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E20-II HVAC System Design Software Application Support

HAP FAQ Categories

Codes and Standards
Installation, Networks and Miscellaneous Program Information
Project Management and Data Entry Tips
gbXML File Transfer
Calculation Methodology
Weather Data
Space and Zone Data
System Modeling
Ventilation Modeling
Chiller, Boilers, Towers and Plant Modeling
Report Interpretation
Energy Modeling

HAP Frequently Asked Questions

Codes and Standards

Compliance with ASHRAE 90.1 Software Requirements
Compliance with US Federal Regulations for Energy Simulation Software
Compliance with ASHRAE Standard 140-2001
HAP Status Regarding LEED Submissions
HAP Status Regarding Washington State and City Code Submissions
LEED-NC 2.2 EAc1 / ASHRAE 90.1 Appendix G Pump Energy Calculations

Installation, Networks and Miscellaneous Program Information

How much hard disk space does HAP Require?
How can defaults be customized?
Understanding Network Installations
Configuring a Laptop for Dual Local and Network Operation
How to Install on a Network without Using the CD
How can I update the Company Name in the software?

Project Management and Data Entry Tips

How do I delete zones from an air system?
Removing Unwanted Project Names from Project List

gbXML File Transfer

What gbXML data will HAP import?
What gbXML tools will HAP be compatible with?
Will HAP export gbXML data?
How do I import the data?

Calculation Methodology
HAP v4.3 vs. V4.20a Calculation Differences
Are the example problem results reliable?
Maximum Quantity Limits for HAP Projects
Maximum Quantity Limits for HAP Projects
What is my altitude-adjusted 1.08 or 1.207 factor?
Can HAP calculate lifecycle costs?

Weather Data
How to Install Simulation Weather Data

Space and Zone Data

How do I model more than 1 door per exposure?
Tips for Efficiently Entering Zone Data
Why aren't more day types offered in schedules?

System Modeling
How to Model Closed Loop WSHP Systems
How to Model Open Loop WSHP Systems
How to Model Ground-Coupled WSHP Systems
What does the 'Zone T-Stat Check' mean?
Modeling Convective Heating Systems
How can I obtain design water flow data for heating coils?
Pitfalls Interpreting Peak Humidifier Load Data
The heat reclaim device has no effect on my 2-deck Multizone system
What impact does a heat reclaim unit have on terminal unit sizing?
Modeling a unit ventilator (UV) system
How to calculate loads for a decoupled air system
Why does HAP not give me 60% RH when I add a humidifier and specify 60% RH?
How to Specify RTU Performance
How to Specify Unitary Equipment Performance

Ventilation Modeling
Why do I get more ventilation airflow than I asked for?
Why do I get less ventilation airflow than I asked for in a VAV system?
Why do I get less ventilation airflow than I asked for in a CAV system?
How is the ventilation load calculated?
Why did HAP change my ASHRAE 62.1-2004 ventilation rates back to "User-defined" space usage category?
What happened to the public restroom category with ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004?
Why is the ventilation airflow the same for both ventilation control options, constant and DCV?
Why does HAP not maintain the CO2 differential specified when using the DCV setting?

Chiller, Boilers, Towers and Plant Modeling

How to Import 30-Series Chiller Data
Does plant sizing consider diversity among systems?

Report Interpretation
What is the difference between the Zone and Terminal Unit capacities on the Zone Sizing Summary report?
Interpreting Information on File Integrity Reports
What causes my mixed air temperature to be extremely hot?
Why is the off coil temperature greater than the supply temperature for SZCAV?

Energy Modeling
Why doesn't adding an ERV in energy analysis reduce the energy use?
How do high infiltration rates impact energy simulations?

required when installing Configuration Services and HAP.

Finally, each project that is created will also use hard disk space. This space depends on the amount of data entered and
calculated. Very small projects require 200-500 kB of disk space. Many projects of moderate size usually require 1 to 10 MB
of disk space. Extremely large projects can require 50 MB or more of hard disk space.
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How can I customize the default data in HAP?
FAQ: How can I customize the default data in HAP?

Answer: Currently there is not a direct way to change the standard default data in HAP for things such as weather, walls,
roofs, doors, windows, etc. However, one useful approach is to create a "template" project which contains the standard
weather data, schedules, and wall, roof, window and door constructions that you use on most of your projects. Here's how to
create a template project:
• A. How to Create and Save the Template
o Use the Project/New option to create a new project.
o Enter the standard data you wish to use as the basis for all subsequent projects you create. This might
include weather and schedule data, and common wall, roof, window or door constructions.
o Use the Project/Save option to save the project. When asked for the project name specify "Template" or
something similar so you will be able to easily identify this project in the future.
• B. How to Use the Template
o When starting a new project, use the Project/New option
o Then choose the "Import HAP Project Data" option on the Project Menu.
o When asked to choose a project from which to import data, choose your Template project.
o Then choose the items in the Template you want to import into your new project.
o Once finished, begin entering new data into your project.

Note: A Template project is not required to import data. You can import data from any existing HAP project.
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Are the Example Problem Results Reliable?
FAQ: I am learning the program by doing the example problem in the HAP Quick Reference Guide. The results I got don't
match those in the manual. Before I check my inputs I need to know whether the example problem results in the manual are
reliable.

Answer: The example problem results have changed since the HAP Quick Reference Guide was printed due to
modifications to the program. However, current results are provided on the program CD. Open the
Example_Problem_Reports.PDF file found in the \Example folder on the CD.
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Maximum Quantity Limits for HAP Projects
FAQ: What are the maximum quantity limits for data such as spaces, systems and plants in a HAP project?

Answer: Data limits for all data entities offered in HAP are listed below. These limits apply to a single project. For example,
you can have 2500 spaces in a project.

Data Entity Limit per Project

Spaces 2500
Systems 250
Plants 100
Buildings 100
Schedules Unlimited
Walls Unlimited
Roofs Unlimited
Windows Unlimited
Doors Unlimited
External Shading Geometries Unlimited
Chillers Unlimited
Cooling Towers Unlimited
Boilers Unlimited
Fuel Rates Unlimited

One other limit worth mentioning is 100 zones per air system.
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Interpreting Information on File Integrity Reports
FAQ: What does the information shown on the File Integrity Verification Report mean? How does a person read and
interpret this information?

Answer: The File Integrity Verification Report for HAP provides information about all software components involved in the
operation of the program. It is used to determine whether there are problems with any components (such as a damaged or
missing file) that could cause operational problems in the program.

The report consists of a table in which each row contains data for a different software component and each column contains
a different category of information about the component. Working from left to right, the columns are:
1. File # – This numbers the line items in the report.
2. Name – The name of the software component.
3. Status – If listed as "OK" it means the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) value for the software component is exactly
the same as the copy of the file shipped with HAP – i.e. it is a valid copy of the component and is not corrupt.

If the value listed is a series of letters and numbers (example: D1B3B135) this means the copy of the file on the
computer is different from the one shipped with HAP. The value listed is the CRC value for the copy of the file found
on the computer. A difference does not necessarily indicate a problem. So long as the "Version Found" is later than
the "Version Shipped", the difference is legitimate and does not indicate a problem.

If a message such as "Could not locate file" appears in this column, it indicates a problem with the file and almost
certainly will result in program operating problems.
4. Path – Lists the location where the active copy of this file is found. At the end of the path/file one or more symbols will
be found. These symbols are described in the table below.
5. Version Found – The version of the software component found on the computer. If it is later than the "Version
Shipped" this is OK. If it is earlier than the "Version Shipped" this will cause operating problems in the program.
6. Version Shipped – The version of the software component shipped with HAP. Provided so it can be compared with
the "Version Found".
7. Original Size – The file size for the software component shipped with HAP.
8. Current Size – The file size for the software component found on the computer. Sometimes comparing original and
current file sizes will indicate a problem. For example, if the "Version Shipped" and "Version Found" items are the
same, but the file sizes are different this sometimes indicates a corrupted copy of the file.

Notation Description
® The file requires registration and is properly registered.
!r The file requires registration but is not properly registered. The registry entry is partial or is corrupt (but the
CLSID was found).
!r! The file requires registration but is not properly registered. The file was not found at the location specified in
the registry or anywhere on the path.
© The file does not require registration. The CRC file we use to check file status does not provide any
registration information for this item, but it was found and properly loaded. This is expected for non-COM
objects and certain COM objects also.
1.0 (or other An earlier version of the file is registered but not the version specified in the CRC file we use to check file
number) status. Usually this indicates a problem. The number shown is the version number found.
registry subkey The file is partially registered or the Windows registry is corrupt.
not found
Not registered Could be similar to the "1.0" item above but in addition the file failed to load or could not be found.
properly
Not found The file could not be located.
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Can HAP Calculate Lifecycle Costs?
FAQ: I am running energy simulations as the starting point for a lifecycle cost study of HVAC design alternatives. I know
HAP can be used for the energy simulations, but can it also be used to calculate lifecycle costs?

Answer: Currently HAP does not include lifecycle cost calculation features. These features are found in Engineering
Economic Analysis which is a separate E20-II program. Engineering Economic Analysis provides features for private sector
analysis where decisions are typically based on net present worth, internal rate of return or payback, and for public sector
analysis where decisions are typically based on the savings-to-investment ratio. Both analyses consider investment costs for
purchase and installation of equipment, and annual energy and maintenance costs. The private sector analysis also can
consider tax and depreciation issues.

Data can be electronically transferred from HAP to Engineering Economics. This is done using the "Import HAP Data" option
in Engineering Economics. Please refer to the Engineering Economics on-line help system for information on how this option
works. Note that you need HAP v4.2 or later and Engineering Economics v3.0 or later to make the import feature work.
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How to Install Simulation Weather Data
FAQ: When I try to run an energy simulation with HAP it tells me it cannot because I do not have simulation weather data in
my project. What is simulation weather data and how do I get it?

Answer: "Simulation" weather data contains actual hour-by-hour measurements of temperature, humidity and solar radiation
for your building site. It forms the basis for energy simulations since both building loads and equipment performance are
affected by the hour-by-hour and day-by-day change in weather conditions. Simulation weather data is different from
"design" weather data. The latter contains one 24-hour profile for each month representing warmer and sunnier than normal
weather data used for sizing cooling equipment and one winter design hour for sizing heating equipment.

Both design and simulation weather data are specified by editing your project weather data. Design data is created by
choosing a city from the program's design weather database, or by directly entering the design parameters. Both tasks can
be performed using options on the General tab of the Weather form. Simulation weather data is added to the project by
choosing a file from Carrier's simulation weather library. This is done by pressing the "Select City" button found on the
Simulation tab of the Weather form.

The complete simulation weather library is provided on the HAP CD-ROM in the \Weather folder. There two ways to work
with the simulation weather library:
1. Do Install. Many users find it most efficient to install simulation weather files they frequently use on their computer.
This frees them from having to use the HAP CD-ROM each time simulation weather is needed. If data is installed, a
list of simulation weather files will appear immediately when the "Select City" button on the Simulation tab is pressed.
To install simulation weather files:
1. Insert the HAP CD-ROM in your CD drive.
2. Run Windows Explorer.
3. Navigate to the Weather folder on the CD.
4. Copy the desired weather files from the Weather folder to the \E20-II\Weather folder on the computer drive
where HAP is installed. When working with a network installation of HAP, the \E20-II\Weather folder will be
found on the network server drive. Note that the name of each simulation weather file describes its contents.
For example, USA_ILLINOIS_CHICAGO_TMY2.HW1 contains simulation weather data for Chicago. Users
typically copy files for a group cities they anticipate using frequently.
5. Now run HAP, edit the project weather data, go to the Simulation tab and press the Select City button.
When this button is pressed, it immediately displays files found in the \E20-II\Weather folder, so the files you
copied in step "4" will be listed. Select the desired weather file.

