Answers & Explanations 10b

1) Primary source of data collection are;

A. Archival research and National or local

B. Government report and Print
C. Electronic/internet
D. None of the choices

Feedback
All of the above are Source of secondary data collection

Primary data collection are;

Experimentation
Control Groups and Comparison Groups
Observation
In-depth Interviews
Surveys
Checklist and Tally sheets

2) Accuracy in representing characteristics of phenomena, thruthfulness, how it

fits with reality; notion of Representativeness.

A. Reliability
B. Internal Validity
C. External Validity or Generalizability
D. Creativity

3) Elements of hypothesis testing are:

A. A null, alternative, test statistic and rejection region

B. Assumptions, experiments, test statistic and conclusion
C. Both A & B
D. None of these

4) Theoretical statement about one or more concepts?

A. Proposition
B. Concepts
C. Variable
 D. Theory

5) ______________, it is manipulated by the researcher as the treatment

variable that normally does not change in the course of the experiment.

A. Independent Variable
B. Dependent Variable
C. True Experiments
D. None of these

6) In estimating the demand for urban land, this method/formula is better

applied to rural areas rather than urban areas.

A. Goal Achievement Matrix

B. FAO Urban Land Distribution Formula
C. Planning Balance Sheet
D. None of these

7) General idea, abstraction or construct about a subject is systematically

defined and explicitly written

A. Theory
B. Concepts
C. Proposition
D. Variable

8) Money is more valuable now that tomorrow not because of

A. Uncertainty of risk
B. Income oppotunities now
C. Better prospects in the future
D. Present consumption
E. None of these

9) A __________ is an educated guess or predictive statement expressed in

falsifiable form that links variables derived from theory and implies some
relationship of cause and effect.
 A. Constant
B. Hypothesis
C. Null Hypothesis
D. Operationalization

10) In the "Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats" tool as

popularized by exponents of Strategic Planning, the elements, aspects
or characteristics that need to be reinforced, are enumerated under
which quadrant?

A. S
B. W
C. O
D. T

11) A _______ is a portion of the population selected for analysis.

A. Sample
B. Statistic
C. Population
D. Quota

12) All of the following are basic research except one:

A. Pure/fundamental research
B. Descriptive research
C. Explanatory research
D. Action research

Feedback
Action research, exploratory research and evaluation research are type of
applied research.

13) Because 'environmental planning' as a multi-disciplinary field utilizes the

methods of social sciences, the following research approaches are more
appropriate except one:

A. Experimental
B. Historical-Descriptive
 C. Correlational
D. Causal-Comparative

14) The element of control - Research has high ______________ when it has
successfully measured what it set out to measure.

A. Realibility
B. Internal Validity
C. External Validity
D. None of the choices

15) A ___________ assumes there is no 'true' relationship.

A. Null hypothesis: H0
B. Alternative hypothesis: Ha
C. Test statistic
D. Rejection region

Feedback
Alternative hypothesis is assumes that the relationship is real

16) Consists of procedures used to infer about certain characteristics of one or

more populations by examining information contained in a sample from these
populations.

A. Statistics
B. Descriptive Statistics
C. Inferential Statistics
D. Data Analysis

17) A concept or dimension of data that can take on more than one value in
continuum; it is a characteristic, trait, attribute of a person, object or event
that can be described according to some well-defined classification or
measurement scheme.

A. Theory
B. Proposition
C. Concepts
D. Variable
18) This is one of the methods of trip generation modeling, which is concerned
with finding the best functional relationship between a dependent variable
and one or more independent variables. This relationship is usually assumed
to be linear.

A. Analysis of variance
B. Multiple regression
C. Category analysis
D. Situational analysis

19) Types of applied research which central purpose is to solve an immediate

problem?

A. Action Research
B. Exploratory Research
C. Evaluation Research
D. None of these

20) ______ is an educated guess or predictive statement expressed in falsifiable

form that links variables derived from theory and implies some relationship of
cause and effect.

A. Hypothesis
B. Variable
C. Conspets
D. Theory

21) _____________ it is not under the control of the researcher and is expected
to change as a result of the treatment/intervention.

A. Dependent Variable
B. Independent Variable
C. True Experiments
D. None of these

22) A concept that has only a single, never changing value?

A. Constant
 B. Hypothesis
C. Operationalization
D. Null Hypothesis

23) This method of determining demand for urban land is considered the most
accurate but most tedious.

