2A 1.

SP-\Tii \-EC'Ttritl-iLE

* xit,,c7n

* ,tnc2n V
SA,U CA,

t': == r't cn,J + r'rcr,,2 * * *'ncn,r,

(1.2)

rrrrcle C este matricea de trecere de la baza R la ba,za B' .

Exemplul q.+. inN, B: :
{", (1,0,0),ez: (0,1.0).es (0,0,1)} :
qi B' : :
t"', (1, 1,1). "', -- (L,I,0),elr: (1,0,0)) sunt clou5 baze.
\,'iatricea de trecere clelabaza B labaza B' este chiar rnatricea otrtirmt;5
: re1 * 1e2* 1e3
{ ''\
purranrl pe coloane vectorii 7e y * * 0e3
te!, -
deoarece: 1e2
"'r,r'r,e'.,
|."]:1er*ocz+oer
Fie ac:rrm vectonrl r: (2,,0"2) care are coordonatele 2,0,2 in baza
B. Folosind forrnula (rtr.2), g5sirn cooroclona,tele sale in baza B':
(?\ (:11\ (r) f*t*12+:r'':2
Io|:It at llal l.?lsauIr',+r',:s
\r/ \r \,,!/
:
l"i :
:2,
z
Sistemul are solulia r'7 2,r'z: -2,:r'.1 ircestea fiincl coordo-
ratele vectorului 'r in baza B' .
Obsen'5,m cir putem girsi direct aceste coordonate din egalitatea
r (2,0,2) : r'r(1,7,1) + nt (1,1,0) + r'.(7.0,0) de uncle se ajunge la
:
acelaqi sistern cle ecualii liniare in r{ , r'r, t:'r.

5. PROBLEME REZOLVATE
1. Fie I,llK un spaliu vectorial, 0r< € I{ qi 01.- € I.; elc:rnerntele
nentre fa!5 der adunare in cele douir multrimi. .'\tunci:
u) 0o 'u:0y, Vr € l,-;
b) k.01,:01'.Vke 1{;
r:) (-1) .u : -'t)t Vtr e 1,'';
d) fu . (-r) : -ku.Yke If.z' e I,':
e) /i;('u -'u,r) : ku - A:u. Vk e /i,t;. tl € I-:
f) (l; - l)'u: ku - lt;.Yk.1 e If. r' € 1-.
Solulie:Vom fblosi in rezolr-are axiomeie vi)-r-l) din derfini{ia spaliului
vectorial (Definilia 1.1) qi srrirpurrctele antet'ioat'e acolo unde este c;azul.
a) 06tr : (0x + 0;r)t' : 0;ii'- {lr,i' de uttcle. prirr simpli{icare,
obliirerm 06u :01-.
b) ftOi' : ft(0r-+ 0r - i:r'r. - i:{'ri.clc uudc. prin simplificare,
oblinem &01, :0q .
 .S
INI

alo:lrrerljoli) ap .H'IuIuII3Ii,gIII(l1uo}o,B:JgSIJ')StJ9}u0(IeS{,:;,)
!i'r (r
\q D)
l?OlrJl'€rU 19JtI.1 Iry?.st? 'p't't1'D illT?oJ .lla.Icu,Inrl oJlu! oIiBIcJ o lils?ff, (q
:5' Inl ololuoTn

-DIO ep Br'l?iull orleurqruol \/ e)

,..r o \rtl { r t-)
T j
:- E t?o}Ir}t?ul rlourg fe
\z_-
/ \ \
'{f-o 9l:=^}'{Y
xr
{n T-\ {t
l:tT'{L- 9l:F"}:,s
'\t__ rJ \t T ) \I r)
'tsou rrilnm {u€.IapIS{ro:} (H) (,LnV' uI 'lt
trt?ar ['Bt.rc]],lo;\ 1nfieds

'U/
N rnlnrltds {R l"Iro}Jar\ nll€dsqns a}sit r,S' gr)lp€
'zS > fi,1+ rq :nap'0 : 0. 1+ 0. 4 -- (tfr,t - zfL1,+ r/i')l+ (tzt - r'r7,+rr)::l
: (r:fi,|4'ta:u)t-(zfi,t+z:r:l)7,-l(t4+trry) l3 (tli'I+8:tq'zfil+zrtl'rf4+r$1)
: fi7* u:1 l)unlY 'U f l'rY IS (0 - t'lit-r'ft1 + t/i IS 0 - ert -ztf,+rt:
Rslpe) eg 3 (erf 't'fi,'rfi) : fi..(t:r'zx'Lr): r lodta ruproplsuo3
'U/
N rr! Ir?r.ro?' ol nrfudsqns
also nu t5'u[urcasuo) tII 'S * i, + g - fI orareoap '1S I (e'g'Vt)
- rZ J'ep ) (t't'l) : r 'nlclurexa ep'N/'gr ulpn'.Iasqo:atin;o5
(rS'
N lntluds u] olulro])or
rrftclsqns plurzo.rciir.r {g : erg
- zrZ + inlg ) (tr'zn'rr)} : z'$ I3
{q : t'raat:-rnl'U > (tr'zr'rx')} -
tg alturrfirlul g)Bp rfergr"ra,'1 'g

't-/lul,?p pfutcasuo;l rrI'A n;1uod Ezt?c{ o plulzarciilr {V'gt't}

'uorutflnur el roSn F)uIJaA os ',,1 m1 tsounlsuorutp alSo,rrld tt n1r?"r11r.,,

nrfecls- nFS lnpuv.I 'B[ o]sa O/:t FclPe 'O/U tn l€Iro])o^ nrleclsqns ,.1
Ica6i 'aleuotfer arallrnu nc a.lr.lqe81u rrferado utld alnut[qo prrrg 'fo
) + bry'zql +
(o? lqq'zD,l + in:7 oceteoap ',4 ) V(z:tl + Iery) + Ef ("rlt
* 1 qq) + (zn | + rnq) : (Elq + gtzq +zn) + (g[ rc 4 { r Q* n ) I : nl * nl
7
1

:nunly '0 t'ry I3,,,1 ulp aluaruala Fnop O I er{r}(4q(rr1tz71{rp

apun'1El'(o + gfrq * la : rn, tS gArt * Urq a rrt: r') olg
=
'gprrle.r ltsur pulg ts?ssall" 'ppolaw Brlop €-ap ual IsoloJ uIoA
'O/U tn [elro])o.\ nrltclsqns o]sc .,1 t?)
prrglgrt? nes I'I er[rugaq ulp IslJo])il,t rnlnrfeds rolaurotxe pug)Slra\
:apolaur pnop rrrrd I€I.Iol)a^ nrfecis alsa .,1 9c t??FrE ura1n4:arin;o5
'BrnlsaJ€ eaunlsarulp tfezt:rard tS ptrolaa,t ntferlsfr
un alsa {O > ,'r1'nlqL;t + glrt a r} : -,1 eilurttlntu pl t[e1p"ty '6

