INUPIAT ESKIMO

DICTIONARY

by
Donald H. Webster and Wilfried Zibell

Illustrated by Thelma A. Webster

For

Alaska Rural School Project

Department of Education
University of Alaska
College, Alaska
 @1970 Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc.
Box 1028
Fairbanks, Alaska 99701
3,000 copies

Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 76-632478

 FORWARD

Of the making of books there is no end, said the great King

Solomon of old. To the making of a dictionary there is no end, is
the feeling one gets when he sets out on such a project. This work
is by no means exhaustive. It is but a beginning.

The Eskimo is admired the world over for his ability to live
comfortably on the very edge of human habitat. His language
reflects this genius. This dictionary is sent forth with the hope
that something of this genius is displayed, both to the Eskimo
(and particularly the young people who are loosing their cultural
heritage), and to interested non-Eskimo.

Unlike most dictionaries, this is compiled according to

subject matter. By so doing, the authors feel that language
features (such as how words relate to each other) can be displayed
better. Also, new literates will find this system easier to follow
and more interesting.

These words have been gathered over a period of ten years

and drawn from various Eskimo living in the villages of North
and Northwest Alaska. To these many Eskimo friends our debt
of thanks is due. They truly deserve the credit, while we assume
the responsibility of any errors.

iii
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----
 IMPORTANT NOTES TO THE READER

1. When looking for a -word (in the Eskimo section), think of

what it might be linked with, (e .g.
"spoon"--food, eating; "rifle~-hunting
index to see the subject categories.
for simple categorizing, it may be in
Words", such as "gift", "ouch! 'f etc.
"think" - -mental activity;
etc.), then look at the
If the word is not suitable
the section entitled "Other

2. Since this dictionary is a compilation of the Kobuk River

dialect and North Alaska dialect, many entries consist of two or
more words. Such sets of words may vary on the basis of pro-
nunciation or meaning. This dialect division is indicated thus:
(N) after a word or meaning indicates use in the North
Slope villages
(K) after a word or meaning indicates use in the Kobuk
River villages.
A word entry which is not followed by a letter means that the
word is used in both dialects. Some words have a more restrict-
ed use, being commonly used only in certain villages. Where
such restrictions are known, they are noted thus:
(a) after a word indicates it is used in Anaktuvuk Pass
(b)" "" "" " " "Barrow
(d)" "" "" " "" Deering/Buckland
(no) " "" """"" Noatak
(ki) " "" "" " " "Kivalina
(p)" "" "" " " "Point Hope
(q)" "" "" " " "Kotzebue
(s)" "" "" " " "Selawik
(sh) " "" "" " " "Shishmaref
(w)" ,.,,, """" 11 Wainwright

(u) 11 "" 11 11 " " "Unalakleet

3. Information is also available from the way words are placed

on the page, from their endings, and from their English glosses.
Look at the following sample entry.

aatchui ruk (K), aitchui ruk (N) 1 gives 1

aatchugaa , aitchugaa 2 gives it 2
aatchuun, aitchuun 3 gift 3

First, we know how the word is said in the Kobuk River

dialect (K) and how it is pronounced in the ~orth Alaska dialect
(N).
v
 Second, we know that all of these words are related because
the' last two sets are set to the right of the main word. These
words are related semantically. Some insets display categorical
relationship.

Third, verbs are indicated by the ending" -uk" on the Eskimo

word and" -s" on the English gloss. Look at the words marked 1.
(Some English glosses need a helping verb as "is happy").

Fourth, verbs are also indicated by the ending" -aa" on the

Eskimo word and -generally "it" in the English gloss. Look at
the words marked 2.

Other words are nouns. Look at the words marked 3. (Some

entries are conjunctions and interjections, but these are clearly
displayed).

(Eskimo does not distinguish gender in the third person, there-

fore "aatchuiruk" may mean either "he gives", "she give s'", or
"it gi vea". Similarly, "aatchugaa" may mean "he/she/it" ~ives
"it/he/she". This is why no subject pronoun is listed with' -uk"
verbs; and "it" has arbitrarily been chosen to signal" -aa" verbs.
Infrequently, meaning demands that it be replaced by "him" or
"her" as in "kunikkaa- -kisses her". Both Intransitive verb forms
(-uk) and Transitive verb forms (-aa) have been included because
a student of Eskimo must know both forms and there is no simple
rule for deriving the one from the other.)

4. SECTION II is a list of Eskimo Post Bases. Post Bases are

added to bases to modify meaning. Their function is similar to
that of English adverbs, adjectives, auxiliary verbs, tenses, etc.

5. SECTION III is an index of English words that equate to the

Eskimo entries of Parts I & II.

vi
 CONTENTS
Eskimo Writing Key ix
SECTION
1. PEOPLE

1.1 Persons and Titles . 1

1.2 Relatives . 3
1.3 Body Parts . 6
Head . 6
Body . 8
Organs . 11
SkeletaL . 12
1.4 Body Actions . 15
1.5 Life Processes . 17
1.6 Sickness and Debilities . 19
1.7 Medical, Healing . 22
1.8 Mental Activities . 23
GeneraL . 23
Love vs Hate . 25
Attitude . 26
Nervous Reaction . 27
Confident vs FearfuL .. 28
Reasonable vs Unreasonable . 29
Good vs Bad . 30
1.9 Clothing, Ornamentation .. 33
1.10 Dwellings . 36
Types . 36
Parts . 37
Contents . 38
1.11 Religion .. 41
Old . 41
General . 42
New - Christian .. 44
1.12 Activities · . 47
GeneraL ······.. 47
Men . 48
Ladies· . 50
youth . 52
Amusements . 53
1.13 Food, Eating . 54
1.14 Food, Gathering . 57
Hunting . 57
Trapping . 60
Fishing . 61
1.15 Travelling . 62
Land . 62
Sea . 64
vii
2. CREATURES

2.1 General. . 69
2.2 Land Animals . 69
2.3 Small Creatures of Land and Sea ; .. 77
2.4 Insecta . 78
2.5 Sea Animals . 79
2.6 Animals of History and Legend . 82
2.7 Fish . 82
2.8 Birds . 84

3. HEAVENS, EARTH, ATMOSPHERE

3.1 Heavenly Bodies Etc., .. 96

3.2 Earth (Minerals) . 97
3.3 Plants . 98
3.4 Trees . 101
3.5 Mountains and Hills . 102
3.6 Lakes, Rivers, Oceans . 103
3.7 Weather (includes snow and ice conditions) .. 104

4. PLACE, TIME, DESCRIPTIVES

4.1 General. . 110

4.2 Place . 110
4.3 Time . 117
4.4 Descriptives . 120
Opposites . 120
Colors . 122
Numbers . 123

5. OTHER WORDS . 125

SECTION II

POST BASES.................. 167

SECTION III
ENGLI SH INDEX.......................................... 186
viii
 ESKIMO WRITING KEY

An English Pronunciation
Guide

a amaak a is pronounced most

root frequentliY, like the
vowel in t fun" and
aatkan "the". When next to
mitten "k" or "s". it sounds
like "a" in "father".
Double aa and any
other double letter
is held longer than
a single letter.

ch resembles" ch" in
ch natcnik
seal "church".

ivgich
grass

aglaun g before another con-

g
pencil sonant is like "g" in
"go" .
ivgun Elsewhere it is pro-
towel nounced much softer
as a continued sound.
not as a stopped
sound like the one
above.

g is similar to "g"
above, but is spoken
farther back in the
throat. Between vow-
taggak
shadow els it is sometimes
very soft and easily
missed.

h resembles English
h ahaal.ik
Oldsquaw "h".
, ix
 ikun
match .' is pronounced like
"I" in "police". Next
to g and k it sounds
siilik like "i" in "tin"
pike

k kukik k sounds like "k" in

fingernail "ski" or "skill" . It
lacks the puff of air
ukpik that follows "k" in
Snowy Owl "kill"

k ukpik k like g, is sounded

willow farther back in the
throat than k and g.

1 ulu 1 resembles "I" in

woman's knife "leave"

kallun
cup

1 paluktak 1 is like "I" in

beaver "cleave", only more
"breathy". It is
kamikluuk voiceless.
pants

1 killik 1 is pronounced some-

cut thing like the letters
"Ji" in "peculiar" or
ki ltgnik "million", (is the
knot same as Spanish
caballero).

7~'
m mannik __ ?m sounds like English
egg 1/ 1, ,~ "m".

n
nanuk
polar bear

inuk (--~\
v"
I{ r--~
~ f

~~
n is pronounced like
English "n".

n is pronounced like
human being the letters "riy' in
"canyon", (is the
same as Spanish
sikinik
manana).
sun a:
1
IJ tnjrni suun lJ is pronounced like

-~
airplane the letters "rig" in
"king" .
arjun
male being

Ij,
p papik P sounds like "p" in
bird's tail " spot". It is pro-
nounced without the
putu puff of air that
hole accompanies "p" in
"pot".

r argaich
hand,

ugruk
bearded
fingers

seal
@ ~
r sounds like "r" and
"z" pronounced at
the same time.

s suluk
~=
~ s is pronounced be-
wing feather tween English" s"
and "sh".

sr siksrik
~("
~\ sr sounds like "r" and
"sh " pronounced at
ground squirrel
the same time.

t>/~y
- /I )
~#/ )
ill:srall: Where Kobuk River
cheek people use" s r" be-
4 tween vowels, coast-
al Eskimos pro-
nounce "s".

t tuttu t is pronounced like

caribou "t" in" steam" . It
lacks the puff of air
_ »
....~"-\\\ that follows "t" in
"team".
~,"
~-(Ar
~

u ull:all: u sounds like "u" in

tongue /~~ "rule" . Next to g
-f~ and ls:. it sounds like
r0;.~ "u'' in "pull" or "0"
uuktuun
a measure in "okay".
xi
v nuviivak v is pronounced some-
fly what like English
"v" but with lips
touching.

y nauyals: ~ -"~ y is pronounced like

seagull
11 English "r" in "yes".

ai aivils: ai is pronounced like

walrus "ie"" in "pie" and
ia is pronounced like
ia t:ilJmials: "ea" in "area" in
goose North Alaska dia-
lect. In Kobuk Riv-
er dialect, they are
pronounced alike, as
in "air".

au kauk au is pronounced like

forehead "ow" in "pow" and
ua is pronounced like
ua kuals: "wa" in "how about"
frozen food in North Alaska dia-
1ect. In Kobuk River
dialect, they are
pronounced alike, as
"au" in "caught" .

ui kugruich ui is pronounced like

swans "ui" in "quick" in
both North Alaska
iu siun and Kobuk River
ear dialects.
iu is pronounced like
"eu" in "mew" in
North Alaska dialect,
but like" ee" in
"seen" in Kobuk
River dialect.

In some places where coastal dialects use a "k", Kobuk River

people use a glottal stop spelled (I) as in the following sentence:

Ani rami tautukkaa. "As he went out, he saw it".

xii
SECTION I
 1
1. PEOPLE

1.1 PERSONS AND TITLES

JPtun~aura~, paipi.ir-ak (N) baby

i1ilgaa~, krtungak, rlaalugruak (K), child

mikriktuk (b), uivtflak (sh)

nukatpia.lugr'uak , arJugaura~ (K), small boy

anutaur ak (N)

nukatpiagruk boy

nukatpiak young man (marriage-

able)

anun man
(cf. inuk)

arjayu~aksra~, arJugaatchia~ (K) old man

ni viaksralugruak little girl

nivi akaiagruk girl (before puberty)

niviaksrak young lady (marriage-

able)

a~na~ woman

aakuaks r ak , aakuaks raatchiak (K) old woman

nutakkat young people

utukkanaat old people

anayukaak parent

trguak adopted child

inuguktitak child raised

but not
adopted
2 Persons & Titles
aIJ ayukaagi itchuak (N), orphan
arjayukaarj ilaur-ak (K)

Ilrappak poor, orphan

i lakatai ksuak- (K), tuvakataignik (N) widow, widower

(lit. without a
partner)

nu lifksuak (K) widower

ui lgagnaak (K) widow

uiksraun, i lakatntglaktuak (K) bridegroom

nuliaksraun (N), i lakrrigi aktuak (K) bride

i.Iakatni.gut lai lak (K) bachelor, spinster

tuvakataitchuk (N) bachelor

ui Iauktak spinster

i.lannak (K), avflaitkan (N) friend

my namesake
(relationship based
upon sharing name
of deceased person)

inuukati gifk two born on same day

(special friendship)
inuukan one who is born on
same day

uumaga (N), i.lakatiga (K) my namesake's wife

i lukaan everyone, all

inuk person, man

inupiak Eskimo (lit. real

person)

Indian

na.luagmiu , tanik (N) white person

Persons & Titles; Relatives 3
ranaiya ak half-white

taaks ipak Negro

taakstpaiyaak half-Negro

agaayul.ikai (K), arj aayul.iks.i (N) pastor, missionary

taakti medical doctor

i Ii saur-r i (N), i.Iis aut r i (K) teacher

irninaur ak (N), ki maktuak (K) fugitive

iriuakt i murderer

iglaak traveller, stranger,

visitor

uvaij a I, me
uvaguk we (two), us
uvagut we (pl) , us

ilivich (N), ilvich (K,q) you

iliptik (K), ili vsik (N) you (two)
ilipsi (K), ilivsi (N) you (pl)

ilaa he, she, it, him, her

ililJik they (two), them
i.Iirji ch they (pl), them

1.2 RELATIVES

i laur-aatka , i Iatka my relatives

kirjuvaa.tka my ancestors

arnauga my great grandparent

-ksraga my step----
aapa-ksraga my stepfather
ign.i-ks raga my stepson

ataataga (N, q), taata ruaga (K) my grandfather,

great uncle
4 Relatives
aapaga (N, q), taataga (K) my father

akkaga (K) my uncle (father's

brother)

aIJ aaluga (N) my uncle

aIJ atchiaga (K) my uncle (mother's

brother)

atchaga my aunt (N), father's

sister (K)

aya~ruksaa~a my aunt (mother's

sister)

aanaga my great aunt,

grandmother (N, q),
mother (K)
aanaruaga (K) my grandmother,
great aunt

aakaga (N, q), aanaga (K) my mother

ilakat iga (K), tuvaakatiga (N) my partner (husband

or wife)

uiga my husband

my brother-in-law,
my son -In -law

nukaaluga tN) my younger brother

aapiyaga my older brother

nul iaga, agnaga my wife

ukua~a my sister-in-law,
my daughter-in-law

anikatrga my sibling (my brother

or my sister)

nukatchiaga my younger sibling (K),

my younger sister (N)
Relatives 5

aakauraga (K), ataur-aga (N) my older sister

kataquti.ga my illegitimate sibling

-iik- pair of, couple

anil$atig-iik sibling pair
afifia~-iik female cousins,
couple of girl friends
aanarua~-iik grandchild living with
grandmother
ati~-iik two people bearing
same name

sunaa~a my friend (male to

male)

aIJ utikati ga my cousin (by my

father's brother)

afifia~a (N, q), uumaaga (K) my female cousin

(female to female),
my girl friend
(female of same Cl.ge)

agnakatiga my cousin (by my

mother's sister)

i Ilugi ga (N), iUuga (K) my cross -cousin,

my joking partner

paniga my daughter

my son

aq ayukh ga my oldest child

nukakriga my youngest child

aIJ aukaagaitka , kitungaagaitka. my family

nukagi itka

kataga my illegitimate child

uyuguga my nephew, my niece

tutaaluga, tutitchi aga my grandchild

6
1.3 BODY PARTS

HEAD

ni akuk head, skull

kavrak crown of head
(skull cap)
tunis uk (N), tunusruk (K) rounding of back of
head (occipital)
nutchat head hair
iksuu dandruff
siun ear
siutik ears (2)
aiunqur-ak ear cavity
ki inak (N, q), ki ginak (K) face
kiinagiilirul> blushes
kiinagul;s: mask

forehead
uluak , Iks r ak cheek
tavlu chin
tavlugun chin tattoo
ag likkuk lower jawbone
(both sides)
ag liguk lower jawbone
(one side)

umni ch beard
uIU!Jiyaktuk shaves

kavlut eyebrow

akungak ridge between

eyebrows
Body Parts 7

l$;arunaal$; eyebrow ridge

slkpi ich eyelashes

sikuruk eyes are closed

siki ru k moves head forward

and down

iri eye
ir'i ktuk hides

irakumak iris of eye

irisiftik eye cavity

l$;ulvich tears
kulvir uk weeps

l>iIJak nose (house ventilator)

nUIJIJak (N), akul iak (K) nose bridge

sugluk nasal passage,

nose cavity

takpaak (N), takparuak (K), nostrils

l$;iIJIJ
ak (K)

kakki vi ak groove under nose

kakik mucous
kakki r uk blows nose

lips
lip

corner of the mouth

kanik mouth

palate, roof of mouth

gums

kigun tooth
kigutit teeth
kirjrnaktuk bites
 8
Body Parts
u~a~ tongue
ukaktuk speaks
<,
uka laur-ak (N), u~a1JlJua~ (K) uvula
/" (lit. little tongue (N) )
(lit. false tongue (K) )
tivvuak saliva
tivvuaktuk spits
kunuainik, kunustk. neck
~UlJisi~ (K)

nigilikta~ Adam IS apple (larynx)

nigiru~ eats
tukkur aak
throat (pharynx)
tukluk windpipe (trachea)
tukhigaa calls him,_ hails
i.ggrak gullet (esophagus)