New files can be added to the \E20-II\Weather folder at any time by repeating steps 1-4 above.
2. Do not Install. With this approach, weather files are not installed on your computer. Rather, each time you need to
add simulation weather data to a project, you read it from the HAP CD. To use this approach:
1. Insert the HAP CD-ROM in your CD drive.
2. Run HAP.
3. Edit weather data for your project data and go to the Simulation tab of the Weather form. Then press the
Select City button. The Select City dialog will appear, but initially will not list any .HW1 simulation weather
files since it is showing files in the \E20-II\Weather folder. Use the features of the dialog to browse to the
\Weather folder of the CD. Then select the desired weather file.
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How do I model more than 1 door per exposure?

FAQ: I have a space with more than one type of door on a single exposure. Since HAP permits one door type per wall
exposure, how can I model more than one door type for each exposure?

Answer: The following procedure can be used:

1. On the Walls, Windows, Doors tab of the Space input form, define your wall exposure, specifying the quantity for
your first door type.
2. Then add a second wall exposure item with the same orientation. Specify a gross wall area which is equal to the total
area for the second door type. Then specify the quantity of door type #2 and specify the appropriate door
construction. Therefore, this wall exposure is 100% door since gross wall area equals door area.
3. Make sure to reduce the gross area for the first wall exposure by an amount equal to the total area of door type #2.
4. If further door types exist, repeat steps 2 and 3 to define these.

Example: The south exposure of a space has a gross wall area of 800 sqft. On this exposure are two entry doors accounting
for 64 sqft of area, and two fire doors accounting for a total of 84 sqft. The entry and fire doors are defined as two different
door constructions. This data could be entered in the Walls, Windows, Doors tab of the Space input form as follows:

Exp. Gross Area Window 1 Window 2 Door Quantity Door Construction

(sqft) Qty Qty
S 716 0 0 2 Door Type 1
Tips for Efficiently Entering Zone Data
FAQ: I have a system in which most, but not all, of the zones have the same data for supply terminals and thermostats. Do I
have to say "zones not the same" and then enter data for every zone? Or is there a faster way to set most of the zones the
same and then enter only the data for zones that differ?

Answer: There is a simple shortcut approach to make entering zone data in this situation fast and efficient. The shortcut is
illustrated with the following example:

Example: A system serves 25 zones. Of these zones, 22 use parallel fan powered mixing boxes having the same sizing
criteria while three use simple VAV boxes. To efficiently enter supply terminal data in this situation, use the following steps:
• In the Supply Terminal data view on the Zone Components tab, mark the "All Zones are the Same" check box. Then
enter the common data for the parallel fan powered mixing boxes. This includes terminal type, minimum airflow rate,
fan performance and heating supply temperature. As you enter this data, HAP is actually making 25 copies of the
data, one copy for each zone in the system.
• Next, unmark the "All Zones are the Same" check box. This enables zone-by-zone editing of data. But what you are
starting with is 25 copies of the same parallel fan powered mixing box data, so you are all set for the 22 zones whose
data is identical. All you need to do is locate the three zones having different data and specify the supply terminal
data for these zones.

This shortcut approach can also be used when entering thermostat data and zone heating unit data.
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What is My Altitude-Adjusted 1.08 or 1.207 Factor?
FAQ: HAP corrects the density of air for site elevation. When trying to hand check certain program results it would be useful
to know the density x heat capacity x correction factor value. Where can I find these correction values?

Answer: Beginning with HAP v4.1, the correction factor for the site altitude for your building can be found on the tabular
version of the System Psychrometrics report. The factor appears as a footnote beneath Table 1 of the report.

HVAC engineers are well familiar with the density x heat capacity x correction factor for sea level of 1.08 in English units and
1.207 in SI Metric units. Because HAP corrects air density for site elevation, factors other than 1.08 and 1.207 are used in
program calculations (unless you are at sea level). The altitude correction equations and factors for common elevations
appear below.

English Factor = 1.08 (1 - 6.87535x10^-6 A)^5.2561

Metric Factor = 1.207 (1 - 2.25569x10^-5 A)^5.2561

where:

^ = Exponentiation symbol. 10^-6 is ten raised to the -6 power.

A = site elevation in feet or meters.
English Factor = (BTU/hr-°F)(min/cuft)
Metric Factor = (W/K)(s/L)

The following table lists density x heat capacity x correction factor values for a range of site elevations.

Elevation English Factor Elevation Metric Factor

0 1.080 0 1.207
100 1.076 25 1.203
200 1.072 50 1.200
300 1.068 75 1.196
400 1.064 100 1.193
500 1.061 125 1.189
600 1.057 150 1.186
 600 1.057 150 1.186
700 1.053 175 1.182
800 1.049 200 1.179
900 1.045 225 1.175
1000 1.042 250 1.172
1100 1.038 275 1.168
1200 1.034 300 1.165
1300 1.030 350 1.158
1400 1.026 400 1.151
1500 1.023 450 1.144
1600 1.019 500 1.137
1700 1.015 550 1.130
1800 1.012 600 1.124
1900 1.008 650 1.117
2000 1.004 700 1.110
3000 0.968 800 1.097
4000 0.933 900 1.084
5000 0.899 1000 1.071
6000 0.865 1200 1.045
7000 0.833 1400 1.020
8000 0.802 1600 0.995
9000 0.772 1800 0.971
10000 0.743 2000 0.947
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How can I obtain design water flow data for heating coils?
FAQ: I am designing an air system that contains hot water heating coils. When I generate the system design reports I don't
see a value listed for hot water gpm. Instead there is a dash for this item. How can I obtain design water flow data for
heating coils?

Answer: First make sure you have identified the heating source for the heating coils as "hot water". Next, specify the hot
water delta-T on the Sizing tab of the Air System input form. Then generate reports. For central and preheat coils you will
find hot water gpm (or L/s) data on the Air System Sizing Summary. For terminal reheat or perimeter baseboard coils you
will find hot water gpm (or L/s) data on the Zone Sizing Summary.
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Why do I get more ventilation airflow than I asked for?

FAQ: I am designing an air system where the sum of outdoor airflows specified in the space inputs should be 3500 CFM.
When I generate the Air System Design Load Summary I see the ventilation airflow for the design cooling hour listed as
9000 CFM. Why do I get more ventilation airflow than I asked for?

Answer: There are three possible reasons for this:

1. Check your inputs to see if you specified an outdoor air economizer. If so it is possible the economizer is operating
for the hour whose data is displayed on the Air System Design Load Summary. To see if this is the case first check
the supply airflow rate on the Air System Design Load Summary. If supply is equal to ventilation airflow, its very
likely the economizer is operating. Second, check the System Psychrometrics report for the same month and hour.
 If you find this problem, there is a simple way to correct it:
1. First change the direct exhaust value to zero.
2. Next, uncheck the "all zones the same" box.
3. Finally, scroll to the zone which has direct exhaust and specify the proper exhaust CFM. This way only
that zone will have direct exhaust, not all zones in the system.
3. The final explanation also involves direct exhaust. If direct exhaust is correctly specified (only for the zones where it
exists), but is greater than the outdoor ventilation air, then HAP will automatically increase the outdoor ventilation
air to equal the direct exhaust airflow. A system cannot exhaust more air than enters as ventilation, so HAP must
equalize these two airflow values.

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Why do I get less ventilation airflow than I asked for in a VAV system?
FAQ: I am designing a VAV air system in which the sum of outdoor airflows specified for spaces in the system is 3500 CFM.
When I generate the Air System Design Load Summary report I see in the design heating column that the ventilation airflow
is only 1800 CFM. Why do I get less ventilation airflow than I asked for?

Answer: Check the following to determine the cause of the problem:

1. First, make sure you specified "constant" control for the ventilation air. Without special controls outdoor ventilation
airflow varies as a constant percentage of supply fan airflow. If ventilation air is 20% of supply airflow at the design
cooling condition, it will be roughly 20% of design airflow at all other conditions as the VAV boxes close and the fan
throttles. This is modeled by the "proportional" control option, which essentially means that ventilation air is not
controlled. With this option you would have your specified 3500 CFM ventilation airflow when the VAV fan is at full
airflow. If the VAV boxes close to 10% of design flow, you would have only 350 CFM of outdoor air when all VAV
boxes were at their minimum position.
2. Second, check the minimum airflow specified for the VAV terminals in all zones. If VAV boxes are allowed to close
beyond a point where minimum ventilation is provided, then it will be impossible to maintain a constant ventilation
airflow.

For example, suppose you've specified 3500 CFM of ventilation air and "constant" control. However, with all VAV
boxes in the system at minimum position the supply fan is moving 1800 CFM. It is therefore impossible to introduce
more than 1800 CFM of outdoor ventilation air into the system.

VAV box minimums need to be set high enough to permit the coordinated desired minimum ventilation air for the
system. The minimum airflow for VAV terminals is specified on the Zone Components tab, Supply Terminals data
view.

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Why do I get less ventilation airflow than I asked for in a CAV system?

FAQ: I am designing a Single Zone CAV air system in which the sum of outdoor airflows specified for spaces in the system
is 3500 CFM. When I generate the Air System Design Load Summary report I see the correct ventilation airflow in the
cooling column. However in the design heating column the ventilation airflow is only 1800 CFM. Why do I get less ventilation
airflow than I asked for?

Answer: Check the following possibilities:

1. First, check the System Components tab, Central Heating Coil data view to see if the "capacity control" is specified
 because there will be portions of each hour where the fan is cycled off and no fresh air is being provided.

2. Second, check the System Components tab, Ventilation data view to see what kind of control is specified. If
"Scheduled" or "Demand Controlled Ventilation" control is specified that could explain the result. Both of these
control methods vary the outdoor ventilation airflow continually. If you need a constant ventilation airflow to be
maintained, the "constant" control option should be used.

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How do I delete zones from an air system?
FAQ: I am designing an air system which serves 100 zones. Each zone is a single space. Midway through this design work,
the system layout was changed so I only need to serve 98 zones. The two zones that are being removed are zones #51 and
#52. How to I delete these two zones from the air system?

Answer: Use the following procedure:

1. First, make sure you know which spaces are assigned to zones 99 and 100. You'll need this information in step #3.
2. Next, go to the General tab in the Air System input form and change the number of zones input from 100 to 98. This
will delete zones 99 and 100 (HAP always deletes zones from the end of the zone list when the number of zones is
decreased).
3. Because it was zones 51 and 52 we wanted to get rid of, go to the Zone Components tab and edit the space
assignments for these two zones. Insert the space assignments from the original zones 99 and 100. This way you
have 98 zones and the original assignments for zones 51 and 52 have been eliminated.

An alternate approach is to respecify space assignments for all zones from 51 through 98 but this takes much, much
longer.

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What causes my mixed air temperature to be extremely hot?
FAQ: I am designing an air system. When I generate the Air System Sizing Summary report I find that the entering air
temperature for my draw-through cooling coil is 138°F. This is in a climate where the design outdoor dry-bulb temperature is
95°F and the indoor temperature is 75°F. What causes this mixed air temperature to be so hot?

Answer: There are several situations that could cause the mixed air temperature to be such a high value:

1. If the system includes a return air plenum, and the heat gains assigned to the plenum are very large relative to the
airflow through the plenum, extremely large plenum delta-T values can result.