'i1I-(L:t:o(1-)+ffi1 - n[(t-) +ry] :*(t-ry) (l

'xltl
- rz:1 : (in,-)q + ftel: [(rn,-) + o]:Y:'(nq)-
(,:n, - n')s1 p
: aqll-)
: a(;y-) : olry(t-)l : ,rl(t-)ry1 : (,2(t-)):l : (o-):ry '(c pursolog (p
'i?- : r)(I-)
+ .10 : a*n,(t-) €'r0: o(I + (t-)) € "t0 - n,vg'(e utg ('r

LZ :IJ\ifloz'du iill{g'IflOttd' q
22 1. SPATII \-trCTORI.\LE

Solu!ie:a,) Fie e,.b. c € R. astfr,'} itrt:art E bB + cC. Atunci

(,4 -2\ ,,(t 1\+1,(1 1\ (t -1\ cle tttrcle rezult,[:
\-.: z ) \o o)
i,r, -2\ ':o,-)'ni' ac:ea,std egalit,a,te ob!itrenr
\-3 2t \ -b
(J'- b'- 3. (l : 3, deci E
-2,
3c.
lr) consider5rn rn, n
R. astfel itrcat .t_J k:,1 + lB + rn() +
I?
k,1,,
(,,,;1 .: t';t..(t 1\ + t 1\+* nt
{t -1\
\,, d,) (,; :t) (-, ) [o o) a
=+

(r,- -t
I
_ k,
(: i) : (* * ![ "' u'* li "') Atunc:i le,
)d-
k+l+nt,
[r, - k*l- T"TL

Aclunf;ncl ultinrele clouir relalii ot-rtrinern {I 'lrJ-r-lt - 2\k+l) : -2(c+ d) .

f)crci" relletlia c5utatir este a' * h

5. Fie B : {er : (2.7,6),ez: (3,2,5), "? (2,3: -2)}. Verificati

clac[ B este o bazl, a spa(iului vectorial R'/R = qi, in ca,z afirmatir',
ciet;erminali coorclonatele vectorului -
u (6,5, 10) hr-baza B'
solulie:verific5m liniar irrdependetr{a vectorilor din B.
Pentru aceasta,, considerxm o contllinalie liniar5: ktet *kzezlksQ
: 0,
cu ft1, k2,k13 e rt' Atunci: k1(2,1,6) + kz(3,2,5) + k3(2.,3,-2) - 0 =+
(iUr'* inr"+ 2kz,h + 2k2 + 3k3. 6ft1 * 5kz - 2l3) :0, de 'ude rezultfl
(z:A:' +3kzl- 2A:3 - o

sistemul de trei ecttalii, clr trei rlccunoscul'e: 1"r-*'n,-*34':r:0

[0t1 +5kz-24'3:g
l2 3 2 |

Determinarrtul matricei sistemului erste 1 t^ :8 1O qi'

|o ?) -z I
I I

cleoarec;e sistetnul este umrl omogen rerdlt6 ci aces{'tr

are solulia unic;fi'
kt : kz - kz :0. 1r, B este o mullirne liniar independentir,
"orrru,cinl5, ile clirnensi*ne 3, N/R, adic[ B este
cn co,.rJB: 3 in spali'l
'ectoiial
o bazd in a,cest s1>a{iu.
Pentru a deiterrnina cclorcloilatele vectorului u in aceast[ bazx, con-
sicier[m egalitatea 7t : Li1e,1l tt2e2 * us1. Ii1'L]2''tr3 €.1R'
fiind coordo-
natele cxutate. Atrrnci (o' s, ro) : t:r(2,1' 6)+'u2(3' 2'5)+q(2'3r -2) l
(2tr1 * 3u2 * 2u3,'r)1+ )r', + 3u,r, f,''.l * 5t:2 - 24) : (6,5,l'0)' de unrle
(nt1+ 3tr2 * 2't:o.,:6
rezultS, sistetuul: { + 2t:2 * 3u, :5
or
| 6t'' + 'iri"; - 2t';r : 10

Prin rezolvareat aceat,tia olrqirtetll i.'i : 2' rt2:0n ?t3 : 1' adicfi'
tocmai coordonatelle lui t' itt bazal B'
 'g
vzvq q \a'\a' f.r .ro1r:o1la,\ alaterrop.rooJ
urrspF vI
,fl fl el irp oJocirJ+ ap eocl.IlT?tu t?lllulJalop € n"Iluod
'EZUq tg r:lrlp 'lu.lpuirdap.rut .II?IUII ,fl R) ura;)np
lo r tl
-apapunap'0 lt:vuraurfqo lr e e l:v:lll')u€ulluraloP
i9 7, Tl
ru?lntl€:r ,B Inl tfuilpuepul Jt?Iul[ Blpn]s u n"rluacl nlcluroxa ag
'luapua(lap J"rurl also r.rolJa^
op prlrralsrs'"re:}ut)r) ze) ur rtzr'(gltueq erfnlos J€op oJti ?elOose ua8ouro
lnuralsrs) luapuaclapur JI?IUII alsa IJolJaA op Intualsls 0 ap FUJaJIp a',)so
rnlnlrlerrrtu.rolap BoJ€ol€A KJpp '1a.;1sy 'In1ntrtolsls IOcIJlt?uI Inlnrrelllur
-J0?0p €oJ€ol€:\ ap orfcun; u1 lrrapuorloplll J?IIIII Alsa IJo?)Or\ op Inlralsis
EcBp apr)ap uralnd prrlr.rlgd alsa a)I.rl"rrl F,ts?aJ€ pIIg) I)unlY
'lerai)is
-uo) Inutolsrs urp JolIJo:|)aA alaluauorftuo) au€oloa ad a.re aJIJIBUI InJBJ
e ua3ouro rr[en:la ep ura]sls Inun EeJ€AIozaJ ouIAoJ IJo]coA iip tuo]sls
"l
op laJlst rntrn taluopuadaput TBIIIII Ba.re)$Iral 'p'l prlcle; u"c"IeuIOtI
'RZvq g r'.rap 'g : (U/N)-pp
- €f'pln IS *;U uI tuaprradaput
Jerurl rno?srs €r apun op '0 : tn : zD t;u
- utoullqo 1rttuo]sls puBAIozo'U
o : €{)tl
11 -
t'o1+ tt € 0 : (s;og'sr-l6 * I,D't:o + E:1l + 1o) :
l
0-tr:+zo+IoJ
: (t:'Z'T)edt + (0'0'I).,r, * (0't' l)to e 0 - tastr * z;tzn * ral'xt
'r1eor ueltls nt FJt?IuI1 tzrfeurqruoc tupJoplsuoo t??sea)B ll.Iluod
'g, ulp ro{rro}JD^ ufuapuadopul r"IuII IrErSIroA:a1in1o5
'r8
€zlgq uI taL+zag+raz - il, Inlruo}Ja^ alalBroproor rfuunurala6l (q
ap
a.rooorl ap Borrrl"r,r rf'e'yrr",erap 1s azeq ?rlns ,€t \s I *r;fffltT€l
'{(o'2.'g) : 9,'(t'z'T') : z,a'{t't'I) : \a} :,g
rs {(s 'z'T) : ta'(0'0'r) -- "" '(0'I'I) :
la} : g
rJolJJ,\ op o{ourolsrs BJaptsuo) os rM I€aJ I€IJO}JO,\ InI[Bds 'l uI
',4 Inl I€ lelrol)a^ nrfedsclns r,ll l)ap
',tt I t,,y),r1+rlry t?lprzoJ.,1 Inl IB lelropo^ nrfudsqns {.1 ac.ueoag 'f,'1
) r? ruaurlc{o opun op .-lt 5 ?,1 rlunly '!'} I tl) Iaualqo;cl ee1u1t1e;oua8
a8ugrlsa.l B RIFJ 'aundnsard wollid 'til ) or, rS i.1 I c 'lV)uI loJlse
-N f f '.1 Xlstxil'R) Rllllzal itr! ) rn"rt, utn3' >I > I'ry I3,4'l 3 irt'rz trtg
'lr,l ) ?rL r)unl'u .f I p Xcup 'a1rII'\nJ a1le nl 'nts
"' ) t7t f 1.t ) I,,t Relpe'trurflnur op rolpOsa.Ic rrS *'I:t(i,1):atinlo5
'/1 llll IE
tn':,r,
leilolJa^ nrludD'qns dlsa l,l I)unlu .r.1f,1 rnlnrfe<is e1u o{BIJo})or
rriu<isqns op role)so.IrirS ,rn olsa
x'r=r1if) plep pl rfelprtr '9

