CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

1. REGULATOR

A clean DC power supply is essential for the operation of most of the

circuits. The project requires two voltages, 5v and 12v. The 5v is used for digital
circuits and 12v is used to drive the relay. The digital circuits require regulated 5v
supply. The regulation of 12v is not required. A regulator IC’s are used in the
power supply section of the project.
A voltage regulator is a circuit that supplies a constant voltage regardless
of changes in load currents. Almost all power supplies use some type of voltage
regulator IC because voltage regulators are simple to use, reliable, low in cost, and,
above all, available in a variety of voltage and current ratings. A vast number of
voltage regulators are available.
The 7800 series consists of three-terminal positive voltage regulators with
seven voltage options. These ICs are designed as fixed voltage regulators and with
adequate heat sinking can deliver output currents in excess of 1 A. Although these
devices do not require external components, such components can be used to
obtain adjustable voltages and currents. These ICs also have internal thermal
overload protection and internal short-circuit current limiting.
The input given to the power supply circuit is not purely DC but also has
some AC components, called ripples. Hence, it becomes essential to reduce the
ripples from the pulsating dc supply to the minimum. This is achieved by using a
filter or smoothing circuit which removes (or filters out) the ac components and
allows only the dc component to reach the load. The simplest filter circuit with a
high value capacitor connected across the load. The capacitance offers low
reactance to the ac and high reactance path to the dc. A small ripple voltage will
be available at the output.

The capacitor Ci is required if the regulator is located an appreciable

distance from a power supply. Even though Co is not needed, it may be used to
improve the transient response of the regulator. Ci should be more than 100nF and
preferably in the region of 1 to 10uF. Voltage rating of capacitor >= 2.5 times of
Output Voltage.

There is a LED connected to power supply to indicate whether power is on

or off.

2. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

 LCD or Liquid Crystal Display is used in this system for display purpose.
LCD used here is 16 X 2 LCD. LCD is connected to the PORT D of PIC IC.

The pins of the module are described bellow.

NO. Symbol Function

1 VSS 0V Power Supply (GND Level)
2 VCC Power supply for Logic circuit
3 V0 Power Supply for Driving the LCD
4 RS Data / Instruction select
5 R/W Read / Write select
6 E Enable signal
7-14 DB0-DB7 Data Bus line
15 LED A Power supply for LED
16 LED K Power supply for LED

The module has 8 data lines DB0-DB7. In the project we are using 4 data
lines DB0-DB3. RS is the Data / Instruction select pin. R / W is the Read / Write
select pin.
LCD used here is 16 X 2 LCD and it is connected to the PORTD of PIC
IC. The LCD module directly connected to the PIC. The resisters R3, R4 and R8
are also connected to the LCD. These resisters are used to control the contrast of
the LCD. The LCD uses +5V regulated power supply.

3. PIC MICRO CONTROLLER

PIC microcontroller has 2 VDD pins (11 & 32) for 5v supply and 2 VSS
pins (12 & 31) for ground. Capacitor C5 is used for filtering. First pin of PIC

IC is pin , when this pin is grounded or active low PIC get reset. So for

making IC in working mode, pin is pulled up through resister R2. A switch

sw1 is given to ground pin and to reset the program.

 For working in 1 micro second clock, a 4MHZ crystal is used. The
capacitors c8 & c10 connected to the crystal is the stabilizing capacitors which
stabilizes oscillations from the crystal.
RX (RC7) & TX (RC6) are connected to PC. PORTD (RD7-RD1) is
connected to LCD.

4. PC COMMUNICATION
MAX 232 & DB9 CONNECTOR
RS232 is an asynchronous serial communications protocol, widely
used on computers. Asynchronous means it doesn't have any separate
synchronizing clock signal, so it has to synchronize itself to the incoming data - it
does this by the use of 'START' and 'STOP' pulses. The signal itself is
slightly unusual for computers, as rather than the normal 0V to 5V range, it uses
+12V to -12V - this is done to improve reliability, and greatly increases the
available range it can work over - it isn't necessary to provide this exact voltage
swing, and you can actually use the PIC's 0V to 5V voltage swing with a couple of
resistors to make a simple RS232 interface which will usually work well, but isn't
guaranteed to work with all serial ports. For this reason, the Serial Board to use the
MAX232 chip, this is a chip specially designed to interface between 5V logic
levels and the +12V/-12V of RS232 - it generates the +12V/-12V internally using
capacitor charge pumps, and includes four converters, two transmit and two
receive, the Serial Board only makes use of one of each - the other two are clearly
marked on the circuit, and can be used for something else if required.
CIRCUIT DESIGN

POWER SUPPLY

C1= C3 =0.1µF (Bypassing or filtering Capacitors)

C2 = 100 µF (For providing Const. current/voltage source and reducing the
loading effect).
R1=330std. (Current Limiting Resistor)

PIC MICROCONTROLLER

R2=10KΩ STD (Pull up resistor)

C5 =0.1µF (Bypassing or filtering Capacitor)
CLK generation:
C8=C10=22pf (Stabilizing Capacitor)
Crystal = 4MHZ (for 1µs clock).

LCD Module

R6, R7, R8 = 5K POT (for adjusting contrast)

R3, R4, R5 =100Ω (for adjusting brightness)

MAX232
Take all capacitors as 1µ F std. for level conversion of DC voltage.
C4, C6, C7, C9 = 1µF.

COMPONENT LIST OF NOTICE BOARD

COMPONENTS QUANTITY AVAILABLE COST

1. PIC 16F877A 1 NO. RONY ELECTRONICS 150

2. VOLTAGE REGULATOR LM 7805 1 NO. 7
3. CRYSTAL 4MHZ 1 NO. 3
4. LEVEL SHIFTER MAX 232 1 NO. 13
5. RESISTOR 10K 1 NO.
6. 330 1 NO.
7. 100 3 NO.
8. CAPACITOR 22PF 2 NO.
9. 1 MICRO, 63V 4NO.
10. 100 MICRO, 25 V 1 NO.
11. 0.1 MICRO 2 NO.
12. 16 *2 LCD (CRYSTALONICS) 3 NO. 480

13. LED 1 NO.

14. 5K TRIM POT 3 NO.
15. MICRO SWITCH (2 LEG) 1 NO.
16. DB9 CONNECTER (FEMALE) 1 NO.
17. BERG STRIP(MALE & FEMALE)
18. 2 PIN WIRE WITH CONNECTER 1 NO.
19. 8 PIN WIRE WITH CONNECTER 1 NO.
20. IC BASE (40 PIN) 1 NO.
21. (16 PIN) 1 NO.