Example: Suppose 10000 CFM flows through the return plenum. 100% of roof heat gain, 90% of lighting heat gain
and 20% of wall heat gain have been assigned to the plenum. This total heat gain is 756,000 BTU/hr. Assuming
sea level conditions, this results in a temperature rise of 70°F (39 K) across the plenum.

In such as situation, the plenum heat gain values must be adjusted. Long before a 70°F temperature rise occurred,
heat would begin flowing through the ceiling tiles to the room below until an equilibrium was reached. Much less
than the 100% roof, 90% lighting and 20% wall heat gains would be transferred to plenum air.

One common mistake is to specify 100% of roof heat gain to plenum thinking that all the heat must travel through
the plenum before it reaches the zone. While its true the heat must flow through the plenum, not all of it is
transferred to the plenum air. As the plenum air warms, heat is transferred to through the ceiling tiles to the zone.
So the effective percentage of roof heat gain to plenum may only be 70% or 80%.

2. If the system includes a return fan, check the fan static and efficiency for this fan. We have seen instances where
extremely large statics or extremely low efficiencies (1% to 10%) have been specified by accident. The result is an
enormous return fan heat gain, on the order of 70°F to 100°F (39 K to 56 K). The solution is to adjust the inputs for
the return fan.

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Why doesn't adding an ERV in energy analysis reduce the energy use?
FAQ: I am running an energy analysis and am studying the energy use of a base case system versus a system which
includes an energy recovery ventilator (ERV) unit. When I compare the final energy use and operating cost results I find
there is no difference. Why doesn't adding an ERV reduce the energy use and cost?

Answer: Check the system inputs to see if 100% of outdoor ventilation air is being directly exhausted from zones in the
system. If all ventilation air is being directly exhausted this is the culprit.

An Energy Recovery Ventilator (aka Ventilation Reclaim device) transfers heat and moisture between the outdoor ventilation
and exhaust air streams. These devices can be heat wheels, heat pipes, pump-around systems, air-to-air heat exchangers
or similar equipment. In order to function, a flow of outdoor ventilation air and exhaust air is required at the air handler. If all
outdoor ventilation air is directly exhausted from zones (via toilet exhausts, lab hoods, kitchen exhaust, thru-the-wall exhaust
or similar means) then no ventilation air returns to the air handler to be exhausted. Because there is no exhaust at the air
handler, the ventilation reclaim device cannot function and no energy savings will be seen.

If you remove direct exhaust from the system you should see the reduction in energy use and energy cost that you expect.
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Pitfalls Interpreting Peak Humidifier Load Data
FAQ: I am designing an air system which includes a steam humidifier. When I compare the peak humidifier load shown on
the Air System Sizing Summary with the humidifier load data shown for the design heating hour on the Air System Design
Load Summary and the System Psychrometrics reports, the values are different. The load for the design heating hour is
smaller than the one shown on the Air System Sizing Summary. How can this be?

Answer: In unusual cases the peak humidifier load occurs for one of the hours in a design cooling day rather than the design
heating hour. This was the explanation in your case. HAP searches all hours on design cooling days and the design heating
hour to identify the peak humidifier load. Because the humidifier peak load typically occurs at the design heating condition, it
is natural to assume that the peak load always occurs at design heating. But this is not always the case. Note the peak
month and hour shown on the Air System Sizing Summary (in the "Max Steam Flow" item – it is easy to overlook). This tells
when the maximum humidification load occurs.

Typically this unusual situation happens for VAV systems. The combination of a moderate airflow during a cooling design
day in one of the winter months coupled with a moderate inlet humidity generates a larger humidifier load than the
combination of a smaller airflow coupled with a lower humidity value at the design heating hour. At the design heating
condition, all VAV boxes will be at minimum flow position so the system airflow will be small. During design cooling days,
even in winter months, VAV boxes may be above their minimum position leading to larger system airflows. While this can
happen with VAV systems, it is still an unusual occurrence.
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What does the 'Zone T-Stat Check' Mean?

FAQ: I am designing a 6-zone VAV reheat system. On the Air System Sizing Summary report under the section titled
"Central Cooling Coil Sizing Data" there is an item "Zone T-stat Check: 4 of 6 OK". What does this mean?

Answer: The "Zone T-stat Check" item describes the status of zone air temperatures for the month and hour when the
generate this report for the same hour as the peak cooling coil load occurs.

When examining this report, you may find that zone air temperatures only exceed the upper limit of the throttling range by a
few tenths of a degree. In such a case this may not be cause for concern. In other cases zone temperatures may exceed the
upper cooling limit by several degrees. These kinds of problems are often due to operational problems dealing with
unusually large pulldown loads. Or if user-defined sizing was used, the airflow or supply air temperature may not be
sufficient to meet a zone's peak loads.

Further useful information may be found on the Hourly Zone Design Day Loads report. This report shows zone air
temperatures and loads for complete 24-hour periods. These 24-hour profiles will help you understand the daily cycle of
operation and whether problems with pulldown loads are the culprit.

Further Information: HAP uses a system-based design procedure which utilizes the transfer function load method to
determine loads. This approach requires that calculations be performed in two stages. In the first stage zone loads are
calculated assuming 24-hour cooling and a constant room temperature. In the second stage, zone loads are corrected for
actual operating conditions (such as a thermostat throttling range, and a setup, setback or shutdown period at night) at the
same time as system operation is simulated. Stage 2 yields not only the coil loads but also data about air temperatures in all
zones.

In order to correct the loads and simulate operation in Stage 2, the sizing of zone and fan airflow rates must already be
determined. Therefore, the airflow rates must be based on Stage 1 load calculation results. Ideally zone and fan airflows
would be based on the corrected loads from Stage 2 since the corrections can change the zone peak loads. However, the
corrections cannot be made without knowing the zone and fan airflow rates first which is what forces airflow sizing to be
done using Stage 1 results. Usually these airflow rates are sufficient and yield system operation that keeps zone air
temperatures within the cooling range. But there are unusual situations where air temperatures stray outside this range.

As mentioned earlier, zone air temperature problems are usually the result of large pulldown loads. If the system and zone
airflow rates are not sufficiently large, the system may struggle to extract this pulldown heat and deal with the hourly loads
throughout a large portion of the day. There are several strategies that can be used to correct these problems:
1. If the cooling equipment is turned off during the "unoccupied" period (cooling is specified as not available during the
unoccupied period), you could allow unoccupied cooling at a setup temperature to reduce the heat that accumulates
during the unoccupied period. This makes the pulldown load smaller and easier to manage.
2. The thermostat schedule could be modified to start one or two hours earlier. This allows the system one or two hours
to deal with the pulldown load before lighting and people loads are present.
3. Internal load schedules should be checked. Sometimes heat gains such as lighting, occupants and electrical
equipment are scheduled at 100% for 24 hours a day when the building is actually unoccupied and lights and
equipment are off for a period of the day. Excessive heat gains, especially during a shutdown period or a setup
period can result in unusually large pulldown loads.
4. If user-defined sizing was used, airflow rates to the zones having trouble maintaining air temperature should be
checked. They may need to be increased to provide greater cooling capacity to the zone.
5. If none of the above solve the problem, the user-defined sizing option in system inputs can be used to increase fan
and zone airflow rates to provide greater amounts of cooling to address shortfalls in those zones having trouble
maintaining proper air temperatures.

An Alternate Viewpoint: There are two schools of thought about the system design procedures used in HAP. One group of
users wish to consider all the aspects of system operation and control in the design calculation, and accepts that considering
all these aspects sometimes introduces complications, including the problems with maintaining zone air temperature.

A second group of users feels that design calculations should be more idealized and should not consider as many details of
control and operation. For these users we recommend using a thermostat schedule with all 24 hours in the occupied period
and a thermostat throttling range of 0.1°F (or 0.1°C). This will eliminate many of the dynamic factors (such as pulldown
loads) which lead to the zone thermostat check problems. Results are more straightforward to interpret with this approach
but may neglect important aspects of operation such as the pulldown load.
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How is the Ventilation Load Calculated?
appears to me the culprit is the ventilation load. The outside air quantity is 2000 CFM and the total supply air is 5000 CFM. I
specified a supply temperature of 55°F, a zone thermostat setpoint of 72°F and the outdoor air dry-bulb for my site is 93°F.
Using the sensible heat equation: SHC = 1.1 x CFM x delta-T or 1.1 x 2000 x (93 - 55) = 83,600 BTU/hr. HAP reported a
sensible ventilation load of only 39,986 BTU/hr. Why is HAP undercalculating the ventilation air load by 50%?

Answer: Due to two common misconceptions your equation for calculating the ventilation load is incorrect.

First, the ventilation load is the net heat transfer to the system due to fresh outdoor air entering the system and exhaust air
leaving the system. Therefore the delta-T used in the equation must be based on the outdoor air temperature and the
exhaust temperature. 93°F is the correct outdoor air temperature, but 55°F is a supply temperature, not an exhaust
temperature. Use the System Psychrometrics report to determine the exhaust air temperature. In your case it was 74.4°F.
This is because the zone air temperature was 74.4°F and there were no plenum heat gains or return fan heat gains.
Therefore the delta-T was (93-74.4) = 18.6°F, not 38°F.

Second, the 1.1 factor is the product of air density, heat capacity and a conversion factor. Air density varies with altitude so it
is not always safe to use 1.1 for this calculation. For sea level conditions this factor is 0.075 lb/cuft x 0.24 BTU/lb-°F x 60
min/hr = 1.08. Your site elevation happened to be 100 feet so this factor only changed slightly when corrected to become
1.076. For further information on the density correction see the footnotes beneath table 1 on the System Psychrometrics
Report or click here to review on altitude-adjustments to the correction factor.

Therefore, in this case the ventilation load calculation is 1.076 x 2000 x (93 - 74.4) = 39,986 BTU/hr and this matches the
HAP report.

Further Information: Note that the exhaust air temperature can sometimes be several degrees warmer than the zone
setpoint and this reduces the delta-T and therefore the ventilation load. Reasons for differences between the exhaust air
temperatures and the zone setpoint include the following:
1. The thermostat setpoint and the thermostat throttling range together determine the operating range for the
thermostat. If the setpoint is 72°F and the throttling range is 3°F, then the cooling range is between 72°F and 75°F.
For peak cooling hours, the zone temperature is often in the upper end of this range near 75°F as we saw in the
example.
2. If a return air plenum is present, air flowing through the plenum picks up a portion of roof, lighting and wall heat gains
and its temperature increases.
3. If a return air fan is present, heat gain from the fan will increase the return air temperature further.
4. If a ventilation reclaim device is present, the heat transfer to the exhaust air stream will elevate its temperature even
further.
5. When leakage in the supply duct is specified the program assumes air is leaked from the supply duct into the return
plenum, or if a return duct is used, it is assumed the leaked air indirectly reaches the return air stream. In either case,
this mixes cold supply air with the return air and this is a reason the temperature of the return air can decrease.

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Why is the off coil temperature greater than the supply temperature for SZCAV?
FAQ: I am designing a constant volume rooftop system. I specified the design supply air temperature as 55°F. On the Air
System Sizing Summary report, in the Central Cooling Coil Sizing Data section I see the leaving dry-bulb temperature is
57.4°F. Why isn't the leaving temperature 55°F?