BODY

tali~ arm
ikusik (N), ikusrik (K) elbow
I

talim ivalua arm sinew

akar avaluktak (K), akvaluak (N) upper arm muscle
tayagnik wrist
utumrnak (N), agvak (K) palm
argaich hand, fingers
argak finger
Ikit fist
ikittut they are flexed
Body Parts 9
nail (finger, toe, claw)

-tikil,<

JP.ti~il,< (N, q)
l,<itil,<l:i~mik(K)

__ --' --mikil~al,<

) Ikitkur ak

niu leg
niuk both legs
niutak stern or bow
niu r'uk disembarks
niur i ruk unloads

tan~aL< lower leg

kuktugak thigh

kikrn.ifkuk (K), ki rnmi tkuk (N) back of leg

s ipyaak (K), s ivviak (N) hip joint

naplui (K), navlu (N) knee joint

sifiigfi.iL<(N), sirJi~fi.iL<(K) ankle joint

isigak foot
isigaich feet

kimmik (N), kipmik (q), kikmik (K) heel

aluk sale
alluk both soles

putuguk big toe

ifi.ugaurat four small toes

10 Body Parts

timi body

tuikkak , tui (K) shoulder

saa body front

saattuk turn to face someone

s atkak chest

miluk breast, nipple

milk (K)
milluk both breasts
milu nipple
miluktuk nurses

ki tik waist (middle)

narrak abdomen
nar-raagittchuk stomachache (chronic)
na r.r-amju ruk stomach cramps(acute)

kalaaik umbilicus (naval)

ku ligil~ (N), kuliik (K) back

kutchingaat small of back

(lumbar curve)

ivalu Iini.k large back muscle

aagiak depression between

shoulder blades

tunu back, loin

tunuani in behind,
to his rear
tunuttuk turns his back to
tunutkaa turns his back on him

sangak side
sanikkak both sides

ikkuk buttock

ukpatik hips
Body Parts 11

~uktug;aJs. thigh

mitkut body hair, pubic hair

ORGANS

brain

uvifii~ skin

silJlJik any large arm or

leg muscle

nukik tendon, muscle

uuliutik tenderloins

auk blood
auk igliJs.tuk blood flows
auktuk nose bleeds
aukkun , augavik, blood vessel (N)

takak , t agakpak vein, artery, blood

vessel (K)

puvaich lungs

uumman (N), uuman (K) heart

uumaruk is alive
uum ak green wood
uuma live coal
uumalaaktuk lively child

kanivaun (N), mulik (K), simik (K) diaphragm

tilJuk liver

akiaguk stomach

i!J aluat , paal.aak (n) small intestines

ikhi colon, large intestine

i!J aluakt ak umbilical cord

 12 Body Parts
saglupkutak (N), uksi (K) appendix

taktu kidney

nakasuk (N), nakasruk (K) bladder

surjak gall bladder

surpj ak bladder
surjaktaak green

iIurnrn ik fetus

afterbirth, placenta

itik anus

usuk (N, q), usruk (K) penis

iksruuk testicles

utchuk vulva

usuurak clitoris

aalgunak menstruation
aa.lguruk menstrates

SKELETAL

(Some words listed under BODY apply also to the SKELETAL

section, ego niakuk head, skull)

saunik bone

patik marrow

isugluk (N), bone end

isrugluk (K)
Body Parts 13
ni akuk skull, head

~~-temporal
igurvik.---- (/
~
~~

-; ~~
)
~

i.r is inik --\----rTf-.

suglu --------'\1;------7-" ~-~---'--+--- nasal cavity

kanik -----__+__~ ~_+--- oral cavity,

mouth
kigutit -----+--'~~-I [..4;L...---if----:;#---.- teeth

uniagak, agl ikkuk ,4-.-------+-lower jaw

(mandible)

kigapikkat (K), kuyipitkat (N) backbone, spine

pikusuk (N), ikik (K) vertebra

kivialuktuk 1st vertebra (atlas)

kiviaktuk (N), kirjiaktuk (K) turns head, looks
behind

pamialuk (K), pamiugayuk (N) tailbone (sacrum)

14 Body Parts

kutuk collarbone (clavicle)

kiasik shoulder blade

(scapula)

tulimaat ribs (costae)

mnj ich (K), nuvuliksrat (N) floating ribs

sakiagich breast bone (sternum)

kayuutaurak lower tip of sternum

ulna, fibia

aminniksr ak radius

kutchik (N), kuutchuk (K) hip bone (ossa coxae)

kirrigriik femur

srtkuk (N), srtkuak kneecap (patella)

kanagak, kanaak tibia

isigaich nugaur arj ich bones of foot,

(metatarsals)

isigaich napyaarj ich bones of toes,

(tarsals)

inugaur-at fingers (phalanges),

four small toes

putuguk big toe

 15
14 BODY ACTIONS

(See also under "Body Parts" where some motion words are
built upon the same base).

looks up, raises

head

kiviaktuk (N), kin iaktuk (K) turns head

l$:i
viagaaktuk (N) turns head right and
left

ku raktuk looks down, lowers

head

sikiruk moves head forward

and down

tusaaruk (N), tusr-aaruk (K) hears

naal.aktuk listens

srkungipaktaktuk bl.inks,
aikuni gaktuk winks

tautuktuk sees
tautukkaa sees it

kiniktuk watches
l$:ifiigaa watches it

ki ar uk cries

takprksuk sees keenly

nai ruk smells

iksuktaktuk wrinkles nose

tagiuktuk sneezes

ukaktuk talks

atuktuk sings
 16 Body Actions
srvruur-aktuk whispers

kal.aktuk clears throat

nipi voice, sound
nip liksuk (K), nivl iksuk (N) says, sounds, voices
nipitur-uk is noisy
rrip ai tchuk , nipi aksuk is quiet

iglaktuk laughs

iglaIJ aaktuk smiles

ur-r aaktuk gesticulates

ti kkuaktuk points

Lsaarj aruk reaches forth

akaikkaa, aktugaa touches it

puyyukkaa (N), putyukkaa (K) pinches it

ti guai ruk (N), t igus r-i r-uk (K) takes, lays hold of,
picks up
tigugaa picks it up, takes it
pati.ktuk slaps

puttuk bows
aitkuktuk kneels

akuvrttuk , akavittuk (N) sits down

makittuk arises, stands up

pi suaktuk , pts ruktuk (K) walks

akpattuk (N), akpaksruktuk (K) runs

aki ruk kicks

akigaa kicks it
maiyukruk climbs
-
m i.ngi kauk (N) jumps
Body Actions; Life Processes 17
misiksuJs: leaps straight up,
jumps down from
low height

misigaktuk hops

nautkiaktuk jumps down

nutiktuk leaps
nuttagrgaa leaps at him

siiksukaktuk (K), maki ruk (N) sweats

expels flatus (gas)

nal.iktuk
nalik flatus

anaktuk defecates
anak stool (feces)

kusuuruk (N), kui ruk (K) urinates

kukt ak (N), itrguak (K) urine

1.5 LIFE PROCESSES

ani ruk is born (lit. exits)

igniruJs: gives birth, has a

baby

aniktrgir-uk breathes
ani grrik breath

agli ruk grow s up, gets big

aglintgaktuk reached puberty

inuguktuk grew up (lit. became a

person)

s irjaiyaur-uk (N), naaktu ruk (K) is pregnant

inuu ruk lives

inuggun (N), iriuuhik (K) life
inuuni aktuk makes a living, lives
 18 Life Processes
kaaktuk (N), nigisuktuk (K) is hungry

Imrguktuk is thirsty

kuluularuk stomach growls

nigi ruk eats

irniktuk drinks

uinagl.iksuk is sleepy

pi lai ksuk (N), iniktuktuk (K) is tired

aatchauktuk yawns
nal.laktuk lies down

tut t aa.ktuk (N) goes to bed

aikuruk goes to sleep, closes
his eyes
kivsfruk is startled awake
while dozing off
aintktuk sleeps

kammui ruk (N), kamrjui r-uk (K) snores

s.innaktuktuk dreams
ainnaktuk dream
it ivli ruk is sleepwalking,
talking in his sleep
uitchuk opens his eyes
Itiktuk wakes up
itkumar-uk is awake, is not
sleeping
tukuruk dies
Ig rugaa gets stiff (of a dead
body)
 19
1.6 SICKNESSES AND DEBILITIES

-(g)iit - chronic
a~iagug-iit -cnuk has a chronic
stomachache
iggiag -iit - chuk has a chronic sore
throat

-nrJU - acute
akiagu -ruju -r-uk has an acute
stomachache
iggia -ruju -r-uk has an acute sore
throat

amiigruktu~ (N), ami iks iktuk (K) has skinned self

anaaktrttuk is bruised
anaagnik bruise

atnignaktuk (K), anrugnaktuk (N) hurts, pains, is sick

atnigfia~ (K), anni.gnak (N) pain

atnii taktuktuk (K) has pain

anniiyaruk (N), atni.iya.ruk (K) is sore

aunaaktuk (N), aunaaksruktuk (K) bleeds, menstruates

auttak (N), auktak (K) mole, Mongolean

spot (Mongol geburts
fleck)
ayaul$. boil (sore)

ayauijaruk, kinit laitchuk (K) is blind

ayaurul$. got blind

i Iluktuk is snow blinded

Ihiitchuk is sick

it iktaktuk has diarrhea

kakkiruj uruk has a stuffy nose

kapugaur aitchuk extracted a splinter

kapugaural$. splinter
 20 Sioknesses & Debilities
kasurjar-uk (N), kasz-uruk (K) is withered
kigutinnuruk has a toothache
kiguta.iksuk pulls a tooth
kiiks iuktuk is painful
kiiksiugun pain
kiIikauk has cut self
ki.li igr'uktuk has skinned self,
abrased
killik cut
kinnan aakair-uk is becoming senile
kaugz-imaitchuk (K), is numb
kaur-imrnagi.itchuk (N)

karvanaruk (N) is dizzy

kapyaltksuk (K) worries, gets dizzy,
has a headache
kaugr-immaiksuk (K), fainted
kaur irnmi aktuk (N),
sayyaiksuk

kikkitigaa has frostbite

kigittik (N), ilguk, Igruk (K) frostbite
Ig rul.igaa (K) has chills
kiiks ruktuk has convulsions, is an
epileptic
kilur-ir-uk, ki luruk has a muscle cramp

has a stiff muscle

kilguk scar

kugiksuk (N), kukhiksuk (K) coughs

rnaki ruk drains (of ear, sore
etc.) sweats
migi aktuk vomits
Sicknesses & DebiLities 21
narjittuk, atni gnaktuk (K) is sick (malaise)

napnj aruk (N), napurj aruk (K) is hunchbacked

nar-r aagi.itchuk has abdominal cramps

nar-r-amjuruk has abdominal ache

ni akunq uruk has a headache

nia~ugiitchu~ has a severe

headache

nuvaktuk has a cold

pirjuk swelling

piyakkuktuk had an accident

siglanguli~su~ (N), has a sour stomach

s iig.lanrju ruk (K)

sukkit chuk gets a thorn or tack

into his flesh

tagiuktuk sneezes

tal.li ak broken arm

ni igaak (K), niugaak (N) broken leg

ar gigaur-aak (N), ar gaaktuk broken finger

tigga~tu~ is stiff

tigli~ta~tu~ is throbbing

tusi attuk (N), tus r.iattuk (K) is lame

tu si lIaktuk , is deaf
tusaalaitchuk (N), tu s r atl.aitchuk (K)

u~alaitchu~ (N), is dumb

ukatl.ai tchuk (K)

urujuk wart
22 Medical, Healing

uunautikaktuk (N), has a fever

uunakhiktuk (K),
ki r r-iks ir-uk (p)

uuti gnik (N), uutinnik (K) is scarred from a

burn

1.7 MEDICAL, HEALING

sayakturuk is healthy, strong

inuuniun medicine

itrisiun (K) thermometer

Immrgaun equipment for giving

enema (of ugruk
intestines)

ki Iaun divining rod

kappun , kappugaur ak scalpel (for blood

letting), hypodermic
needle

iirigak pill

aluutaur ak little spoon

tulukkam asriat juniper berries (Fruc-

tus juniperus), a
medicinal drink .

mamittuk heals (of sore, cut,

etc. )
mamittitkaa healed him

Ihrakai r-uk recovers

nakuuks.iruk (N), nakuksi.ruk (K) is getting better

uksrul$ seal oil, used as

liniment, medicine
uksruktiktuk anoints, rub oil on
body
Mental Activities 23
nanuktuk Ul$.srugmik rubs with seal oil (as
on neck for sore
throat)

nanuum , uks rugun ointment

pi Iaktuk has surgery

1.8 MENTAL ACTIVITIES

GENERAL

ilisimarul$. knows
ili s imagaa knows it

i.Ii.aaur r'Lr'uk (N), i Ii sautr-i ruk (K) teaches

ili sauti.gaa teaches him

i~itchirul$., iIitchuk learns

iIrtchug'i ruk recognizes, realizes

i Iitchugrgaa finds it out,
becomes acquainted
with him
i Ii tchugun cause of recognition,
sign

i suma ruk (N, q), i srumaruk (K) thinks

i sumattu.ruk is wise

puki ksuk is quick to learn, is

wise (K)

kani.kai ruk understands

karj il$.siiigitchul$. (K), understands not

makirnaktuk (N)

naluruk is ignorant, does

not know

l$.augrilil$.tul$.(K), kaur ikftksuk (N) catches on

24 Mental Activities
pi saasuktuk (N), pi.saas ruktuk (K) is clever

itkaktuk remembers
itlj:agigaa remember it
itkakt igaa (K) it comes to mind

puttulj:srirulj: (N) comes to mind, is

inspired

sagviksuk (K), satapkiksuk (N) comes into view, is

revealed

alga~sruirulj: exhorts, corrects,

preaches (N)
algakarugaa exhorts him, tells
him the right way
to behave

ilualj:sruktulj: corrects person who

is erring ignorantly

infkttktuk is threatening (scold-

ing that brings
results)

natkiks ruktuk is correcting one who

has unknowingly erred

sHgiksuktuk is correcting one who

willfully erred

pir-aks rtksuk admonishes

suaktuk scolds

si.imaktuk (N) argues

i sumannutchautt ruk argues heatedly

lj:apiktaHiluurulj: argues heatedly

kaptkt ai Ii suuruk argues incessantly

kukuula.ruk (N), tulj:hlga~tulj: (K) shouts

nipaal.aruk screams
sakraktuk (N) shouts
Mental Activities 25
pitkuruk commands

praises, boasts

LOVE vs HATE

Love

nagli ktuk is merciful, com-

passionate
nagligigaa has compassion on
him

nakuaksr-iruk likes, loves

piviuttaktuk (N) loves (of marriage)

pi.kpaks r i ruk loves, precious

Hate

HUnlJ ut chaktuk is deeply angry,

hurt, disturbed

i sumangu ruk (N), i srumamjur'uk (K) holds a grudge

kinnaktuk is angry

kivguruk (N) leaves because

angry (b),leaves home
because angry (ap)

kivittuk goes away because

angry

iluagfingi.tchaa (K) dislikes him, is

prejudiced

uumikh.ksuk (N), uumiks rt ruk (K) hates

pl saayugagaa, uumis aagur agaa (K) provokes him

26 Mental Activities

ATTITUDE

Pleasant

aggallaagiktu~ (K) enjoys himself

al.ianartchuk is cheerful, happy,

jolly

aIJ uyautaitchuk is peaceable, is not

hostile

ka am as r aaktuk (K), kaamatchaktuk (N) is buoyantly joyful .