IZ 3 J\i.VI O Z'lU [[ Ii\i3'I$O]Id

 _-TlF

24 1. SPATII \'ECTORIALE

ConsiderS,m €|t: er€t* {121€2 f o31e3 + (1,3,3) : (o,n+ azt *

(u11+att*Q:y:7
ast,Qtr * 2a31.3431) =+ utr * 2u31 :3
I :3
[3ai1
Rezolv6nd acest sistern obtrinem at7 : L,ezt -- *1, o31 : f .

Sinrilar, et'y : apel * a,22e2 * a32e;1gi oblinem din nou un sistem cle
trei ecualii crr t;rei neculloscute cu solutiile ap - 0,u,22:1,432 : l. iav
din egaiitatea e''' : {113€1 t {r2se2* 433e3 ob{im€fiI &13 : L,a,2z:2,o.oz:
3'
(t o 1\
-{trrrrci lnatricea cle trecere cle la B la B'este A: | -1 1 2 I.
\r t 3/
/z\ f' : /'i\
:
b) Considcriirn X I5| ,SiI *i I co,rrciorratele r'ec:torului r

relativ la traz:r,
\z/ \,!,/
B, respectil' la baza B'. Atunci ,Y : ,4X', unde -4
est;e
matricea de trecere de la B la B' , deternrittatX attterior.
Din ecualia rnatriceralfl -X : ,4"X' ol:linem X' : ,4-1-\.
N'firtricea I este invcrsabil5, deoarece d,et(A) - -I + 0. CalculAnd,
/-t -1 1\ /-r -1 1\
oblirrcm .4-1 - l-; -2 3 I. Atunci.{' : l-s -2 3 | '
\z 1 -1/ \2 1 -t/
1z\ /o\
I S | : | 1 I . In consecint5, coordonatele vectorului z in baza B' sunt
\z/
(0, 1" 2). deci
\z/ :
n e'z + 2eL.

8. In spa{iul vectorial real al polinoamelor in nedeterminat'a, X cu

coeficierr{i reali, iR[Xl. consiclerd,rn submullirnile 51 : {p e R[X]lp(1) :
0) qi ^92 : {p e n[Jf]p(i) - 5]. Verificali dac5 acestea sunt subspalii
vec;t;oria,le in spaliul R[X].
Solu;ie:
Fiep,4 € Sr, adic|,p{1) : 0 qi q(1) : 0,,!i rx, I elR. \ierificfirn dacfi
cp+ i|q € Sr . Pentru aceasta calcullnr (ap+ pq)(t) : ap(1) + Bq(t) :
a.0+ F.0 : 0. In cronsecint[, ,Sr este subspaliu vectorial al lui R[X]/R'
Fie acum F,Q € 52, aclicS, p(1) : 5 qi q(1) : 5, Qi rl,,8 € R'.
Verific[m ilacX ap + !]q e 52. Pentnt a,ceasta calc:ulXm (*p+ firi!):
CIp(1) + Sq(1) : rl ' 5 +,8'5. De exgmplu, pentru cr : 1 qi ,o :.2
oblinern (*p+ \q)(t):1'5 +2'5:75* 5, cleci p*2q # Sr.in
c;onsecin!5,, ,S2 nu este sutrspraliu veciorial a} spa{iului R'[X]/R'

0
.J. a) Fie 1,'' ,\"-" spatrii r-r:r:toriale iri R3 iR. cu d?n'11,'t --_ 7, t1d,'{r11'-" ---- 2

qi \.' # 1,'" . Arritali car R"'

 '.V alsad I€rJot)a-\ lrrluds er :lBZrurBJo g
aleod nu ? nun?e 'y In[ 1n nrrdord drorqns o]so T 'snid ur 'RleO (q
'ler.rol)aA nrferls T rrn e) lezrrre?"to g alrod t/ r)unle '_y In[ 1e drorqns
un alsa I rul Ari1tslrlruoc clror rrrr alsa )l R)?p F.c rferp.ry (tz 't

'S ulp rrollal Il1epo1or B gr€{ull arteurqmoc o ec orrcs

aleod as r, +'e:)ur IaJlsB ,S 3 ,?E rcunle lrrapuadap Jerurl alsa S'K)Ep (p
iluapuarlop relull a'lso S' rrun+€ f 0 pcep (c
^g
lgluopnodap Jururl olsa i/Sr _) S' nJ '-.1 ) ,S'
rrolJoA ap ixurflnur aJrro rcunle 'luapuadap rslrrll alsa St Frup (q
:?uapuadaprrr Jsrrrrl alsa
S f ,S urolsrsclns a)rJo r)un+e 'luapuadopur JT?rurl also S' p;lup (u
:pr rlelp"ry ')Il",l l€rrol)0r prfeds rrr rro1)o,\ op ruo?srs un Sy orJ 'e