Answer: The "design supply temperature" you specified defines the temperature of air at the supply grille. The air
temperature leaving the cooling coil can differ from this design value for two principal reasons which are explained below.
1. The "design supply temperature" is only required for times when the zone is at its peak load. If the zone load is not at
its peak when the peak coil load occurs, then a warmer supply temperature will be sufficient to meet the zone load.
The peak zone load may not coincide with the peak cooling coil load for two reasons:
1. While the coil load is strongly affected by the zone load, it is also affected by other load components the
ventilation load, supply fan heat gain and plenum heat gain. If these loads peak at a different hour than the
zone load, then the overall coil peak may be at a different time. Therefore, when the coil load peaks, the
zone load may be at less than 100% of its peak load. Consequently a warmer supply temperature is
sufficient.
2. Effects of the thermostat throttling range and zone dynamics can affect the zone load. The supply airflow
 determine the coil loads. These adjustments alter the zone loads and can cause the load to be less than
100% of peak when the peak cooling coil load occurs. For example, if operating at 77°F zone temperature
due to the thermostat throttling range instead of 75°F, the zone load will be slightly less (see discussion
below for more details).
2. If you have a draw-thru coil/fan configuration or duct heat gain, the off coil temperature must be slightly colder than
that required at the grille to overcome these heat gains. However that explains why the off coil temperature might be
colder than design.

Typically both factors above are at work at the same time. The temperature required at the supply grille rises as the zone
load drops below 100% of peak. At the same time, duct heat gain and fan heat (for a draw-thru unit) require a lower
temperature. Often the net of these two factors results in the off coil temperature being higher than the design supply air
temperature you specified.

It is also important to remember that the principle of constant volume system operation is that a constant volume of air is
provided and the supply temperature is varied to meet the load. Because we are calculating loads according to 1-hour time
steps, we are talking about the average supply temperature over one hour. With a DX unit the compressor is cycled or
staged. The average hourly supply temperature varies according to the number of minutes the compressor is cycled on or
off during the hour, or due to the compressor staging. For the minutes the compressor is on, air close to or below the design
temperature is provided, and for the minutes the compressor is off neutral air is provided (for example at 75°F). In a chilled
water unit, the water flow or water temperature to the coil is regulated to control the off coil temperature.

Further Information: Earlier it was mentioned that one reason the zone load was less than 100% of peak was the thermostat
throttling range and zone dynamics. HAP uses a system-based design procedure utilizing the transfer function load
calculation method. This approach requires that loads be calculated in two stages. In the first stage, loads are calculated
assuming the equipment provides cooling 24 hours a day and maintains the zone at the cooling setpoint all the time. In the
second stage, system operation is simulated to determine coil loads and in doing so the original loads are corrected for
actual operating conditions. These conditions include the fact that the thermostat controls zone temperature within a
throttling range rather than to a precise temperature, and that the equipment may not operate 24 hours a day, instead using
a shutdown period or a setup period during unoccupied times. The corrections to the loads change the shape of the load
profile. So where Stage 1 results yield a peak zone load at one time, the adjusted loads from Stage 2 can yield either a
higher or lower zone load at the same time. To understand these corrections, review the Hourly Zone Design Day Loads
report. It shows the "Zone Load" which is Stage 1 results and the "Zone Conditioning" which is Stage 2 results.

There are two schools of thought regarding this procedure. One group of users endorses this approach because it considers
the real aspects of system control and building dynamics. Another group feels that design loads should be more idealized.
For this second group we recommend using a thermostat schedule with all 24 hours in the occupied period and a throttling
range of 0.1°F (or 0.1°C). These inputs will minimize the load corrections and dynamic effects so Stage 2 results will be
nearly identical to Stage 1 results. Note that this still may result in differences between off-coil and design supply
temperatures if the coil load and zone load peak at different times, or duct heat gain or a draw-thru unit configuration are
used.
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How to Model Closed Loop WSHP Systems
FAQ: I am doing an energy analysis in which one of the alternatives is a conventional closed loop WSHP system. How do I
model this type of equipment?

Answer: This system consists of WSHP units connected in parallel to a common water loop. Both a cooling tower and an
auxiliary boiler are also connected to the loop. When the majority of WSHP units are in cooling mode, heat rejection to the
water loop will cause the water temperature to rise. When the water temperature reaches the maximum loop setpoint, the
cooling tower turns on to maintain the loop at the maximum temperature. When the majority of WSHP units are in heating
mode, heat extraction from the loop will cause the water temperature to fall. When the water temperature reaches the
minimum loop setpoint, the auxiliary boiler turns on to maintain the loop at the minimum temperature. To model this system:
1. Create a new air system. Use Equipment Type = Terminal Units and System Type = Water Source Heat Pumps.
2. In this system each zone represents a separate WSHP unit. Therefore, define a number of zones equal to the
number of heat pumps in the system.
3. Enter data for the WSHP system on the General, Vent System Components, Zone Components and Sizing tabs.
4. On the Equipment Tab, press the "Terminal Cooling Units" button to enter cooling mode performance data for the
heat pumps.
 5. On the Equipment Tab, press the "Terminal Heating Units" button to enter heating mode performance data for the
heat pumps.
6. On the Equipment Tab, press the "Miscellaneous Components" to describe the system configuration. Specify that the
system is "Closed Loop". Enter the maximum and minimum water setpoints for the loop. Link a cooling tower or
auxiliary boiler to the system, if these already exist, or create and link them on the fly.
7. Finally save the system.

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How to Model Open Loop WSHP Systems
FAQ: I am conducting an energy study in which one of the alternatives is an open loop WSHP system that uses well water.
How do I model this type of equipment?

Answer: This system consists of WSHP units connected in parallel to an open water loop. Source water for the system is
obtained from a well, river, pond or municipal water. If the capacity of a WSHP unit in heating mode is insufficient to meet a
load, an auxiliary electric heater in the WSHP unit is used. To model this system:
1. Create a new air system. Use Equipment Type = Terminal Units and System Type = Water Source Heat Pumps.
2. In this system each zone represents a separate WSHP unit. Therefore, define a number of zones equal to the
number of heat pumps in the system.
3. Enter data for the WSHP system on the General, Vent System Components, Zone Components and Sizing tabs.
4. On the Equipment Tab, press the "Terminal Cooling Units" button to enter cooling mode performance data for the
heat pumps.
5. On the Equipment Tab, press the "Terminal Heating Units" button to enter heating mode performance data for the
heat pumps.
6. On the Equipment Tab, press the "Miscellaneous Components" to describe the system configuration. Specify that the
system is "Open Loop". Create a cooling tower whose type is 'well, river or sea water'. This models use of well water
for the system. Note that the program assumes electric auxiliary heaters, if auxiliary heating is needed. No inputs are
required to define these auxiliary heaters.
7. Finally save the system.

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How to Model Ground-Coupled WSHP Systems
FAQ: I am doing an energy analysis where one of the alternatives is a ground-coupled WSHP system. Heat is rejected to a
buried heat exchanger where the loop water exchanges heat with the earth. How do I model this type of equipment?

Answer: This is a closed loop system which consists of WSHP units connected in parallel to a common water loop. A portion
of the water loop flows through piping buried below grade. This portion of the loop serves as a heat exchanger to either
reject heat to the earth or extract heat from the earth. If the capacity of a WSHP unit in heating mode is insufficient to meet a
load, an auxiliary electric heater in the WSHP unit is used.

Currently HAP does not provide a performance model for a water-to-earth heat exchanger, so this system configuration
cannot be directly modeled. However, performance of this configuration can be approximated by using an "open loop"
system. This models the inlet water temperature for the WSHP units as a function of time of year; the user specifies an
average source water temperature for each month. In the actual system the inlet water temperature for a ground-coupled
system is a function both of time of year and the hourly heat rejection or heat extraction. But using the open loop model
allows a general approximation of performance. Refer to the steps to model an open loop system.
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Does plant sizing consider diversity among systems?
FAQ: I am designing a central chiller plant which serves twelve air handling units. Looking at the Cooling Plant Sizing
at 1500). This is the correct value to use because it is the maximum load imposed on the chiller.

Hour AHU-1 Cooling Coil AHU-2 Cooling Coil Total Cooling Load
Load (Tons) Load (Tons) Imposed On Chiller (Tons)
0600 43 31 74
0700 48 43 91
0800 55 51 106
0900 64 57 121
1000 78 64 142
1100 90 71 161
1200 96 82 178
1300 100 97 197
1400 98 110 208
1500 89 123 212
1600 72 138 210
1700 61 146 207
1800 56 150 206
1900 49 128 177
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Why Aren't More Day Types Offered in Schedules?
FAQ: While using HAP, I noticed that you can only assign profiles in a schedule to a single "design day". This is very
limiting. I also need to assign profiles to various other day types like weekdays, weekends and holidays. Will this feature be
improved in future versions?

Answer: It sounds like you are either running HAP System Design Loads, or are running the HAP in System Design mode.
In either case the program will only provide features for designing air systems. Therefore it is only concerned with building
operation on one design cooling day per month. Thus, the only schedule information that is relevant for system design is
"design day" data. This is the reason "design day" is the only day type currently offered.

When running HAP with energy analysis features enabled, the table on the Assignments tab of the Schedule form expands
to permit scheduling for the following nine day types:
• Design Day
• Monday
• Tuesday
• Wednesday
• Thursday
• Friday
• Saturday
• Sunday
• Holiday

In this way a high degree of flexibility is available for scheduling building operation for energy simulation studies.
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How to Import 30-Series Chiller Data
 2. Determine the chiller which will meet your design requirements. This is typically done by entering the capacity and
fluid temperature requirements, setting the "Model" item in the lower left corner of the main window to "AutoSelect"
and then pressing the "Calculate" button. The program will display primary and alternate chiller models which meet
your design requirements.
3. Return to the main window. In the "Model" drop-down list in the lower left specify the particular chiller model
number for the chiller you selected in step 2 above. Then press the Calculate button. This runs a full load
performance calculation for the chosen chiller and displays the performance table on the screen. Note that data
cannot be exported when running in the "AutoSelect" mode that is typically used when first selecting a chiller. That
is why this step is necessary.
4. While the performance results are still shown on the screen, press the "CSO" button on the program toolbar. As the
tool tip for the button indicates, this is the "Chiller System Optimizer Export" button. Chiller System Optimizer is a
chiller plant analysis tool used by Carrier sales engineers. HAP accepts performance data from E-CAT programs in
the same format used by Chiller System Optimizer. When the CSO button is pressed, the "Chiller System Optimizer
File Creation" dialog appears.
5. In the File Creation dialog specify the condensing temperatures for the part load map, the name and location for the
export file that is created, and the operating sequence (if applicable).

Condensing Temperatures. The 30-Series Program will generate a matrix of performance data for the chiller. In this matrix
there are four columns, one each for the 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% part-load conditions, and four rows, one for each
condensing temperature specified. Therefore, the performance map contains 16 data points and this data will be used in
interpolations to estimate performance at any operating condition encountered in a HAP energy simulation.

The 30-Series Program will initially choose the design condensing temperature as the temperature for the first row in the
matrix and the minimum temperature for the last row. It will then insert two further rows equally spaced between the
maximum and minimum temperatures. Temperatures for rows 2, 3 and 4 can be modified if desired.

In some cases, the minimum condensing temperature will be limited to 75°F OAT for air-cooled chillers or 70°F ECWT for
water-cooled chillers. These limits tend to be dictated by the start of head pressure control. When the data is imported into
HAP, HAP will use its own algorithms for head pressure control to make estimates of performance at lower condensing
temperatures. HAP will extend air-cooled performance data from 75°F down to 0°F OAT. It will extend water-cooled
performance data from 70°F ECWT down to 60°F ECWT.