kuvi.asuktuk (N, q}, kuvias ruktuk (K) is happy

~yaru~ thanks, praises,

expresses apprecia-
tion

tagialanaitchu~ is hospitable (enjoy-

able atmosphere)

talugnaitchuk, attagnaitchuk is friendly, kind,

communicati ve

tutkiksuk is content, is at peace

(within)
kapirjai.s aaktuk encourages
kapirja.Ls aaga.a encourages him

Unpleasant

al.ianaktuk is quiet, lonesome,

sad

al iarriuktuk is lonesome, quiet,

sad, not communic-
ative

iprktusuktuk (N), alfas ruktuk (K) is despondent, sad

Hummaagiitchu~ (N), does not feel well

i hrarnrna.ag'i.itchuk (K)
Mentat Activities 27
Isumaaktuk (N, q), mourns (not express-
i sr-umaa luktuk (K) ed)' worries (K)

alianiili~ (K) sorrow

ki gluktuk sorrow s , mourns

anuksruruk (K) endures, suffers

UIJiarriru~ (N), i s rurnaaluktuk (K) worries

kinunguur'uk (N), kinuvgur-uk (K) mourns (as in death)

saingitchaktuk regrets

saingi suktuk is chagrined

tagialar uk moves out of a home

because not wanted

tagi al anaktuk inhospitable, unenjoy-

able atmosphere

talu gnaktuk, att agnaktuk is stern, unfriendly,

non-communicative

taluker-al'lraktuk browbeats

ui ruk panics, is excited

(too eager)

kaprktuk is discouraged

NERVOUS REACTION

Pleasant

Iki.aktaal aaktuk body tingles because

of emotional stimulus

kiunnal.aaktuk (N), is spine tingling

kuinnal as r-aaktuk (K)
28 Mentat Aetivities
uki giyumrniktuk (N), heady, giddy, feeling
ukrgi.ruk (K) light of body

Unpleasant

kakuaglaagnaktuk (N), is tense because of

kakugauglaaktuk (K) impending unpleas-
antness

sttkukstmanaktuk is "tied up in knots" ,

tense because of im-
pending unpleasantness

CONFIDENT vs FEARFUL

Confident

attaks rarj itchuk (N, q), is bold (sure of not

attaks r-angitchuk (K) being refused, free-
ly helps himself to
other's things)

iglutuirul;$. endures

nalupl;$.isuIJitchul;$.(N, q), is confident, is sure

nalupki s rungit chuk (K) (not doubting)

nan iitchuk is daring, brave

ni kait chuk perseveres, does not

give up

i siksu ruk (K), sfksuruk (N) is daring (strong),

is enduring (persis-
tent hunter)

suamrnaktuk (N) is enduring

Mental Activities 29

Fearful

al.iuktuk marvels, fears (N),

haunts

al layuaktuk (N), fears because of an

at layuaktuk (K) unusual event, shy-
ness of toddler

anaya.suktuk (N), s.ivuugaruk (N) fears the consequence

ayaagittuk (N) is undecided, desires

to but can't begin

ikai ruk fears (general, most

common)

ki.ksikar aktuk (N), attaks raktuk (K) respects, fear of a

person who is not
well known

narj i.atchaktuk fears a situation

taluks r aktuk is afraid of someone's

sternness

karujusuktuk (N), kannusruktuk (K) is ashamed, bashful

kaIUJusuurul,. is shy
kaIUJut chiaktuk is embarrassed

REASONABLE vs UNREASONABLE

Reasonable

ar-aks igi aktuk (N), is open to counsel

ukakstg.iaktuk (K)

ukauti sugnaktuk (N, q), is easy to talk to,

ukau ti s r-ugriaktuk (K) amiable

ukayunaktuk is receptive
30 MentaZ Activities
sivunmuuruk (N), is steadfast, continues
sivutmuuruk (K) on regardless

Unreasonable

alaprttuk inattentive, fools

around, is confused
alapittaktuk is crazy, is drunk

ar-aks igi.itchuk (N), is not open to counsel

ukaks igi.itchuk (K)

maliksuktitauruk is convinced

sikkuktuk is opinionated, not

easily persuaded
(lit. is hard)

srvunmuuruk (N), is stubborn, continues

sivutmuuruk (K) on regardless

sivuniktuuguuruk (N), is obstinate

stvutmuus ruuruk (K)

GOOD vs BAD

-gik- is good, is pretty

inu - gik - suk is a good or pretty
person
sila-gik-suk is good weather

-Il autak , -Iluatak (b) is good, dependable,

pretty
pi -Ilau tak -tuk, pi - Iluatak -tuk is good, dependable
agna -Llautak a pretty woman
savakti -Llautak a good worker

nakuuruk is good

inurjntksuk is a gentleman
MentaZ Activities 31
iluaJs;Js;uguuruJs; is proper, honest
iruagi tchiihk respect

isumatturuk is wise

atchi ksuk (K), kimmaksalryaitchuk (N) is lowIy, is humble

atvaktaktuk (K) humbles himself much

kinui.tchuk is patient (not hasty),

is peaceful (K)

anniksui ruk (N) helps, is beneficial

anniksugaa benefits him

pi akruktarj i tchuk (N), is kind

t alugnait chuk

piuni arj itchuk is meek (retiring)

srgnataitchuk (N), is generous (not

s ikn at ai tchuk (K) stingy)

signiksrauruli: is devoted

si ksuruk capable, enduring

-{g)iit - is bad, evil

pi-giit-chuJs; is bad
iggiag -iit - chuk has a sore throat
inug -iit - chuk is ugly

aaktuk (K) is self -asserting,

proud of himself
is stubborn, acts
against better advice
thinks he know s
everything

is egotistical
(can do anything)
 32 Mental Activities
aiyui li suur uk gets carried away,
goes to excess

pi.Iuktuk (N) is bad, sins

atangusuktuk (N), is cranky

atangutur-uk (K)

i ki asuktuk lazy

HuilUu~tu~ is troubled, bad

conscience
iluilliilil$:, (K), affliction, agony,
iluilliugun (N) discomfort, trouble

inumj unaktuk (K) is naughty (lit. evokes

a person to pain)
iI.J attaktikpaitchuk veers away, goes
to excess
isumalluagiitchul$: is foolish, unwise
karna sa.aktuk (N, q), is boastful
karn as r-aaktuk (K)

iglituru~ (n, K) is stingy

srgnaruk (N), sikfiaruk (K) is greedy
pi guktuk (N) is haughty
sagluruk lies, prevaricates
saIJ i aktuk is jealous (suspecting
marital unfaithfulness)
savituuruk (N), s avi tu ruk (K) sly, foxy

is carousing
suur-imaangiksuk (N) is not concerned for
law or other people
ti ipaktuk coquettish
tusuruk (q), tus rur-uk (K) is envious
tusugaa (q), tusrugaa (K) is envious of him
 33

1.9 CLOTHING AND ORNAMENTATION

annugaak (N), atnugaak (K) garment

ukilhaak (N), nukifhaak (K) cloth

al.i ktuk is torn
kiluaktuk is ripped

braids hair

an maluak, tuutak lip-plug, labret

imigluktuk earrings

siutrgun earpendant

tupit facial tattoo lines

na sak (N), nas rak (K) hood

nasautak (N), nasraun (K) cap

nasagaur ak (N), nas r agak (K) kerchief

isigvik, s in i (K) fur ruff of parka

kusurpjak (N), kus.rurpj ak (K) outer fur parka

~uppik outside garment,

coat

as ik sleeve

ai gun cuff of a sleeve

ainik pocket

ilupaak inner fur clothing,

underwear

kitau r ak (N), atar aak (K) dress

kal ik shirt

tagiksr-ak (N), tavsi (K) man's belt

tapsi (K), tapsi (K) woman I S belt

34 CZothing & Ornamentation

atigi pullover parka

ati giruk puts on parka

atikluk parka cover

kuglunni.k hem
~upak fancy trim

aku~ fancy fringe of

parka (K), skirt (N)

coat (lit. split)

argaak gloves

aatkatik , ai tkati k (b) mittens

pauluk trail mittens

tikilik (K), tikalaak (N) three finger mittens

ikpi agruk handbag (lady's)

kamikluuk pants, trousers

fur breeches (fur in)

ul iqnaak fur trousers (extend

below calf)

uttaak (K), kuliksak (N) caribou or reindeer

skin pants (fur out)

natchiagruk seal-skin trousers

ilJaluk rain gear made from

ugruk intestines

al.i ks i.k socks (K), caribou

fur socks

tuttulik boots with caribou

soles

ugrulik boots with ugruk soles

Clothing & Ornamentation 35
]s:aglik (N), mamilik (K) Eskimo waterproof
boots

paurj aak rubber boots

kamik mukluk, boot

ku li boot fancy trim

boot fur trim

timi "", .."'~

\\\,1

tugnaal;>:(N),
ki ll.iguak (K)

aturj ak

silJiil;>:(N), s irj ik (K) boot strap

ties mukluk strap
siIJ i ksuk

resoles a boot

ivalu sinew, thread

aruj ik (N), annik (K), sale patch

kar-vi ak

pifiil;>: insole

alugun sandal
36
1.10 DWELLINGS

TYPES

aimagvik (N) home, household

iglu house (N), beaver

dam (K, q)

tupi k house (K,q,n), tent (N)

tuppi ruk (K), builds a house
iks ruktuktuk (K),
rglukpi ruk (N)

pal.apkaak (K), panapkaak (q, s), tent

tupi k (N)
pauga~ tent peg, stake

itchaksralik 12' x 14' wall tent

(lit. with six, meaning
six panels long)

winter tent
i;\frame for winter
.~\ skin tent

8' x 10' wall tent

(lit. with four,
meaning four panels
long)

tallimalik (K, q) 10' x 12' wall tent

(lit. with five,
meaning five panels
long)

apuyyak (N), aputyak (K) snow block shelter

ivrulik sod house

mapt igak (K), log cabin

s anni.ks ak (q)

kasimmavik meeting place

Diae l.L i nq e 37

kargi community house

nifuJi~simaru~ is insulating a dwelling

by building a wall of
snow blocks about it
and placing soft snow
between the wall and
the dwelling

underground cache,
cold storage

saigut cache on the ground

urj alut cache on poles

ukuutak wind break

PARTS OF DWELLINGS

katchi wall

sanuki gaa puts siding on it

(house)

ayak post, pillar

ki Iak ceiling

kiIam ~aalJa roof (lit. ceiling's top)

kaal iks i ruk roofs a house

igUgich rafters

tuutr ak ridge beam

narik floor (lake bottom,

valley floor)
natchi tchi gaa lays flooring

i.ki r-gak corner

tallu (K), upkuak (N) door

taluks r ak (K) door material
bear skin door
38 Dwe Z Zings

upkuagaa closes it
upkui gaa opens it

ki lui s ak , ki luus ak (K) lock

ki luit.chak (N)
I$:iluusal,<simarul$: is locked
kiluus agaa locks it
pitchigiyaun key

Iga laak (N), Igalfk (K) skylight

Igalaur ak (N), Igaltk (K) window

rgalgur-ak (K) glass

talukuyaak curtain

kanitohat (N), kani sak (K) entrance hall, shed

tutkuks ivik (N, q), storage place

turval,<sivik (K)
kaki rvik shelf
l,<allugaural$:agvik food shelf, dish shelf
kulrguak (K, q) set of shelves

I$:ilJal$: ventilator (nose)

mayuagauti t (N), tutipkich (K) stairs, ladder, steps

marpjuk foundation

paa entry, door, opening

(river mouth)

sanrrigutak cross beam

avataaktat framing lumber

ivr-uk sod block

CONTENTS AND UTENSILS

akuppiutak , ikstvautak (b) chair

akuvittuk sits down

arjmaun can opener (lit.

opening tool)
Dwellings 39
igli~ bench along the wall

siigruk (K), siugruk (N) pressure appliance

stove

i gni gvi.k (N), ikrrigvik (K) stove

ignil;s:(N), i knik (K) fire
punnilivik (N) oven (lit. bread-make-
place)

ikun match
i.ku al.Iaktu k bursts into flame
ikual laur aktuk is burning a little,
smoldering

aluak (N), kalluk (K) coal

aluakagvik coal scuttle

kiruk dry fire wood

ki ruiksuk ran out of wood
ki rukai ruk carries wood inside
ki ruktaktuk obtains fire wood
ki r r-iuktuk chops fire wood

uumak green wood

agra ashes

auma (K), auma r-ak (N) charred wood,

charcoal

uunal;s:saun heater

uks rugr-uak (N), fuel oil, (lubricating

uks ruagruk (K) oil)
uks rukluk kerosene

isi~ smoke in a building

puyu~ smoke from chimney,

smudge
puyugvik , tukluak (K) chimney

paula soot

water container
with cover
40 Dwe l l i nq e

kattak water container

without cover

kuukpi aktugvik (K), coffee pot

kavifiugun (N)

saiyutugvik (K), ti.i.liugun (N) tea pot

utkusik (N), cooking pot

uunakai ivik tea kettle

niggivik table (lit. eating

place)

sifiigvik bed (lit. sleeping

place)

ikuvgak (N), kaatchiak (K) mattress, (upper of

two caribou skins,
fur facing up)

kar-r-ak (N), Ikivgak (K) mattress, (lower of

two caribou skins,
fur facing down),
ground sheet (K)

akisi (N), akin pillow

ulrgruak (N), ulttchiak (K) cover, blanket

nanik , kul Iik (N) lamp

igitchivik garbage pail

anagvik toilet, out-house

ikuuti ks r-ak toilet paper

kugvik chamber pot

aguummak (N), airnmak (K) basket

pugutak dish pan (any bowl-

like container)

iggugviiraJs. wash basin

ReZigion 41
l~a~~un (N), mifl.lak (K) soap

kigusri~utit tooth brush

taggaktuun mirror, reflector

~ifiigaa~ (N), agl.iit rak (K, q) picture

1.11 RELIGION

OLD RELIGION

aIJatkuk shaman, medicine

man, witch doctor

aIJatkugnak medium, (communi-

cates with the spirit
world), (lit. resem-
bling an aij atkuk)

iIi ai.iIak one who casts spells

(considered stronger
than aIJatku~)

atuutluk (K) evil magic-working

song

l$iJ.aun drum

ki.La shaman's power or

familiar spirit,
conjuring spirit
ki laun divining rod (used by
diviners, e.g. to
foretell death or life
of a sick person)
ki.la ruk conjures, divines

s i Iarn inua spirit governor of

the atmosphere (lit.
person of the air or
sky)
42 Religion
uvaksaat (K), uivaksaat (N) souls of the deceased
going around and
around (lit. rounding
a bend)

inuguluur ak little person, elf,

dwarf

inukpas rugruk (K) giant

iminaur'ak (N), inukun, prowler {unknown

inniJs,un, i ks i (K) person who is some-
times seen from afar
and is blamed for
otherwise inexplain-
able occurances )

