85-219 Introduction to Engineering Materials Winter 2010 Tutorial 7

NAME ___________________________________ STUDENT #__________

0.008

Question 1. Fill in the table below

Weight Weight Weight Annealed

Composition Annealed
Steel fraction fraction of fraction of yield strength
(wt.% C) %elongation
pearlite Cementite ferrite (Psi)
1020
0.2 0.238 0.0268 0.972 42750 36.5
1040
0.4 0.5054 0.0568 0.941 51250 30
1060
0.6 0.772 0.088 0.911 54000 23
1077
0.77 1 0.1143 0.886 54500 25
 85-219 Introduction to Engineering Materials Winter 2010 Tutorial 7

Calculations must be presented:

for 1020 steel: (wt.% of carbon = 0.2)

α C0 Pearlite 0.2 − 0.0218

WP = = 0.238
0.0218
0.77 − 0.0218
0.77
0.2

α C0 Cementite

0.0218 6.67
0.2

0.2 − 0.0218
Wcementite = = 0.0268
6.67 − 0.0218
6.67 − 0.2
W ferrite = = 0.972
6.67 − 0.0218

for 1040 steel: (wt.% of carbon = 0.4)

α C0 Pearlite 0.4 − 0.0218

WP = = 0.5054
0.77 − 0.0218
0.0218 0.77
0.4

α C0 Cementite

0.0218 6.67
0.4

0.4 − 0.0218
Wcementite = = 0.0568
6.67 − 0.0218
6.67 − 0.4
W ferrite = = 0.941
6.67 − 0.0218
85-219 Introduction to Engineering Materials Winter 2010 Tutorial 7
Draw a plot that has weight fraction of pearlite along the x-axis.
a) Plot yield strength using the left y-axis b) Plot %EL using the right y-axis.

60000 38

58000 36
56000 34
54000
Yield strength (psi)

32

% Elongation
52000
30
50000
28
48000
26
46000

44000 24

42000 22

40000 20
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Weight fraction of pearlite

Question 2: define the following phases that exist in the Fe-Fe3C phase diagram:

a) Ferrite (α): An interstitial solid solution of carbon in bcc iron crystal lattice (α-Fe) and
maximum solid solubility of carbon is 0.0218 wt%.

b) Austenite: An interstitial solid solution of carbon in fcc iron crystal lattice (γ-Fe) with
maximum solid solubility of carbon is 2.11 wt%.

c) Cementite is a hard, brittle intermetallic compound with a carbon content of 6.67

wt%.

Question 3: Distinguish between the following three types of plain carbon steels:

a) Eutectoid steel contains 0.77% carbon

b) Hypoeutectoid steel contains less than 0.77% carbon

c) Hypereutectoid steel contains more than 0.77% carbon

85-219 In
ntroduction
n to Enginee
ering Materrials Winte
er 2010 Tutoriall 7
Activity 1: Examine the
t microstructures of euteectoid steel, hypoeutectoid
h d and hypereutectoid steels and
schematiically show th
he microstructures. Show the
t different microconstitu
m uents.

Hypoeutectoid Eutectooid steel hyypereutectoidd

Question 4. The micro ostructure of ana iron-carbonn alloy consissts of proeuteectoid ferrite and
a pearlite; the
t
mass fracttions of thesee two microcoonstituents aree 0.174 and 0.826, respectiively. Determ mine the
concentraation of carbon n in this alloyy.

α C0 Pearlite
0.0218 0.77
X
X − 0.02188
0.826 =
0.77 − 0.021
18
X = 0.64

Activity 2:
2 Examine th
he microstructures of Anneealed, Normaalized and queenched 1040 steels
s and fill in
the table below.
b

Describe the Heat treatment

Heat Trreatment Descrribe the Micrrostructure
procedure

Heat into all austenitte (γ-Fe) Large α grains

g and coarse
c pearllite
Anneealed
region then
t furnace cool layers

Heat into all austenitte (γ-Fe) Fine α grains

g and fine
f layers of
o
Norm
malized region then air cool
c pearlitee

Heat into all austenitte (γ-Fe)

Quennched regioon then quen nch Needlle-like microostructure
85-219 Introduction to Engineering Materials Winter 2010 Tutorial 7

Quenching of Steel Your furnace temperature control is broken. You are supposed to heat a 1040 steel
into the all austenite region and then quench it to form all martensite. Instead of heating the part to form
all austenite, you heat to a temperature between the A1 and A3 lines to form a mixture of 0.25 weight
fraction proeutectoid ferrite and 0.75 weight fraction austenite. You take the part out of the oven and
immediately quench it.

Question 5. Between what 2 temperatures would the structure of 1040 steel be a mixture of proeutectoid
ferrite and austenite?

For 1040 steel: ~ 720-820°C

Question 6. What happens to the austenite when it is quenched? What happens to the pro-eutectoid
ferrite when it is quenched?

Austenite (γ-Fe) with fcc crystal structure transforms into martensite with bct crystal
structure and proeutectoid ferrite (α) stays the same.

Question 7. List the phases and their weight fractions in the final quenched microstructure.

1) Martensite has the same weight fraction of austenite: Wmartensite = Wγ = 0.75

2) Proeutectoid ferrite: Wα = 0.25