Export File Name and Path. The 30-Series Program defaults the name of all export data files to 30X26.CD2 and places
this file in its WORK folder. However, it is usually a good idea to override these defaults. First set the path to the \E20-
II\TEMP\ folder on the drive on which HAP is installed. For example, if HAP is installed on C: drive, specify C:\E20-II\TEMP\.
This is where HAP looks for chiller export files by default. Second, change the file name to be more descriptive. For example
"30GX114.CD2" if the file contains data for a 30GX114 chiller. The file must always have a .CD2 file extension.

6. Once inputs have been made on the "Chiller System Optimizer File Creation" dialog, press the Calculate button.
The program will generate the performance matrix and store the results in the file you specified. Then the 30 Series
Program can be closed.
7. Run HAP and open your project.
8. Create a new chiller.
9. On the General tab of the Chiller form press the "Import Chiller" button. The Open dialog appears.
10. By default, the Open dialog will initially display chiller import files found in the \E20-II\TEMP folder. Therefore, if you
specified the \E20-II\TEMP folder in step 5 above, your import file will appear right away. If you used a different
folder, you will need to use the browse features of the dialog to locate your file. Once you locate the file, select it
and press the OK button. Chiller data from that file will then be imported into HAP.
11. Back on the Chiller form, enter a name for the chiller and then save the data.
12. Later when defining your chilled water plant, you can link the 30-Series chiller to the plant and then use its data in
energy simulations.

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How to Install on a Network Without Using the CD
CD-ROM to each workstation to install the software. Is there a way to install the software onto each workstation using the
network server instead of the CD-ROM?

Answer: Yes. Please use the following procedure:

1. First copy the following files from the CD-ROM to a temporary folder on the network server. All files MUST be copied
to the same folder.

– SETUP.EXE
– HAP430N.EXE
– WELCOME.TXT
– CSI11INS.INI

Note: For users outside the US and Canada, substitute HAP430I.EXE for HAP430N.EXE
2. From the Windows desktop, press Start and choose Run.
3. In the Run dialog, enter the command:

d:\path\setup.exe

where "d" is the network drive and "path" is the path to folder containing the files from step #1. For example, if the
files are stored on the G: drive in the \TEMP folder the command would be:

G:\TEMP\SETUP.EXE

The installation will start and will run normally. Make sure to specify the correct network drive letter when asked for
the destination drive.

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Understanding Network Installations
FAQ A: I want to install HAP on a computer network so our engineers can share project data. I notice in the instructions I
have to install HAP from each workstation that will run the program. If I am installing one copy of the program to the network,
why do I have to install from each workstation?

FAQ B: While installing HAP on a computer network I noticed that it is installing files on the C: drive of the workstation
computer. When I ask it to do a "network" install, is it really installing files on the network or on the local workstation?

Answer: The short answers to these questions are:

A. HAP must be installed from each workstation to install software components in the C:\Windows\System or
C:\Winnt\System32 folder on each workstation.

B. HAP installs software both on the local workstation and the network server drive. The bulk of its software is installed on
the network server drive you specify during installation, but it also must install supporting components in the
C:\Windows\System32 folder (or equivalent) on the local workstation.

The reason for this installation behavior is that HAP v4.3 is a 32-bit Windows software program that is "network aware", but
is not "client-server" type of software. Therefore it has the same requirements for software configuration as any 32-bit
Windows program, whether installed for network use or operation on a standalone computer. This requires certain software
components (DLLs and OCXs) to be installed in the \Windows\System or \Winnt\System32 folder on the C: drive of the
workstation. The remaining software components (the program itself and supporting read-only data files) are installed on the
drive you designate.

When installing HAP on a network, the HAP43.EXE program file and its supporting data files are installed on the network
server drive that you designate. This is the bulk of the software installed. DLL and OCX software components are installed
on the C: drive of the workstation you are installing from.

Because HAP cannot run without the DLL and OCX software components, HAP must be installed to the network drive from
each workstation that needs to run HAP. This is the only way to install the DLL and OCX components on the C: drive of that
workstation. As you install from each workstation, the common files on the network server are being overwritten each time,
but this does no harm.
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Configuring a Laptop for Dual Local and Network Operation

FAQ: I have a laptop computer. When I am in my office the laptop is "docked" and connected to our office network. In this
mode I would like to run the network copy of HAP and share projects with colleagues in the office. When I am traveling I am
disconnected from the network (of course) and would like to be able to run a copy of HAP installed on my laptop C: drive.
How can I configure my computer to do this?

1. While the laptop is docked and connected to the network use the HAP CD-ROM to run a complete installation of HAP
specifying your network drive as the installation drive. If HAP has already been installed on the network from other
workstations in the office, make sure you specify the same network drive as the other workstations use.
2. Create a desktop icon to start the network copy of HAP. Some versions of Windows allow you to drag and drop the
Start/Programs menu item for HAP to create this icon. In other versions of Windows the icon will have to be created
manually. When creating manually:
1. Specify the "Target" as d:\E20-II\HAP43\CODE\HAP43.EXE where "d" is the network install drive.

When you are in the office and are docked to the network, use the network HAP icon to run the network copy of the
program. Both when docked and undocked you can use the local HAP icon to run the local copy of the program.

Notes:

1. Projects created and saved by the network copy of HAP are not directly usable by the local copy of HAP and vice
versa. This is true even if you used the network copy of HAP to save a project on C: drive, or the local copy of HAP
to save a project on the network drive. To move projects between network and local copies of HAP, use the following
steps. The procedure below assumes a project is being moved from the network to local copies of HAP. To move
projects in the opposite direction, reverse the references to "network" and "local" copies of HAP.
1. Run the network copy of HAP.
2. Open the project.
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Compliance with ASHRAE 90.1 Software Requirements

The Energy Cost Budget (ECB) method is one of the paths that can be used to demonstrate compliance with Standard 90.1-
2004. This method requires use of an energy simulation tool to calculate and compare energy costs for a "Budget Building
Design" which incorporates prescriptive requirements and the actual building design. This approach allows tradeoffs among
most energy-related components of the building. The Standard defines minimum requirements for software used in the ECB
method. These requirements are outlined in Section 11.2 of the Standard. The following table shows the requirements from
Section 11.2 side-by-side with an evaluation of how HAP complies with the requirements.
Table 1. Evaluation of HAP v4.3 Compliance with 90.1-2004 Section 11.2

ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004, Section 11.2 Description of How HAP v4.3 Complies

11.2 Simulation General Requirements

11.2.1 Simulation Program. The simulation program shall be a Meets Requirements. HAP is a software program intended for
computer-based program for the analysis of energy both the design of HVAC systems and the analysis of building
consumption in buildings (a program such as, but not limited energy consumption.
to, DOE-2 or BLAST). The simulation program shall include
11.2.1.1 The simulation program shall be approved by the
adopting authority and shall, at a minimum, have the ability to
explicitly model all of the following:

(a) a minimum of 1400 hours per year;
(b) hourly variations in occupancy, lighting power,
miscellaneous equipment power, thermostat setpoints, and
HVAC system operation, defined separately for each day of
the week and holidays;
(c) thermal mass effects;
Exceeds Requirements. HAP calculates loads, system and
equipment performance for 8,760 hours per year, making
separate calculations for the unique operating conditions in all
8,760 hours.
Meets Requirements. HAP permits all the listed items to be
scheduled on an hourly basis, with the provision for defining
separate schedules for each day of the week and holidays.
Meets Requirements. HAP uses the Transfer Function method
to calculate loads, thereby accounting for the storage and
release of heat in the thermal mass of the building.

(d) Ten or more thermal zones;
(e) part-load performance curves for mechanical equipment;
Exceeds Requirements. Up to 100 thermal zones per air
handling system and up to 2500 unique thermal zones per
project are permitted. With duplicates (variations of the same
system) a project can contain as many as 25,000 zones.
Meets Requirements. HAP provides part-load performance
curves and/or allows input of performance curves for
mechanical equipment.

(f) capacity and efficiency correction curves for mechanical
cooling and heating equipment.
(g) air-side and water-side economizers with integrated
control; and
Meets Requirements. HAP provides capacity and efficiency
correction curves and/or allows input of correction curve data
for cooling and heating equipment such as packaged DX units,
split DX units, air source heat pumps, water-source heat
Meets Requirements with Exception. HAP provides models for
integrated air-side economizers.

HAP provides models for non-integrated water-side

 use of non-integrated economizers for chilled water systems
(page 6-55, 90.1-2004 User's Manual). Second, many WSHP
applications are exempted from the water-side economizer
requirement (paragraph 6.5.1.3).
(h) the budget building design characteristics specified in 11.5. Meets Requirements with Exception. There is not a section
11.5 in the standard. If this refers instead to section 11.3, HAP
provides capabilities to meet all requirements in that section.
The exception involves the integrated water-side economizers
mentioned in section 6.5.1 (see discussion above), but this
only affects a limited number of situations.
11.2.1.2 The simulation program shall have the ability to either Meets Requirements. HAP is able to calculate energy costs for
(1) directly determine the design energy cost and energy cost the building itself and can also provide hourly reports suitable
budget or (2) produce hourly reports of energy use and for determining energy costs separately.
energy source suitable for determining the design energy cost
and energy cost budget using a separate calculation engine.
11.2.1.3 The simulation program shall be capable of Meets Requirements. HAP provides a full suite of system
performing design load calculations to determine required design features. Load calculations are performed using the
HVAC equipment capacities and air and water flow rates in ASHRAE Transfer Function Method referenced in the
accordance with 6.4.2 for both the proposed design and ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. This complies with
budget building design. Section 6.4.2 of the Standard which stipulates:

Heating and cooling system design loads for the purpose of

sizing systems and equipment shall be determined in
accordance with generally accepted engineering standards
and handbooks acceptable to the adopting authority (for
example, ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals)
11.2.1.4 The simulation program shall be tested according to Meets Requirements. HAP v4.3 has been tested according to
ASHRAE Standard 140 and the results shall be furnished by ASHRAE Standard 140-2001. The results are provided on the
the software provider. HAP program CD-ROM. Page 77 of ASHRAE Standard 90.1
indicates the edition of Standard 140 being referenced is 2001.
11.2.2 Climatic Data. The simulation program shall perform Meets Requirements. HAP uses TMY and TRY-type hourly
the simulation using hourly values of climatic data, such as weather data for energy simulations.
temperature and humidity from representative climatic data, or
the city in which the proposed design is to be located. For
cities or urban regions with several climatic data entries, and
for locations where weather data are not available, the
designer shall select available weather data that best
represent the climate at the construction site. Such selected
weather data shall be approved by the authority having
jurisdiction.
11.2.3 Purchased Energy Rates. Annual energy costs shall be Meets Requirements. HAP permits input of detailed
determined using rates for purchased energy, such as information describing rate structures for all of the energy and
electricity, gas, oil, propane, steam and chilled water, and fuel sources listed.
approved the adopting authority.
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Compliance with US Federal Regulations for Energy Simulation Software
FAQ: Can HAP be used to perform energy simulations for US government construction projects? I am using the "building
energy cost compliance alternative" path to demonstrate compliance with the federal energy code. This requires using a
building simulation program and I would like to use HAP if possible.

Answer: Yes. Carrier's Hourly Analysis Program (HAP) can be used to demonstrate compliance.

The most commonly cited federal regulation for building energy simulation software programs is in the Energy Code for New
Federal Commercial and Multi-Family High Rise Residential Buildings which is documented in the Federal Register, 10 CFR
Part 434, section 434.521. This section, shown in the table below, describes the requirements for building energy simulation
software used in the "building energy cost compliance alternative" portion of the Energy Code... As shown in the table below
the Carrier HAP v4.3 program complies with requirements in this section.