GENERAL

aanguaJs: charm, amulet,

idol (K)

agl.ignaktuk is tabooed, forbidden

to eat or do for
religious reasons
agltgtgaa abstains from it,
avoids it

a1JiruJs: arose, resuscitated,

revived

an ipkaq agaa (N), a1Jipchagaa (K) resuscitated him,

resurrected him
a1JitJs.iksuJs, resuscitated again
(of one shot and
brought back to
life again by an
anatkuk) , He arose
again (of Christ)

atuktaker ak (K) law (what ought to be

done, used)

mal igutakar ak (K) law (what ought to be

followed)
Religion 43
pitkun , pi chkun (K), law (what is wanted
pitkur-ak (N) to be done),
commandment

tillii'i commandment, order

killu~, pi luun (N) error, crime, sin

ki.lluksaktuk (K), pfluktuk (N) sinned
ki.l.Iuliki r-i , kiIli kir-i (K), sinner, wrong doer
pi luustkir-i (N)

il itkuaik (N) spirit

ir-rusfk (N, q), irr-us r-ik (K) personality, inner

man, motive,
spirit (K)
irrutigaa treats him properly,
right

inuus ik (N, q), inuuar-ik (K) soul (immortal)

pi irj iIak , piiIJilaa~ ghost, haunting

spi r it of a departed
one
al.iuktuk haunts
altuktuktuk is haunted

pi Iiun blessing (passing of

power from a shaman
to his disciple)

si vuni ks r iki r-iHc) prophet

tunl.l.laktufik , tuni l'lafik (K) sacrifice

tuntglaktugvik offering place (gifts_

of food set out to
secure good luck)

tuungak helping spirit of a

shaman, devil,
Satan
tuungaktaltk shaman supplied
with a helping spirit,
a demon, evil spirit
44 Religion
ilit~usi~luk (N) bad spirit

ukpiktuk believes
ukpigigaa believes it

NEW - -CHRISTIAN

God (N), Agaayun (K) God

anaayur'uk (N), agaayuruk (K) prays
arj aayyun (N), agaayurik (K) prayer
arj aayul ikai (N), agaayul.ikai (K) minister, pastor
arj aayyuvfk (N), agaayuvik (N) church (building)
au aayyul.iki ruat (N) church (lit. praying
ones)

ukpiktuak (N), ukpiksr-Iruak (K) believer, Christian

ukpi ksr-i ruat (K) church (lit. believers)
ukpi gun (N), ukpiksr ifik (K) faith

Ilit~usigiksua~ (N) Holy Spirit (lit.

good spirit)
i.Litkusfk (N) spirit

Holy-Spirit, ki.Ia.llautak (K) Holy Spirit

Atanik Lord
atanik leader, boss, master,
president, king

Annaurri (N), Armiksukti , Savior

Anniksuun (K)

annaktuk (N), anniksuktuk (K) is saved

annautrgaa saves him
anni.ksui ruk benefits, helps

annaun (N), anni ksugiak, salvation

anniksuktiksr ak (K)

aki.ks ruun (K), unniksukciun (N) promise, covenant

akugluktuk , avi luktaktuk , bell rings

~asra~tu~ (K)
 Religion 45
akugluk , avi luktaun , bell (lit. instrument
kas raun (K) for repeated noise
by striking)

t
a.IJ ar r-aur-ak (N), sannigutak (K) cross

kikiaktuutigaa crucifies him

(lit. nails him)
i sagul ik (N, q), i snagulik (K) angel (lit. supplied
with wings)

i litchitkur-ak (N) disciple, learner

mal iguakti (K) disciple, follower

i luakkun (K, q, n) grace (lit. cause for

what is right, good,
correct)

nagliktuutil$.pak (N) grace

nag.liktak (K) pity, grace, mercy,

love
naglikkun, nagliktuun (N) mercy

pikpaks r-ifi k, pikpaktak (K), love

piviuttakkun (N), nakuaks r-iun

inuur akpak (N) idol

minguil$.sigvik, minguiks.lrik (K, q), Sunday, Sabbath

savainnakpata (N)

pi Iuun (N) sin

natkikaruun (N), nalguks ruun (K) discipline, correction

natktgutrgaa (K) forgives him (lit.

corrects him)

sul.ikuti girj ai kauk (N) forgives, (ignores,

overlooks)

i suit chuk is eternal, endless

heaven
46 Re L i q i on
pakma , pakimna (K, q, n) heaven (lit. up there)

nagliksaagvik (N) hell (place of suffering)

tammagvik hell (place of loss)

piyakkugvik hell (place of accident)

naIJ innak (K) hell (suffering)

algaJs.sruiru~ exhorts, reproves,

preaches (N)

kul.iaktuaktuk relates, confesses (N),

preaches (K)

ukaktaa God -im prophet (N), .

apostle (K), (lit.
God's speaker)

satugaa (K), tasugaa (N, q) ransomed, redeemed

him

iIJi~sruli~ (K) prayer

ipkitchuk is pure, is holy (K)

ipJs.ili~ purity, holiness (K)

salummaun cleanness, holiness (N)

i sumafitki.gaa repents of it (lit.

rethinks it)

mumi ksuk changes, turns over .

. repents (K)

mumirtk (K, q) repentance

kamaker-inik (N), tupiksr-ihik (K) obedience

tu saayugaagikauak (N), Gospel (lit. what is

tus r-aayugaal.lautak (K) good to hear)

tutkiun (N), ~ifiuifiaJs.(K) peace

ukafik (K), ukalfk (ki , n), word

ukaluk (N)
Religion; Aetivities 47
pasigigaa (q), pasrigigaa (K) suspects him, blames
him

patchisigigaa accused, blamed him,

condemns him, finds
him guilty

atanmgaa (K) judges him

iatvgti ruk (N) judges

atanniurik (K), atanniun (K), judgment

isivgiun (N)
atanniutiks rak (K) judgment to come
atanniksugaatin orders you to do it
and you must do it

umialik (N) king (lit. boat captain)

. umi al.irjnak (N) church elder

alJ alatagaa directs him, controls

him
arj al ati director, governor,'
officer
arj al.atchikik rule, reign
alJ al atchrr-uk rules, reigns, directs

arj aayukak leader, boss

alJ aayukauh k ruling power

alJ aayukkaun greatness,
kingdom (God's)
arj ala.ruti , arj alatchi ai authority, power

savainnik (N), minguiks ib.k (K) Sabbath

1.12 ACTIVITIES

GENERAL

savaktuk works, makes

sakuuktuk (K), siggal$:tu~ (N) works hard

apta ruk (N) is busy

 Aativities
48
alJivsiruk (N), aIJivraktuk (K) disassembles

nimaksr'ugaa fits it together

aki gaktuk bears, carries

akigagaa bears it, carries it
akiyaun stretcher to carry
things

iksrukkaa carries it on the

shoulder

kakaaktuk carries on head or

shoulders

nanmaktuk (N), natrnaktuk (K) carries on the back,

back packs

saagaktuk carries by hand, by

arm

ti gumi aktuk (N) hand carries

tigumivik handle

agl.aktuk writes
aglak mark, pencil line,
letter of alphabet
aglagvik school desk, paper pad
aglagviksrak pape r , writing
material
agl.auti tak, aglautitaun (N), typewriter
aglaksruutit (K)
agrautitaktif'N). aglautiti (K) typist
aglautitaktuk (N), aglautiruk (K) types
aglaun pencil

aglikiruk (K), t ai guaktuk (N) reads

MEN'S ACTIVITIES AND EQUIPMENT

(see also Hunting, Fishing, Trapping 1.14)

-liuk- make
niksi -Liuk-tuk makes a hook
umia -Iiuk -tuk makes a boat
Aetivities 49
anautak (N), ipigauta~ (K) axe

ivruJ.>sifi (K,q), siklaJ.>(N) pickaxe

sanlugun (N), aavalgun (K) tool

sanluguvik (N), ikligvik (K) tool kit

ikuun (N), itchuun (K) plane, skin scraper

kar-ruutak (K), kaugun (q), hammer

kautak (N)
kauktuk (K), kautaktuk (N) hammers

kikiak nail

aaglu tack

kigisik (K), kilJmautik (N) pliers

savik knife

pitnuktak (K), pilJlJu~ta~ (N) folding or pocket

knife

mitlik carving tool

puttun piercing tool

agiaJ.> file
agi aktuk files, rubs
agiksuk files, rubs
(continually)
agikkaa files it, rubs it

piksrun, paulgifi, paufhi.n (n) shovel

pfks rutrtaktuk shovels

ni igaun drill, brace

s ikuk bit

uuktuun ruler, measuring

device

uluun saw
kipluun (K), kivluun (N) cross -cut saw
50 Activities
kivluktuk cuts across
i.kai.ks in (K), kuvluun (N) rip saw

ulimaun adze

LADIES' ACTIVITIES AND EQUIPMENT

(see also Trapping, Fishing 1.14)

ka rvaktuk (N), katvaktuk (K~ fleshes sea mammal

_ (and polar bear), tans

ulu ~ ~ woman's knife

ikuuktuk (N), it chuuktuk (K) fleshes animal skin,

tans
ikuun (N), itchuun (K) skin scraper, plane

Irnakai ruk moistens skin

putchimaal.laktitchagaa stores moistened skin

for short while

putchimaapka~saagaa stores moistened skin

overnight

uluktuk rubs and twists hide

to soften it

inni akai ruk stretches hide on

frame

kiir-aktuk (N), kigi raktuk (K) is crimping soles

kuki ruk (N), nikniaktuk (K), is cooking

su li.iktuk

kakki ruk (K), punni liuktuk (N) bakes bread

alf.iktuk (K) cooks dog food

a lgun dog soup pot

ka Iii ktuk (K) cooks fish

ur-r iuktuk (N), ni kipi alfiktuk (K) boils meat

Activities 51
igaapial$tul$ boils meat or fish

Ir ai liuktuk fries meat

ar giksuk cooks over open fire

ar gi k roasting spit

payuktaktuk gives gift of food

kill.aiyaktuk mends, sews

mi kuktuk (N) sews

kiluk stitch

ivalu sinew, thread

kipr-i ruk (K) twists sinew, makes

thread

ti kik thimble

kakivik pincushion

miksrun (N), rrritkun (K) needle

sallisik scissors

tilaggirul$ (N), sa.Iikkuktuk (q), sweeps

samj iyaktuk (K)
tflagi stch (N), s aruj iyaut it (K), broom
salikkuun (q)

Ikaks r-ir-uk (N), iggul$sirul$ (K) washes clothes

ti laktuk (N), natchikrruk (K) washes floor

pugutchikir-uk (K), pugutchi ruk (N)J washes dishes

kal lugaur-aki ruk (N)

kuvigaa pours it

naavitkaa (N) dumps it (non -Ii.qui.d)

igitchal$tuk plucks fowl

aviktuk cuts, divides (meat,

bread etc.)
 Activities
52
amaaktuk carry baby on back
amagaa puts him (baby) on
her back (inside the
parka)

