) minimum metal temp., T2 −1°C (30°F)
maximum metal installation temperature 21°C (70°F)
temperature
Line size DN 400 (NPS 16)
Operating (P2,T2) 0 kPa (0 psi) −1°C (30°F) Pipe Schedule 30/STD, 9.53 mm
minimum metal (0.375 in.)
temperature
Mechanical allowance, c 1.59 mm (0.063 in.)
Installation temperature 0 kPa (0 psi) 21°C (70°F) Mill tolerance 12.5%
Elbows Long radius
Fluid specific gravity 1.0
Insulation thickness 127 mm (5 in.)
Insulation density 176 kg/m3 (11.0 lbm/ft3)
Table S301.1. The design conditions are set sufficiently
in excess of the operating conditions so as to provide Pipe material ASTM A 106 Grade B
additional margin on the allowable stress for pressure Pipe density 7 833.4 kg/m3 (0.283 lbm/in.3)
design as required by the owner. Total weight 7 439 kg (16,400 lbm)
Unit weight 248.3 kg/m (166.9 lbm/ft)
S301.2 Design Conditions
The design conditions establish the pressure rating,
flange ratings, component ratings, and minimum
required pipe wall thickness in accordance with para. T, from nominal pipe wall thickness, T, considering a
301.2.1. For example, ASME B16.5 requires a minimum mill tolerance of 12.5%.
of Class 300 for ASTM A 105 flanges. Also, the minimum Select DN 400 (NPS 16) Schedule 30/STD nominal
required pipe wall thickness, tm , is determined from the wall thickness from ASME B36.10M:
design conditions by inserting eq. (3a) into eq. (2); terms T p 9.53 mm (0.375 in.)
are defined in para. 304.1.1 and Appendix J: T p (9.53 mm)(1.00 − 0.125) p 8.34 mm (0.328 in.)
E p 1.0
P p design pressure Since T ≥ tm (i.e., 8.34 mm > 7.69 mm), the selection of
p 3 795 kPa (550 psi) the nominal pipe wall thickness, T, for Schedule 30/STD
S p allowable stress from Appendix A, Table A-1 pipe is acceptable. The long radius elbows specified for
p 125 MPa (18.1 ksi) at design temperature 288°C this piping system are in accordance with ASME B16.9
(550°F) and are specified to be for use with Schedule 30/STD
Y p 0.4 from Table 304.1.1 wall thickness pipe.
Insert eq. (3a) into eq. (2):
S301.3 Computer Model Input
PD Tables S301.3.1 and S301.3.2 list the “node numbers,”
tm p t + c p +c
2(SE + PY) lengths, etc., for each piping element displayed in
Fig. S301.1. A bend radius of 1.5 times the nominal
(3795 kPa)(406.4 mm) pipe diameter [i.e., 609.6 mm (24 in.)] and nominal wall
p + 1.59 mm
2[(125 MPa)(1.00) + (3795 kPa)(0.4)] thickness of 9.53 mm (0.375 in.) are used for the elbows
in the computer model.
p 6.10 mm + 1.59 mm p 7.69 mm (0.303 in.) Generic computer program option “flags” are as
follows:
In accordance with para. 304.1.2(a), t must be less than
D/6 for eq. (3a) to be appropriate without considering (a) include pressure stiffening on elbows
additional factors to compute the pressure design thick- (b) exclude pressure thrust and Bourdon effects
ness, t (i.e., t < D/6, or 7.69 mm < 406.4 mm/6). Since (c) use nominal section properties for both the stiff-
7.69 mm (0.303 in.) < 67.7 mm (2.67 in.), eq. (3a) is ness matrix and the displacement stress analysis
applicable without special consideration of factors listed (d) use “nominal less allowances” section properties
in para. 304.1.2(b). for sustained stress, SL
Now select a pipe schedule of adequate thickness. (e) include axial load and internal pressure force in
Determine the specified minimum pipe wall thickness, the sustained stress, SL
218
ASME B31.3-2008
GENERAL NOTE: This piping system is planar, i.e., DZ p 0 m (ft) for each piping element.
NOTE:
(1) The specified element lengths are measured to and/or from each elbow’s tangent intersection
point.
