Introduction to Behavior

and Design of Reinforced

Concrete Masonry Buildings

By
Ahmad Hamid, Ph.D., P.E.

Professor and Director of the Masonry Research Program

Drexel University, Philadelphia

UWO Masonry Workshop London, Ontario March 14, 2016

 Content
Session 1 : 9:00 – 10:15
Introduction to Contemporary Concrete Masonry and Building Design

Session 2 : 10:30 – 11:45

Masonry Materials and Assemblages

Session 3 : 1:00 – 2:15

Behavior and Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams and Masonry
Walls under Out- of-Plane Bending and Axial Loads

Session 4 : 2:30 – 3:45

Behavior and Design of Reinforced Concrete Masonry Shear walls
 Session 1

Introduction to
Contemporary Concrete
Masonry & Building
Design
 Problems with Conventional Infilled RC
Frame Construction

n  There is a significant need of efficient residential

and institutional buildings in many parts of the
world to meet the rapid growth of population.

n  Conventional RC infill frame construction is

unsustainable and has many problems
…Problems with RC Frame construction
n  Conventional skeleton
infill RC frame
buildings have
problems of durability
of the building
envelope in form of
n  spalling of plaster
n  Delamination of face
plaster or stone
n  corrosion of
reinforcing steel
 ….Problems with RC Frame construction
n  Slow construction with many trades on the job.
n  RC frame construction goes from the bottom up and the
finishing from the top down
n  Cast-in-place concrete requires formwork and waiting
period for curing
n  Plastering of walls slows construction significantly and
requires formwork for exterior walls.
n  There is an issue of quality of poured concrete
 ….Problems with RC Frame construction

n  Vulnerability to seismic
attack
 Proposed Solution
n Use Loadbearing concrete masonry which consists
of small precast units connected together to form a
sustainable and efficient loadbearing wall system.
There are many advantages of LBM and its
multifunctional characteristics makes it a sustainable
cost efficient building system
 Advantages of Loabearing Masonry Wall
System

Multifunctional Characteristics of loadbearing masonry

buildings:
n  1- Structural framework
n  2- Define geometric space

n  3- Variety of architectural finishes

n  4-Waterproof enclosure

n  5- Thermal insulation

n  6- Acoustical enclosure
n  7- Fire proofing

n  8- Dimensional tolerance
n  9- Simple erection techniques
 What is Masonry ?

n  What is masonry ?
Masonry is a composite
material made of
masonry units ( clay
brick, concrete
block, stone, glass )
bonded together with
mortar. It may or may
not be rreinforced
 Classification of Masonry
n  Based on material
n  Concrete

n  Clay

n  Glass

n  Based on geometry
n  Brick

n  Block

n  Based on way of resisting tension/shear: URM, RM, PM

n  Based on type of construction
n  Ancient masonry

n  Contemporary masonry
 Types of Contemporary Masonry-from Load
resisting View point
n  URM

n  RM

n  PM
 Types of Contemporary Masonry-from
Extend of Grout View point

Partially Grouting
Vertical steel-lap as per structural design

Steel in bond beam is set

in place as wall is laid up

Place metal lath or wire

screen under bond
beam to confine grout
Vertical bar in
grouted cell

Floor slab Full mortar joint

Footing Place mortar on cross

webs adjacent to cells that
will be grouted to prevent
leakage of grout

Horizontal bar in bond

beam
(knock-out webs)

Full grouting
 Reinforced Masonry (RM)
RM is a composite made of
small precast concrete block
units joined together with
mortar and reinforced with
vertical and horizontal steel
rods.
 Reinforcement

n  Vertical reinforcement: steel bars

n  Horizontal reinforcement : steel bars
in bond beams and/or joint
reinforcement in mortar joints
 Reinforcement for MSJC ORM Shear
Walls
n  Ordinary
MinimumRM shear
Horizontal and walls (ORM)-
Vertical Reinforcement
reinforcement aroundMasonry
Ordinary Reinforced openings(ORM) and at 10 ft

spacing/ SDC A, B and C

- Max Horizontal Reinf. Spacing = 3.0 m 15

- Max Vertical Reinf. Spacing = 3.0 m
2
- Min Reinforcement = 130 mm
 Reinforcement for MSJC IRM Shear Walls
n  Intermediate RM shear walls (IRM) -
Minimum Horizontal and Vertical Reinforcement
reinforcement
Intermediatearound
Reinforcedopenings
Masonry (IRM)and at 4 ft