miluktitkaa breast feeds him

m akkatk'i.kauk changes diapers

makkak diaper

cares for baby

saglial$tul$ holds baby on knee

YOUTH ACTIVITIES AND EQUIPMENT

anii ksuaktuk
lII~j plays
~\'h
-<~~) out doors

atchi.ki saaktuk (N). ipuktaktuk (K~ see-saw jumping

~~
~~~

~==r!i~ '----~.~-
ayuktuk (N), ayuruk (K) plays ball
ayuktuk , aks rak ball

akuagaa catches it

piIJIJ uaktuk pretends

agiinal$tul$ (K) plays

piur-aaktuk plays, fools around

piu raak (N), iIJatnal$ (K) toy

ifiU!JIJ uurak (N), ifiU!JIJ uak (K) doll (lit. pretend

person)

au ilhisaun swing
Activities 53
alJilgis aktuk (n), swings
alJiHiisa~tuk (K)

itluk (K), i Iluk (N) sling

~agrupiat bow and arrow

pisiksi (N), siksi (K) bow
~agru~ arrow, shell

ai sugaktuk (N), s is ur-agaaktuk (K) slides down a hill

puuvr-aktuk swims (human swim-

ming only)

puuvr aaktuk plays in water

ki nriaktuk , agaktuk fights, plays roughly

al.Iayuaktuk (N), atlayuaktuk (K) is shy, bashful (of

toddler)

al Iayu al ai.tchuk (N), is friendly, not

atlayuatlaitchu~ (K) bashful (of toddler)

AMUSEMENTS

aggiruk participates

aularuk (K), uamittuk, dances

asiktuk is nodding (with head

while others dance)
drum
ki1aun
drummer
ki1ausira~ti

aks r-aatchaun high-kick ball

tikitkaur-aktuk races

akpalfi.r-ak, akpa.Iiu r ak (N), race, footrace

akpa.Ii it r ak (K)
akpalrgaaktuk runs a race

akirnaruk wins
54 Activities; Food, Eating

aki itchuk lost (contest)

akiiJ,igaa beats him (in contest)

atuktuk sings

atuktuur ak musical instrument

atu ktuur-aktuk plays instrument

igluktsaaktuk ~ juggles
iglukisaaksral$. . juggling pebbles

nalukataktuk
nalukatak ~aX- ~.4
~~ ~
~17
is blanket tossing
blanket toss
~.~,.rfI1Ifir.
1.13 FOOD ,EATING

(for fowl, see BIRDS 2.8; for berries see BERRIES 3.3; for edible
plants, see PLANTS 3.3)

akaluk (kiv .»). Ikaluk (N,q), fish

kaluk (K)

akutuk "Eskimo ice cr-eam"

(of cooked fats, meats
and berries)
akutkaa stirs it

avu, kapsitaak (K) sugar

imaks rak yeast

imigal$. broth

immuk (N), miluk milk

ipkak boiled ribs

kiriiktuk thick soup

kaituktuk intestine that is

turned inside out,
cleaned and eaten

kumaarat beans
Food, Eating 55

kuukpi.ak coffee

~a~~ia~, kakuk (K), pilot bread

~a~ulaa~ (N)

kakkuayaak (K), kakulaar ak (N) cookie

kauk walrus skin (for food)

kuak raw frozen meat or
fish

maktak (N, K), maptak (q) whale skin with

blubber

mannik egg

mukkaak (K), palauvak flour

mukpaar ak biscuit

matchaak (N) oatmeal

mi.ki gak blubber strips aged

in seal skin poke

mi stgaak (N) meat dip of sea

mammal oil

ni~ meat, food

nikipi.ak meat (vs. food)

parriktak dried meat or fish

papa pepper

punnik (N), puvl akak (K) yeast bread

saiyu, tii tea

silaavyak hotcake (pancake)

tuktak fermented walrus

meat rolled in walrus
skin

tagiuk salt, ocean

56 Food, Eating
uJs.sruJs. sea mammal oil

uJs.srugaaJs. blubber strips in

uJs.srul,.<

ukarukuaktak doughnut

ur r ak (N), utr ak (q) fermented flipper

aiparuk (K) is fresh, raw (un-

cooked food)

uunn ai lak (N), uupiagnigi.Iak (K) food cooked rare

uurul,.< boiled meat

aluutak spoon
aluutagaktuk eats with a spoon

kakiirat, kakki ak fork

l,.<allun cup, dipper

I>allutaun (K), kayuutak (N) ladel, large spoon

niginiitnal,.< (K) table knife

pugutaurak bowl

savik knife

ulu woman's knife

kukki Iin toothpick

kukki li ruk picks teeth

ivgun, tivliyyaun napkin

i.miktuk drinks
imil,.< water

nigi ruk eats

tamuktuk chews

uuks iruk tastes

Food, Eating; Food, Gathering 57
ka laktuk (N, q), nikaaaktuk (K) burps

iigaa swallows it

itkutak (N), itkutchik (K) breakfast

niukkak (N), yuukak (K) snack time, refresh-

ment

aiJ.ili~ (K), kit ikkutak (N, q) noon meal (lunch)

nul.lautak (N), nul.lautchik (K) supper

takuak trail snack

-naksfruk is time to
itkutchig -nakstr-uk is breakfast time
nul lautchtg -naksfruk is supper time
~iti~~utchig-na~siru~ (N, q), is lunch time (noon
ai li -riaks ir-uk (K) meal)

-tuk- IS eating, drinking

tuttu-tuk -tuk is eating caribou
kuukpiak -~ -tuk is drinking coffee

1.14 Faa D, GA THE RING

HUNTING

tuvaak (N), arjuni akt i hunter

tuvaaktuk attracts caribou by
hollering

arjuni aktuk is hunting

-Ii ak - is hunting
tuttu -liak -tuk is hunting caribou

satkut hunting equipment,

weapons

savik hunting knife

iyagi lhak (K), yagir hak (n) knife sheath

58 Food, Gathering
sHUn knife sharpener
(emery stone)

ayak spear pole, whaling

harpoon

pana spear, two edged

cutting tool

~~;;_~/~~~==~::=:::==""",,-;;;;BoJ-II--~
kapusiut wooden shaft igiinaJs; tukkak aklunaak
iron rod toggle head rope

unaak harpoon (pole with

metal point to check
ice thickness, hooked
at the other end)
aiyauppi ak staff, walking stick
sippun (K), suppun (N) gun, rifle
kagruuraktuun (N), saatkaak (K) shotgun
Js;agru1$. arrow, shell
aggififiaJs; (N), aggitnaJs; (K) knapsack, storage
bag
satkuun (N), kagrukagvik (K) ammunition case
m anak (N, q) hook (multipronged)
for retrieving seal,
a fishing tackle for
jigging tomcod
m.ana.ktuktuk (q) is hooking fish
(torncod)
irigruak binoculars
puksraa1$. sleeping bag

ki lami.tautit bola
Food, Gathering 59
kuyapigaurut block and tackle

avatakpak (N), puptagun (K) float (buoy)

at aaktuktuk (N) goes to set up whale

camp on the ice

it chuktuk (K), nikpaktuk (N) waits for an animal

to appear

saavittuk launches a boat in

chase, comes forward

piyugaktuk (N) is approaching a sea

mammal by crawling

puyuaktuk (K) stalks

auktuk stalks seal, crawling

and scratching on ice
at the same time

pinrgli ruk inadvertently startles

animal

unulugusaaktuk (N), Iks.is aaktuk (K) frightens away an

attacking animal

nas ittuk (N), nas rttchuk (K) ascends to a high

spot for scanning

al atkaktuk scans the landscape

from an elevated
point, looks into
water for signs of
fish.
tuvr aktuk is tracking

pisikkaa (N), sikkaa (K) shoots it, hits it

pi s iks aktuk (N), srksaktuk (K) tries to shoot, tries

to hit

pakiksuk squeezes trigger

mapkaktuk report of a gun, sound

of an explosion
60 Food, Gathering
anuruk procures game, fish
alJugaa procures it

alJiitchul$. (N), alJiiiial$.tul$. procures no game,

fish

kavra~ wounded caribou that

runs away while un-
observed

ami.ikai ruk skins an animal

arni k hide, skin

pi laktuk butchers an animal

(performs surgery)

urj ur-ak rabbit drive

U1Jugaa drives it (an animal)

TRAPPING

narii gi ak trap
narriktuk is trapped
nani gi aktuktuk is trapping

sautaak anchor for trap or

snare

ni gak snare for caribou and

sheep
nigaktuk is snared
ni.gaktuktuk is snaring caribou or
sheep

nigatchial$. snare (for small game)

napittuk is snared
nigatchia~tul$.tu~.-._,""" __~<£ is snaring small game

ip suks aak spring snare

bait

maunak trap entrance

i1Juta~ pole for placing owl

trap
Food, Gathering 61
FISHING

(see also FISH 2.7)

akalugniaktuk (ki v , n}, is fishing

ikalugniaktuk (N, q),
kalurjni aktuk (K)

akaluktuk (kiv, n), il$;aluktul$.(N, q), catches a fish

kaluktuk (K)

nikstksuktuk is hooking (jigging)

fish
niksik hook, fishhook, lure

al luak fishing or sealing hole

aulasraun jigging stick

Ipi itak fish line

is jigging, is hooking
mudshark (K), is
hooking tomcod (q)
il$;lal$;(K, q) multipronged fishhook

al$.l$;augaa angled a fish

(fish) bit on hook

aki hook, gaff

tuuk ice chisel (metal

point on long pole for
making fishing holes
in ice)
tuugaa chisels it
tuuktuk chisels

kuvral$; net, fishing net

kuvr-aks ruktuk , kuvr-iki ruk checks net
kuvr-aktuk netted fish
kuvr iksuk. niI]itkaa kuvr ak is setting net
kuvr iruk makes net

amumaruk is pulled out (e.g. a

net)
62 Food, Gathering; Travelling
arnrnun net rope

puptaun net float

kalu dip net

kaluuktuk , kaluruk. kalugaa is dip netting

kaaktuun seining net

kaaktuktuk is seining

all.aiyagaa is mending net

net lashing

inigaa hangs (fish or net for

drying) over a pole

si.iksuk is cutting fish

(for drying)

nuvirat fish strung on a

willow stick

uuyurat eight dried fish

linked together

1.15 T RA VE LLING

LAND

(see also Directional- Locational Pronouns 4.2)

Ig liktuk travels, moves

Iglaak traveller, stranger,
visitor

tukkuk host
tukkumavik (N), nul.lagvik (K) hotel, inn

uvlf ruk layover, rests be-

tween periods of
travel or other
activity
Travelling 63
aul laktuk departs, goes away

kuki luktuk goes about from place

to place

kasui ruk meet (by chance)

while travelling

kasuuti ruk meets, rendezvous

ti kittuk (N), t.ikitchuk arrives

apkun trail
apkus raagaa (K) passes him

talgaktuk (N) travels up river by

sled

tagr aktuk travels up river by

boat

ati ks aaktuk travels down river by

sled

ataaktuk travels down river by

boat

at aaktuktuk (N) goes down to the

lead to camp for
whaling

tul aktuk returns from the

water, lands

nalautchaagaa (N) travels past

apkus r aaktuk (K) travels through

aval laktuk travels straight out

from the shore

ar guktuk travels into the wind

atkas al.ik travels down wind

tilJiru~ flies away, takes off

ti!Jmiru~ flies
 64 Travelling
tiIJIJun (N), tirj mi suun (K) airplane

uivaktuk (N), iivaktuk (K) comes around a point

tagluk snowshoes

nuluk snowshoe webbing

uni agaktuk sleds, travels by sled

us r ilfi ruk (K), ikuktuk (N) loads sled

usiat (N, q), usriat (K) load

ni ir-i ruk (K), niurf ruk (N) unloads sled

ka.ivluktuk, kairnugaktuk (N) pushes heavy sled

kamutit (N) sled for transporting

umiak over ice

uniat (see picture 2) sled

ij:ilgich (see picture 1) basket sled

anut harness (one or many)

anuksraij: harness webbing

ki mmik (N), kipmtk (K) dog

kimmich, kiprni ch dogs, team
kimuktuk pulls (of an animal)

is tangled

nanmaun dog pack

SEA

tiIJilgairuls: (N), sails

tiIJilgaij:sils:suls: (K)
tilJilgautals: sail

napals:ti mast

niuruk disembarks
Travelling 65
.....
Picture 1

kilgich basket sled

1 aglu runner shoe

agluvinik bone runner piece
(old time use)
2 s iku , s ikuk (K) runner rod, runner
base
3 napagiak upright
4 ayagun, ikaa]s.saun bed crosspiece
5 kitgur'ak outside stringer
6 satguuk central stringer
7 pigiaga]s. rounded portions
8 usi aguat loading platform
9 nu]s.agun lashings for lower
stands
10 apugaikut ak, stvugun front bow
11 apugun front crosspiece
12 sani gaagun crossed ropes
13 nakitaagun tie-down rope
14 ]s.imugviita]s., kimugvik bridle (sled to dog)
15 ]s.ilgun upper lashings
16 ]s.itigagun tug
17 i.tki r vi k , akugun sled bag
18 ]s.i]s.aagvik stands at the back
19 kinatagun sled brake
kinataktuk brakes sled
20 kiavluutit handle bar
21 kivluutak handles
66 Travelling
Picture 2

uniat sled

1 ki avluun stanchions
2 igilaat crosspieces (forming
the platform)
3 nakittagun rope lashes
4 nakitakpik rope tie-downs
5 ij:itigagun main tug
6 anut harness
7 pauktaun, niksikpak anchor
8 aglu runner
'I'r av e l l i n q 67
Picture 3

umi ak skin boat

1 kul ik gunwale
2 ~UIJialik seat in front of pilot
3 i ksugak seat
4 naparu~ rib
5 niutak stern or bow
6 a~u stern
7 sivu bow
8 kiglu bow deck
9 kuyaa~ keel
10 akkuk bottom formers
11 tulvik fore and aft framing
member to which
skin is lashed
tuutuk is lashing skin to the
frame
tugrun skin's lashing ropes
12 amiun thread for sewing
skins together
13 ami~ skin covering
amtksuk covers a frame with
skin
14 amj un pitch (caulking)
 68 Travelling
ilJiuliulj:tuk pitches (boat)

ki tnu ruk , pahrktuk (K), kinuruk (N) capsizes

Iki ruk embarks (boat, sled,
airplane etc.)
ni ur-i r-uk unloads, longshores
ukamrnaktuk pulls a boat along
shore with a rope

kayak decked -in skin canoe

paagur'r-aktuk (N) paddles (kayak)

paaijuutik (K) kayak paddle
umiak (see pict. 3) large skin boat
urni aktuktuk travels by umiak
umialik boat captain, rich
man, king
umi aktukt.i whaler
umi akpak ship
umi akpaar-ak (N) rowboat
umi ahaar-ak (N) small skin rowboat
transportable on a
sled
ipun oar
iputtuk (K), Ipuaktuk (N) rows

anuun paddle (single bladed)

anuaktuk paddles
l$;allun bailer, cup

ki tchak (N), ki s ak (K) anchor

akuttuak ship I s pilot

 69
2. CREATURES

2.1 GENERAL

aJ]lJun game animal

aJ]usallu~ (N, q), arjus ra lluk (K) male (animal)

agnasallu~ (N, q), agnas r-al.luk (K) female (animal)

pi ayaak offspring

au Ilastk instinct

ni guaktu ktuk (N), is wary

nuyuaktuk (K)

pan alrktuk gallops

tumi track (trail)

2.2 LAND ANIMALS

General

aktak brown bear, grizzly

bear (Ursus
horribilis)

black bear (Ursus

americanus)

polar bear (Thalarctos

maritimus)

wolf (Canis lupus)

fox
70 Land Animals
kaiyuktuk (N), kavviak (K) red fox

kiangak cross fox, blue fox (K)

kiangaktuluk (N), kiangak (K) blue fox

~gfii~ta~ black or silver fox

kusr-haak , kulhaak (K), arctic fox (Alopex

tigigannia~ (N) lagopus)

ni ituuyi k (q), niutuiyik (N), lynx (Lynx canadensis)

nuutuuyik (K)

immulivik domestic cow (lit.

milk place)

Imriaik (N), sheep, dall sheep

reindeer (Rangifer
tarandus)

nanmakti (N), natmakti (K) donkey (lit. burden

bearer)

tuttukhrk (N), pai kinak (K) pig (lit. queer deer)

tuttukpak horse (lit. big caribou)

tuttuvak, tmni ikak (q, n}, moose (Alces alces)

tinniika (K)
Land Animals 71

kirnmi k (N), J,s.ipmiJ,s.

(K) dog
IPmmiagru~ (N), kipmiurak (K) puppy

ipiga~tuun (q), IPpmiJ,i.~un (K) dog whip

~UIJisigun dog collar, neck band

pituich chain
prtui.tchuk is loose, untied
pitukkaa ties it (dog, boat)

avaal.aruk (K, q), magaararuk (N) yelps with pain

anignitchia~tu~ is panting

. ki.Iuktuk barks (dog, fox)

maguruls howls (dog, wolf)

iIIllJ aluktuk whines

kimuktuk pulls

aluktuk licks

kusauktuk sits

paki ksuk (N), rrivaktuk (K) paws

Caribou

caribou (Rangifer
tuttu
arcticus)

herd of caribou
tuttu agr-ui ch (N),
a few caribou
tuttugaurat
huge herd of caribou
tuttukpaur agatat (N),
tuttugaagruich (K)
72 Land Animals
ti ki tugaur at , ti kitut herd of cows and
calves

pagnik (N), pannik (K) caribou bull (mature)

arj ayukfitkik (N), nukatagak (K) three year old bull

3lJ ayukh agruk (K) two year old bull

arj ayukrik two year old bull (N),

one year old bull (K)

pagni.agr-uit.chtak (N) very old bull (with

worn teeth)