(f) intensify the elbows’ in-plane bending moments1 are combined to determine the sustained longitudinal
by 0.75ii (≥ 1.0) in the calculation of the elbows’ effective stress, S L . The sustained load case excludes thermal
sustained longitudinal stress, SL effects and includes the effects of internal pressure [P1 p
3450 kPa (500 psi)], pipe weight, insulation weight, and
S301.4 Pressure Effects fluid weight on the piping system.
For the operating, sustained, and displacement stress Nominal section properties are used to generate the
range load cases, the effect of pressure stiffening on the stiffness matrix and sustained loads for the computer
elbows is included to determine the end reactions in model in accordance with para. 319.3.5. The nominal
accordance with Appendix D, Note (7). The effects of thickness, less allowances, is used to calculate the section
pressure-induced elongation and Bourdon effects are not properties for the sustained stress, SL, in accordance with
included, as both are deemed negligible for this particu- para. 302.3.5(c).
lar example. A summary of the sustained load case internal reac-
tion forces, moments, and sustained stresses, SL, is pro-
S301.5 The Operating Load Case
vided in Table S301.6. Since this example model lies in
The operating load case is used to determine the only one plane, only the sustained bending stress due
operating position of the piping and reaction loads for to the in-plane bending moment is not zero. The in-
any attached equipment, anchors, supports, guides, or plane bending moment is intensified1 at each elbow by
stops. The operating load case is based on the tempera- the appropriate index 0.75ii (≥ 1.0), where ii is the in-
ture range from the installation temperature of 21°C plane stress intensification factor from Appendix D for
(70°F) to the maximum operating metal temperature of an unflanged elbow. Note that sustained stresses for the
260°C (500°F), in accordance with para. 319.3.1(b). The nodes listed in Table S301.6 do not exceed the 130 MPa
operating load case in this example also includes the (18,900 psi) sustained allowable stress, Sh , for A 106
effects of internal pressure, pipe weight, insulation Grade B piping at the maximum metal temperature,
weight, and fluid weight on the piping system. Both pipe T1 p 260°C (500°F), from Appendix A, Table A-1. By
stiffness and stress are based on the nominal thickness of limiting SL to the sustained allowable, Sh, the piping
the pipe. Pipe deflections and internal reaction loads for system is deemed adequately protected against collapse.
the operating load case are listed in Table S301.5.1. Pip-
ing loads acting on the anchors and support structure S301.7 The Displacement Stress Range Load Case
are listed in Table S301.5.2.
The displacement stress range, SE, in this example is
S301.6 The Sustained Load Case based on the temperature range from the installation
Sustained stresses due to the axial force, internal pres- [21°C (70°F)] to minimum metal temperature [T2 p −1°C
sure, and intensified bending moment in this example (30°F)] and from the installation [21°C (70°F)] to maxi-
mum metal temperature for the thermal cycles under
1
ASME B31.3 does not address the issue of using a stress intensifi- analysis [T1 p 260°C (500°F)], in accordance with para.
cation factor as the stress index to be applied to piping components 319.3.1(a). The displacement stress range, SE, for each
for sustained loads; stress intensification factors are based on element is calculated in accordance with eq. (17) and is
fatigue test results. Establishing the proper index is the responsibil-
ity of the designer. This example uses 0.75 times the stress intensifi- listed in Table S301.7, along with the internal reaction
cation factor for the sustained case. loads. Nominal section properties are used to generate
219
ASME B31.3-2008
Table S301.5.1 Operating Load Case Results: Internal Loads and Deflections
Bending
Axial Force, Moment, Horizontal Vertical
N (lb) N-m (ft-lb) Deflection, Deflection,
Node (Signed) (Unsigned) mm (in.) mm (in.)
Number [Note (1)] [Note (1)] [Note (1)] [Note (1)]
40 near −25 920 (−5,830) 63 930 (47,160) −23.0 (−0.91) 15.1 (0.59)
40 mid −36 250 (−8,150) 70 860 (52,270) −26.4 (−1.04) 17.8 (0.70)
40 far −26 500 (−5,960) 65 190 (48,080) −25.7 (−1.01) 19.2 (0.75)
45 −26 500 (−5,960) 14 900 (10,990) −18.3 (−0.72) 13.5 (0.53)
50 −26 500 (−5,960) 47 480 (35,030) 0.00 0.00
NOTE:
(1) Loads and deflections are averaged from commercial programs with a variance within units’ conver-
sion tolerance.
