ANALYSIS

The word "lens" comes from the Latin word for a lentil bean, whose shape
resembles a convex lens. Not all lenses have the same shape, however. The words
used to describe lenses are identical to those used for spherical mirrors: The axis of
lens symmetry is called the optical axis, where this axis intersects the lens surface
and so on. A lens is considered thin if its thickness t is much less than the curvature
radius of both surfaces. In this case, the rays may bend once in the center of the
lens.

There are two fundamental types of lenses: convergence and divergence. A

converging lens combines all incident light rays with its optical axis at a point
behind the lens called the focal point or focal point of the lens. A divergent lens
spreads all light rays parallel to its optical axis so that they differ from a virtual
focal point in front of the lens.In this case, the front of the lens is classically
defined as the side from which light occurs. The different effects of a convergent
lens on incident light rays parallel to the optical axis.

A thin lens is defined as one whose thickness allows rays to refract, but does
not allow properties like dispersion or aberrations. An ideal thin lens has two
refracting surfaces, but the lens is thin enough to assume that only once light rays
bend. Another way to say this is that the thickness of the lens is much smaller than
the lens focal length. A thin symmetrical lens has two focal points, one on either
side and both at the same distance from the lens. Another important feature of a
thin lens is that light rays through the center of the lens are distorted by a
negligible amount. The treatment of a lens as a thin lens is called the "thin lens
approach."

A lens is a transparent material with two non-parallel curved edges of or one

plane and one curved edge. If the middle part of lens is thicker, it is called the
converging lens. If the middle part is thinner, the lens is called the diverging lens.
The magnifying ability of a lens depends in its focal length.

The thin lens equation can be used with either converging or diverging
lenses that are thin, and it relates the object distance s, the image distance s’ and
the focal length of the lens f,
 1 1 1
= + (eqn.1)
𝑓 𝑠 𝑠′

The magnification M is the comparison of the image size and the object
size.
ℎ𝑖
𝑀= (eqn.2)
ℎ𝑜

The magnification M is also the ratio of the image distance and object
distance and object distance.
𝑠′
𝑀= (eqn.3)
𝑠

The negative sign is for the orientation of the image. If the magnification is
positive, the image is erect. The image is inverted if the magnification is negative.

During the experiment, we measured the height of the object and recorded it
as ho which is 4.0000 cm, which is the object is a light source. After that we placed
the converging lens between the light source and the screen, and then we started
with the lens closer to the light source and then we move the lens until a sharp
image t source on the screen until a sharp image of the object is formed. We then
measured the distance of the object and the image distance, and then we measured
the height of the image and recorded this as hi. We computed for the focal length
and the magnification. After it, we moved the lens closer to the screen until another
sharp image is formed on the screen. Then we repeated the procedures for two
more trial, and we placed the screen at the 100-cm mark for trial 2 and at the 110-
cm mark for trial 3.

In the experiment which is the determination of focal length of a converging

lens. In position 1 where the image of the screen is 90 cm, the object distance is
28.500 cm and the image distance is 61.500 cm the focal length is 19.4750 cm and
in position 2 the object distance is 61.0000 cm, the image distance is 29.0000 cm
the focal length is 19.656 cm. In the 2nd trial where the image of the screen is 100
cm, the object distance is 26.6000 cm and the image distance is 73.4000 cm the
focal length is 19.5244 cm and in position 2 the object distance is 73.1500 cm, the
image distance is 26.8500cm the focal length is 19.6408 cm. Lastly in the third
trial, where the position of image screen is 110 cm, the object distance is 25.500
cm and the image distance is 84.5000 cm the focal length is 19.5886 cm and in
position 2 the object distance is 81.0000 cm, the image distance is 18.8500 cm the
focal length is 18.19744 cm. The average focal length is position 1 is 19.5293 cm
and the average focal length in the position 2 is 18.1977 cm.

In the following results it can be seen that the object distance is inversely
proportional to the image distance and as the image distance increases the focal
length also increases.

The relationship of the image distance and object distance is a definite

constant which is the total distance between the object and the image. As long as
the object is on the same side of the lens as the incident light it produces real
image.

The relationship between the object’s distance from lens and the image
magnification is that they are inversely proportional to each other since
magnification is equal to image distance over object distance, it can be seen in the
formula where object’s distance and magnification are always inversely
proportional to each other.
Conclusion

A converging lens always has two focal points, the primary focal point on
the near side of the lens (toward the adjacent light rays) and a secondary focal
point on the far side of the lens (distance from the adjacent light). The light that
differs from the primary focus and approaches a converging lens exits the lens with
the parallel rays.

Transparent materials such as lenses can refract parallel light rays and create
a picture. The relationship between the focal length and the object and the image is
given by the thin lens equation where the focal length is the difference between the
product and the sum of the object and the distance between the image and the lens.
There are two lens positions in which the image is sharp, these positions can be
changed and are conjugated. Where in position 1we were able to observe that if the
lens is closer to the object the height of the image is bigger, and in position 2 if the
lens is farther from the object the height of the image became smaller.

The experiment proves that the distance between the image and the object is
interchangeable. Various positions of the lens can project different object
orientation and size. One position may simultaneously make the projected image
smaller or larger and upright or upside down. It depends on the positioning of the
lens. Convex lenses can be used in glass lenses. They are thicker in the center than
in the edges. It works by refraction when it bends light by placing it at one angle
on one side and sending it out at another angle. This forms an image closer to the
lens on the side that the light comes out than the light source on the side that the
light enters. The bulge of the convex lens normally collects light from a wide area
and condenses it so that the image on the other side, which is also upside down, is
bright and sharp.

The magnification of the lens is the ratio of the image height and the object
height, and is also related to the distances of the object and image from the lens.
The image erects if the magnification is positive. If the magnification is negative,
the image is reversed.