TUTORIAL

CHAPTER 7: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY

Question 1
Consider a synchronous machine characterized by the following parameters:

𝑋" = 1.0 𝑝. 𝑢., 𝑋" = 1.0 𝑝. 𝑢., 𝑋′" = 0.3 𝑝. 𝑢.

The machine is connected directly to an infinite bus of voltage 1.0 p.u. The generator is delivering
a real power of 0.5 p.u. at 0.8 power factor lagging.

Determine:

a) the voltage behind transient reactance

b) the transient power angle equation

Question 2
Figure 1 shows a single-line diagram of a three phase, 60 Hz synchronous generator, connected
through a transformer and parallel transmission lines to an infinite bus. All reactances are given in
per unit on a common system base. If the infinite bus receives 1.0 per unit real power at 0.95 p.f.
lagging, determine;

a) the internal voltage of the generator

b) the equation for the electrical power delivered by generator versus its power angle for pre-
fault, during fault and post-fault if fault occur at Bus 3.

Figure 1
Question 3
The following one-line diagram shows a three phase system with a generator delivering real power
to one infinite bus through a twin transmission power line. Real power of generator is at rated
value of 1.0 per unit (p.u), which is similar to the measured rated voltages at terminal (Vt) and
infinite bus, (Vb). Power system reactance values are indicated as in the following one-line
diagram.

1 2
j0.4

j0.1

8
X d = j0.2 Vbus = 1.0 0o
3

j0.2 j0.2

Figure 2

Determine:

a) Generator internal voltage

b) Power angle equation, Pe0

In one occurrence of fault, Bus 3 is affected and therefore it is grounded. However, in a swift fault
preventative measure and action procedure, the fault is isolated by the simultaneous circuit breaker
at both ends at the bus.

Determine:

c) Power angle equation under fault condition, Pe1

d) Power angle equation at post fault condition, Pe2

Please summarize the findings. Analysis should include the comparison between per unit power
for each of the condition.
Question 4
Figure 3 shows a graph of the power angle curves of the maximum power delivered by a generator.
Determine the critical clearing angle and the critical clearing time of the system if the power of
the motor, Pm, is 1.0 p.u. and a 60 Hz synchronous generator having an inertia constant of
H = 5 MJ/MVA.

P
P. = 2.00 sin 𝛿

P4 = 1.50 sin 𝛿

P4 = 0.85 sin 𝛿

0 𝜋9 δ
2

Figure 3
Question 5
A 60 Hz synchronous generator having inertia constant, H = 5 MJ/MVA and a direct axis transient
reactance X’d = 0.3 p.u. is connected to an infinite bus through a purely reactive circuit as shown
below. Reactance's are marked on the diagram on a common system base. The generator is
delivering real power Pe = 0.8 p.u. and Q = 0.074 p.u. to an infinite bus at a voltage of V = 1.0 p.u.

Figure 4

a) Determine the transient internal voltage, E’.

b) Determine the critical clearing angle and critical clearing time if a three phase fault occurs
at the middle of one of the transmission lines.
c) Repeat (b) if fault occurs at sending end.

Question 6
Figure 5 shows a generator is delivering 1.0 p.u power to the infinite bus with generator terminal
voltage of Vt =1.0 p.u. Determine and plot the power angle curves of the maximum power that can
be transferred under the following conditions:

(i) Steady state

(ii) One line open

X>? = j 0.05
Vt
Pm ∞
X;< = j 0.25 X> = j 0.10 X>? = j 0.05

Figure 5
Question 7
A 60 Hz synchronous generator has a transient reactance of 0.2 per unit and inertia constant of
5.66 MJ/MVA. The generator is connected to an infinite bus through a transformer and a double
circuit transmission line, as shown in Figure 6. Resistances are neglected and reactances are
expressed on a common MVA base and are marked on the diagram. The generator is delivering a
real power of 0.77 per unit to bus bar 1. Voltage magnitude at bus bar 1 is 1.1 per unit. The infinite
bus voltage is V = 1.0∠0° per unit. Determine the generator excitation voltage and maximum
power that can be transferred during steady state condition.

Figure 6

Question 8
A power system diagram as in Figure 7 is being analysed for a three phase fault occurrence at the
middle of any of the two transmission lines. The specification of the generator includes inertia
constant of 5.0 MJ/MVA at rated speed and has transient reactance, X’d of 0.22 per unit, and it
supplies power to an infinite bus bar through a twin power line. Before the fault occurs, the
generator is delivering a real power of 1.0 p.u to an infinite bus bar. The protection system clears
the fault and the affected line is opened for continuation of operation. However, the system’s
clearing time needs to be shorten by 75%. Analyse the initial system and propose the solution of a
new clearing time and the corresponding new rotor clearing angle. Assume the power of the motor,
Pm is 0.8 p.u.

0.16 0.16
X’ = 0.22 0.36 0.4

∞
|E| = 1.25 p.u 0.4 |V inf | = 1.0 p.u
0.16 0.16

Figure 7