HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

PLATE NO. 1
INTRODUCTION

PREPARED BY:
Tongol, Mark Eugene Belardo

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. JOHN EDEL G. DIMARUCUT

DECEMBER 01, 2018

SCORE:
 Plate No. 1
Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Design
Instructions: Define briefly the terminologies required below. Limit
your answers up to two (2) sentences only. You need to write your
answers on a separate sheet of short bond paper together with the
cover page and this questionnaire. Good luck and Happy Working!

Part I: Definition of Terms

1. Concrete - a heavy, rough building material made from a mixture
of broken stone or gravel, sand, cement, and water, that can be
spread or poured into molds and that forms a mass resembling
stone on hardening.
2. Reinforced Concrete - concrete in which wire mesh or steel bars
are embedded to increase its tensile strength.
3. Compressive Strength - the resistance of a material to breaking
under compression.
4. Shear Modulus of Elasticity - is defined as the ratio of shear
stress to shear strain. The shear modulus value is always a
positive number and is expressed as an amount of force per unit
area. Shear modulus' derived SI unit is the pascal (Pa),
although it is usually expressed in gigapascals (GPa) or in
thousands of pounds per square inch (ksi).
5. Poisson’s Ratio - he ratio of the proportional decrease in a
lateral measurement to the proportional increase in length in a
sample of material that is elastically stretched.
6. Shrinkage - the process, fact, or amount of shrinking.
7. Creep - (of an unwanted and negative characteristic or fact)
occur or develop gradually and almost imperceptibly.
8. Tensile Strength - the resistance of a material to breaking
under tension.
9. Aggregates - a whole formed by combining several (typically
disparate) elements. A material or structure formed from a
loosely compacted mass of fragments or particles.
10. Cement - a powdery substance made with calcined lime and clay.
It is mixed with water to form mortar or mixed with sand,
gravel, and water to make concrete.
11. Working Stress Design - is a method used for the reinforced
concrete design where concrete is assumed as elastic, steel and
concrete act together elastically where the relationship between
loads and stresses is linear.
12. Ultimate Strength Design - indicates a method of design based on
the ultimate strength of a reinforced concrete cross section in
either simple bending, combined bending and axial load, shear,
or bond on the basis of inelastic action.
 13. Structural Engineering - is a sub-discipline of civil
engineering in which structural engineers are trained to design
the 'bones and muscles' that create the form and shape of man
made structures. Structural engineers need to understand and
calculate the stability, strength and rigidity of built
structures for buildings and nonbuilding structures.
14. Structural Frame - Complex of columns, and beams, girders,
spandrels, and trusses connected to one another and to the
columns anchored in a foundation, as well as other components or
members necessary for the stability of a structure. Floors and
roof panels, not connected to the columns (and called secondary
members) are not considered part of the structural frame.

15. Foundation - the lowest load-bearing part of a building,

typically below ground level. an underlying basis or principle.

Part II: Enumeration

1. Give five (3) Advantages of Reinforced Concrete.
-Reinforced concrete has a high compressive strength
compared to other building materials.
-Due to the provided reinforcement, reinforced concrete can
also withstand a good amount tensile stress.
-Fire and weather resistance of reinforced concrete is fair.
2. Give five (3) Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete.
-The tensile strength of reinforced concrete is about one-
tenth of its compressive strength.
-The main steps of using reinforced concrete are mixing,
casting, and curing. All of this affect the final strength.
-The cost of the forms used for casting is relatively
higher.
3. Types of Portland cement.
Type I: This is the general purpose cement. Normally this
type of cement is used for general construction purpose
such as bridge, building and precast construction.

Type II: Moderate sulfate resisting cement. This type of

cement used where there is a possibility of sulfate attack
to concrete. Such as sub structure. Type I and Type II
almost same based on their properties.

Type III: This type of cement is high early strength cement

and useful during cold weather concreting where quick
strength gain is factor. This Type produce more heat than
type I.
 Type IV: Low heat of hydration. The name of this type of
cement clears that it produce less heat during hydration
process thus useful for hot weather concreting. This type
of cement is also useful for producing large quantity of
concrete.

Type V: High sulfate resistance cement. This type of cement

is used where there is a possibility to contact high
sulfate with concrete. The rate of hydration of this type
of cement is slower than Type I.

4. Give five (5) Most Common Types of Admixture.

Water Reducing Admixtures
Retarding Admixtures
Accelerating Admixtures
Air entraining concrete admixture
Pozzolanic Admixtures
5. Give and Define the Types/Kinds of Loads applied to a Reinforced
Concrete Structures.
A singly reinforced beam is one in which the concrete element is
only reinforced near the tensile face and the reinforcement,
called tension steel, is designed to resist the tension.

A doubly reinforced beam is one in which besides the tensile

reinforcement the concrete element is also reinforced near the
compressive face to help the concrete resist compression. The
latter reinforcement is called compression steel. When the
compression zone of a concrete is inadequate to resist the
compressive moment (positive moment), extra reinforcement has to
be provided if the architect limits the dimensions of the
section.

An under-reinforced beam is one in which the tension capacity of

the tensile reinforcement is smaller than the combined
compression capacity of the concrete and the compression steel
(under-reinforced at tensile face). When the reinforced concrete
element is subject to increasing bending moment, the tension
steel yields while the concrete does not reach its ultimate
failure condition. As the tension steel yields and stretches, an
"under-reinforced" concrete also yields in a ductile manner,
exhibiting a large deformation and warning before its ultimate
failure. In this case the yield stress of the steel governs the
design.
An over-reinforced beam is one in which the tension capacity of
the tension steel is greater than the combined compression
capacity of the concrete and the compression steel (over-
reinforced at tensile face). So the "over-reinforced concrete"
beam fails by crushing of the compressive-zone concrete and
before the tension zone steel yields, which does not provide any
warning before failure as the failure is instantaneous.

A balanced-reinforced beam is one in which both the compressive

and tensile zones reach yielding at the same imposed load on the
beam, and the concrete will crush and the tensile steel will
yield at the same time. This design criterion is however as risky
as over-reinforced concrete, because failure is sudden as the
concrete crushes at the same time of the tensile steel yields,
which gives a very little warning of distress in tension failure.
[21]

Steel-reinforced concrete moment-carrying elements should

normally be designed to be under-reinforced so that users of the
structure will receive warning of impending collapse.

The characteristic strength is the strength of a material where

less than 5% of the specimen shows lower strength.

The design strength or nominal strength is the strength of a

material, including a material-safety factor. The value of the
safety factor generally ranges from 0.75 to 0.85 in Permissible
stress design.

The ultimate limit state is the theoretical failure point with a

certain probability. It is stated under factored loads and
factored resistances.