) (fr'r) )I ) \' (li:t1 ' rq) : (fi 'r):t1

'A ' tl

IS !l 3 (,/i',:r)'(fi'r)6'(,n + ft',:r a r) : (,li + f) + (fi + r)

:illttfe.tado nl Errno"rdug w alsocl lelro|)o;t ntfeds olsa r,,1x Irl : -,{ rsun}e
'-V lnd"rol alsacl aleuol)al rtlecls luns z1t tS t1 grep'pr tferpry '1
gsndoHd gt{\Igrgotrd '9

'e})a.rlp €un alsa nrr'€runs IJap 'i0) * ,,r|U,r,l Kunzal z: (,,ill),,'y)utt7t

urp'rug 'Fu: t/l* r:I F,J F}lnzal N ul lerro]ca^ nrl€{lsqns un purrJ
,,tl*,,,1 IS F -* (,- t+t : (,,A*,r1)t,u'rp uaurfqo (r"4LJ,r;)u?p
- (,,1)u1,yt * : (,,A * ,r1)utVp erfela.r pursolc4 'rlunlX
(,1)uttyt
'Z: (,,AU ,11)ruzp r1O N rnlnrlucls 1e nrfeclsclns
{U f n'rl(fi'r'fi'r)}: tttlt)/,1 l)ap IS ?: d rcunly 'z: it apun ap'g
: zz- 16 uraurfqo lsllnzar rnlnuralsrs o1u alrfenca Rnop ala) pugrrnpv
o:-l-{- z-li-rl
t ;lt-+-.-,0-T&) ) (t'z'ft'*)j: r,lU,.'l olrud pllu apad
-, _ z _ ri t" I Itu
'g: (,,ry)tu?p IS {U > +'z'fi\(?'z't'i,'t.- z + fi,)}:,,-,{ J€lrurrg
'g: (,.,1)ru.ep luapr^ '{U r ?'z'ft1(t't'li'l+z +n-)}
: uralnd 'alncsouncau nrled n;r arlen)a o 'e) /-.1 urp ala']uaur
,-zl orJ)s
-olo Bz?azrJalc€J"o ertlc 'g - I - z - li a :r erfelar rnl,rtrcl .T?J"C (q
',,,'l @,,'l: sul p[utrosuoll ui '{0i : ,,AlJ,,'l I)eP
,0: (,,i1 U,.4)tur,,yt gc rS pllnzar (t) uq;'sn1d 'N : tt,,l*,-,1 plrpu
"l
'g : (r,,f * ,,,1)tu?p FJ Fllnzor 'g eountsuaulp ore oJBJ N mptfeds 1e
[erJo])oA nrfurlsclns a]sa /j-4 +/,,1 atarBoap tE'Z 1(,,i1*,rl')ttn,yt l)unty
',,.1
1,-'1 nrluacl' {(,,,'l)'ur!'p' (,,1)rttr'p}taul < (r.,1 *,'1) tLt'tp
:gr erfu,uasqo Era1saJe ruuffntpy '(r,.1 U ,r1)'ut1,'yt
- (,,,,1)utlp * (,,,1)tuzyt : (r,t * ,,'y)'utz'1t (t) uritlor ullsoloC (u:arin;o5
'RlJaJIp €un also nu €urns ;tp 'rg
: ,,/l* /il R) Iielp.ry 'U/ rUI ur alerro'lla,t ttfeclscps {A : l+ z - fl - :rl ,"g
) (?'z'ft'r)l: ,,-,1 I"t {0 : f -z -fi,a:tlrg ) (l'r'li,'r)}: ,,'l al,{ (q
97, 'Jsildottd'EI/{gTflOUd'9
 -Y--

26 1. SPATII \-ECTORI.\LE

1. a) Ar5,t;a{i cii Il Ri1; - {(O,'y)ly € R} sunt;

qi
subspalii l'e(:toriale a,le W /R' clar' 1i U \1, lltl este sul-rspagirr vectorial
^ rn9 /Trn
ln iK- I1lK.
'1,,- ll
b) F'ie I'" o) ai t-

0) srrbspa{ii vec:toria,le in W. Ar:f,ta1i cX \,'' s I,"'

5. Pe IRl considerdrn lergile de compozilier:
' * Rl+ --+ Ri , (r, y) - , 'll ca' lege irrtern[ qi
x 'N
: lR. x lRl -+ iRl, (a, r) -+ r" ca operatie externi.
Ar[ta1i cX (Ri,', x) este spaliu verctorial real.

- .(" o:" :\ b
6. ArltalicdS:{l I 0 I0lll",t.ce R}cstesubspaliu
\b
vectorial al spaliului vectorial real M3(R) qi preciaza{i o baza a lui ^9.

7. tn spaliril vectorial real al func(iilor contimre f t lo,b] -+ iR,

Cn([,r, b]), consicierdm subtnullimile:

5' : {.f e C1q([a, U])l I f @ar : 0] Ei

S, : {f e Crn([a, tt]ll.i ttOar: (b - ")"f (*)]. V'erificali clacs

acestea sunt sutrspatrii vectlriale in C1q([4, t/]).

8. Studiali liniar inderpenden{a, sisternelor de vectori:

,S: {r'r : (3,1.2).r'2: (-1,0.1).u3 : (0,2,3)} in spa{iul
a)
vectolial N/R
b) s {/(f) :
: : t2,h(t): t} in spaliul vectorial real al
"",g(t)
funcqiilor / : lR -+ R.

9. Da{i exemplu de:

a) urr spaliu r,'ectorial de dirnensiune ?? € N-;
b) un spatriu vectoria,l inlinit dirnensional:
<;) rrn spaliu vectoriai pentru cale rnultrimea {1. t/5,v.8} reprezintI
o baz5.

10. Sii se arare c5 .B1 : {1,1 + X,7 + X2,1 + X:J} qi B" :

{1 + X2, X + X2, 2X2, X2 + Xu} sunt ba,ze in spatriul vectorial real al
polirroamelor cu coeficienli reali in necleterttitiata X cle grad cel rnult
3. Sir se g[seascd coordonzrtele polinornului piX) : ff B + X2 - 2Jf + 3
in bazele -81, respectii' Br.
 t -L 4':tZ
(
t:;t)
(.r+ t;r )- {.s;r,
'i,r:' ,'J,).{ 'r,M +-
su : .{ B.rr?l,rl; -ir"rt;it.ItI'{ e 'z
{I I I o\
y- s- ! ll:r-:rlsoseezEq rri
f
L'; ,'l ,'-)
tarie;rlld'B Elellos'E eatlt.Itsrrt elltt:rasrloi)''rf .[
i
tI .'f
ttl.J. I-r.0 * - r'7 .
,J"