NOTE:
(1) Loads and deflections are averaged from commercial programs with a variance within units’ conver-
sion tolerance.
NOTES:
(1) Loads, deflections, and stresses are averaged from commercial programs with a variance within
units’ conversion tolerance.
(2) Axial forces have their sign retained and do not include the signed axial pressure force, which is
also included in the sustained stress, SL.
220
ASME B31.3-2008
Table S301.7 Displacement Stress Range [SA p 205 MPa (29,725 psi)]
Global Axis Forces and Moments
NOTE:
(1) Loads, deflections, and stresses are averaged from commercial programs with a variance within
units’ conversion tolerance.
the stiffness matrix and displacement stress in the piping Fig. S302.1 Lift-Off Model
in accordance with para. 319.3.5. Since this example
model lies in only one plane, only the in-plane bending 12.2 m 3.05 9.15 m 9.15 m 3.05 12.2 m
(40 ft) m (30 ft) (30 ft) m (40 ft)
moment is not zero. The in-plane moment is intensified
(10 ft) (10 ft)
at each elbow by the appropriate Appendix D stress Y
intensification factor, ii, for an unflanged elbow. 50
40 145 X
For simplicity, the allowable displacement stress
range, S A , is calculated in accordance with eq. (1a).
6.1 m
Though eq. (1a) is used in this example, it is also accept- (20 ft)
able to calculate SA in accordance with eq. (1b), which
permits SA to exceed the eq. (1a) value for each piping
element, based on the magnitude of each element’s sus- 10 15 20 30 130 120 115 110
tained stress, SL.
The following terms are as defined in para. 302.3.5(d)
and Appendix J: the allowable loads for the attached equipment nozzle
f p 1.00 for ≤ 7 000 equivalent cycles, from or the support structure at node 20 is overloaded. The
Fig. 302.3.5 or eq. (1c) nozzle load and support structure analyses are beyond
SA p f (1.25Sc + 0.25Sh) the scope of this Appendix and are not addressed.
p (1.00)[(1.25)(138 MPa) + (0.25)(130 MPa)]
p 205 MPa (29,725 psi)
Sc p allowable stress from Appendix A, Table A-1 S302 EXAMPLE 2: ANTICIPATED SUSTAINED
p 138 MPa (20.0 ksi) at T2 CONDITIONS CONSIDERING PIPE LIFT-OFF
Sh p allowable stress from Appendix A, Table A-1
S302.1 Example Description (08)
p 130 MPa (18.9 ksi) at T1
T1 p maximum metal temperature This example is intended to illustrate the analysis of
p 260°C (500°F) a piping system in which a portion of the piping lifts
T2 p minimum metal temperature off at least one Y+ support in at least one operating
p −1°C (30°F) condition. The emphasis of this example is to describe
the effect this removal of support has on the determina-
Note that each piping element’s displacement stress tion of anticipated sustained conditions. The same prin-
range, based on minimum to maximum metal tempera- ciples utilized for this example would also apply for
ture for the thermal cycles under analysis, SE, does not guides and stops (that are single directional or gap-type)
exceed the eq. (1a) allowable, SA. By limiting SE to SA, that are not engaged during any anticipated operating
the piping system is deemed adequate to accommodate condition.
up to 7 000 full excursion equivalent cycles. The examples in this Appendix are intended for illus-
Considering both the sustained and displacement tration purposes only and are not intended to portray
stress range load cases, the piping system is compliant the same as either adequate or even acceptable piping
with the requirements of the Code; redesign of the piping geometries and/or support scenarios. The piping sys-
system is not required unless the sustained or operating tem in Fig. S302.1 is the same in material and dimen-
reaction loads at either anchor data point 10 or 50 exceed sional properties as in Example 1; see para. S301.1. Note
221
ASME B31.3-2008
130 140 ... 6.10 (20) Three node elbow [Note (1)]
140 145 −3.05 (−10) ... Informational node
145 50 −6.10 (−20) ... ...