A. FAO Urban Land Distribution Formula

B. Urban Density Method
C. Special Studies
D. None of these

24) A _____________is only a simple variation of planning balance sheet. The

various socio-economic groups that the competing projects could cost or
benefit form the table's columns, instead of the evaluation criteria found in
planning balance sheets.

A. Goals achievement matrix

B. Annualized cost of project
C. Planning balance sheet
D. Cost benefit analysis

25) It is an accepted formal system of ideas which has somepower to explain

causal relationships, to organize data about realworld phenomena, and to
predict in a speculative rather thanprecise sense. Elements of theory are
concepts, variables, andpropositions.

A. Theory
B. Proposition
C. Concepts
D. Variable

26) Extraneous variables error producing variables hat may impact on the
dependent variable response; also called

A. All of these
B. Intervening variables or spurious variables
C. Modifying variables or distorter variables
D. Suppressor variables
 E. Confounding variables

27) A measure of how two variables both vary relative to one another?

A. Covariance
B. Variance
C. Both a & b
D. None of these

28) Four dimensions of Solution except one:

A. People
B. Products
C. Processes
D. Tools
E. Documents

29) ____________________ consist of procedures used to present and

summarize the information in a set of measurements to describe the
characteristics of the whole set; helps in extracting the basic features of data
and provide summaries about the sample and the measures.

A. Statictics
B. Descriptive Statistics
C. Data Analysis
D. Inferential Statistics

30) The extent to which results are consistent, repeatable and stable. Notion of
replicability

A. Relialibility
B. Validity
C. Internal Validity
D. External Validity or Generalizability

31) This is a method of trip assignment which takes into account congestion on
the transportation system. It is the process of determining a pattern of traffic
flow for a known set of interzonal movements so that the relationship
 between journey time and flow in every link in the network should be in
accordance with that specified for the link.

A. Diversion curves
B. All-or-nothing assignment
C. Capacity resistant
D. None of the these

32) __________________ designed to answer questions about cause and effect.

A. True Experiments
B. Independent Variable
C. Dependent Variable
D. None of these

33) Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) means;

A. Judging the expected performance of each development option against a

number of criteria or objectives
B. Taking an overall view on the basis of a pre-assigned importance to each
criterion
C. The essence of MCA lies in the preparation of a performance matrix and
performance indicators
D. Inter-temporal comparisons
E. How to determine weights?
F. All of these

34) ______ is a list of all the individuals (units) in the population from which the
sample is taken.

A. Sampling frame
B. Sampling method
C. Simple Random
D. Stratified Random
E. Systematic Random
F. Convenience Sampling
G. Purposive Sampling
H. Quota Sampling
35) A set of scientific tools used to collect, organize and interpret numeric and
non-numeric data to convert raw data into processed information helpful to
decision makers.

A. Statistics
B. Descriptive Statistics
C. Data Analysis
D. Data integration

36) __________ is most important continuous probability in statistics; bell

shaped; describes many sets of data that occur in nature, industry and
research. Also called Gaussian distribution.

A. Normal curve
B. Gaussian
C. Normal distribution
D. None of these

37) _________ is an active, diligent, and systematic process of inquiry aimed at

discovering, organizing and interpreting facts

A. Research
B. Social Science
C. Recover
D. Goal

Answers & Explanations # 13

1) This refers to any large-scale master-planned development which includes

housing, work places, and related facilities within a self-contained setup,
based on the assumption that it can be built from zero, more or less.

A. Freiburg or Freetown
B. Borough
C. New Town
D. County Estate
E. Eco-Industrial Park
2) Earliest regional planning models in USA in 1933 revolved around Tennessee
Valley, Dallas Plain, Columbia River Basin, Colorado River, St Lawrence
Seaway, Delaware River, Chesapeake Bay watershed, which are essentially

A. Cultural or ethno-linguistic regions

B. Deltaic riverine regions
C. Natural regions
D. Crossborder regions

3) The weakness of applying Central Place Theory in a simplistic way on the

Philippines is that

A. Unlike other countries, Philippines does not have compact land mass with
homogenous features
B. Archipelagic nature creates natural discontinuities that render movement
& economic exchange difficult
C. Spatial integration between urban and rural areas is impeded by poor
transport that inflates prices
D. All of the above

4) Which statement about 'Land Capability' and 'Land Suitability' is true, based
on definition from US Department of Agriculture and United Nations Food
and Agriculture Organization?