nukatagaur ak (N) young bull (2 - 3 yrs.)

nukatagaaluk (N, q) bull nearly full grown

nukatagagruak (N), nukatagaagruk (K) large bull (just

matured)

nu liagnik stinking caribou bull

(after breeding)

kulavak caribou cow

kulavaura~ young cow before con-

ceiving (in 2nd year)

kulavagr aitchiak large cow

kulavagruitchaur-ak (N, n) very old skinny cow

kulavagruitchiak old cow (over 20 yrs.)

nuggaila~ cow without fawn

nuggalik cow with fawn

nugga~ fawn, colt (less than
1 yr.)
nuggaiyaa~, newborn fawn
nuvak (N) male fawn
Land AnimaZs 73
nuggaagruk (N) calf during first
winter

nuggaatchia~ calf during 2nd winter

(prime skin)

ivi.lauk, i lummik caribou fetus

Caribou Parts
(* means same word for other animals, human)

amtk skin
ukiul li k winter skin
uki al.Ii.k autumn skin
ual.Iik , uar-al lik (N) summer skin
upingaks r al.Iik spring skin

rnitkuk * hair (piece of fur)

ni ki * meat

nuukik, nukik * tendon, ligament,

cartilage

uuliutik * back tendon

nigavik haunch

kaunak * fat

auk * blood

saunik * bone

patik * marrow

nagruk antlers (horns)

~lJusifiil$:, *
l$:UlJisi~ neck

kuyapikkat (N), ki.grpigak , ki aiprgak (K) * backbone

pikusuk longest bone of

shoulder hump

pikuk 3 or 4 longest vert-

abrae near neck
74 Land Animals
kiasik * shoulder blade

sat~a~* chest

sakiak * breast bone

isatigich connecting cartilage

ribs to breast bone

tultmaak * rib

kuutchik (K), kutchik (N) * pelvis (one side)

kuutchiriaak (K), kutchinaak (N) * whole pelvis

pamiuk tail

niu * leg

kinignik hip joint

i.kiipkuk (N), s ivugagluk (K) foreleg

s ivul Iik foreleg (lower section)

kukiilik (N), kukik (K) * hoof (fingernail)

kuvluguk dew claw

mumi k hind leg, hind quarter

anautak (N), anautaks rak (K) hind upper leg

ptagnik (N), piannik (K) hind lower leg

ni akuk ,- head

iri * eye

siun * ear

Imrlguk (N), umi.lguk (K) nose

kuniun nose tip

kakiaak * brain
Land Animals 75
ukak * tongue

uniagaak * lower jaw

agltkkuk (K) lower jaw (both sides)

kigun * tooth

stvugat * cutting teeth

kul limagaat * upper teeth

al'limagaat * lower molars

puvaich lungs

uuman * heart

kanivaun (N), mulik (K) * diaphragm

tilJuk * liver

taktuk '" kidneys

mapsa * pancreas

kivvi.g ruak caribou appendix

kisaguak (K), ki s ag ruak first stomach

nigukkak stomach with contents,

anything in the ab-
dominal cavity

tunus is ak hard covering of

small stomach

i1Jaluat * intestines

Itchaur'ak mesentery apron

amaniilik edible intestines

(with fat, cooked)

mamaun udder

miluk * nipple
76 Land Animals
nuggal$: mi luktuk fawn sucks

nuggal.ik miluktitkaa cow nurses fawn

al$:iaviilik outer meat of body

Rodents

i lukutak (K), l$:i.JJagluk

pana quill of porcupine

(two-edged knife,
sword, spear)

paluktak, aku (K) beaver (Castor

canadensis)

mapkuti ttuk , aikifhat'ittuk slaps the water with

his tail (beaver)

ki vgaluk (N), muskrat (Ondatra

zibethicus)

ukallisugruk Alaska hare (Lepus

othus)

ukallik (N, s), snowshoe rabbit,

varying hare (Lepus
americanus)

siksrikpak hoary marmot

(Marmota caligata)

siksrik ground squirrel

(Citellus parryi)

s akta.taiyak (N), sakalataayik (K) tree squirrel, red

squirrel (Sciu ru r
hudsonicus)

avinnak (K) mouse, vole (Microtus

operarius), lemming
(Synaptomys borealis)
Land Anima~s; Sma~~ Creatures 77
avirjak (N) brown lemming
(Lemmus trimucron-
atus)

l;P.laIJmiutaura~ collared lemming

(Dicrostonyx rubri-
catus)

ugr urjnak shrew (Sorex cine reus ,

Sorex tundrensis)

Weasel Family

kapvi.k (K),

kapvai tchi a

pamiuktuuk
kavvik

(K)

(K)
(N)

~~:r
Ii..~ j {f;,
{IU~J /
-f'
i?~\\\11 ~
~
-.;;:;
f,
wolverine
luscus)

americana)

otter (Lutra
sis)
(Gulo

marten (Martes

canaden-
~~
tigia~pak (K, q) mink (Mus tela vison)

tigia~ (K, q), itigia~ weasel (Mustela

erminea)

2.3 SMALL CREATURES OF LAND AND SEA

i.Iar-i, s ilu (K) jellyfish

ivi luk (N, q), uvi Iu (K) clam, shellfish,

bivalve, mussel,
snail

ki ir-aur-ak scallop, clam

edible sea worm

naagaayik wood frog (Rana

sylvatica)

nirnrgi ak water worm, eel,

serpent, snake
78 Small Creatures; Insects
niprtchak octopus

putuguks iuyuk shrimp (lit. going for

big toe)

putyuun (K) crab (lit. pinching

tool)

srutukuyuk mollusk, shell

2.4 INSECTS

Igutchak bumble bee

kiktugiak mosquito

pamiuktuur ak mosquito larva

kiktuks r alik ant

kirgavaitchauraJs: gnat, "no-seeum"

(colored like a hawk)

kaluki sak (K) butterfly

milugai tchiak tiny mosquito, "white

socks"

mtluyuuk caribou bot fly

(Oedemagena tar andi )

kumak louse, larva of the

caribou bot fly

itJs:iJs: louse egg

mirnjuk beetle

niilgiJs: dragon fly

anaks iugayuk dung fly (Musea

stercoraria)

nuviivak fly, blow fly

Inseats; Sea AnimaZs 79

ku pi.lguks r ak , egg
nuviivaum kupi lguksr ana

kuprlguk larva, worm

kuglugiak pupa

ptgli gai lfk (K), prgl.igayuk (n) , ~ grasshopper

nuttagayuk (N)

putuguks itgayuk stag beetle

"--
tuggayuuk wasp, hornet, yellow
jacket

aasrivak (K), aasivak (N, q) spider

25 SEA ANIMALS

General

killed a whale

naluktuk swims (of sea mam-

mals and polar bear)

nakkaktuk dives, sinks

pui ruk surfaces

kavaktuk (N, q) sleeps on back in

water

sHu carcass of a sea

mammal drifted
ashore

puktaktuk (q),puktuktuk (N), stinker (dead animal

puptaktuk (K) floating after having
first sunk)
80 Sea Animals
Walrus

aivi~ walrus

isavga~ young walrus

nunavak walrus on ice

tuugaak walrus tusk, ivory

Whales

bowhead whale
(Bal aena mystecetus)

aaglu (K), aagluk (N) killer whale

(Orcinus rectipinna)

gray whale
(Rhachianectes
glaucus)

kilalugak (N), ai suak beluga whale

(Delphinapterus
leucas)

iJ.lutu~ young female (choice

whale, soft muktuk)
iJ.lutuvak large whale with rolled
blubber on back

us tnautchtak medium size whale

i.sirjuatchaur-ak male whale

Sea Animal.s 81

2
6

1 aglu jawbone
2 mamaak gums, material hold-
ing baleen
3 sukkak baleen
4 suppuktagvia its blowhole
5 akikkak (N), avatr ak (K) fluke
s itkuak rear flipper of seal,
walrus
6 t al'iguk foreflipper

Seals

natchik hair seal

l;s.aigutlik (K, q), kaya.gul ik (N) ringed seal

(Phoca hispida)

kas igiak spotted seal, harbor

seal (Phoca r-ichar dii )

ugruk bearded seal

(Erignathus barbatus)

ki inaak male seal in mating

season

ti ggaqriik strong smelling bull

seal
82
2.6 ANIMALS OF HISTORY AND LEGEND

kiligivak (N), ki ltgvak mammoth, mastadon

tl r-itchi k monsterous reptile,

dragon (with four
short legs -originally
six -w ith alligator -like
tai l , rocky scaled
skin, long neck and
small head)

uminmak, imummak (K) musk ox (Ovibus

moschatus)

2.7 FISH

akaluk (n , kiv), kaluk (K), fish

i kaluk (N, q)

ifhuagnik rainbow smelt

(Osmerus dentex)

Huu~ifii~ (K) blackfish (Dallia

pectoralis)

kanayu~ bullhead, sculpin

(Oncocottus quadri-
cornis)

ikalugruak (N), kalug ruak (K) salmon, chum, hump-

back salmon

akalukpi k (n, kiv), Ikalukprk (N, q), trout, lake trout,

~alukpik (K) arctic char

kalupi at (K) whitefish

(Coregonidae)

anaakrik (N), kaus rIluk (K) whitefish (big round

nosed)

~aalgi~ (K) whitefish (smaller

sharp nosed)
Fish 83
~uptik (K) whitefish (small sharp
nosed)

ikalus aak (N), kalus raak (K) whitefish (smallest)

~avi~sua~ (K), mi lugi ak (s) northern sucker

natagnak flounder

sii sheefish (Stenodus

leucichthys nelma)

siilik northern pike (Esox

lucius)

ti ttaal.ik mudshark, ling-cod,

burbot (Lota Iota)

sulupaugak grayling (Thymalus

signifer)

uks ruktuuk ___ -~ herring

uuga~ tomcod (Boreogadus

saida)

Fish Parts
its topside, dorsal
area
suluun dorsal fin
sipik caudal fin, fish tail
ataa its underside, ventral
area
aquun fin (lit. paddle)
kavi s ik
kavitchich
o fish scale
scales
masrik gills
suvaich fish eggs, spawn
84
2.8 BI RDS

(All of the following birds except sea ducks are common to the
Kobuk River area. Birds marked with *
are known to be on the
North Slope, others may migrate there.)

Swans, Geese, Ducks

kugruk * whistling swan

(Olor columbianus)

karjuk * snow goose

(Chen hyperborea)

kigiyuk (K), mgl ivatluk (N) * white -fronted goose

(Anser albifrons)

i~sra~tilik * Canada goose

(Branta canadensis)

rmttlugruak * emperor goose

(Philacte canagica)

ni~li~ak (K), nigltngak (N) * pacific black brant

(Branta nigricans)

ahaal.ik * old squaw

(Clangula hyemalis)

al.Iuutak shoveler
(Spatula clypeata)

ivugak , kurugak (N) * pintail duck

(Anas acuta)

ivugasrugruk mallard duck

(Anas platyrhynchos)

killalik white -winged s coter

(Melanitta deglandi)

green -winged teal

(Anas carolinensis)

kakhikpaltk greater scaup duck

(Aythya marila)
Birds 85
kakluktuuk lesser scaup duck
(Aythya affinis)

mit'ik (q), kaugak duck

kirj al ik * king eider duck

(Somateria spe ct.-
abilis)

amaulrgruak common eider

(Somateria molliss-
ima)

rgnikauktuk Steller's eider

(Somateria stelleri)

~avaasuk spectacled eider

(Somateria fischeri)

nunuks igi.i.lak buffle-head duck

(Bucephala albeola)

paisugruk red-breasted mergan-

ser (Mergus serrator)

sagvak tirjm.iak harlequin duck

(Histrionicus
histrionicus)

tuungaag ruk surf scoter

(Melanitta perspical-
lata)

tuungaagrupiak , uvinauyuk , common scoter

nayarpjak (Oidemia nigra)

ugiihik baldpate or American

widgeon (Mareca
americanas)

Loons and Grebes

taatchirj ik common or black-

billed loon (Gavia
immer)
86 Birds

tuutlik * yellow -billed loon

(Gavia adamsii)

pacific arctic loon

(Gavia arctic a
pacifica)

kaks r-auk * red -throated loon

(Gavia stellata)

horned grebe
(Podiceps auritus)

suglitchaurak red-necked grebe

(Podiceps grisegena)

Grouse, Ptarmigan

akar gik *, akalgik (p) willow ptarmigan

(Lagopus lagopus)

napaaktum akar-gik hudsonian spruce

grouse (lit. spruce
ptarmigan) (Canach-
ites canadensis)

urgiilgim akar gia sharp-tailed grouse

(lit. birch ptarmigan)
(Pediocetes phasianel-
Ius)

ntksaakturjik rock ptarmigan

(Lagopus mutus)

tattirgak * lesser sandhill crane,

little brown crane
(Grus canadensis)
Birds 87
Murres! Puffins

akpak * common murre

(Uria aalge)

l>HaIJak * common puffin, tufted

puffin (Lunda cirrhata)

black guillemot
(Cepphus grylle)

Hawks, Falcons, Osprey

kirgavik goshawk (Accipiter

gentilis),
peregrine falcon
(Falco peregrinus)

rough -legged hawk

(Buteo lagopus)

papiktuuk marsh hawk (lit. long

parka tail) (Circus
cyaneus)

tirjmi akpak '" eagle, golden eagle

(Aquila chrys aetos),
bald eagle (Haliaetus
leucocephalus)

tinmtagruum kirgavia pigeon hawk, (lit. duck

hawk) (Falco colum-
bar-ius)

kalukairgayuk (K), akaluksrtgayuk (n) osprey (Pandion

haliaetus) (lit. goes
for fish)
88 Birds
Plovers I Turnstones, Surfbirds

~urrakura~ semipalmated plover

(Charadrius semipal-
matus), killdeer
(Charadrius vociferus)

tullik golden plover

(Pluvialis dominica)

tul lignak ruddy turnstone

(Arenaria interpres)

tullikpak black-bellied plover

(Squatarola squata-
rola)

Snipes, Sanderlings

sanderling
(Crocethia alba)
(lit.' runner)

iks rfktaayuuk spotted sandpiper

(Actitis macularia)

kuukukiak common snipe

(Capella gallinago)

Ii vi.Ii vi.Il.aur-ak least sandpiper

(Erolia minutilla)

li vili villakpak semipalmated sand-

piper (Ereonetus
pusillus)

puvi aktuuk pectoral sandpiper

(Erolia melanotus)
(lit. inflating the
chest)

pu viaktu uyaak baird's sandpiper

(Erolia bairdii)
Birds 89
satkagtrlak buff -breasted sand-
piper (Tryngites sub-
ruficollis) (lit. rough
breasted)

siituvak whimbrel (Numenius

phaepus hudsonicus)

siyukpaligauraJs. dunl in , red-backed

sandpiper (Erolia
alpina pacifica)

siyukpalik long-billed dowitcher

(Limnodromus scolo-
paceus)

tiIJmiam kipmia lesser yellowlegs

(Totanus flavipes)
(lit. goose's dog)

rur r-aatur-ak pacific godwit, bar-

tailed godwit (Limosa
Iapponic a)

Phalaropes

auks ruak * red phalarope

(Phalaropus fulicar-
ius) (lit. blood-like)

kayyi igun northern phalarope

(Lobipes lobatus)
(lit. like a person in
a kayak)

Jaegers

isuIJIJagluk pomerine jaeger

(Stercorarius
pomarinus)

long-tailed jaeger
(Stercorarius longi -
caudus )
90 Birds
mtgi aks aayuk parasitic jaeger
(Stercorarius para-
siticus) (lit. goes for
vomit)

Gulls, Terns

nauyak * gull

nauyatchi ak mew gull (Larus

canus ) herring gull
(Larus argentatus)

nauyavasrugruk glaucus gull

(Larus hyperboreus)

akar gtyiak Sabine I s gull

(Xema s abini )

rnitkutai lak * arctic tern

(Sterna paradisaea)
(lit. without needle)

naatak great gray owl

(Strix nebulosa)

naatakpak barred owl

(Strix varia)

ni akuktu ag ruk hawk owl

(Surnia ulula)

nipai hrktak (K), nipai luktak (n) short-eared owl

(Asio flammeus)
(lit. flies soundlessly)

nukisugak horned owl

(Bubo virginianus)

rakpii laagruk boreal owl

(Aegolius funereus)
Birds 91

ukpik * snowy owl

(Nyctea scandiaca)

Kingfisher,

nukuutchikik belted kingfisher

(Megaceryle alcyon)

nagrulik pallid horned lark

(Eremophila alpestris
arcticola) (lit. has
horns)

Woodpeckers

tuuyuk downy woodpecker

(Dendrocopus pube-
scens)

tuuyukpa k hairy woodpecker

(Dendrocopus vil-
losus)

tuuyus rugruk yellow-shafted flicker

(Colaptes auratus
borealis)

Swallows

tulugagnak bank swallow

(Riparia riparia),
cliff swallow
(Petrochelidon pyrr -
honota) (lit. resemb-
1es raven)

tulugagnaur ak tree swallow

(Iridoproene bicolor)

tulugagnasrugruk barn swallow

(Hirundo rustica)
92 Birds
Jays, Crows

kiiri~ * Canada jay, camp

robber (Perisoreus
canadensis)

tulugak * raven (Corvus corax)

Chickadees

ikni aai lak boreal or brown-

capped chickadee
(Parus hudsonicus)

mi.s ikaakkaur-ak , mtaikaagak black-capped chick-

adee (Parus atri -
capillus)

Thrushes

kanayuur ak * robin
(Turdus migratorius)

piiga~, s avtigavifk gray-cheeked thrush

(Hylocichla minima)

sujutlul.luuk varied thrush

(Ixo reus naevius)

European wheatear
(Oenanthe oenanthe)
(lit. little eagle)

Wagtails, Pipits,

Ikar-iktaayuuk yellow wagtail

(motacilla naval

putukiHuk American water pipit

(Anthus spinoletta)
Birds 93
aanaruum ki vir uk water ouzel (Cinclus
Mexicanus) (Ii t .
grandmother sank)

Waxwing, Shrike