spacing/ SDC A, B and C

- Max Horizontal Reinf. Spacing = 3.0 m 15

- Max Vertical Reinf. Spacing = 1.2 m
2
- Min Reinforcement = 130 mm
 Reinforcement for MSJC SRM Shear
Walls
n  SpecialMinimum Horizontal
RM shear wallsand Vertical -Reinforcement
(SRM) reinforcement around
Special Reinforced Masonry (SRM)
openings and at 4 ft spacing plus other area and spacing
restrictions/ SDC A, B, C, D, E and F

- Max Horizontal Reinf. Spacing = Smaller of 1.2 m, 13H and 13L 15

- Max Vertical Reinf. Spacing = Smaller of 1.2 m, 13H and 13L
2
- Min Reinforcement = 130 mm
- Min area of vertical reinf. shall be 13 of required shear reinf.
RM Walls
n  Steel rebars
……RM Walls
n  Joint reinforcement
…..RM Walls
n  Grouting
 Types of Masonry - from construction
Standpoint
n  Mortared masonry

n  Mortarless masonry:
dry stack interlocking
Contemporary Masonry Buildings
Characterized by thin,
hollow walls that may be
reinforced. Rigid
diaphragms are used to
connect the walls in such a
way that the walls will resist
lateral loads by in-plane
action. Out-of-plane action
is limited to local effect to
span walls between floor
slabs.
Behavior of Masonry
n  Component level-unit, mortar, grout
n  Assemblage level- compressive
strength, modulus of elasticity, flexural
strength, shear strength
n  Element/wall level
n  Sub-system level
n  System level
 Building Design Requirements
n  Architectural Requirements
n  Layout in plan ( foot print) and in elevation
n  Wall arrangements/shapes
n  Wall perforations
n  Control joints
Structural Requirements

n  Selection/modeling of the structural system

n  Loads determination ( V and L)
n  Load distribution
n  Analysis to determine response ( L-D curves)
n  Demand on elements ( internal forces)
n  Design of components ( walls and floors)
n  Check overall structural stability
Environmental Requirements

n  Thermal
n  Moisture
n  Noise
n  Fire
Integration of Requirements

Integration of building requirements is

necessary to achieve economical
buildings of high quality and less
maintenance cost. Initial design cost will
be higher but saving will be achieved in
the long run.
Structural Design
n  Goals: performance, safety and economy
n  Safety: capacity (supply) should be greater
than factored loads (demand)
n  Variation in loads and in capacity
n  Methodologies to achieve adequate strength and
safety against overloading, instability and collapse
n  System redundancy
Design Methods

n  Empirical Design (ED)

n  Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
n  Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
n  Limit States Design (LST)
n  Displacement-Based Design (DBD)
n  Performance-Based design (PBD)
….Design Methods

n  Category I- Force-based methods

n  Empirical Method (ED)
n  Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
n  Strength Design (SD)

n  Category II- Displacement-based methods

n  Displacement-based Design (DBD)
n  Performance-Based Design (PBD)
Problems with Force-Based Seismic
Design Methods

n  Damage levels can not be controlled

n  Significant damage can be very costly.

n  Therefore, new emphasis in changing

from strength to performance based
design
Performance –Based Design (PBD)
….Background

Economic losses sustained in previous

earthquakes have highlighted the need for a
design methodology that allows the design
team, which includes the building owner,
architect, and engineer, to understand and
choose a desired level of seismic
performance for buildings and nonstructural
components when they are subjected to a
specified level of ground motion.
PBD Definition

Performance Based Seismic Design is the

seismic design methodology of the future. It
allows the design team to work together to
determine the appropriate levels of ground
motion and Performance Objectives for the
building and the nonstructural components in
order to meet the owner's expectations.
PBD Advantage
n  PBD is a new seismic design concept that provides
engineers with the capability to design buildings that
have a predictable and reliable performance during
earthquakes.

n  PBD permits owners and other stakeholders to

quantify financially or otherwise the expected risk to
their buildings and to select a level of performance
that meets their needs while maintaining a basic level
of safety
 PBD Concept