A. 'Land Capability' refers to the 'carrying capacity' of land while 'Land

Suitability' refers to appropriateness of land for human use and
habitation.
B. 'Land Capability' refers to appropriateness of land for engineering and
physical intervention while 'Land Suitability' refers to appropriateness for
natural production.
C. 'Land Capability' refers to the broadest uses of land for urban
development while 'Land Suitability' refers to its fitness for rural
development.
D. 'Land Capability' is the broad inherent capacity of land to perform at a
given level for general use, while 'Land Suitability' is the adaptability of a
given land for a specific kind of land use, usually farm crops.

5) Which planning concept, first upheld by the US Supreme Court in the 1976
case o('Penn Central Transportation Co. versus City of New York incorporates
 a market mechanism to mitigate whatever financial burden local law might
have imposed on property?

A. Planned Unit Development

B. Conservation Easements
C. Transfer of Development Rights
D. Eminent Domain

6) Not all megacities become 'world cities'. According to David Simon in World
City Hypothesis (1996), the following criteria determines how a city reaches
Tier 1 status. Which criterion is pursued as cities 'de-industrialize' by
banishing dirty smokestack industries from their territories in the contest to
achieve "greater global competitiveness"?

A. Existence of a sophisticated financial and service complex serving a global

clientele
B. Level of international networks of capital information and communication
flows
C. large number of headquarters of international institutions
D. Quality of life conducive to attracting investors and retaining skilled
international migrants

7) This school of thought claims that cities or human settlements can be studied
as though they are biological organisms subject to laws of evolution, natural
selection, competition, adaptation, survival of the fittest, decline, and death.

A. Dialectical Historical Materialism

B. AnarchoSyndicalism by Saul David Alinsky
C. Frankfurt School of Social Critical Theory
D. Chicago school of human ecology

8) Anything that is available to rivals elsewhere is essentially nullified as a

source of competitive advantage, for a firm’s competitive edge lies in
something very local - innovation in strategy, innovation in know-how, in
relationships, in motivation.

A. Dr. Michael Porter

B. Jacob A. Riis
 C. Sir Peter Hall
D. Dr Mark Gottdeiner
E. Hernando de Soto

9) Cognitive processes which include perception, intuition, values and attitudes,

underlie locational behavior and these account for imperfect decisions,
meaning that industrial locators do not necessarily aim for the best possible
setup to maximize profit but can be content with 'sub-optimal', 'good-
enough' but 'adequate' decisions.

A. Cogitative Theory of Location

B. Behavioral Theory of Location
C. Urban Land Nexus Theory
D. Organizational Theory (Segmentation & Corporate Mergers)

10) The twin strategy of 'concentrated decentralization' and 'industrial dispersal'

to correct urban primacy and inter-regional divergence in the Philippines was
begun under the administration of President

A. Carlos P. Garcia
B. Ferdinand E. Marcos
C. Corazon C. Aquino
D. Fidel V. Ramos
E. Gloria M. Arroyo

11) To conserve freshwater by means of bio-engineering, all of the following

methods are useful except one:

A. Sub-terranean drilling to interconnect deep-wells

B. Partially grassed waterways
C. Mini-dams and dikes to slow down stream flow to the sea
D. Small water impounding projects (SWIP)
E. Rainwater harvesting thru man-made ponds, small farm reservoirs (SFRs)

12) Under RA 9174 Wildlife Resources Conservation & Protection Act, jurisdiction
over all declared aquatic critical habitats, all aquatic resources, including but
 not limited to all fishes, aquatic plants, invertebrates and all
marine mammals, except dugong, including protected coral reefs, fish
sanctuaries, and marine reserves, belongs to

A. Philippine Coast Guard and Patrol Bantay Dagat

B. DENR Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau
C. Department of Agriculture
D. Department of Science and Technology

13) In Urban land use models of the Chicago school of human ecology, the
affluent and middle classes are inclined to E- away from downtown and
inner-city in favor of suburban locations and this process results in a paradox
or "spatial mismatch" as regards labor.

A. Sophisticated upper-classes locate in city-edges with semi-rural

conditions where no employment is available
B. Lower-classes who cannot create employment by themselves are left to
occupy high-priced land in the inner core of cities.
C. Blue-collar workers are forced to accept !ow-skill jobs as maids, yayas,
gardeners in affluent suburban subdivisions
D. Non-tax paying people in the informal sector are closer to the seat of
government than the landed gentry

14) Does the formula of George Zipf in the immediately preceding question
match the reality on the ground based on 2007 Official Census of the
National Statistics Office?