suluktaatchialik bohemian waxwing

(Bombicylla garrulus)
(lit. with pretty wing
feathers)

ir-aiyayuuk shrike (Lanius excub-

itor) (lit. eye extrac-
tor)

Warblers

sUlJ akpaluktun ik arctic warbler

(Phylloscopus borea-
lis) yellow warbler
(Dentroica petechia)

si lalukaityau rak myrtle warbler

(Dentroica coronata)
(lit. rain again)

Blackbird

tulukkam i.ttuk , rusty blackbird

tulukkatun ittuk (Euphagus carolinus)
(lit. like raven)

Grosbeaks, Finches, Sparrows,

amautl igak , amautlikkaurak (K), * snow bunting

(Plectrophenax
amauhgaaluk (N), avatal.iguuvak (p)
nivalis)
 94 Birds
aanaruin sultikpa savannah sparrow
(Passerculus sand-
wichensis) (lit. what
is your grandmother
cooking? )

ikhgvik fox sparrow

(Passerella iliaca)
(lit. tool bag)

kayuuttaak pine grosbeak

(Pinicola enucleator)

kayuutaayuuk, taatchintr ak slate -colored junco

(Junco hyemalis)

kianarutuuk , ki ar anatuuk golden -crowned

sparrow (Zenotrichia
atricapilla) (lit. is to
be mourned)

nUIJ aktuagruk white-crowned spar-

row (Zenotrichia
leucophrys)

pi sikpi sikpi.i.s rhak tree sparrow

(Spizella arborea)

putukii.hrk, kupahik * Alaska longs pur

(Calcarius lapponicus)

,putukiilukpak smith's longspur

(Calcarius pictus)

saks akik common redpoll

(Acanthis flammea)
hoary redpoll
(Acanthis hornemanni)

siyyuum kipirjaruk white -winged cross-

bill (Loxia leucoptera)
Birds 95
Bird Parts

uvluutit nest

iva ruk is nesting

mannik egg
manniim saunina egg shells (lit egg's
bones)

satkatiktaak (N) egg white

kuksuktaak (N) egg yolk

puvi ak crop

Isaguk (N, q), Lsr-aguk (K) wing

suluk wing feather

mitkuk feather (fur, body

hair)

kiviut down, musk oxen wool

sigguuk (N), siyyuuk (K) beak, bill

sigguk (N), siyyuk (K) one mandible

papik tail

tuttuk (N) upper leg (drumstick)

96
3. HEAVENS. EARTH. ATMOSPHERE

3.1 HEAVENLY BODIES

ki Iak sky, heaven, roof

stkinik sun
stkinaagiksuk sun shines

nipi ruk
-~=:;;;ii~_:";~!iil=lII!i~.~_~~
- n (sun, moon) sets

nui ruk (sun, moon) appears

from behind cloud

tat~iJs.: moon
tatkigiksuk moon shines

pularuJs.: is eclipsed (lit. slip-

ped into the brush)

uvlugi ak star

uvlugi am anarj a shooting star,

meteorite (lit. star's
feces)

srkupsfkkat Pleiades constellation

tuvaurat (N), uuyurat (K) three stars of sword

in constellation Orion
(N lit. little hunters
K lit. linked ones)

ki kuyat (N), kirguyat (K) northern lights,

(Aurora borealis)
kikuyalfksuk northern lights are
shining

ni gritchtak (N); kinnaum rainbow

nigilJa (a), nigak (K)

tgniguukpatittuak (N), lightning

iknikpaltk (K)
Ignrgukpatittuk (N), kaummai'liksuk is lightning
Heaventy Bodies; Earth 97
kalluk thunder
kal lularuk is thundering

3.2 EARTH (MINERALS)

nuna land, earth

aula ruk nuna (N), earthquake

il,i~sa~tu~ nuna (K)

akaiya (N) mud

tuvi at chi ak solid ground

maggak sand

uyagak , iyagak (K) stone, rock

apyuk (K), avyuk (N) dust

apyularuk (K) is dusty

~ikku clay

aijmaak (N), akrnaak (K) flint, shert, firestone

jade

aluak (N), kalluk (K) coal

kannuyak , kannuyak (K) copper

i vi s aak red stone (used for

paint)

saviks rak (K), s avi lhaak (N) iron

tagiuk salt, ocean

tagium smaun (K), tagium s inaa (N) beach (lit. place
between ocean and
cliff)

uls:hals: lead

ls:aYUlJnilik crystal (rock crystal,

bead)

I "
98
3.3 PLANTS

(Plants marked *. are edible)

nauruls: grows

nautchtak flower

ar gaignak mushroom (lit. don't

handle)

akutukpak broad -leafed plant

nikaak plant stem

iJJ alugaaluk * seaweed (Perphyra

laciniata)

ivr uiyak green moss

ivruk sod for house building

ivgich grass

nakaat swamp grass

nakaaguurut patch of swamp grass

pa.Ili ks r ak cotton (used for tinder)

(from cotton grass,
pussy willow buds,
cotton wood buds)

mani k tussock (moss used

with stove lamps),
clump grass

ugru~ spongy moss (diaper

liner when dried)

tilJaura~ (N) dried black moss

(used for tinder)

ni kaat lichen

taki Iaki saak northern buttercup

(Ranunculus affenis)
Plants 99

ti laaki k * Hudson's bay tea

(Ledum decumbens)

masu (N, q), masru (K) * Eskimo potato

(Hedysarum alpinum)

masukutak plant of Eskimo potato

masu ai gak * edible root, Parry's

Wallflower (Par rya
nudicaulis)

wild rhubarb, sour

~uIJuli~ * grass, mountain
sorrel (Oxyria digyna)

sour dock, wild spin-

~uaga~ * ach (Rumex arcticus)

Ikuusuk (K) * wild celery

(Angelica lucida)

kupp ikutak * fireweed (edible young

shoots) (Epilobium
angustifolium)

ikugutigiksut heather (Cassiope

tetragonal (good fire
starter)

~usrimmak (K) * wild rhubarb,

(Polygonum Alaska-
num)

paatitaak (K) * -
~II/~
~
wild chives (Allium
schoenoprasum) ,
~/\\::.~
onion

~immiurat (N) tundra cotton (lit.

little dogs)

tulukkam naultgaana parasitic plant on

alder roots
(Boschniakia rossica)
(lit. raven's spear)
100 Ptants
Berries

au Ilaks rugniaktuk picks berries

as iak (q), asr-iak (K) berry, fruit

as iak (N), as iavi k (q), asriavik (K), blueberry (Vaccinium

sugak (sh) uliginosum) -

akpi k Salmonberry, cloud-

berry (Rubus chamae-
morus)

igrUlJnak (K) rose hip

kakrtlarjnak (K) wild rose (Rosa

acicularis)
ka vl ak bearberry (Arcto-
staphylos alpina)

tinnik bearberry (Arcto-

staphylos uva-ursi)

kikminak (K), kipmujnak (sh) lowbush cranberry

"unm= as r-iak (K)

ni viI,]aku tak (K)

4 (Vaccinium vitis
idaea)

bog cranberry
(Vaccinium oxycoccus)

red current
(Ribes triste)

paunga~ crowberry, black-

berry (Empetrum
nigrum)

tulukkam as r-iak (K) juniper berry (Fructus

juniperus) (lit- raven's
berry)

tuungaum asr iak (K) trailing raspberry

(Rubus pedantus) (lit.
devi.L' s berry)

ukpinnak (K) highbush cranberry

(Viburnum edule)
 101
3.4 TREES

tikigaij: forest

napaaktuk tree, spruce tree

napaaktum kiprniu rana spruce cone (K),
(lit. spruce's puppy)

akutuk , akutukpa.li k leaf

aki guk (K), ki s i ks iun (N .n) branch

aki aguk tree heart (stomach)

ami.gak bark

ikki.k irregular hard section

in the tree rings (K)

ikik block of wood

(vertebra)

mumrgnak tree stump

amaak root

uurnak green wood

ki r-uk dry, dead wood

naungat young tree growing

from old root

nimjuk cottonwood tree (K)

nunarj iak alder tree, rust

colored dye from
alder bark

kanun ik diamond willow

ukpi k w i Ilow

palliksrat pussy willows

ij:igaich willow stumps

102 Trees; Mountains & Hills
urgiiJ.ik birch tree

kutchuk resin, spruce gum,

chewing gum

3.5 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS

ig~ils: (N, q), mountain

uvaagni k mountain base with

gradual slope

ki mi alu k foothill

ipnak (K), imriak (N) cliff (where land

slides are possible)

ikpik cliff (where land

slides are not
possible)
Ikp ikt it aktuk water is undercutting
bank

ipnagruich (K), imnagruich (N) canyon

pirjuk (N), pinuks rak (K) individual round hill

(swelling)

i iguk (N) high hill

kirni gaak ridge

managaar ak steep rise

kipaluak steep undercut

river bank

kimugruk stepped rise

Is irnrjaaktuk line of gently sloping

hills

kavlunak brow of hill (also of

human)
Mountains & Hills; Lakes, Rivers, Oeean 103

katcni ruak slope (wall)

aagiak (K), kattagnik (a) valley, pass

nati k valley floor

nati gnak flat tundra

nunavik undulating tundra

36 LAKES, RIVERS, OCEAN

narvak lake

oval- shaped lake

taksruk

tas ik (N) lagoon, lake

kuugaatchial>. rivulet linking a lake

to river

kuuk river

kuuguk tributary river

kuuguural>. creek

irnik water (drinkable)

imak water (undrinkable)

immaktmmk puddle

ikkattuk is shallow

rti ruk is deep

kiur-i ruk freezes

ki ki kt ak island

I>.ikil>.tasugruk(N), k.ikiktag ruk (K, q) big island

ikalguk submerged sandbar

nuvuk point, promontory

104 Lakes, Rivers, Ocean; Weather
atani!5: isthmus

tagiuk ocean, salt

puvi ak bay

nati k bottom.

in iul ik wave, swell

ul ivr-ik (N), i1Jiulikpak (K) breaker on ocean

kaaktak breaker on shore

kai li ksuk is rough water

kuuniks uk is calm

sagvaktuk flows

supi ruk flows, rushes (river

at break-up)

sinaa shore (it's edge)

3.7 WEATHER

(includes snow and ice conditions)

itrisriun (K) thermometer

sila weather, outside,

atmosphere, air
s i.Iagi.kauk is good weather
s i.Iag.i it chuk is bad weather

si!5:ifii~ sun
stkinaagiksuk (N), sun is shining
s ikini agi ksuk (K)

uunaktuk is warm
uunagugaa it's warm

i r r-ai tchuk (N), it raiksuk (K) has moderated (hav-

ing been cold)
Weather 105

niptaktuk is clearing, clouds

are dispersing

niptarul$. (N) is bright weather

niptai tchuk (N) is hazy

nuvuya (N), nuviya cloud

nuvuya.li kauk , is overcast, is
nuviyaltksuk getting cloudy
nuvuyal.aktuk is cloudy (broken)

kunikruk indistinct horizon,

hazy

uyumi.ksuk (K) is misty, blurred

I$.uvyugagnil$.su~, is white out

I$.upyugagnil$.sul$.(K)

t aktuktuk is foggy
taktugugaa it's foggy

al appaa , alappuu (N) is cold

ki yarraktuk is cold

i r-r irjugaa (N), it r-irjugaa (K) is icy cold

sf aluktuk (N, n), s i Ia.luktuk (K) is raining

mirii iksuk is misty

is wet from dew

is damp

ul.iktuk is flooded

anugi wind
anukl iksuk is windy
anukkan aruk is windy (gale force)

ni gikpak , ni.gik north, northeasterly

wind

kiluagnak {N), kivaknak (K) east, southeasterly

wind
106 Weather
atchagrrik (noa, ki ), kivaknak (K) easterly wind

pamarjna (p) wind from land

UIJ al.ak , uIJal lak southerly wind

uannagruk (N) southwesterly wind

kanagnaJs., kanaknal> westerly wind

ikagnak (N) north, northwesterly

wind paralleling the
coastline

atuagnak (N) northerly wind (not

paralleling coast)

iJ.alulasraal$ (K), uiyula (N) whirlwind

agrrik (N), arjni.k (K) blizzard

agniksuk (N), anniksuk (K) having a blizzard
agnigiksuk (N), annigiksuk (K) blizzard has ceased

pi ks iksuk (b) is snow storming

nati gviks uk is ground drifting

Snow Conditions

karmi k snowflake
kanni.ksuk (N), kani.gr'uaktuk (K) is snowing (no wind)

karri k frost
kanig ruak frost on face, tree,
etc.

pilik (N), s aviguk (K) ice crystals in air

apun snow
api ruk is snow covered
apigaa it is snow covered

nutagak fresh snow, powder

snow
weather 107
aniu packed snow (N),
any snow (K)
aniuvak snowbank

natrgvik snowdrift
natigviksuk snow is ground drift-
ing

kimaug ruk snowdrift blocking a

trail or in lee of a
building

mavsa (N), mapsak (K) snowdrift overhang

(ready to fall)

kaiyugl.ak, kaiyuktak rippled surface of

snow

pukak sugar snow (near

ground)

misulik (N), misrulik, sleet

misruligrua]s. (K)

auks al ak , auks atak (K) melting snow

akillu~]s.a]s. soft snow

mi lik very soft snow

mi tai lak soft snow on ice floe

covering an open spot i

sillik (N), s it Iik (K) hard crusty snow

I
kika rukak glazed snow in thaw
time

mauya break through snow

condition

katiksunik (N), katfksugrrik (K) light snow, deep for

walking

apuyya~, aputya~, apuya]s. snow patch

ai suuk snow slide, avalanche

108 Weather
Ice Conditions

ki uvi r'uk water freezes

aunni.k rotten ice (unsafe)

mapturuk is thick

maptugitchuk is thin

siku ice

srkult.ir-ak new formed ice

sikuliak ice thick enough

to walk on

stkul.iagruak ice about 1 1/2 inches

thick

srkuruk is frozen

sfkulfki ruk is in process of

break-up

sikuigvik ice break-up time

kus rulugak icicle

s ikuk Iak , natatkugnak hailstone

pi kaluyik glacial ice (blue

appearance)

mugattik slush ice

ki nu broken chunks of
slush ice
kinur-uk slush ice is forming,
floating downstream

sarri ice pack

uifii~ lead (open water be-

tween landlocked ice
and pack ice)
Weather 109
tuvak landlocked ice

kaigarlak siku rough ice causing

difficult travel

ki s rs ak grounded ice pile

(keeps landlocked
ice from floating
away), £Ioeberg

ivuni k ice pressure ridge

ivuni.gaur ak little pressure ridge

agiukpak, aayugak (K) perpendicular press-

ure ridge

puktaak iceberg

i.vs argutipkak. mukutipkak ice-bound boat

brightness on horizon
indicating presence
of ice on ocean

kisuk dark cloud over open

water
110
4. PLACE. TIME. DESCRIPTIVES

4.1 GENERAL

Although "place" and "time" concepts are carried by the same

morphemes, the concept of "place" seems to be primal. "Time"
is not abstract but rather" occasion for ... .'I

-vik place, time

pi-vik place, time
narji r -vik hospital (lit. place for
sick ones)
igni -vik birth time, month of
June

-viks r ak place for, occasion

for, time for
pi vvik s r ak place for, occasion
for, time for
tumj a -viks r ak place for foundation,
place for trusting
iglig-viksrak occasion, time for
travel

si viki tchuk is a short distance,

is of short duration

aivi su ruk is a long distance, is

of long duration

4.2 PLACE

ini place, room

ini kit chuk small place, room
iriikpak city (N), big place,
big room

i.ni.Il.aktuk is placing
inillakkaa is placing it

nunaakkik city, town, village,

nation
Place 111
nunauruat country, nation (N)

kanittuk is near, is close

UIJ as iks uk (N), UIJ as riks uk (K) is far

saumik left side

tal ikpik right side

alj:u back (stern)

sivu front (bow of boat)

ataani under
ataani ittuk is under
ataa it's underside, ventral
area of fish

kaarj ani on top

kaan anii ttuk is on top
kaana it's top side, dorsal
area of a fish

Directional- Locational Pronouns

Eskimo directionals and locatives are not based upon the

cardinal points of the compass but relative to the area, being
based upon reference to the direction of the sea coast, or
river's flow (if inland).

(Directional-Iocational and demonstrative pronouns

may be prefixed with ta- on words beginning with a vowel or
tat - on words beginning with a consonant.)

ta-, tat- adds emphasis or

extends direction
rriaani here
ta-maani here indeed
112 Place
(Pronouns which are commonly inflected are displayed with
their postposition forms)

With the speaker inside the same room:

kivva there (inwards, vis-

ible), (upriver, in-
land)

pinna, pitcha up there (above, vis-

ible)

taugga the re (doo rw ards, vis-

ible)

uvva here, now, as follows

uvani located here
uvakq a (K), uvarpj a (N) from here, hence
uvuna hither, to here
uvuuna through here, by way
of here
uvani ittuk is here
uvun aktuk comes here, hither