- {r r-_\: it F__\j (r o)+{r o) {o T)::: ir ol t

\r- o j \r v \o aJ-r \o aJ \r- T,) \oi +aji;r"" T- 'r

: {r s-) : {r r-) {o r) + {,, 1 ?.rt;\ :?{' r\ f

\rr r-) r-J\o o) '
\r j;t \o i,/ a
fl;r:i;,r\,tl+i;r'l-
o):-{r r-\{a o\+{a o\{o r\_{a 0\ rf
-{r\s 'v-) \r r,- j\r oj ' \r y/ a)
b=,r:l;,itl + I;. T- T
o1 t'
TTJ
L/
'
Iolielrlcle
Inruaurop();) rrl rs t)'p'.) Inruoluop ul ilfn:I'u T:l:)'uJopISTI0'J aJSe g zr?fl (q
'vT,Tl

q + (x)
\\ {'u
r+r(rl o I)l
\\r t-)'Lt-r\r- T,//' \\r ,-) /) e
T)

- (l I:) (-rq + YD) .r- (,ts + Yo) (,1 l) r?J)J'

'U :I'JIrn?y 3 q''rt rlrS (Wtz1ry
3 _('X rug.roprsuoll /'1e1[elry{u ec}Tr}Irelull t?JI}IraA e luJuo.l (e:ar
arin loS

t( r o\ / o r)-rr,( o o)-zT,( o o)- ) Ir \ (r

t\o o );'ilr',,,L4,;J-lI,.l,J"-;,;lj,JJ,*.rro3) (q t{ tf

'E?.n?rrrrl olsa { tt,l PJY (E

1ftt1p.t
\
(ll-).\.+x(,'t l) I - (-t- )/.
/',llc 'I
ur.rrl Hllullop arfu.rtslu o (U)(,W <- ryy (U) : { D

gTYATAZSH EttgT€Iot{d '8

'z .il?l 'I ry rJrV (;

- ?)
# (l ?) rs RIICI?SJO:\TII a']Sa ;') J JAJ'EOAp
tp"ttt sr1'u 'lcl'e; -,
' ir
(r o\ - ) I}BS
\t t) ';r

',) (l : (:
r) r
J'tl '"I€J.}TI0) 'tVJ ,tl 'gilUZI
\o 9)
)erIII IAJ1S'B ,',) EilSIX0
?)
-luuo8elp g ,]uoc{ *ir (t o) uexoertruo)
\r t) ln ld

t9 3I\'--'[IOZEU [tl,{3T[J0Ud'8
6,1 3. APLICATII LI\IARE

a) S[ ser determiner nncleul. irnagilrca. clerfr-'r;tul qi rangul aplicalieri .f

b) Verific;a[i cla,c5, ,/ est e inversabil[ qi. in caz afirmativ', clet;erminati
,.y-t
Solulie:a) Pentru a cletet'rnitm I{er.f . nuclerul aplicaliei f , rczolvilm
inN ecuatia /(r) :r0, uncle v : (t:1,z.2,:rs). Atunci (r1+r2-xtr,2r2+
I
tt a a2 - x:'j: l)
rs,frt-"0) : O * { 2r, +sr : 0 . Rezolr'6,nd sistem'l ob{inem
trt-r:r:0
frr: r:2- x::J:0, dcci r:0. In consecint[" Kerf : {0}'
Atrtnc;i rle,f ect(f) : di,m,(Iier;l') : 0 qi clin teorema rang-defect,,
fiind irrtr-un spaliu vectorial de dirnensiune 3, otr{inern rano(f) : 3.
adicd di,m(Im,.f):3. Ctm lrnf este subspaliu verctorial al lR3, cle-
duccrn Iml : Pt.
b) Deoarece Ker.f :0, oblinem c;5 / este injectivS, iar din faptul
cd Irnf - N, cleelucem cd.f este srrr.jectir'5. Irr consecint5.f biiectir'6"
deci / ini'errsabil6. Perntru a deterrnina /-1 : N -+ lR3, rezolv5nt
ecuir,lia f (*) : y, unde r : (rttrztfrs)tA : (Ar,yz,A:t) € N, unde

l"t * ir2 - ::rs: !1 cu solutia:

necunscuta este r. Oblinern sisternul * :Ls iUt
7rt,
(rt ity: U3 -
{
I
,
:t:1
- -Z'Yt * 'Yz * 3Y,t

{ irz
|',,,
lJe, -Zut * Y, * Z?Jz).
3. Se colrsi(ler5, aplica,lia, linia,ri f : lR:t -+ IR3 a,st,fel incAt; f (r,t)
(1, 1.1) ,,f (e2) 1,0)., unde B
(0, 1,o) ,c3 rric5 clirr R3.
a) S5 se calculeze.f (t,), urttl€r 'u : ('), 4, 1) ;
b) S[ se det;ertnine Inatricea lrri in baza B'
(1, 1, o),€!- (1, 1, 1)).
Solufie: a ) 'Lj '-- (2, 4, 1) '2e:1* 1,
- r*€s. Atttnci J (r,) -_ .f (2r:1 * lez
er,) :- 2.f (r1) + 4f (e2) +/ (,r*)
lr) Perttt'tt tlI'i(:e ir R3 , f (:r)
- .f Srr € r * 'f,:2t)2* i:s rj3 )
:r:1.f (rr ) + x:z f k z) + :r:r,f' (e:, ) 1,1) + rz(0,i,0) +:r;3(0,i,0)
(n, , rir * .t2 * ft:,1, .r r ). Atntrc;i f (tl ) - (1,1,1) --_ e':r, kt) - (I,2,
e',r, f (rtr) (1'2, 1) 1'

-e'1 * e!' * t'u qi .f (e') -- (1' 3" 1) - 2t"r+2e;+e\.

{a -tI -2\
Atuncln?u'(f) -[0 jl
u 1l1
4. Fie a,prlicaliile
lirrial'e ,f . g R'i -+ R' , <late prirl ,f \:r,'!/ , z)
.

(er + 2a,I/ + 2r) , g(x.3t. :) :-. z). S[ se determinel e,,h €

a,st,fel incit a! +ltg
 0

$
nl +BTlrru.rr)|opo{r nlclnurs 11q11edulor tua}srs
0- i';Lr -i- tt: {
: t'r(, * tl;f * (:I) t ,t
{l )
urcrutfq3 'rHI ] ('r 't,et '7,r .t:t;) : e;'0 : (r)6 urienrit urr?JoprsrroJ
{o 3 tI- fi .t,l)11:alingog
'(tn'?r
* ar't'r t, t"a'tx7+ sr + t'r + tr) :
(r* tr:r 'z:r:'Lt)6 ' FN <- N 6 €Jprurl
'
er[errlde n"rluacl ln8uer gS lnua;op'Earu8eurr '1na1lnu rfeururra'1ag 'g
'rorrail{I? R}'Br}suotuap urfela.r ?lsoloJ uru a1e1r1u3a ?rrrrqn €l
apnn '(6)/ - @)l : (ft-)J'+ (/)/ : ((6-) + *)t : (f,- r)/ 'rod1.'
'@)J'- : (*-){ uraurfqo I- - d] nr]-uod
'!] ) x'y 3 ,oA'$;){,o: (:ro){ erfela; nou ulp ure:aprsrro3 (q
''H:lerarl)rrr aJSa
l:?' I:?
etiu"rrlsuolilop Il (r?r,){?:Y 3 - (I1"iI') f Tttt"'1 ' (!:r;) !utU 3
T.1-u '.u,

I:'!' l:? |:?