NOTE:
(1) The specified component lengths are measured to and/or from each elbow’s tangent intersection
point.
222
ASME B31.3-2008
NOTES:
(1) Loads and deflections are averaged from commercial programs with a variance within units’ conver-
gence tolerances. Magnitudes of loads for nodes 10 and 20 are the same for 110 and 120, but
may differ in sign.
(2) No support is provided at the node 50 Y+ restraint for Operating Case 1.
the sustained stress, SL, for each sustained condition is,i p sustained in-plane stress index ≥ 1.00
that is evaluated; see para. S302.6.2: is,o p sustained out-plane stress index ≥ 1.00
(a) the absolute value of the sustained axial mechani- Ms,i p sustained in-plane bending moment for the
cal and pressure force summation sustained condition being evaluated
(b) the vector summation of indexed sustained bend- Ms,o p sustained out-plane bending moment for the
ing moments sustained condition being evaluated
(c) the sustained torsional moment
NOTE: The stress index equals 0.75ix (where x p o or i) for all
The sustained stress, SL, is computed in the manner components included in Appendix D in the absence of more appli-
described in Example 1 and illustrated in eqs. (S1), (S2), cable data and in accordance with para. 319.3.6.
and (S3). Terms not defined below are described in para.
319.4.4, Appendix J, and para. S300.1. Sst p Mst/2Z (S3)
Ssb p
冪(is,i Ms,i)2 + (is,o Ms,o)2 (S2) S302.7 Displacement Stress Range Load Cases (08)
Z
The displacement stress range load cases are not listed,
where since they are not the subject of this example.
223
ASME B31.3-2008
NOTES:
(1) The original (as-installed) condition considers only pipe
weight and insulation weight without fluid contents or inter-
nal pressure.
(2) The Sustained Conditions reflect the support scenario of the
related Operating Conditions, exclude thermal effects, and
include the effects of the related internal pressure, pipe
weight, insulation weight, and fluid weight on the piping
system.
NOTES:
(1) Loads and deflections are averaged from commercial programs with a variance within units’ convergence tolerance. The magnitude of
loads and stresses for nodes 10 through 40 are the same for 110 and 140, though the loads may differ in sign.
(2) Forces have their sign retained, but do not include the signed axial pressure force necessary to compute the axial stress, which is
included in the sustained stress, SL.
(3) Stress may differ by slightly more than units’ conversion tolerance.
(4) No support is provided at the node 50 Y+ restraint for Sustained Condition 3.
(08) S302.8 Code Compliance: Satisfying the Intent of of this Appendix and are not addressed. Although the
the Code occasional load cases are important to the design and
The Sustained Condition 3 results indicate that the analysis of a piping system, they are not discussed in
piping system is not protected against collapse for the this example.
cycles under analysis when considering the Operating
Case 1. Therefore, redesign of the piping system is S303 EXAMPLE 3: MOMENT REVERSAL
required.
If the piping system is redesigned such that it is com- S303.1 Example Description
pliant with the intent of the Code, then the piping system This example is intended to illustrate the flexibility
would require no further attention unless the sustained, analysis required for a piping system that is designed
hydrotest, or operating reaction loads at either anchor for more than one operating condition and also experi-
data point 10 or 110 exceed the allowable loads for the ences a “reversal of moments” between any two of the
attached equipment nozzle, or the support structure at anticipated operating conditions. The examples in this
either node 20 or 120 is overloaded. The nozzle loads Appendix are intended for illustration purposes only
and support structure analyses are beyond the scope and are not intended to portray the same as either
224
ASME B31.3-2008
45 345
0.76 m
(2.5 ft)
8 890 N
40 110 120 (2,000 lb) 130 140 340 1.52 m
North
10 (typical) 310 (5 ft)
20 320 X
Pipe Pipe anchor but 1.52 m
anchor 30 210 220 230 240 330 free in X (5 ft) Z
0.76 m
Pipe (2.5 ft)
35 support 335
(typical)
adequate or even acceptable piping geometries and/ required pipe wall thickness. ASME B16.5 requires a
or support scenarios. Both the design and operating minimum of Class 300 for ASTM A 105 flanges. The
conditions are well below the creep regime. minimum required wall thickness for both the branch
The piping system in Fig. S303.1 consists of two head- and header is 4.4 mm (0.171 in.), considering a 12.5%
ers and two branches, which are referred to as gas “meter mill tolerance; therefore, selection of the standard wall
runs.” Only one of the branches is in service (operating) thickness of 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) is acceptable.
