Understanding: Variable Frequency Drive

Connecting Engineering Students to Industries…
Welcome to
nfi
Understanding
“VFD”
Variable Frequency Drive
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
What is VFD? How it Works?
Induction Motor Facts
VFD Practical Examples
What is VFD ?
Variable Frequency Drive
Used to control the speed of Motor
And make the system intelligent &
Saves energy
Speed of Motor directly Proportional to

Frequency
rmp = 120f/p
F: Frequency
P: Number of Poles
Electric Motor Facts
Electric motors account for more than two-thirds of all energy

used in industry
63% of the energy consumed is linked to air & liquid flow
A typical 50HP industrial motor, with an efficiency of 90%, costs over
$25,000 to operate continuously over a year.

Energy Usage in Office Building
Other
17%
Ventilation
& Cooling
52%
Lighting
31%
How Does VFD Works?
How Does VFD vary Frequency?
A VFD, AC inverter, or electronic speed controller for AC motors converts the AC
supply to DC using a rectifier (diode), then converts it back to a variable frequency
by using a inverter bridge.
VFD Block Diagram
Motor
Main Rectifier Capacitor Switches
Power (IGBT’s)
Lets see how we can save energy using
Variable Frequency Drives

FAN CURVE – BASIC CHARACTERISTIC OF A FAN
At decreasing speed
AT A GIVEN SPEED
PRESSURE (P)
FLOW (Q)
FAN OPERATING POINT WITH LOAD
Operating Point
PRESSURE (P)
P = K X Q.Q
FLOW (Q)
Now lets talk about varying the flow….
SYSTEM LOAD PROFILE
12
11
% TIME RANGE
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
CFM range
DUTY CYCLE
CFM
(% OF TIME)
100 % 10 %
80 % 40 %
60 % 40 %
40 % 10 %
Now let’s see the different ways of Air Flow
Control…
SIMPLE METHOD
Basic ON/OFF Control HOME APPLIANCES
TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION
Q max
ON OFF
Average Flow rate: Q max x Ton/ (Ton + Toff)

Outlet Damper Control
OUTLET DAMPER CHARACTERISTICS
CURVES SHIFTS AS DAMPER CLOSES
120
100
Energy = P X Q
% PRESSURE (P)
60 80 100
% FLOW (Q)
CURVES SHIFTS AS DAMPER CLOSES
120
100
Energy = P X Q
% PRESSURE (P)
60 80 100 % FLOW (Q)
Energy Saving = Difference in Area

HORSE WEIGHTED
CFM DUTY CYCLE
POWER HP
100 10 35 3.5
80 40 35 14.0
60 40 31 12.4
40 10 27 2.7
TOTAL AVERAGE HORSE POWER REQUIREMENT 32.6
VARIABLE SPEED
FAN CONTROL
100 At decreasing speed
PRESSURE (P)
50
20
50 80 100 FLOW (Q)

VARIABLE SPEED
FAN CONTROL
100 At decreasing speed
PRESSURE (P)
50
20
50 80 100 FLOW (Q)

VFD CHARACTERISTICS
HORSE WEIGHTED
CFM DUTY CYCLE
POWER HP
100 10 35 3.5
80 40 18 7.2
60 40 7.56 3.024
40 10 2.24 0.224
TOTAL AVERAGE HORSE POWER REQUIREMENT 13.948
HORSE
POWER REQUIREMENT
TOTAL AVERAGE HORSE CFM DUTY CYCLE WEIGHTED HP
POWER
32.6 100 10 35 3.5

80 40 35 14.0
60 40 31 12.4
40 10 27 2.7
VFD CHARACTERISTICS
HORSE WEIGHTED
CFM DUTY CYCLE
TOTAL AVERAGE HORSE
POWER REQUIREMENT
POWER HP
13.948
100 10 35 3.5
80 40 18 7.2
60 40 7.56 3.024
40 10 2.24 0.224
SAVING CALCULATION:
OUTLET
VARIABLE SPEED
DAMPER
WEIGHTED HORSE
32.6 13.948
POWER
x KW/HP .746 .746
x HR/MONTH 730 730
= KWH/MONTH 17753 7596
x COST (INR) 2.5 2.5
= TOTAL COST (INR) 44382.5 18990
Saving per month on a single fan…?
Now Lets see the Practical Demonstration of
VFD
Important Parameters used in various
Applications
Source of Frequency Command

• Master frequency determined by digital keypad
• Master frequency determined by 0 to +10 V input on
AVI terminal
• Master frequency determined by 4 to 20mA input on
ACI terminal
• Master frequency determined by potentiometer on
digital keypad
Applications
Source of Operation Command

• Operation determined by digital keypad
• Operation determined by external control terminals,
keypad STOP is effective
• Operation determined by external control terminals,
keypad STOP is ineffective
Applications
STOP Method
• Ramp Stop
• Coast Stop
Applications
Maximum Output Frequency
Range
0 ~ 400 Hz
Applications
Acc./ Dec. Time

Voltage / Frequency Setting for various Applications
Applications
Acc S Curve Range 0 - 7
To Smooth the Acc/ Dec. Operation

Applications
Jog Frequency
To adjust the Speed of Motor at Jog Mode
Jog Acc./ Dec Time

0.1 to 600.0 sec or 0.01 to 600.0 sec
Applications
Over–Voltage Stall Prevention
Over-Current Stall Prevention during Acceleration
Applications
Operation Control of VFD

2 Wire Control (1)– On/Off & Direction
from Toggle Button
Applications

2 Wire Control (2) – On/Off & Direction
from Toggle Button
Applications

3 Wire Control – On/Off from Push Button &
Toggle Button for Direction Control
Applications
Analog Output Signal
Analog Frequency Meter
(0 to Maximum Output Frequency)
Analog Current Meter

(0 to 250% of the rated AC drive current)
Analog Output Gain 0 ~ 200%

Applications
Bias Adjustment
Applications
Bias Adjustment
Applications
Bias Adjustment
Applications
Gain Adjustment
Applications
Gain Adjustment
Applications
Gain Adjustment
Applications
Second Source of Frequency Command

Keypad Up/Down
AVI (0-10V)
ACI (4-20mA)
Keypad Potentiometer
Applications
Reverse Operation Inhibition

Parameter Lock
PLC Operation
Jog Acc./ Dec Time
0.1 to 600.0 sec or 0.01 to 600.0 sec
VFD saves Energy & make Motor
Control Mechanism Intelligent
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Connecting Engineering Students to Industries…

Speed of Motor directly Proportional to

Electric motors account for more than two-thirds of all energy

63% of the energy consumed is linked to air & liquid flow

A typical 50HP industrial motor, with an efficiency of 90%, costs over

$25,000 to operate continuously over a year.

VFD Block Diagram

Variable Frequency Drives

Average Flow rate: Q max x Ton/ (Ton + Toff)

CURVES SHIFTS AS DAMPER CLOSES

CURVES SHIFTS AS DAMPER CLOSES

60 80 100 % FLOW (Q)

Energy Saving = Difference in Area

50 80 100 FLOW (Q)

50 80 100 FLOW (Q)

32.6 100 10 35 3.5

Source of Frequency Command

Source of Operation Command

Acc./ Dec. Time

Acc S Curve Range 0 - 7

To Smooth the Acc/ Dec. Operation

Jog Acc./ Dec Time

Operation Control of VFD

Operation Control of VFD

Operation Control of VFD

Analog Current Meter

Analog Output Gain 0 ~ 200%

Second Source of Frequency Command

Reverse Operation Inhibition

Learn to Code | Code to Learn

Life time Access

For more courses visit www.nfiautomation.org

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