A. Yes
B. Partially
C. No
D. Depends on whether old Davao City or Metro Davao is being analyzed

15) In Peirce Lewis' revision of the Ernest Burgess' monocentric model of urban
land use, which of the following describes the spatial decline of concentric
cities least effective.

A. The elite and their businesses leave the inner core due to pollution and
congestion.
 B. Hollowing-out of the core results in the "donut shape"
C. Surrounded by the poor in the historic center, government increasingly
becomes captive to pressure groups
D. Land values rapidly fall in inner-city areas experiencing urban blight and
urban decay.

16) Which of the following maps display the 'critical facilities' of a city/town?

A. Map showing military camps, police stations, checkpoints, jails, prisons

and Stockades
B. Map showing sewer lines, canals, tunnels, and underground bunkers
C. Map showing roads, hospitals, food .warehouses, utility trunks for power,
water, and communication
D. Map showing possible evacuation places in schools, churches, gymnasium,
and covered courts

17) In an output map of the computer-based system referred to in immediately-

preceding section, 'roads,' 'irrigation canals' and 'sewers' are represented in
the form called

A. Digital
B. Vector
C. Raster
D. Megapixel
E. Cellular automata

18) Which concern of regional planning pertains to institutional capacitation of

local governments, and the appropriate distribution of authority among
them?

A. spatial integration between urban and rural settlements

B. Complementation among agriculture, industry, other sectors
C. Balanced distribution of population
D. Federalism and decentralization of development
E. Equitable distribution of resources among places
F. Reduction of economic disparities among regions
19) Prior to the development of computer mapping software in the mid-1970s,
spatial analysis was done manually by overlaying different thematic maps of
the same scale, principally to determine

A. Geohazards and physical constraints

B. Areas that are ideal for urban development
C. Critical areas for rehabilitation or intervention
D. All of the choices

20) Advancements in transportation and communication technologies have

affected many cities in such a way that information based production can be
done by anyone, anywhere at any time regardless of distance from city
center. Which of the following is the likely spatial form arising from these
economic trends?

A. Cyber-city sends all dirty smokestack industries to remote regions.

B. CBD becomes an elongated corridor or spine following the lines of
telecommunications & electronic services
C. Suburban subdivisions form a belt-like edge or natural perimeter around
the mother city
D. Edge cities, office parks, and techno-poles develop in various parts of a
complex mother city

21) Central Place Theory was found faulty in assuming uniform topography, fiat
featureless terrain, ease of travel in all directions and ubiquity or all around
presence of economic resources, but its major strength lies in characterizing
the locational advantages of one place in relation to another, a geographic
concept called -

A. Surrounding
B. Standing
C. Situation
D. State

22) Social status declines with increasing distance from the center of the city" is
a proposition about poor Third World countries that contradicts the original
land use models from the Chicago school of human ecology,
 A. Donut model
B. Core-Periphery Dependency Model
C. Polycentric model
D. Inverse Concentric

23) "Land use has to be planned for the community as a whole because the
conservation of soil, water, and other natural resources is often beyond the
means of individual land user"

A. True
B. False
C. True only for closed societies and socialist economies but not for free
market societies
D. Partially false because free market forces' always know better how to
apportion land

24) In all but one of following cases, the US Supreme Court declared "takings" by
government as illegal, as it upheld the Constitutional precept that "private
property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation"

A. Where a regulation is merely intended to prevent a nuisance and remove

discomfort caused to the public
B. Where a regulation forced a landowner to allow someone else to enter
onto the property,
C. Where a regulation imposes burdens or costs on a landowner that do not
bear a reasonable relationship to the impacts of the project on the
community;
D. Where government can equally accomplish a valid public purpose through
less intrusive regulation or through a requirement of dedicating property
E. Where a landowner has been denied all economically viable use of the
land

25) The following are characteristics of a central business district. Which one
increases the LGU responsibility to safeguard the wellbeing of people, often
beyond the capacities of a single local authority?