at a given time; the out-of-service branch is purged and
at ambient condition. The design specification calls for S303.3 Computer Model Input
each of the meter run branches to alternate in and out
of service once per week for the piping system’s planned Table S303.3 lists the node numbers, lengths, etc., for
20-year service life, i.e., f p 1.20 in accordance with para. each piping component that is displayed in Fig. S303.1.
302.3.5(d). The piping system is fabricated from ASTM Note that flanges and valve components are not explic-
A 53 Grade B pipe (E p 1.00), both piping headers are itly included in the model listing in Table S303.3. For
DN 600 (NPS 24) and the branches are DN 500 (NPS 20), simplicity, an entire branch (from tee centerline to tee
and both branch and header are 9.53 mm (0.375 in.) centerline) is considered to be at the operating condi-
thick. For simplicity, each piping segment or component tions listed in Table S303.1, e.g., the East meter run
is 1.524 m (5 ft) in length. branch from nodes 40 through 340 operates at 1 724 kPa
The piping system is in normal fluid service. The fluid (250 psi) and 121°C (250°F) for Operating Case 2. The
is gaseous; is considered to add no weight; and to be computer-based options are the same as those for the
neither a corrosive nor an erosive hazard, i.e., there is Example 1 model, except that pressure stiffening is not
no corrosion allowance. The line is not insulated. The included in the analyses for this example; see para.
installation temperature is 4.5°C (40°F). The reference
S301.3.
modulus of elasticity used is 203.4 GPa (29.5 Msi) and
Poisson’s ratio is 0.3. Consideration is given to the close
proximity of the three tees in each header in accordance S303.4 Pressure Effects
with the guidance in para. 319.3.6, and the stress intensi- Neither pressure stiffening nor Bourdon effects are
fication factors from Appendix D are considered to ade- included in the analyses.
quately represent the header tees for this piping system.
The piping internal pressure, and minimum and maxi- S303.5 Operating Load Case(s)
mum metal temperatures, expected during normal oper-
ation for each meter run and the design conditions, The operating load case is used to determine the
are listed in Table S303.1. The design conditions are set operating position of the piping and reaction loads for
sufficiently in excess of the operating conditions so as any attached equipment, anchors, supports, guides, or
to provide additional margin on the allowable as stops. The owner has mandated in the design specifica-
required by the owner. tion that the meter runs and piping be more than ade-
quately supported. Therefore, the operating load case,
S303.2 Design Conditions while necessary to set the limits of the strain ranges,
The design conditions establish the pressure rating, does not contribute to the emphasis of this example,
flange ratings, components ratings, and minimum and its output is not included.
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ASME B31.3-2008
Design 2 069 kPa 149°C 2 069 kPa 149°C 2 069 kPa 149°C
(300 psi) (300°F) (300 psi) (300°F) (300 psi) (300°F)
Operating Case 1 1 724 kPa 121°C 1 724 kPa 121°C 0 kPa 4.5°C
[Note (1)] (250 psi) (250°F) (250 psi) (250°F) (0 psi) (40°F)
Operating Case 2 1 724 kPa 121°C 0 kPa 4.5°C 1 724 kPa 121°C
[Note (2)] (250 psi) (250°F) (0 psi) (40°F) (250 psi) (250°F)
Installation ... 4.5°C ... 4.5°C ... 4.5°C
temperature (40°F) (40°F) (40°F)
GENERAL NOTE: For computer based temperature and pressure data input, consider the West Branch temperature and pressure to be in
effect from nodes 30 through 330 as listed in Table S303.3. Likewise, consider the East Branch temperature and pressure to be in effect from
nodes 40 through 340 as listed in Table S303.3; see para. S303.3.
NOTES:
(1) East Branch is at ambient conditions.
(2) West Branch is at ambient conditions.
GENERAL NOTE: This piping system is planar, i.e., DY p 0 m (0 ft) for each piping component.