+ l?r?:Y
-:- (r+,"rt*ut{ + !'x!':Y
3)/ - (?:t,!:t!,T,)/ J',EAApB-J?UT
T),f I'1- tt'
I:?
'(rr) {?:Y 3
I"i't't
T-O
t.-': I:? I:?

T1- tt'
rS l?tr)j',rl 3-IJ,
(?re:Y 3 )/'
?.t,
tuoundnstl"r.l
'artsrurl larfucrlcle
apfptar.rdo"rd irlp gluopr,ta nou ulp oTSa ?olelllu8a '6 ?r nrluad -
'oJerrrrl rarlelrlde'ea1e1rua8orrro ulp Rllnzo"I ea1e1t1u3o LI 1t nJluad -
)
:*N t.l pclnp alllnpur urrd gzearlsuowap as aleltp8a Bnop B-ap 'BoC
O: (O)/ urourfl<1o 0 - iu IS 0: o rrr]rrad 'fi]:r:'w
3 a.r4'(r)/a: (rn)l Tr€rurl arferrlde o n;1uod'pe ru11$ (u:arin;o5
'$){ - @)l : r)l tsr(r)/- : (r-)J' (q
l!,-
'*N )'., arrro n.rgrad '(?r){t:y4: (.r*rtt : (O)/ (*
$)f tS O
rfelery 'Er€rrrrl :gc
arfucrlde o .,1 +- n : J' rS v alsad o[?rJor]oo;\ rrleds ,,1? olg 'q
'0 : D IS 0 : q uraurfrlo I : z'0 : fi, '0 : ,t nlclutaxa
0 : z(Q *
op ,pueroprsuoc .N ) (z ,fi,,r)6 , ":,). i:I
0:zQ-frQ-re)+r(q*n))
€ rU > F'ft',r)A'O : Gq+znzl li'n':q- t'iq* nr1+/in1 '1 :r'n) <+ I
- (r'z - t'i - rlrl* (rZ+ fi.'ft71- r)n e eNI ) rr4'g : (rr)dr7 * (t1{'o
++ N > (.t'fi'r) -,?A'0 - (u)(6q + {n) (* 0 : + I'a:atinlog 6c1

!9 'JJ\r,\loz'du [ilt'c'.Ifl oud' 8

 -w

66 3. APLIC.\TII LI\I.-\RE

(*t:-t
| ,. - _,
solulia 1*'- :' , uncle t € lR erste un palarnetru real. In consecirr!5
lr::u
|."n: t
Kerg: {(-t, -t,0,t)lt € R}.
Evident (-t,-t,0, f) : t(-1, -1,0, 1), deci (-1, -1,0.1) este gen-
erator pentru Kerq qi fiind nenul cottstituie chitrr o bazd perrtru acesta.
ln consecinT[ de.f ect(.g) : dim(Ke:rg) - 1. Atunci, din teorema rang-
rlefect rarto{g) : J.
Im,q: {y e nnl3r e Ra astfel incAt g(r) :'tll;.
Consicleri,rn * : (rr,!t2,!u:",rq),U : (gt,!2,!:ttAi € Ra qi ecualia
g(r) : y. Atunci (*r+rr+rr*2fr+,x:r+n4.r2*r4,rs) : (yt,yr,!/:t,As) *
{11*12*.r3*2t.1:y,
I
* L'I: ut
{ "t ' inlocuind frr : !Jz-:x4,fr2: a:t-fr4,frs:
lrrnxiq:AJ
(:re:3/t
ya in prima ecualie a sistemului obtinern condilia der cornpatibilitate a
acestuia, ,5i anurne At : Uz * ys * Aa. Irr corrsecirt\d" Irrt'rt : {('yz +
'!)z * A+,!lz,Us,Ut)l'y2,1/r,9+ € IR)' Arr justificat de'ja cd ran'g(g) :
ditn(Img): 3, o baz[ pentrr Img fiind {(1, 1,0,0), (1,0, 1,0), (1,0.0, 1) )
7. Studiali posibilitatea reclucerii la fot'ma diagonalX, pentru ma-
/r, 2 3\ {o 10\
tricele: .-l: | 2 -I O I ti B: | -4 -t 0
\-2 12/
|
r/
\3 o r.alorile
Solu!ie:Determin5m proprii ilsociate matricei A, din ercuatia
ls-,t 2 z
rtet(,4-)13; :g.Aturrci | 2 0
I

-1 -)
Ie o 1-.\ll:0,deundese
obline efectud,ncl calculele -.\3+5,\2+14,\:0 + )(-)'+5,\+14) : I
cu solutiile ir : 0, Az : -2, )a : 7, ac;estea fiincl r''alorile proprii
asociate matricei .4, fiecare cu rnultiplicitatea algebric;d, 1.
Determinlm pentru fiecare r,aloare proprie subspatitil verctorilor
proprii.
Pentru )r _-- 0, r'ectorii proprii corespurrztitori sunt solutrii ale ecualieri
(,,{ - ,\jIs) ''t, : 0, adicfl Au : 0, unde u : (u1,u2,4). Atunci

lo 2 3\ /r1\ /o\ |.t'',*2'ttz*3r'3:o

I z a 1l\,,/
o * :
-1 I | I I o f.clculdc {:'t,'-?'z:0
\s \o/ |.r,,*ur:o
Acest sistem este cornpatibil sirnlrlu nederrninat qi are soluliile
(u1.u2,ue) : (t,zt,*3t). f € IR.. .\tunci subspaliul verctorilor proprii
corespunzdtori valorii 11 este Ii, : {(t.2t,.-3r)lf € R}. Evident,
dznr(lt1r) : 1, ter : (1.2. -3)] fiirrtl o irazX pentru I'i'.
 also nu g Balrr**ur K) E1lnzar t* f'rv.1
('r rirr#tlJ#ffi.tp
n.rluad BzEq o puru
(7
(ru;'y)u,?p }uopl\g '{u
:
{(r'o'o) '(0'z't)} = ='tl(z'x,'l)} - 'Y-;l
o?sa --
e Iy ruole;i rJo??zundsorol rrrdo"rt{ .ro[rJo]Jor r)un]V '&T
Inrleds
) z'? '(z'lz'?) : (so'r'a'rrt) alrrfnlos rrJ il€unu.rapou nlqnp lrgrteduior
q1 :zn.+t,tz,_l (o r r_\
/o\ /j,,,\
g:r.na*t,,f-lapun)p'lO
uralsrs' l: l.r l l O Z f- |
o-rrr+rilz,_J \o/ \'nl\o rT,-/
aurfclo ag '(8o'rrr'Ia) : r) apmr 'g : o(e;iy - ?-) rrfun.ra urp rrolpn\
rolsace r"rolpzundst).ro) rrrtlorcl ropolca,r lnrleclsclns tu"urrrrJalaCI