A. Large concentration of office and retail activities;

 B. Significantly large number of tertiary and service jobs generated
C. High price of land forces property-owners to build high
D. Large regular inflow and outflow of motorists; daytime population higher
than nighttime population

26) In the SEPP, 'geology' covers subsurface conditions, seismic fault lines,
bedrock, and minerals while 'patterns of precipitation, temperature,
humidity, and wind' are discussed under

A. Atmospheric and Astro-physical Sciences

B. Hydrology
C. Climate
D. Agro-ecology

27) In 1987, United States Supreme Court in the case· of Nollan versus California
Coastal Commission ruled against- California which required Nollan to
dedicate a public sidewalk easement across their beachfront property as a
building permit condition, thus the Court formulated a principle for
governments regulatory action that "land use restrictions must be tied
directly to a specific public purpose."

A. Rough Proportionality
B. Calibrated Enforcement
C. Calculated Authority
D. Rational Nexus

28) Which of the following is not a factor to determine suitability of land for
heavy industrial use?

A. Load-bearing capacity
B. Location
C. Slope
D. Soil characteristics
29) In 1978, American Institute of Planners (established 1917) and American
Society of Planning Officials (established 1934) combined to become the
present-day

A. American Institute of Environmental Planning

B. Royal Institute of Town and County Planning
C. Planning Society of All-America
D. American Planning Association

30) Under RA 7916 Sec. 10, what is the minimum investment of a foreigner who
can be granted permanent resident status within a Philippine ecozone,
together with spouse and children below 21 years of age, who shall all have
freedom of ingress and egress to and from the Ecozone without any need of
special authorization from the Bureau of immigration?

A. US$ 150,000
B. US$ 300,000
C. US$ 1,000,000
D. US$ 2,000,000

31) In contrast to the long-term skeletal/circulatory framework, this is the

overall medium-term action plan utilized by every local administration to
develop socio-economic development projects and implement sectoral,
cross-sectoral, and multi-sectoral programs to be translated into public
investment measures and incentives to private investment.

A. Comprehensive Land Use Plan

B. Blueprint
C. Comprehensive Development Plan
D. Master Plan

32) Based on 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, this is an
area of up to 200 nautical miles from a States Shore in which a State is given
the sovereign right to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage all natural
resources as well as the right to determine the total allowable catch (TAC) of
living resources.

A. Territorial Sea
 B. Sealanes and Maritime Fairways
C. Continental Shelf
D. Exclusive Economic Zone

33) According to economists Theodore Schultz, Jacob Mincer, and Gary S. Becker,
this collective term for people's embodied assets such as knowledge, skills,
good health, attitudes, and entrepreneurial qualities, determines how a local
community or region absorbs new technologies, expands productive capacity
and generates own progress.

A. Seven Domains of Intelligence

B. Intellectual Quotient
C. Managerial Aptitude
D. Human Capital

34) 'Land Use' and 'Land Classification' are

A. The same
B. Mutually exclusive
C. 'Land Classification' is proper term for legal and bureaucratic transactions
while 'Land Use' is used for basic environmental analysis.
D. 'Land Classification' is a scientific conceptual scheme while 'Land Use'
refers to actual utilization or consumption of land.

35) George Zipf’s Rank-Size Rule, "Pn=P1/N*** was derived from Christaller’s
Central Place Theory, and asserts that the population of city "n" is equal to
the population of the largest city "1" divided by the rank of "n" in the
hierarchy of aces. If the largest city in immediately preceding question had
2.6 million people in 2007 official census, using Zipf’s rule what should have
been the population of Davao City if it was ranked Number 3?

A. 520,000
B. 1,520,000
C. 1,300,000
D. 650,000
36) The taking of fishery species by passive or active gear for trade, business, or
profit beyond the level of subsistence fishing or sports fishing, utilizing
marine vessels of 3.1 gross tons (GT) or more, is called

A. Municipal Fishing
B. Profitable Fishing
C. Entrepreneurial Fishing
D. Commercial Fishing

37) According to Ernesto Serote, the FAO formula for urban land allocation at 5.7
hectares per thousand population does not seem to be realistic in highly-
urbanized LGUs because of rapid pace of change, hence, to estimate urban
land demand, this method entails time-series comparison of aerial
photographs supplemented by on-foot survey of urban land.

A. Urban Density Method

B. Urban Occupancy Method
C. City Land Census
D. Floor Area Ratio

38) Presidential Decree 1559 defines this natural region used in ecosystem-
based planning as a relatively large area starting at the roof of mountain
rivers and encompassing tributaries, streams, and the land surface whose
rainwater runoff drains into a common, downstream point such as a lake,
estuary, or coastal water body.