226
ASME B31.3-2008
NOTES:
(1) Loads are averaged from commercial programs and are directly affected by the stiffness chosen for
valves, flanges, and other relatively stiff components.
(2) Stress may differ by slightly more than units’ conversion tolerance.
S303.6 Sustained Load Case largest overall stress differential for the piping system
in accordance with paras. 319.2.1(d), 319.2.3(b), and
Sustained stresses due to the axial force, internal pres-
319.3.1(b), i.e., SE, the “stress range corresponding to the
sure, and intensified bending moment in this example
total displacement strains.” The resulting load combina-
are combined to determine the sustained stress, SL. For
tion and SE for each piping component are listed in
reasons similar to those expressed for the operating load
Table S303.7.3.
case, the sustained load case output is not included.
S303.7 Displacement Stress Range Load Cases S303.8 Code Compliance: Satisfying the Intent of (08)
the Code
The displacement stress range, SE, is computed in
accordance with para. 319.2.3(b), in which the strains The piping system is compliant with the sustained
evaluated for the original (as-installed) condition (for load requirements of the Code. The displacement stress
this particular example) are algebraically subtracted range from the original (as-installed) condition to each
from the strains evaluated for the Operating Case 1 as of the operating cases indicates the piping system is in
listed in Table S303.1. Similarly, the displacement stress compliance with the intent of the Code even when lim-
range, SE, is computed from the algebraic strain differ- ited to the eq. (1a) allowable, SA. But, the “stress range
ence evaluated from the as-installed condition to the corresponding to the total displacement strains,” which
Operating Case 2 as listed in Table S303.1. The individual considers the algebraic strain difference between the two
displacement stress range, SE, along with the internal operating cases, indicates that the piping system is not
reaction loads, is evaluated for each piping component protected against fatigue for the cycles under analysis
in accordance with eq. (17) and is listed in Tables S303.7.1 even when considering the eq. (1b) allowable, SA. There-
and S303.7.2 for Operating Cases 1 and 2, respectively. fore, redesign of the piping system is required.
The algebraic strain difference between the two resul- The redesign should consider the additional impact
tant case evaluations discussed above produces the of average axial displacement stresses in accordance
227
ASME B31.3-2008
340 tee −78 485 (−17,645) −45 900 (−33,850) 84 360 (12,235)
210 Y 78 485 (17,645) −45 900 (−33,850) 25 155 (3,650)
220 78 485 (17,645) −45 900 (−33,850) 25 155 (3,650)
230 meter 78 485 (17,645) −45 900 (−33,850) 25 155 (3,650)
240 Y 78 485 (17,645) −45 900 (−33,850) 25 155 (3,650)
330 tee 78 485 (17,645) −45 900 (−33,850) 84 360 (12,235)
310 anchor 0 147 470 (108,755) 55 610 (8,065)
320 tee 0 −147 470 (−108,755) 189 945 (27,550)
NOTES:
(1) Loads are averaged from commercial programs and are directly affected by the stiffness chosen for
valves, flanges, and other relatively stiff components.
(2) Stress may differ by slightly more than units’ conversion tolerance.
228
ASME B31.3-2008
GENERAL NOTE: The sustained stress used in determining the eq. (1b) allowable for nodes 20 and 320
is SL p 28 380 kPa (4,115 psi).
NOTES:
(1) Loads are averaged from commercial programs and are directly affected by the stiffness chosen for
valves, flanges, and other relatively stiff components.
(2) Stress may differ by slightly more than units’ conversion tolerance.
(3) The additional impact of average axial displacement stresses in accordance with the recommenda-
tions in para. 319.2.3(c) has not been included in determining the displacement stress range.
with the recommendations in para. 319.2.3(c). If the pip- the allowable loads for the attached equipment, nozzles,
ing system is redesigned such that it is compliant with or support structure. The meter loads, nozzle loads, and
the intent of the code, then the piping system would support structure analyses are beyond the scope of this
require no further attention unless the sustained, example. Although the occasional load cases are impor-
hydrotest, or operating reaction loads at either anchor tant to the design and analysis of a piping system, they
data point 10 or 310, or meter runs 130 or 230, exceeded are not discussed in this example.
229