TUNNELING

FULLEROS
LACSINA
LERON
What is Tunnel?
• It is an underground or underwater
passageway, dug through the surrounding
soil/earth/rock
• A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road
traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal.
• Secret tunnels are built for military
purposes.
• Special tunnels, such as wildlife crossings,
are built to allow wildlife to cross human-
made barriers safely.
REASONS TO BUILD A TUNNEL
• When the lane encounters an obstacle such as a
mountain to avoid bypassing the obstacle
• Built sometimes to overcome a water obstacle as a
replacement for building a bridge above it.
• Built to connect between military posts so the
movement between them will not be visible for the
enemy
• Sometimes built for infrastructure like electricity
cables, water, communication and sewerage to avoid
damage and disruption above ground
 HISTORY

• the first tunneling was done by prehistoric people seeking to

enlarge their caves.
• First tunnel in Babylonia was a brick-lined pedestrian passage
some 3,000 feet (900 meters) long was built about 2180 to
2160 B.C. under the Euphrates River to connect the royal
palace with the temple
• the largest tunnel in ancient times was a 4,800-foot-long, 25-
foot-wide, 30-foot-high road tunnel (the Pausilippo) between
Naples and Pozzuoli, executed in 36 B.C.
• In 1681 gunpowder was first used for blasting the
tunnels
• First time the ventilation system for tunnel was
developed in 1927 in Holland tunnel
• In 1952 James.S.Robbins comes up with a good idea
and designs the modern tunnel-boring machine
• In 1988 Japan's 33-mile-long Seikan Tunnel, the world's
longest and deepest railway tunnel (787 feet below sea
level), connects the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido
• In 1994 after 192 years of planning and six years of
building, the Channel Tunnel runs under the English
Channel
TUNNELING METHODS

• depends on
ground conditions,
the ground water conditions,
the length and diameter of the tunnel drive,
 the depth of the tunnel,
the logistics of supporting the tunnel excavation,
the final use and
 shape of the tunnel and appropriate risk.
Commonly Used methods
1. CUT AND COVER TUNNELING
2. Drill and Blast

3. BORED TUNNELING
 Done by Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)
 It is often used for excavating long tunnels
4. Sequential Excavation
Method
• Also known as the New Austrian Tunneling Method
(NATM).
• The excavation location of a proposed tunnel is divided
into segments first.
• The segments are then mined sequentially with supports
PARTS OF TUNNELS
Tunnel linings
• These are the permanent or temporary support
for keeping tunnel from collapse and provide
safe.
• Tunnel linings are grouped into three main forms
some or all of which may be used in the
construction of a tunnel:
1. Temporary ground support
2. Primary lining
3. Secondary lining
 PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
• Water
• Constructability
• Tunnel usage

COMMON TYPES OF LINING USED IN

TUNNELS
1. Natural support
in rock
When the tunnel
is being bored
through good
quality rock
2. Rock reinforcement
• Steel bolts are frequently set in holes drilled into the
rock to assist in supporting the entire roof or individual
rock slabs that tend to fall into a tunnel
3. Shotcrete
• Pneumatically applied mortar and concrete are
increasingly being used for the support of underground
excavations
 4. Wire mesh

• Wire mesh is used to support small pieces of loose rock

or as reinforcement for shotcrete.
• Two types of wire mesh are commonly used in
underground excavations:
1. Chain-link mesh:- commonly used for fencing
2. Weld mesh:- commonly used for reinforcing shotcrete
5. In situ concreting
• The process of placing concrete in situ was
incompatible with timber supports.
• The first uses of concrete were for tunnels in
good rock and it was only with the introduction
of steel supports that concrete became the norm
for a tunnel lining material.
• In-situ forms used for lining tunnels are, with few
exceptions, of the travelling type, constructed of
steel.
6. Precast Concrete Segments
•Most commonly used method
•Economical
 VENTILATION IN TUNNELS
Ventilation is required because of :
• 1) Dust and gas caused by drilling, blasting,
loading of excavated materials and
Shotcreting
• 2) Exhaust gas and smoke discharged by
diesel
• 3) Poison gas made from explosive or
organic solvent
• 4) Poison gas, flammable gas or oxygen
shortage gas in ground
• 5) High temperature and high humidity
Ventilation during Construction
• During construction it is necessary to ventilate a tunnel
for various reasons:
• To furnish fresh air for the workers
• To remove the dust caused by drilling, blasting,
mucking, diesel engines, and other operations
• To remove obnoxious gases and fumes produced by
explosives
Seismic design considerations