ea1e1rrr'Ir1t.u a.r€ 6 : Iy Fctp' 'z: ty: ry : ,. ,3"i liit;X'iljf,lll

atrrot" '0: a(y-Z) + 0:.(y-e)(V-e) €0: (t+ey+y?-)(V-z)
+O:l
lv-z I
y-r
e-l
o f-
l*0:(tIY-g)p1ittfuncautp
tt.tcfo:d a[rJo[B:\
I o r Y-l
ureururJo]aq '.rlllrurs urepo:ro;rl BoorJ]Bur u]rrod Br

: za'(t,-'d 'I) : ta]

'{(e't'L) - t''(t-'e-'t)
p:lgpe 'tt"rrlord rollro.})a "roilrlerls rolazecl eaunlun
lt o o\
-a.r arsa epur>8erp Brrr.roJ arl? F' ea)rr]er.rr d*?J ul nrng | ' [ z- 0 | o]sd
o,l
eluuo8erp ro BruJoI Jrr 'RlrqezrleuoSerp olso t," 't'I : ? '?y rr.rol€A r? RJrJq
\o o
-a81e eap 1nr1cft 11nu n) apr)uroc ( !Y!,1)1u,'!p,.r.,?J,;ojr1jll"iffi
$.,, U
{ft't'v) : t'a} 'I : ('Vl)?uzp \rapltfl '{u : +l(+z'+'}v)} : eY.l o?so
8y ruop?^ r"rolpzundsarol rr.rdorcl -roprolril,t lnrl'edsqns rcunly 'M ] ?
'lt1'?''lV) : (ta'zn ttaz) a111fn1os ll) }€uilrJopau nSlutts pqrltdtuo) ulalsls
0-8ae-','r) /o\ /'u\ ls- 0 r \
0:2,.r8-r:tZ) aprrna1,,[0]:ll,tlI O 8- Z,
\ t e (,-/
I
o-r*t+r.*(,+rit(,-J \o/ \'o/ (g-
rrurrlv '(tn'",r'ra): r) apun'0: n(e1l - y") g';1pe ft.(tltV - t)
arfenra rrlnlos tuns rJolpzundsa"rol rudo"rd IIJoIJaA '1 - ty ruluod
a1e
''Y,l nrluod gzvq o pu$ {(i-'e-'I) -
"r} 'T : (zY..l,)ur?'p
luopr^g '{U: +lG-'lZ- 'l)}: zY,1
olso 6y luol€A tro'gezrrndsoro:r tt:d
-o.rd .rop:ol)a^ Inl!€dsqns l)unly 'U ) ? '(l-'1Z-':l) : (8p6u1;'I,1)
alrrfn1os o;e rS ]r?unu.rapeu nldrurs yrlledruoc o]so rua]sls ]so)y
0:8iu+rirrl f Ot /r,,\ /t 0 t\
g:ze+rtz Iairunap,l0l:
[:" | [ o zr L/
z f reunlv
o-rrlt+r.;ry,+t;t1) \o/ \t"/ \g
.(En,,zo,,I11) :
i) apun 'Q: n,(tJ7 * y) p:lrpe '0: ,'r.(efzy - p') rarfunca
a1e rrfnlos trms r.rolgzundsarol ttrdorc{ II.Io})o,t '7,* : zy nr1ua4

t-9 'iI\ii\-I()ZEU II I'\['JTfl Oud' 8

68 3, APLIC'.\TII LI\IARE

8. Fie aplicalia liniard /,R' + IR3. .f tr1 : (rt - rt*r13,n2,r2).

unde r : (rr, rz,rs). Arrita{i cd:
a)f".f:,f;
b) Im.f lrzr(1pu - /) - Rt.
@
Solulie:a) Pentru orice r - (rr,lr.2,n3) e N, (f " f)(r):
: .f (.f (r1,r2,:Q)) ,f (n :
- rz * rs,n2,r") : (q -:r2 * {r3 - 1Lz *
x)2;r2,rr): (r1- 12* r3,r2,*r): /(r), deci .f f : .f .

b) Irnf : {U e R3llr e lRs astfel irrcAt /(r) :" y}.Ecualia f (r):

ylc1rr: (rr, rz,rt) qiU: tyt,yz,y3) conduce la (:r1 -:l.2*r,s,x:2,2:2):
lAt:11 -12*"r3
(Ut,!Jr,gr), de unde Uz: nz , deci Int,f : {(o,,b,b)lu.b e
{
l!.tz: tz
1R]. Astfel rlim,(Im,f) : z.
(1o. * f)(") : 1pu(r:) -/(r') : (nt,rz,nz)- (", - rz* x:ttr2,lt2) :
(*" - *r,0, ir:3 - :r2).
1rn,(1p, - f) : {y e Nl-r € N astfelincit (1ps - /)(") : y}.
Din (1;pa - /)(") : y oblinem (rz - x:3,0,rs - rz) : (.Ut,yr,yt), de
( :
| 3/t 'x2 -
:ts
urrde { Uz--0 , deci Im(lps - f): {(.,0, -c)lc € R}. Astfel
(Ur : 13 - rz
I

dirn(7sz-"f) :1.
dou[ imagini.
Derterrmin5m elernenteler cornuner c:elor
Fiey € Imf ilrn(1rq, - f). Atunci y e Imf , deci la,b e R
astfel incAt 37 : (a,b,t,) qi y e Im(Le" - .f), deci exist5 c € IR astfel
incit y : (c,0,-c). Atunci (a,b,b) - (.c,0, -c), de unde a: b *- c: 0.
Atrurci Irnf nlrn(1nr-"f) : {0}, de unde oblinern c5" Irnf *Irn(1R*-./)
este o sumd directd.
* .Irn(lo, - /)) : cl,i,rn,(Intf) + alrn,(tm, - .f) -
in plrrs, rt,i,rn,(Imf
tlirt(Irnf rllnz(1ps -/)) :2* 1-0:3: dzrn(iR3). deci Imf @
1m,(16e-/) :R.
0 -3
9. Sr.r c:onsid€)r'5 rnatricc)a, ,rl - (1 23
0 -1
se ctalcul eze.

pentru lz € N*, 4".