A. Drainage Basin
B. Rainforest
C. Flood plain
D. Watershed

39) By plotting on a graph the economic benefits from agglomeration against the
costs of congestion and overconcentration, Leo Klaasen concluded that
'Optimum City Size' of a viable city should be between

A. 20,000-190,000
B. 200,000 -600,000
C. 700,000-One million
 D. One million -Two million

40) According to Raleigh Barlowe (1958), this refers to the most profitable use of
land when it yields optimum returns gen limited inputs; such returns can
either be monetary or non-monetary, tangible or intangible, based on the
criteria and interest of the person who makes such decisions.

A. Maximum Sustainable Rent

B. Maximum Sustainable Yield
C. Profit Maximization
D. Highest and Best Use

41) In preparing a site plan for hectare mixed use project in an urban area, which
of following maps is least useful at the needed scale of 1 : 1,000?

A. NAMRIA base map

B. LRA parcel map
C. Utilities map from LGU Engineer
D. Phivolcs geologic map

42) Neo-classical Urban Bid-Rent theory provides the formula for Location Rent
at center of city as equal= to 'Rent Gradient' times 'Radius' where 'Rent
Gradient' is equal to 'transport cost per capita per year' multiplied by 'density
per sq.km'. If Pateros has a radius distance of 10.266 km from the center of
Metro Manila, with average density of= 29,495.24 persons per km. in 2009
and P15,330 transport cost per capita per year, what should be the location
rent per square meter in Pateros as periphery-town of Metro Manila? (clue:
convert sq.km to sq.m.)

A. 4,641 per m2
B. around 46,41 0 per m2
C. Around 464,100 per m2
D. Around 464.10 per m2

43) The first State-wide land use plan in 1973 which defined Urban Growth
Boundaries (UGBs) that separated urban and rural areas in order to limit
 growth within serviced areas and to preserve rural farmland for a timeframe
of 20 years, took place in the State of

A. Oregon
B. New York
C. California
D. Florida

44) Which of those listed below is not a 'decision' map?

A. Physical constraints map

B. Geohazard map
C. Land suitability map
D. Natural drainage map (rivers and streams)

45) Despite global economic recession and decline of demand for luxury goods, a
watch company decides to stay put in Switzerland because of its secure
market niche and proven track record in producing Rolex timepieces. What
theory of firm location is likely at work here?

A. Comparative Advantage
B. Profit Maximizing Approach
C. Satisficing Theory
D. Behavioral Theory

46) If Lands with slope between 18%-30% constitute 45% of total land area,
those with slope above 30% constitute 8%, what percent of Philippine gross
land area is generally described as 'alienable and disposable'?

A. Roughly 47%
B. roughly 53%
C. Roughly 43%
D. Roughly 57% %

47) If a firm subscribes to the Institutional Theory of firm location as shaped by

neo-liberal economics, the firm will logically consider which of the following
factors the least.
 A. Costs of doing business (tax and non-tax costs including graft and
corruption)
B. Stability of government and predictability of its policies (fair play, level-
playing field)
C. Peace and order and the physical safety of employees
D. Leisure opportunities such as golf courses and exclusive resorts for the
managerial elite and their families

48) According to M. White (1987), the more economically complex a city, the
more varied would be the number of high growth points, the more socially
complex it becomes, and the stronger is its tendency towards differentiation
such as in the case of residents segregating themselves into enclaves
according to economic level, social status, or ethnicity.

A. Bipolar Model
B. Palimpsest or Mosaic Model
C. Multiple Nuclei
D. Urban Land Nexus Theory

49) According to Wilbur Richard Thompson (1965), once a city reaches a resident
population of 250.000, it attains L1 permanence. Certain city sections may
suffer decay and decline, but the city as a whole will survive because of sheer
size and strength of tertiary economy, inherent capacity to diversify, and its
political weight vis-a-vis other settlements.

A. Urban land Nexus

B. Urban Ratchet Theory
C. Urban Spiral Economy
D. Urban Force Momentum

50) To conserve farm soils by means of bio-engineering, all of the following

methods are useful except one:

A. Use of coco-coir geotextile on erodible soils

B. Use of rows, furrows, ridges and ditches
C. Use of terraces and contours on sloping land
D. Use of soil compactors
E. Mulching and recycling of organic matter
F. Cover crops and shelterbelts against wind erosion