• Underground structures constitute crucial

components of the transportation networks
• Underground structures are constrained by the
surrounding medium
• Compared to surface structures, which are
generally unsupported above their foundations,
the underground structures can be considered to
display significantly greater degrees of
redundancy thanks to the support from the
ground6
 SEISMIC DESIGN V\S
CONVENTIONAL DESIGN
• Seismic loads cannot be calculated accurately.
• Seismic loads are derived with a high degree of uncertainty,
unlike dead loads, live loads, or other effects such as
temperature changes.
• Any specified seismic effect has a risk associated with it.
• Seismic motions are transient and reversing (i.e., cyclic). The
frequency or rate of these cyclic actions is generally very
high, ranging from less than one Hz to greater than ten Hz.
• Seismic loads are superimposed on other permanent or
frequently occurring loads.
 GENERAL EFFECTS OF
EARTHQUAKE
1. Ground shaking
• Ground shaking refers to the vibration of the ground
produced by seismic waves propagating through the
earth’s crust
• It composed of two different types of seismic waves
1. Body waves travel within the earth’s material. They
may be either longitudinal P waves or transverse shear
S waves and they can travel in any direction in the
ground.
2. Surface waves travel along the earth’s surface. They
may be either Rayleigh waves or Love waves.
Ground Failure
• Ground failure broadly includes various types of ground
instability
• Such as faulting, landslides, liquefaction, and tectonic
uplift and subsidence.
• Each of these hazards maybe potentially catastrophic
to tunnel structures, although the damages are usually
localized.
• Design of a tunnel structure against ground instability
problems is often possible, although the cost may be
high.
TYPES OF DEFORMATIONS.

1. AXIAL AND CURVATURE

DEFORMATIONS
1. OVALING (FOR CIRCULAR TUNNELS) AND
RACKING (FOR RECTANGULAR TUNNELS SUCH
AS CUT-AND-COVER TUNNELS
CRACK
DISTRIBUTION
ALONG THE
TUNNEL LINING
DURING
EARTHQUAKE
 Case study
• The Gotthard Base Tunnel is a railway tunnel in the heart of
the Swiss Alps
• route length-57 km
• total of 151.84 km of tunnels
• world's longest & deepest rail tunnel.
• Detailed preliminary investigation took place in 1986.
• It came to know that there are total of 90 geologic problem
zones at site.
• most difficult zone for the tunnellers on the Piora Basin
stretch - a funnel-shaped formation filled with sugar grained
dolomite and water
Gotthard Base Tunnel
• A thick jet of water mixed with dolomite shot out
of the mountain and flooded the road.
• A series of 19 inclined drills were made
• finally giving the engineers the all clear. They hit
on hard rock with no water pressure.
 CONCLUSION
geology is very important while designing a tunnel.

The method adopted for tunneling is based on the type

of rock and geological conditions.

tunnels are safer to the earthquake from the other on

ground structures.

necessary to consider the seismic design of tunnel,

ventilation of tunnel is very important in tunnel during

the construction and after the construction,
References
• IS 15026 (2002): Tunneling Methods in Rock Masses -Guidelines [CED 48: Rock
Mechanics]
• HossamToma,Tunnel Lining Methods: Selection of an efficient method, International
Journal of Advanced Technology in Civil Engineering, pp 14-20
• Bickel. (1995). Tunnel engineering handbook, 2nd edition. CBS Publishers.
• Seismic Design of Tunnels, “A Simple State-of-the-Art Design Approach”1991 William
Barclay Parsons Fellowship, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Monograph 7
• Design features of Jammu-Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link Project (v.k.duggal
dyce/con./n.rly,d.k.pandey sr den/lko/n.rly)
• Kawashima K., (2000), Seismic design of underground structures in soft ground: a
review, Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground, Kusakabe,
Fujita & Miyazaki (eds). Balkema, Rotterdam, ISBN 90 5809 1066.
• Wang J., (1993), Seismic Design of Tunnels: A Simple State-of-the-art Design Approach,
Monograph 7, Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade and Douglas Inc., New York.
• G. Lanzano, E. Bilotta, G. Russo. “Tunnels under seismic loading: a review of damage
case histories and protection methods”.