Table 1. Evaluation of HAP Compliance with 10CFR Part 434 Section 434.521
 Text from How Carrier HAP v4.3 complies with these requirements.

Federal Register, 10 CFR Part 434, Section 434.521.

Current as of 2 March, 2006.

434.521 The simulation tool
521.1 Annual energy consumption shall be simulated with a Meets Requirement. The Carrier Hourly Analysis Program
multi-zone, 8760-hours per year building energy model. The (HAP) simulates building loads, system and equipment
model shall account for: operation for all 8,760 hours in the year. Calculations are
performed for each of the 8,760 hours. HAP analyzes both
single-zone and multiple zone buildings.
521.1.1 The dynamic heat transfer of the building envelope Meets Requirement. HAP uses the ASHRAE Transfer
such as solar and internal gains; Function load calculation method which accounts for the
dynamic aspects of heat transfer for all envelope and internal
load components.
521.1.2 Equipment efficiencies as a function of load and Meets Requirement. HAP considers the variation of
climate; equipment efficiency as a function of part-load ratio,
condenser and evaporator temperatures.
521.1.3 Lighting and HVAC system controls and distribution Meets Requirement. HAP models lighting and HVAC system
systems by simulating the whole building; controls and distribution systems. Details of controls can be
specified by the user. Operating patterns can be varied by
hour of day, day of week and time of year.
521.1.4 The operating schedule of the building including night Meets Requirement. HAP allows the operating schedule of the
setback during various times of year; and building to be defined and different thermostat setpoints to be
used at different times, including provisions for night set-up
and night set-back. Schedules and setpoints can be varied by
hour of day, day of week and time of year.
521.1.5 Energy consumption information at a level necessary Meets Requirement. HAP produces hourly profiles of energy
to determine the Energy Cost Budget and Design Energy Cost use data both for individual components, systems and for the
through appropriate utility rate schedules. building as a whole. Energy costs are calculated using actual
utility rate schedules specified by the user. Utility rate
modeling features include all common types of energy
charges, demand charges, common types of demand
determination clauses, customer charges and taxes.
521.1.6 While the simulation tool should simulate an entire Exceeds Requirement. Because HAP performs a true 8,760-
year on an hour-by-hour basis (8760 hours), programs that hour per year energy calculation, this exception to the
approximate this dynamic analysis procedure and provide requirements is not necessary.
equivalent results are acceptable.
521.1.7 Simulation tools shall be selected for their ability to This item applies more to an engineer's use of the simulation
simulate accurately the relevant features of the building in tool than the tool's operating capabilities. Engineers should
question, as shown in the tool's documentation. For example, only use HAP for an energy analysis project if it models all the
a single-zone model shall not be used to simulate a large, necessary features of the project. HAP provides models for a
multi-zone building, and a steady-state model such as the wide range of building features, system types, equipment
degree-day method shall not be used to simulate buildings types, controls and utility rate structures.
when equipment efficiency or performance is significantly
affected by the dynamic patterns of weather, solar radiation
and occupancy. Relevant energy-related features shall be As discussed for 521.1.5, HAP calculates energy costs using
addressed by a model such as delighting, atriums or detailed energy consumption and demand data in conjunction
sunspaces, night ventilation or thermal storage, chilled water with a detailed description of the actual utility rate schedule.
storage or heat recovery, active or passive solar systems,
zoning and controls of heating and cooling systems, and
ground-coupled buildings. In addition, models shall be capable
of translating the Design Energy Consumption into energy cost
using actual utility rate schedules with the coincidental
electrical demand of a building. Examples of public domain
models capable of handling such complex building systems
and energy cost translations available in the United States are
DOE – 2.1C and Blast 3.0 and in Canada, Energy Systems
Analysis Series.
521.1.8 All simulation tools shall use scientifically justifiable
documented techniques and procedures for modeling building
loads, systems and equipment. The algorithms used in the
program shall have been verified by comparison with
experimental measurements, loads, systems and equipment.
Meets Requirement. HAP uses scientifically justified and
documented techniques.
HAP uses the Transfer Function Method to calculate building
loads. This method is a publicly documented and verified
method.

HAP simulates air handling system performance using the

ASHRAE Heat Extraction Method and fundamental
psychrometric and thermodynamic principles.

HAP simulates performance of plant equipment using

mathematical models verified versus catalog or test data. In
many cases users may specify their own data obtained from
manufacturers ratings.
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Compliance with ASHRAE Standard 140-2001
FAQ: Does HAP comply with ASHRAE Standard 140-2001, "Standard Method of Test for the Evaluation of Building Energy
Analysis Computer Programs"?

Answer: Carrier HAP v4.3 has been tested using procedures in ASHRAE Standard 140-2001. Because Standard 140 is a
"Method of Test" standard, it simply specifies procedures for testing software. It does not provide pass/fail criteria for the
results. Therefore you do not "comply" with Standard 140 in the manner you would comply with Standard 90.1 or Standard
62. However, Standard 140 does provide reference results that readers can use to judge the reliability of the program being
tested. HAP v4.3 results compare well with these reference results. For a full report on the Standard 140 testing, please see
the HAP43_Standard_140-2001.PDF document in the \Standards folder on the HAP CD-ROM.

Note: This document is stored in Adobe Acrobat PDF format. If your computer does not have Adobe Acrobat Reader
installed, the Reader can be installed by double-clicking the READERIF.EXE file found in the \Acrobat folder on the HAP
CD.
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HAP Status Regarding LEED Submissions
FAQ: Can HAP be used to generate energy predictions used in Leadership in Energy Efficient Design (LEED) submissions
to the U.S. Green Building Council?

Answer: Yes. As of September 2002 the U.S. Green Building Council has determined that the Carrier Hourly Analysis
Program (HAP) is acceptable for use in LEEDs projects.

This acceptance is based on the fact that HAP complies with simulation software requirements set forth in ASHRAE
Standard 90.1-1999 for software used in the Energy Cost Budget (ECB) compliance path. Further, HAP has remained
compliant with the 2001 and 2004 editions of ASHRAE Standard 90.1. See Compliance with ASHRAE Standard 90.1
Software Requirements for the ECB Method for details.

Disclaimer: The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) does not officially sanction or certify software programs. The USGBC
only determines the acceptability of data for LEED project submissions. Therefore USGBC's determination of acceptability of
HAP data for LEED submissions in no way implies USGBC sanction or certification of the Carrier HAP program.
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HAP Status Regarding Washington State and City Code Submissions
FAQ: Can HAP be used to demonstrate compliance with State and City energy codes in the State of Washington?

Answer: HAP is currently recognized by State and City officials in the State of Washington as a valid tool for generating
energy consumption predictions used to demonstrate compliance with energy codes.

This information comes courtesy of Ken Horsfall of Washington Air Reps, a Carrier distributor in Washington State.
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Removing Unwanted Project Names from Project List
that are no longer present or needed. When I attempt to remove them using the "Project > Delete" option I get an error
indicating "The project you selected cannot be opened because its project folder no longer exists". How do I clean-up this list
of old projects and remove the names of old projects from the project list that are no longer needed?

Answer: If you are running HAP v4.1, v4.2 or v4.3 in conjunction with ECAT/E20-II Configuration Services v2.14 or later, the
following procedure can be used:
1. Run HAP.
2. Attempt to open the project.
3. If the project folder no longer exists, the following message window will appear.
4. To remove the project from the project index list, press the Remove button. The project will then no longer appear in
the Project Open list.

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HAP v4.3 vs. V4.20a Calculation Differences

FAQ: I recently loaded the new HAP 4.3 version on my computer. What, if anything, changed from the previous version 4.2a
that might affect the calculation results?
follows:

Total Cooling Coil Peak : changed from 404.6 MBH to 405.0 MBH.
Preheat Peak : changed from 199.6 MBH to 234.6 MBH - because of increase in minimum airflow from 3265 to 3884 CFM.
Supply Fan CFM : unchanged.
OA ventilation CFM : unchanged.
Zone Minimum CFM : changed for all zones (some by a tiny bit, some be a large amount) due to the new ventilation airflow
override.
Reheat Coil capacities changed by small amounts - due to larger minimum airflow.
Component loads (top part of Air System Design Load Summary): unchanged.
Component loads (bottom part of Air System Design Load Summary): changed by small amounts due to the changes noted
above (min airflow changes).
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The heat reclaim device has no effect on my 2-deck Multizone system
FAQ: I ran a 2-deck Multizone (2DMZ) system and specified an energy recovery device. My system load peaks at August at
1400 hrs. The heat reclaim device has no effect and appears to not be working, why? Here is my system psychrometric
report:
System Psychrometrics Report - Table 1: System Data
Dry-Bulb Specific Sensible Latent
Temp Humidity Airflow CO2 Level Heat Heat
Component Location (°F) (lb/lb) (CFM) (ppm) (BTU/hr) (BTU/hr)
Ventilation Air Inlet 94.4 0.01460 435 400 7575 11287
Ventilation Reclaim Outlet 94.4 0.01460 435 400 0 0
Vent - Return Mixing Outlet 79.6 0.00960 3942 939 - -
Supply Fan Outlet 79.9 0.00960 3942 939 1169 -
Central Cooling Coil Outlet 55.0 0.00864 3704 939 96835 16412
Central Heating Coil Outlet 110.0 0.00960 238 939 7510 -
Cold Supply Duct Outlet 55.0 00.0864 3704 939 - -
Hot Supply Duct Outlet 110.0 0.00864 238 939 0 -
Zone Air - 77.5 0.00898 3942 1006 79412 5125
Return Plenum Outlet 77.5 0.00898 3942 1006 0 -
Return Fan Outlet 77.8 0.00898 3942 1006 1169 -

Answer: HAP disables the vent reclaim unit when there is simultaneous operation of both hot and cold decks because vent
reclaim will adversely affect one or the other depending on the relative flows thru each deck. It is not possible to determine
which deck (hot or cold) takes priority. During hours when there is flow thru the cold deck only (hot deck inoperative) or hot
deck only (cold deck inoperative) the ventilation reclaim unit will operate.

In a 2DMZ system the hot and cold deck operate at the same time for many hours of the year; the hot deck air is used to
temper cold air to each zone to maintain the precise temperature needed.