PBD employs the concept of performance objectives. A

performance objective is the specification of an acceptable
level of damage to a building if it experiences an earthquake
of a given severity.
 …..PBD concept
This concept
creates a “ sliding
scale” whereby a
building can be
designed to
perform in a
manner that meets
the owner’s
economic and
safety goals.
 ….PBD Concept

A single performance objective that requires

buildings remain operational even in the
largest event, will result in extraordinarily high
costs. Conversely, a design where life safety
is the only consideration is the only
consideration may not adequately protect the
economic interests of building stakeholders
Design Limit States
n  Serviceability

n  Strength

n  Ductility
Design Variables
n  Wall configuration/type
n  Type of material
n  Wall thickness
n  Reinforcement
Design Philosophy
n  Promote ductile flexural mode and
suppress brittle modes: compression,
shear, anchorage to achieve enough
warning via large deformation and NO
collapse
n  Reduce seismic loads due to ductile
response and large energy dissipation
Design Parameters
n  Specified compressive strength, f’m
n  Modulus of elasticity, Em
n  Masonry strain at peak stress ( maximum
usable strain
n  Steel strain of end bars
n  Curvature ductility
n  Displacement ductility
n  Post-peak response ( strength degradation)
Design Stages
n  Conceptual- planning the building
n  Computation of demand
n  Analysis to determine internal forces
and deformation
n  Computation of supply ( resistance)
 Planning the Building
n  Building form
n  Elevation- effect of perforations on
building stiffness
n  Plan- symmetry and torsion
n  Wall configuration and layout
n  Floor types
n  Wall-to-wall and wall-to-floor
connections
Wall Arrangements
…..Wall Arrangements

n  Walls are
arranged in
the two
orthogonal
directions to
form box-
type
structure
……Wall Arrangements
…..Wall Arrangements

n  Wall arrangement to reduce/eliminate

torsional eccentricity
Wall Types

Figure 2.6
Diaphragm walls.

Figure 2.2 Methods of joining wythes

to form solid walls.

Figure 2.3 Reinforcement

Figure 2.5 Veneer walls.
locations in masonry walls.
Wall Configurations

n  Continuous
n  Isolated
Floor Slabs
n  Rigid
n  Cast-in-place
concrete
n  Precast concrete
n  Composite concrete/
steel
n  Flexible
n  Timber
 Lateral Load Resisting Mechanism
n  In-Plane lateral loads are distributed
based on relative stiffness for rigid
diaphragms and tributary area for
flexible diaphragms.

n  Out-of-plane action is localized and

inertia forces go to the cross walls via
the diaphragm.
Connection between horizontal and
Vertical Diaphragms-Load Transfer
n  Lateral load is
transferred from
horizontal diaphragms
( floors) to vertical
diaphragms ( walls).
Adequate connections
between the two
diaphragms capable of
transferring shear is
essential for overall
lateral resistance
Diaphragm Action
n  Types:
n  Rigid
n  Semi-rigid
n  Flexible
Effectiveness of Floor Diaphragms

n  Place openings near

the center of the
floor area to reduce
effect of openings
on the reduction of
the diaphragm
stiffness
Load Demand
n  Load determination
n  Load combination
n  Load distribution based on relative
stiffness for rigid diaphragms and
tributary area for flexible diaphragms
Sustainable Design
Sustainable design principles include the ability
to:
1- optimize site potential;
2-minimize non-renewable energy consumption;
3-use environmentally preferable products;
4-protect and conserve water;
5-enhance indoor environmental quality; and
6-optimize operational and maintenance
practices.
Constructability
Constructability is the optimum use of construction
knowledge and field experience in planning, design,
procurement and field operations to achieve the project
objectives. Constructability involves the process of
thinking through the entire project prior to the beginning
the actual design. Such an activity focuses on
maximizing the simplicity, economy and speed of
construction , while considering the site conditions, code
restrictions and owner’s requirements.
 Sources of Information
n  Textbooks- “ Masonry Structures: Behavior
and Design” by Drysdale, Hamid and
Baker
n  Journal papers- ACI, ASCE, CSCE, TMS
n  Masonry conferences proceedings- NAMC,
CMS, IBMAC
n  Specifications- ASTM
n  Magazines- Masonry Construction
Magazine
n  TEK Notes- NCMA and BIA
n  Codes- MSJC, IBC, CSA, Euro Code
n  Technical reports/guidelines- FEMA
Questions