Solulie:Determinim ralorile proprii ale matricei A din ecualia d,et(A-
a
-.J
r)
tr/s) - 0. ;\tunci 'J

Ser oblin astferl rialorile proprii

lltuitiplicitatea algel:ricd 2.
 T

' |/ ,,-,t
+
"(r-)-f o r uz -,F-fl \ :,1- apu'
,Z+,,(f -)f-- uZ r-,2 l- ,(f-)i: | :utatttJtlo dP

\ , -"2 - "(r-)f o r- "z + "ft)i f

l-+ I i\ (,,2 o o \ [o T- T\
'11: ofIlo uz o llt o t-l:'Fr')Ilnl\;
Ui oi) \o o "ft-)f \o I rl
k\o l,
3 ) :,(,F)'nr '(r'r ; +) : i-s
o .ti-t) s \+ il
(t e I\ {o I o\
*lr- 0 Tf :.5+[T- 0 Il:,9'z:$Jdp:s:rarrr]uul
\r orl \r I- rl
'r
lo I- r\
Irull:lY I t 0 I- | : s
BSrdAur utRulluraldcl sr(,F )s : .u,Y-

alsa /flr Bz€q EI ulp B' tsrluouec

\o I t/
€l ap oroca'I} tP nttftlll)rru.
sNI "z€q
Dlso nu luaplAo IS 'Y-,1 IS 'Y.,1 ulp aloz?q purunor o"ttQ/rt.
[r-t*;"tr",
(0,I,0),(I-,0,f),(f .t-,I)l :,gr?z€quraurfqr:rr I O Z 0 I :,t'
\o o t'-/
Bralsa)€ e pleuo8erp €Irrrol let 'pltqeztleuo8erp alsa I? gfutcasuorrflr,r.i

-o;cl rr:o1e.,r e pruqeiSlu ealelnrlchllnu n) opr)uro) ,:yi_;[!t)t"lt, tS

{u > d'ol(ar- 'g'r)}: 'Y,,1 IDIIn}V 'u } d'^r ' uraurilo

I:::}
- tnr - rnr-'l /nl /*',\ lr 0 r-\
0
apunop' 0--err+rnr|*l0l:1.,, llt 0 tf xrtr
o : snr - rnr- J \o/ \"'/ \s- o t:- /
'(t'tt''ztt,'trt') :
-IJleI[ etlenca Elnza.r Irte o0 ??, '0 y') erfenca
- n(e7zy -
rrrp '6 - uy IuolP,A t.tolpzundsarol ttrdold tt.rolca,t ,ttU"t,ll.;ltirl"r.

rrrol€A e gcr.rr1a81u uarrrlrcrlcftllnru nr apl)ulor€rT?ii; (un)ru1'yt ts {U

> : t!,1 rorrnlv 'Ui f u' : trl: rrl] urautleo ePun

^il(or,u-,,r:)) n,

0-8,rr+rtr-l /o\ /*"\ lt 0 s-\

ot), 0-r:rit+erzg+rnt|*l0l:1., lle 9 t f rtntrtrr
s: r'g - r,4J \o/ \''/ \s- o t I
-tlut'utfunla €lnzal IIIB aO '(r:71121'rrt,) : TL'g: ru(elty - y) utft;nra
ulp 'tr- - IY IIJole:\ IJoltszuil.dsorol ttrdo"td IIJoI)oA uItuIuIJo']oO
'8
69 uJt',\toztrTl ut{algoud
 .T

70 3. APLICATII LI\IARE-

9. PROBLEI\,IE PROPUSE
1. Verifica{i dac:5 tlt'rl:itoat'ele aplica,{ii sttttt linia,re:
rr.rpll --a. R.3,T(:f
a) J. . lr\ ,,y,z) ,,

lr) 7' : Mr,(R) -+ lR., I'(.1) - Y o,oo. tttttle '1.

,i-7

2. Fir-: f e L(I,-,I.') un endomorfisrn pentru care f2 - .f + 1r, : 0r'.

ArXtali cd / este inl'ersabil. (S-a notat ,u f', compusa firnc{ieri / cu
ea irrseqi .f f , cu 11. aplicalia identicd a rmrl{imii l,' qi cu 01'aplica{ia
"
nrrl5 pe 1,').

3. Determinali nucleul, imaginea, def'ectul gi rangul pentru aplicatia

liniarX: / , Rt -+ IR3, .f (*,i,J,t): (r +2'!J * z,2r *'y * z,r ly +2:).

1. Precizerli c?Ire clin urrnS,toarerle aplica{ii sunt linia,re:

a) It : lRn ixl -+ R, [X], F'(tr (,r)) - p(t; + 2) - p(.s,) , Vr € lR;
b) G: Rn [X] -+ &,tXl . C;(p(r')) - rp(r) ,Vr € R.

5. Determina{i valorile 6i vectorii proprii pentru matricele

o2\ lo 12\
i: fIto r 1lqi6r : It o rl.
\zr4/ \2rol
6. Fie / R3 -+ N o aplica{ie liniarH ciat5 prin /(1,0) : (1,1, o),
'
/(0,1) : 10,1,1).
a) SX se rleterrnine "f(r), pentru un r € IRi oarecarc:
b) SH se gflseasc6 matricea lui / in raport cu bazele canonice clin
clorneniu qi codomeniu;
c) Sd se deterrnine I{e'r.f qi Imf .

ry
I
lr Ar5,t;a{i c5, aplic;alia f : M2(R) -+ Mz(R) , ,! (-Y) - X,4 - '1X,
llllde ..r =: (l 3) . este liniarii Ei deterrninieli clefec;trrl gi I'allglll ac:esteia.

/ ' Rt 4 N '
8. Determina[i rnatricele aplic;aliei liniare
f (ry12,r3) - (rt - *r* :r3,!r:2* us,t;1-:rs), relativ la baza canonic5,
qi apoi relativ la baza, B' : {e\ - (1, 1, I),elr: (0, 1,1), e! : (0,0, 1)}
din iR3. Studiali posibiliatatea diagonalizX,rii a'cr-:stora.

I. Fie ,4 e M"(R) o matrice {i

P,4 polinomul caracteristic aso-
ciat acestr:ia astfel incAt Pr1(0) + A. Ar'5ta1i cI' ,4 erste inversabilS
gj r:5 polinomul craractcristic asociat mati'icei .4 I este dat de relalia:
p,_, (A) (-, t)'i|'r (l) /
: P.r(0) ' \,1 .A o.
 'a{rl:}q0 os aJ'BJ trl ezv{l rS uln.la;d
L?lT?rrrl8u1p BU.r"r()J IiISR 3 Ar?r?urJgt? zvr ur rs KII(-p?zr1unr:8TrIp

(_s (,- 0 I\
rlsr) IO
lt; (]I 3l
\I 00 rl
LL SSildOUd'dl,'\i'J'I{IOUd'6