Referring to the psychrometrics report, there is hot deck airflow (238 cfm) even at the summer design condition of 94.4°F
ambient. Any energy reclaimed by the heat reclaim device would impose an additional load on the hot deck. In other words,
the hot deck tries to make 110°F air and the outdoor ambient air is 94.4°F. However, after flowing through the vent reclaim
device it would be cooled to around 85°F entering the hot deck instead of 94.4°F if the reclaim unit was off.
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What impact does a heat reclaim unit have on terminal unit sizing? and/or

What is the difference between the Zone and Terminal Unit capacities on the Zone Sizing Summary report?
FAQ: I ran a terminal system with a common ventilation unit and a heat reclaim unit (ERV). I am trying to understand the
difference between the MAXIMUM COOLING SENSIBLE shown on the Zone Sizing Summary report and the SENS COIL
LOAD indicated on the Terminal Unit Sizing Data table (see below). What is the difference between the terminal unit sizing
data and the zone sizing data? Here is an example:

Zone Sizing Data

Zone Maximum Cooling Design Air Minimum Air Time of Maximum Heating Zone Floor Zone
Name Sensible(MBH) Flow (CFM) Flow (CFM) Peak Load Load (MBH) Area (ft²) CFM/ft²
Zone 1 31.2 1725 1725 Jun 1700 12.8 1000.0 1.72
Zone 2 38.4 2123 2123 Aug 1700 19.8 1000.0 2.12
Zone 3 11.5 1200 635 Jul 1600 4.9 275.0 4.36
Terminal Unit Sizing Data - Cooling
Zone Total Coil Load Sens Coil Load Coil Entering DB Coil Leaving DB / Water Flow @ 10.0 Time of Peak
Name (MBH) (MBH) /WB (°F) WB (°F) °F (gpm) Load
Zone 1 40.1 33.2 78.7 / 66.9 60.6 / 59.5 - Aug 1700
Zone 2 48.7 41.5 78.2 / 66.1 59.8 / 58.7 - Aug 1700
Zone 3 33.2 24.3 84.4 / 72.1 65.3 / 64.2 - Aug 1700

Answer: There are two reasons the zone sizing and terminal unit sizing numbers are different. The first reason is the
coincident peak load times are slightly different. For example, refer to the data for Zone 1 in the tables above. The zone
peaks at June 1700 hrs while the terminal unit sizing peaks at August 1700 hrs and the ambient conditions are slightly
different at these two times. The terminal unit must also handle some of the ventilation air load, that is unless the ventilation
air is delivered at a temperature at or below the zone temperature (room neutral condition). The ventilation air downstream
of the ERV is delivered to the terminal units where it mixes with the return air from the zone before passing thru the terminal
cooling coil. If the ventilation air from the ERV is warmer than the zone, an additional load is imposed on the terminal unit
cooling coil. In this case, the ventilation load is approximately 2.0 MBH = (33.2-31.2). Remember part of the difference is due
to different peak load times. Likewise, if cooling is enabled in the common ventilation unit and ventilation air is delivered at a
temperature below the zone temperature the load imposed on the terminal unit cooling coil is reduced. As a result, the
terminal unit sizing data is smaller than the zone load. The System Psychrometrics report may be run to verify the actual
temperature from the ERV.
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Why did HAP change my ASHRAE 62.1-2004 ventilation rates back to "User-defined" space usage category?
FAQ: I recently changed an existing HAP 4.3 project from the ASHRAE Standard 62-2001 ventilation sizing method to the
newer Standard 62.1-2004 method. In doing so, I noticed the default space ventilation rates were changed to "User-Defined"
but the ventilation values did not change. Why is this?

Answer: You are correct, switching an existing 62-2001 project to a 62.1-2004 project resets all the ventilation rates to user-
defined but retains the previous values. This is done because a number of the space usage tables and categories changed
from 2001 to 2004. These changes could not be handled automatically by HAP. As a result, the program could not make
decisions as to which new category to use. If a new project is created using the 2004 method, the space usage category can
be selected as before. Keep in mind, the user-defined values can be manually overridden and set back to 2001 levels if
desired.

When a HAP project is changed from one ventilation sizing method to another the following dialog box appears:
Return to Top
What happened to the public restroom category with ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004?
FAQ: I am running a new HAP project using the newer ASHRAE 62.1-2004 ventilation sizing method and I noticed in the
space usage drop-down there is no category for restrooms. In the old 2001 method there was a space usage called,
"PUBLIC: Public Restrooms". In the 2004 method I do not see restrooms listed. How do I enter a restroom and how do I
account for the exhaust air?

Answer: Restrooms are no longer on the space usage drop-down list for the 2004 method, nor are there a number of other
categories. ASHRAE modified the category list and ventilation requirements when they updated the standard and restrooms
do not appear on the 2004 tables. There is a new table for exhaust rates called Table 6-4. Restrooms do not need outdoor
air ventilation. So, any combination of outdoor air, transfer air or recirculated air can be exhausted for these areas.
According to Table 6-4 of the 2004 standard:

Toilets (public): 50/70 (cfm/per w.c. or urinal)

Toilets (private): 25/50 (cfm/per w.c. or urinal)

The two numbers are for normal usage and high usage. High usage is for applications such as movie theatres, auditoriums,
etc. Otherwise, the lower value can be used.

The exhaust rate is set under Air System Properties > Zone Components > Thermostats for the zone that includes the
restrooms.
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Modeling a unit ventilator (UV) system

FAQ: I am trying to model a self-contained Unit Ventilator (UV) system for a school project where a dedicated UV is used for
each classroom. I cannot find a UV listed as one of the system types in HAP. How do I model a UV system?

Answer: A Unit Ventilator is very similar to a hotel/motel unit often referred to as a PTAC (packaged terminal air conditioner).
This is what HAP calls a "Terminal System". Under Air System type select a "Packaged DX Fan Coil". For the input field
zone name can be renamed to something more relevant such as "Classroom 101", "Classroom 102". This makes it easier to
associate the spaces with the zones they are connected to.

Finally, if an energy analysis is necessary, enter the appropriate performance information under the "Equipment" tab since
this will affect energy consumption results.
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How to calculate loads for a decoupled air system
FAQ: I have a make-up air unit that provides conditioned ventilation air to the return side of a group of VAV systems. How do
I model the cooling and heating loads for the make-up air unit and the VAV systems? I will not be performing an energy
analysis.

Answer: If you have a ventilation system which feeds the returns in a group of VAV air systems, it could be approached as
follows. This approach assumes the objective is system design rather than energy analysis.
1. VAV Systems
1. Set up each VAV system with the proper amount of ventilation air assigned to the system.
2. Place a precool coil and preheat coil upstream of the mixing point with the proper setpoint temperatures.
The setpoints must be the same as those specified for the Ventilation System described below.
3. This will allow you to properly account for the thermal effect of the tempered ventilation air on the VAV unit
central cooling coil inlet conditions.
4. Since a separate fan can not be inserted upstream of the mixing point, and the ventilation cooling/heating
coils are controlled off a duct thermostat downstream of the supply fan, the thermal effect on the VAV
system loads will not be affected.
2. Ventilation System
1. Create a tempering ventilation system with cooling and heating coil.
2. Specify the cooling coil setpoint to the same temperature as the zone thermostat cooling setpoint.
3. Specify the heating coil setpoint to the same temperature as the zone thermostat heating setpoint.
4. This will yield peak cooling and heating coil loads as well as fan data.

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How do high infiltration rates impact energy simulations?
FAQ: Why is my fan energy in winter so much higher than in summer when I add infiltration to my space properties?

I have modeled a SZCAV system with gas heat in Michigan. Occupancy is from 8AM to 5PM on weekdays with cycled or
staged compressor and “Fan On” control. Fractional schedules were applied to lights, people and misc. electric at 100%
during occupied hours then at 10% during unoccupied hours. There is NO economizer on the system. On the Air System
Sizing Summary the cooling season fan energy is much less than the heating season fan energy. As a matter of fact, the fan
energy is twice as much in December as in July. Also, the load profiles look reasonable. Cooling loads exist only in the
summer months and peak in July and the heating loads exist only during winter, peaking in January. Also, there are no
unmet loads or zones out of range.

Why might this occur? With “Fan On” control, shouldn’t the fan energy be about the same for each month? If this is due to
the internal heat gains being on at 10% during the evening, wouldn't the cooling energy be higher? The heat gains from
lights and other internal loads should make the winter heating and corresponding fan energy less since the internal heat
gains offset the building heating requirements.

The Air System Sizing Summary report follows:

 Central Central Central Unit Central Central Central Central
Cooling Cooling Clg Heating Heating Heating Heating
Coil Load Eqpt Load Input Coil Load Eqpt Load Coil Input Misc. Electric
Month (kBTU) (kBTU) (kWh) (kBTU) (kBTU) (kBTU) (kWh)
January 0 0 0 9257 9257 11571 0
February 0 0 0 7923 7923 9903 0
March 51 51 4 4891 4891 6114 0
April 207 207 18 1964 1964 2455 0
May 1476 1476 150 664 664 830 0
June 3361 3361 350 1 1 1 0
July 4623 4623 495 0 0 0 0
August 3418 3418 363 0 0 0 0
September 2079 2079 212 232 232 290 0
October 280 280 25 1637 1637 2047 0
November 33 33 3 4157 4157 5196 0
December 1 1 0 8350 8350 10438 0
Total 15529 15529 1619 39076 39076 48846 0
Air System Simulation (Table 2):
Electric
Supply Fan Lighting Equipment
Month (kWh) (kWh) (kWh)
January 198 402 183
February 174 350 159
March 144 367 167
April 113 385 175
May 98 385 175
June 92 367 167
July 103 402 183
August 91 367 167
September 92 385 175
October 113 402 183
November 132 350 159
December 188 402 183
Total 1538 4566 2075

Answer: The problem is a result of a large amount of infiltration air entering the building during “unoccupied” hours in the
heating season. The building is located in Michigan so in the summer, infiltration of relatively cool air during unoccupied
times tends to reduce the cooling load and minimize the need for the fan to run during unoccupied hours. In the winter,
infiltration of cold air during unoccupied times increases heat loss and tends to increase the need to run the fan to hold the
set-back thermostat setting in unoccupied hours. While the number of fan ON hours in occupied times is relatively constant
each month (varying only for days of the month), the number of fan ON hours in unoccupied periods is much greater in the
winter than in the summer. That results in larger fan kWh for winter months.
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Why is the ventilation airflow the same for both ventilation control options, constant and DCV?
According to ASHRAE Std. 62-2004, Table 6-1, the design ventilation rates for an office are:
Rp = 5 CFM/person
Ra = 0.06 CFM/sq. ft.

where:
Rp = people outdoor air rate
Ra = area (space) outdoor air rate
So for 10 people, the total ventilation required is: 10 people(5 CFM/p) + 0.06CFM/sq. ft. (1,000 sq. ft.) = 50 + 60 = 110 CFM.

This is the design ventilation rate when the space is fully occupied. Of this 110 CFM, 50 CFM is meant to remove occupant-
generated contaminants like CO2 and odors, and 60 CFM is meant to remove space-generated contaminants such as
outgassing from carpets and furnishings. The 60 CFM component is sometimes called the Base Ventilation Rate. So a DCV
strategy allows you to reduce the people component (Rp) of total ventilation in response to varying space CO2 levels. If the
space is fully occupied the space requires 110 CFM of ventilation. If half (5) of the people leave the people component of the
ventilation rate might be reduced to half (25 CFM) for a total of 85 CFM (25 + 60).

Regardless of whether you use "DCV" or "Constant" ventilation control the system must still be sized to deliver 110 CFM of
ventilation at the design condition. However, DCV can be used to reduce the people component of the ventilation rate at off-
design conditions. If you are performing an energy simulation this is where you will see the benefits of using a DCV control
strategy.

Carrier has a number of design guides and white papers discussing DCV controls, strategies and products. Please Click
here for more information on DCV, or search for "DCV" under the Carrier Commercial HVAC Systems web page for
additional information: http://www.commercial.carrier.com
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What gbXML data will HAP import?

FAQ: What gbXML data will HAP import?

Answer: HAP v4.3 will import all of the data listed below.
 11. Outdoor ventilation airflow requirements

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What gbXML tools will HAP be compatible with?
FAQ: What gbXML tools will HAP be compatible with?

Answer: Any tool that generates gbXML conforming to the gbXML schema rules.

gbXML is a standardized, neutral format for defining building information. It uses an “XML schema” to define the rules and
conventions for formatting the information. As long as the tool which generates the gbXML file conforms to the gbXML
schema rules, HAP v4.3 should be able to import data from the file. We have tested the HAP v4.3 feature with gbXML files
generated by today’s most popular CAD and BIM tools.
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Will HAP export gbXML data?
FAQ: Will HAP export gbXML data?

Answer: No. In HAP v4.3, the software only imports gbXML data.
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How do I import the data?
FAQ: How do I import the data?

Answer: The procedure works like this:

1. Use your CAD tool to generate gbXML from your CAD drawing.
2. Run HAP.
3. Open your project or create a new one.
4. Choose the "Import gbXML" option on the Project Menu.
5. Select the gbXML file created in step #1.
6. gbXML file data is read, translated and stored in the HAP project.
7. A "Translation Report" can be displayed. It summarizes the data that was imported and lists any problems or issues
that arose during the translation.
8. Work with the imported data in your HAP project. Depending on the quantity of data in the gbXML, users may need
to add content to the project or adjust data that was defaulted. For example, if the gbXML only contained surface
data, the user will need to add construction data, internal loads, schedules, infiltration, ventilation requirements, etc...

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LEED-NC 2.2 EAc1 / ASHRAE 90.1 Appendix G Pump Energy Calculations

FAQ: I am running a LEED-NC 2.2 EAc1 simulation using HAP and according to ASHRAE 90.1 Appendix G, Section
G3.1.3.5 hot water pump power for the baseline building shall be calculated as 19W/gpm. Also Section G3.1.3.10 states that
chilled water pump power shall be modeled as 22 W/gpm. HAP will not let me define pump power directly. The only input
values I can find in HAP for pumps is the Head, flow (GPM) and mechanical and electrical efficiency. How do I model these
required pump energy values using HAP?
where Nm = mechanical efficiency, Ne = electrical efficiency.

Example: 80% mechanical efficiency, 94% electrical efficiency: H = 22 / (746 / 3960 * 0.80 * 0.94) = 87.8 ft. w.g.

Enter this value for the Head along with the actual flow (GPM) and HAP will account for the pump energy using 22 W/gpm.
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How can I update the Company Name in the software?
FAQ: Our company recently had a name change and I notice on all my reports it still lists our old company name. How do I
edit this name in the software? I see no settings inside the program to do so.

Answer: The company name is entered the first time the Carrier E20-II software is installed on the computer and is only
required to be entered one time only, then all Carrier software uses this same name. To change your company name please
contact Software Systems at 800-253-1794 or software.systems@carrier.utc.com. In order to correct the name, Software
Systems will need the following file along with the new company name exactly as you would like for it to appear.

File Name: E20xycfg.mdb

This file is located inside the E20-ii folder (C:\E20-II\E20xycfg.mdb), where "C" is the hard drive letter where your Carrier
software is installed.

This is a Microsoft Access database file which contains the company name and other configuration information. It is not
recommended that the user edit this file themselves because the file is written in a Microsoft Access '97 compatible format.
Opening the file and editing or saving the database file with a newer version of MS Access will cause the file to be
unreadable by the Carrier software.

Please contact Software Systems to determine the best method to transfer this file.

We will edit it and send it back to you. You should then overwrite the old file with the new edited file.
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Why does HAP not maintain the CO2 differential specified when using the DCV setting?
FAQ: I am using a CO2 Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) setting in HAP with 400 ppm outdoor air and 700 ppm CO2
differential. From the system psychrometrics report I notice for some hours the CO2 levels are going up to 1152 ppm. With
700 ppm differential shouldn't the HAP DCV control maintain my CO2 levels at or below 1100 ppm (= 400 + 700 ppm)?

Answer: When the CO2 in the zone is 1152 ppm it is likely that your system is operating at the design outdoor ventilation
CFM. If so then this is just a case of the design ventilation CFM specified not being sufficient to achieve the 700 ppm
differential. This is an issue of "tuning" the ventilation CFM and the ppm differentials so they are in synch (i.e. that at design
ventilation CFM you can maintain the desired CO2 ppm differential).

Design ventilation CFM is calculated based on CFM/person and CFM/sqft requirements set for the space. However, these
CFM/person and CFM/sqft requirements don't guarantee anything about the CO2 levels in the space (indirectly the
CFM/person and CFM/sqft numbers may intend to get you to certain CO2 differentials, but there are enough independent
factors at work that the ASHRAE Std 62.1 requirements can't guarantee a CO2 differential). It is important to understand
that HAP will not override the user-specified ventilation quantities to automatically maintain the desired zone CO2
levels. If 700 ppm is the maximum differential desired, but if using the design ventilation CFM isn't sufficient to flush the CO2
out of the building, then you will see CO2 differentials going above 700 ppm.

A couple of the factors that are outside the control of Std 62 are:

• Activity level of the occupants - User is free to define these as whatever he or she feels are appropriate and they
might not be perfectly in synch with what Std 62.1 assumed in setting the CFM/person value. The higher the activity
level (higher heat gains), the higher the MET rate for occupants and therefore the higher the CO2 generation.
• Infiltration or lack thereof. The more infiltration you have the more flushing with low-CO2 outdoor air. When none is
present, you have no flushing.
If you are finding that CO2 differentials are going above 700 ppm (or your particular setting) a solution might be to tune the
system by increasing the design ventilation CFM slightly to provide the ability to flush the building with more low-CO2
outdoor air.
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Why does HAP not give me 60% RH when I add a humidifier and specify 60% RH?
FAQ: I am modeling a system with a steam humidifier set to maintain a minimum of 60% RH. I have entered 60% under
System Components, Humidification using a steam injection humidifier w/ setpoint of 60%. After calculating and viewing the
Air System Sizing Summary, it shows Resulting RH = 50%. Why can I not get the 60% RH that I asked for?

Answer: To figure these types of problems out you need to look at the system psychrometric graph. Most systems that
control the cooling coil leaving air temperature (LAT) to something like 55F with a bypass factor of say, 0.10 will result in an
off-coil condition very close to the saturation line (point 3 below). On a typical draw-thru fan the supply air then passes
through the fan where it picks up some sensible heat (line 3-4) before entering the humidifier at (point 4), as shown below.

Since the humidification process is 100% latent the process is a vertical line from point 4 to point 5, where it hits the
saturation curve, meaning the air cannot hold any additional moisture at that temperature. From point 5 to point 6 defines the
room process line with point 6 being the final room condition, in this case corresponding to a 50% RH.

The solution is to increase the required LAT off the coil such that the humidification process can add additional moisture to
the air. In other words the 55F LAT you have specified is dehumidifying the air too much. Go back to the cooling coil setting
in the air system, system components and raise the cooling coil LAT to say 61F. Now re-run the calculations. As you can
see from the figure below the warmer air is now capable of holding more moisture, therefore the Point 5 (humidifier outlet)
now results in a condition whereby the room process (line 5-6) results in a zone RH=60% as indicated.
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How to Specify RTU Performance
FAQ: I am trying to model a packaged rooftop unit (RTU) in HAP 4.4 for a LEED simulation. My design outdoor ambient
temperature (OAT) is 110 F and I am using "Auto-Sizing" for the Equipment Sizing. The default values in HAP for the Design
OAT is 95 F and the EER is 9.50. Should I use the default values or if not what values do I enter for the Design OAT and the
EER?

Answer: The inputs that should be used for your situation are shown below in Figure 1.

Explanation:
1. Design OAT = 110 F specifies that you want the autosized gross cooling capacity to correspond to an OADB of 110
F. If you set Design OAT = 95 F, then you're telling the program autosized gross capacity corresponds to 95 F
OADB. In this case when you are at 110 F OADB you will have less capacity - and hence unmet loads.
2. ARI Performance Rating = 9.5 EER -- Regardless of what other inputs you make in this window, when you choose
the "ARI Performance Rating" option the EER you input automatically corresponds to the ARI condition which is 95 F
OADB in this case. Since this is for a LEED simulation you must look-up the required minimally-compliant EER from
ASHRAE 90.1-2004, Table 6.8.1A based on the type of equipment and the capacity. For your convenience this
information is also included in the HAP Help system by pressing F1 on the input field for EER.
3. HAP then sorts everything out for you as explained below, and also in section 31.12 of the HAP on-line help system.
For a packaged RTU:
1. HAP calculates the net cooling capacity at 110 F OADB by subtracting fan heat.
2. HAP calculates the net cooling capacity at 95 F by correcting the result from 3-1 to the lower OADB.
3. HAP derives total input kW at 95 F using EER (which is at 95 F) and the adjusted net cooling capacity at 95
F from step 3-2.
4. HAP derives compressor + OD fan input kW at 95 F by subtracting indoor fan kW from the total input kW
from 3-3.
5. HAP calculates the compressor + OD fan input kW at 110 F by correcting the result from 3-4 to the higher
OADB.

The gross capacity at 110 F and the compressor + Outdoor (OD) fan input kW at 110 F derived in this way are then used as
the two anchor points for the RTU simulation.
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How to Specify Unitary Equipment Performance
FAQ: I am modeling unitary equipment in HAP v4.4. The equipment input screen has a number of different inputs. Can you
advise me on the correct approach to these inputs? I want to make sure all the capacity and efficiency inputs are correctly
specified.

Answer: When modeling unitary cooling equipment such as RTUs, VPACs, PTACs and WSHPs, the following basic
principles apply:
1. Design OAT or Design EWT - Specify the entering condenser temperature at the equipment design condition. For
example, if the peak cooling load occurs at an outdoor air temperature of 100 F for air-cooled DX equipment, Design
OAT must be 100 F.
2. Equipment Sizing - Select "Auto-Size Capacity" if you want the program to automatically determine gross cooling
capacity and also enter a "Capacity Oversizing Factor" to specify how much additional capacity above the peak load
is required.
On the other hand if you want to directly specify capacity, choose "User-Defined Capacity" and then enter the gross
cooling capacity. In both cases, the design capacity will be assumed to occur at the Design OAT or Design EWT
entered on this screen.
 entered on this screen.
3. Performance Rating - Choose "ARI Performance Rating" or "ISO/ARI Performance Rating" to enter a standard EER
rating for the equipment. Regardless of what you have specified for Design OAT or Design EWT, this EER
corresponds to standard ARI or ISO/ARI rating conditions. For air-cooled units HAP will use the EER to automatically
derive the compressor plus OD fan kW at your specified Design OAT. For water-cooled units HAP will use the EER
to automatically derive the compressor kW at your specified Design EWT.
On the other hand, if you want to directly specify input power, choose the "Compressor + OD Fan Power" or
"Compressor Power" options. In this case, the kW value you define must correspond to the Design OAT or Design
EWT you specified.
4. Low Ambient Control - For air-cooled equipment specify the low temperature cutoff temperature. If the unit has head
pressure control, specify that low ambient controls are present and specify the cutoff for conventional operation and
the cutoff temperature for low ambient operation.

When modeling unitary heating equipment such as RTU heat pumps, PTHPs or WSHPs, the same general principles apply:
1. Design OAT or Design EWT - Specify the entering air or water temperature corresponding to the heating design
condition. For example if the design EWT for a WSHP loop application will be 60 F, specify that value.
2. Equipment Sizing - Choose "Auto-Size Capacity" if you want the program to determine capacity. Choose "User-
Defined Capacity" if you want to enter the gross heating capacity yourself. In both cases, the capacity corresponds to
the design entering temperature entered above.
3. Performance Rating - Choose "ARI Performance Rating" or "ISO/ARI Performance Rating" to enter a standard COP
for the equipment. This performance value corresponds to the standard ARI or ISO/ARI rating conditions. HAP will
automatically derive the compressor + OD fan kW or the compressor kW from the value you enter, corrected for your
specified design entering temperature.
On the other hand, if you want to directly specify input power, choose the "Compressor + OD Fan Power" or
"Compressor Power" options. In this case, the kW value you define must correspond to the Design OAT or Design
EWT you specified.

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