With the speaker inside a different room:

kakma (K), Js.aIJma(N) outside

kamrna inside (further from
entrance than speak-
er), (upriver)
Js.amani on the inside, at the
inside
kamakn a (K), Js.amaIJlJ
a (N) from inside
kamurja toward inside

sakma (K) in front of (closer to

entrance than speaker)

When referring to locations within sight or reach of the speaker:

agga across there (visible)

Place 113
itcha on the other side,
over there

avva far off (in place or

time), over there
(shoreward)
avani located over there
avakna (K), avarpja (N) from afar off, from
over there
avuna towards there (over
there)

kanna down there, downriver,

in front of
kanani located down there
kananii ttuk is down there (visible)
kanakrj a (K), kanarpja (N) from down there
kanurj a towards down there
kanaknak (K), kanagnak (N) wind from downriver,
from ocean
kanakntgniksuk (K) wind blows from the
downriver direction

kivva upriver, inland, ,

further inside
kivaknak (K) wind from upriver
klvaknigniksuk (K) wind blows from the
upriver direction

kavva over there, upriver,

pagga
(visible)

up there (above and

I
behind speaker),
away from shore, I
I
landwards, mountain-
wards
paani located up there
paakrj a (K), paarpj a (N) from up there
paurj a towards up there
pauna by way of up there
paurjaktuk travels inland

pavva back there (behind

the speaker), away
from shore, land-
wards, mountainwards
114 Place
pavani located back there
pavakrj a (K), pavarpja (N) from back there
pavurj a towards back there

unna far down there, down-

river, down at sea
unani located far down there
unaloja (K), unarpj a (N) from far down there
unun a toward down there
unUIJaktuk travels downriver,
travels out on sea ice

When referring to locations unseen by the speaker or beyond

reach of the speaker:

amma over there, outside,

downri ve r , then
(somewhat distant in
place or time, inter-
mediate between uvva
and imma)
amani located over there
amakrj a (K), amarpja (N) from over there
arnurj a towards over there
amani ittuk is there (out of sight)

imma there, then, when,

(remote in place or
or time, beyond
amma)

taimma there, then, when

(very distant in place
or time, beyond
taamma)
taimani located there (over
yonder), at that time
t aimaloj a (K), taimarpj a (N) from yonder, from
time immemorial
tai.murj a forever

l>amma upriver, inside (fur-

ther from entrance
than speaker)
kamani located inside
Place 115
kamakrja (K), karnarpj a (N) from inside
karmnja toward inside

pamma back there, behind,

landwards, mountain-
wards (absent, beyond
reach, invisible)

s arnrna , tasramma (K), tasamma (N) down there, down-

river, oceanward, in
front of
samani, tasramani located down there

aamakrj a , tas r-amaloj a (K), from down there

s amarpja (N)
s amurj a , tas r amurj a towards down there
samuuna through or along down
there
aamani.ittuk is down there (out of
sight)
travels downriver,
travels coastward

Demonstrative Pronouns

una this one

uuma this one's
uumirj a (with/ about) this one
uumani at, in this
uurnakrj a (K), uumarpj a (N) from this
uumurj a to, for this
uumuuna through, by this
uumatun like this
uumani ittuk it is this one here

ukua these
ukunirj a (with/about) these
ukunani at, in, on these
ukunakn a (K), ukunarpj a (N) from these
ukunun a to, for these
ukunuuna through, by these
ukunatun like these

ukuak these two

116 Place
(The rare dual case forms are built on the base uku-
plus -IJ- and the pertinent case ending, e.g. uku-rj-muuna
through these two)

manna this one around here

maani around here
m.aakrj a from around here
m aun a hither
mauna through here
matun like this one here
makuak these two
makua these here
makunirj a with these
makunani at these
rnakunakrj a (K), makunarpj a (N) from these
makunurj a to these
makunuuna through these

taamna that one (person or

thing)
taavruma that one's
taa vrumiIJ a (with/ about) that
taavrumani at, in, on that
taavr-umakna (K), taav rumarpj a (N) from that
taavr umurj a to, for that
taavrumuuna through, by that
taavrumatun like that

amna (usually with prefix ta-, this one, that one

cf taamna) (person or thing)
(somewhat distant in
place or time, inter-
mediate between una
and irnna , or manna
and imna)

taapkua those
t aapkunirj a (with/about) those
taapkunani at, in, on those
taapkunakrj a (K), taapkunarpja (N) from those
taapkunurj a to, for those
taapkunuuna through, by those
taapkunatun like those

taimfia that one (remote in

place or time)
Place; Time 117

imfia that one (remote in

place or time)

taipkua (N), taipchua (K) those (remote in

place or time)

kamna that one inside, that

one upriver

pakimna that one up there,

(invisible)

pamna that one behind, back

there (invisible)

samna the one down there,

the one there in front

4.3 TIME

sil$.ifigural$. (N), tuktuktak (K) timepiece, clock

sassak (K) clock, watch, hour,

(Russian loan)

uvluk day
uvlui lgitchuk days are getting short
again
uvluktus ir'uk (N, q), days are getting longer
uvluktus r i ruk (K)

uvlaak morning
uvlaakun tomorrow (lit. by way
of morning)

ki ti kaktuk noon (lit. has middle)

kiti~usianikpata afternoon (lit. when

they passed the mid-
dle)

unnuk evening

unnual$. night, last night

118 Time
urj alragu (K) day after tomorrow

urj al.i arri (K) day before yesterday

ikpaksral$. yesterday

unnumman (b) yesterday (lit. when

it was evening)

ikpaksraal$.sugruk many days ago

ikpaksraal$.amik three days ago

akku a short while ago

akkupak (N), akkuvak (K) immediately, right
now
akkupaur'ak (N), akkuvaur ak (K) a little while later

iJ.aanni sometime (in future)

'l$.akugu anytime

aippaapak (N), aippaavak (K) distant memorable

past

iIJilgaa!l indistinct past

taimani then, at that remote

(cf taimma 4.1) time (past or future)

ikarr ak (N) hour (lit. a crossing

place)

sas sak (K, q) hour, watch, clock

(Russian loan word)

-pak (N), -yak (K) immediate, entire

(cf -pak- Sect. II) (lit. big)
anaka-pak (N), anaka-vak (K) tonight, this evening
ukiu -pak (N), ukiu -yak (K) this winter, this year
unnua-pak (N), unnua-vak (K) last night
uvlaa-pak (N), uvlaa-vak (K) this morning
uvlu -pak (N), uvlu -vak (K) today

-t kik . the second of two

(cf -fki k - Sect. II)
ukiu-t kik winter before last,
two years ago
..

• Time 119
upingaa -t ki.k summer before last
uvlaaku -tkik day after tomorrow
ikpaksra -t kik day before yesterday

ukiuk winter, year

ukiak, ukiaksrak autumn, fall

upinga~, upingaa~, aura~ summer

upingaks r ak spring (lit. potential

summer)

tatkik month (moon)

iki.atchaktuk (moon) begins to wane

kupaguktuk (moon) is half

naaguktuk (moon) is full

t atkik nui ruk new moon

,
Names for Eskimo moons (months) vary from village to village
based upon location and seasonal events.

January
s ikinaatchi ak (N) new sunshine
stktnaas rugruk (K)

February
aikinaasugruk (N) longer sunshine
kus rugaktugvik (K) icicle time

March
panikstks iivik (N) skin bleaching
kilgit t atki at (K) white hawks coming

April
kilgich tatkiat (N) white hawks coming
tinmi r-at tatki at (K) geese are coming

May
suvlugvik (N) rivers flow
aikuigvik (K) ice break-up time

I
120 Time; Desariptives
June
igf'iivik birth time
July
inukkuks ai vik (N) raising time
itchavik (K) moulting time
August
akavir-vik (N) moulting time
ami gai.ks ivik (K) caribou lose velvet
September
tilJlJivik birds fly (migrate)
mi Iukatai.ks ivfk (kiv) leaves falling

October
nu li agvi k (N), nul.li guvi k (kiv) breeding time (caribou)
sikuvik (K) ice time
November
nippivik (N) sunset time
December
srkingf lak (N) no sunshine
aikinaatchiak (K)

4.4 DESCRIPTIVES

OPPOSITES

s ivul li k first one, foremost

one
akul l ik last one, hindmost one
kul Iik uppermost
allik bottommost

nutauruk is new
nutaak newness, freshness
utukkau ruk is old

parjrnapak (N), pakma (K) now

i laanni (N), i laatni (K) later, sometime
Descriptives 121
sivuani before (lit. at it's
front)
akuani behind (lit. at it's
back)

arj iruk is big

mi ki ruk is small

taki ruk is long

na it chuk is short

kumi ruk (N), uvinaktuk, is fat

uks ruu ruk (K)
pannaur-uk , pani ktuk is thin, skinny

saattuk is thin
m aptu ru k is thick

iki ktu ruk , s i Liktuk (K) is wide

ikiki itchuk , arnit chuk (K) is narrow

kutchi ksuk is high

al Ii ks uk is deep

nakuuruk is good
pi Iuktuk (N), pigiitchuk is bad

siignaaktuk is sweet
surj agni tchuk is bitter

atugriaktu k is useful
atUIJai ks uk , atuguiksuk is worthless

kiriiyunaktuk , pinnaknaktuk is pretty

inugi itchuk is ugly (lit. not a
good person)

aki su r-uk , pi kpaktuk is expensive, precious,

valuable
palagniksuk worthless

inugi aktuk are many

inukit chuk are few

akiruk .are opposite (of 2)

atiruk are identical (of 2)
al.larpjuktuk (N), at lagi.iksuk (K) is different, other
122 Descriptives
salumaruk is clean
s a lum ai tchuk is dirty

ipki tchuk is pure

ipkur uk is dirty

ipi ktuk is sharp

ipkrtchuk is dull

pani ktuk is dry

ai Laktuk is wet (N), damp (K)
ag itchuk is wet (K)

uunaktuk is hot
ni gl in aktuk is cold (not weather)

ki vl iktu k is shiny
ki.vl.in itchuk is dull

agvaluktuk , ahaval uktuk (N), is round

aks r avaluktuk (K)
ikiraalik square, cube

ki sirn.gi uktuk is alone

-lhinak- alone
pi ka.ti gi kaut are together

s i kkuktuk is hard
ag ina ktuk is soft

sig~ignaktuk (N), s apignakai ruk (K) is difficult

srg~ignaitchuk (N), s apigna.itchuk , is easy
kaganaktuk (K)

uki tchuk is light

ukumait chuk is heavy

s ayaktu ruk is strong, healthy

s ayait chuk is weak

COLORS

kati ktaak whiteness

kati ktuk is white
•
Descriptives 123
kaviks aak redness
kavi ksuk is red

kuksukt aak (N) yellowness

kirgia~taa~ grayness

marj aaktaak (N) light grayness

kigniktaak blackness
marjaaktuk (N), kigi'iiktuk (K) is black

surj aaktaak .greenness

surj aaktuk is green

sunaur aaktaak (N), s ilagiks aak (K) blueness

NUMBERS

at aus ik (N, q), ataus rtk (K) one

m a.lguk two

pilJasut (N), pinas rut (K) three

sisamat four

tallimat five

itchaksrat six

tallimat malguk seven I

I
tallimat pirj asut (N), eight
tallimat pifiasrut (K)

kulirpjutai lak (N), ku lirjugutai Iak (K) nine

kul.it ten

kul it ataus ik (N), eleven

kul it ataus r ik (K)

kul it rnal guk twelve

124 Descriptives
kul it pirj a.sut (N), thirteen
kul it pinas rut (K)

ak irni arpj u t ai Iak (N), fourteen

akirn iagutai lak (K)

akimiak fifteen

ak irni ak ataus ik (N), sixteen

aki.m i ak atausrik (K)

ak irni ak rn al.guk seventeen

ak irni ak pujasut (N), eighteen

akirni ak pinasrut (K)

inuinnalJlJutai~aJs. (N), inuinaguutai lak (K) nineteen

inuinnak (N), inuinak (K) twenty

inuinnak kulit (N), inuinak kul.it (K) thirty

m al.guki pi.ak forty

m al guki pi ak kul it fifty

pirj asukipi ak (N), pinas rukipiak (K) sixty

pilJasukipi ak kul it (N), seventy

p inas rukipi ak ku li.t (K)

sisarnakipiak eighty

sisarnakipiak kul it ninety

tallirnakipiak one hundred

av vak one half

iIlatt ruk (N), i Ia ruk (K) is adding

HalJlJaaktaaktuk is subtracting

i larj a pi igaa is subtracting (lit. its

part he takes away)
 125
5. OTHER WORDS

a
aannagu (N), maatnagu (K), wait a minute!
maatnugu (K)

aasii, aasiifi (N,q), and, and then, (used

aasrii, aasriifi (K) consecutively, con-
trast with r suli I,
which is used in an
additive sense)

aa.s n.n -uvva, uvva-aasii (N), and then this (intro-

aasriifi-uvva, uvva.-aasrii (K) duces a change of
subject

aarigaa good! fine!

aarj (N), aa (K), ii yes

aat chi kk aarj (K) danger! exclamation

of warning

aatchui ruk (K), aitchuiruk (N) gives

aatchugaa , ait chugaa gives it
aatchuun , aitchuun gift

aatigaa, aatkaa (K) snatches it away

agalJIJait chuk is gentle, kind

agg-iksuk (K), kai ruk (N) comes

aggun (N) corruption

aglaan but
-aglaan (enclitic) up to, as far as

agiis r ukn aga.a is offended by it

agl ii tr ak (K) picture

126 Other Words
agliitigaa (K) takes one I s picture

agi ur-uk (N), kas ruktuk (K) ends, quits, stops,

is satisfied

ai what? eh? well?

okay?

aigaa (K), aitkaa (N) fetches it, goes to

get it

ai ruk (N), aqi Iaaktuk (K) goes home

aitchuiruJs. (N), aatchui r-uk (K) gives

ait chugaa , aatchugaa gave it, gives it

aiyugaaktuk invites
aiyugaagun invitation

aki.agaktaaktuk they (2) alternate

akit laaktuk is free, without cost

aki.i Iak debt

akii Iaktuk is owing

akiitchua1uk (N), akiisruk (K) harlot

aki ks ruktuk promises

akiks rugigaa promises it
akiks ruun (K), unnikeukriun (N) promise, covenant

aki.Ii.gaa paid it (lit. countered

it)
aki Iiun wage, price
aki.Ii k reward

akiUiliJs.suJs. opposes

aki higak (N), katr ak (K) echo

aki s aktuk revenges (lit. tries

to counter)

akitchaktuk trades, barters

akl:aa (N) Oh my! (having made

a mistake)
Other Words 127
akpaktuk steps up (from lower
to higher place)

akprttuk starts to sing

aksikkaa touches it

ak s r aktuk is rolling

akt igi ruk is so long, is this

much
akti laana its size

akugluk , kas r-aun (K), bell (an instrument to

avi Iuktaun (K, q, p) make repeated noise
by hitting)
akugluktuk , kas r aktuk (K), bell rings
avi luktaktuk

akuktuk receives, accepts

akuktugaa accepts it

akunik middle, between

akunganni among, in between

akkaa smells bad!

akpaksruktuk (K), akpattuk (N) runs (of human)

alai (K) exclamation of

surprise
I

alaitchuk is not torn

al akaa al.akkaa exclamation of sorrow !

artifact

aliik tear, rip

al ii tchuk not lonely though

li ving alone

alIa (N), atla (K) another one, different

one

allaktigiruk dries, wipes

(e.g. dishes)
128 Other Words
al Iaktuk clear weather

al Iarpjuktuk is different

allatuun adultery, fornication

al latuktuk commits adultery

alluvak seal's breather hole

(suitable for placing
net)

amai (p) don't know

amiun thread for skins

anas rmnuks ak (K) punishment

anaugaa hits him, beats him

anautak axe, beating tool
(upper hind leg)

ani ruk exits, is born

annaa, annii, arrii! exclamation of pain,

sorrow or disappoint-
ment

annaktuk is sheltered, is safe,

saves

aq iktuk agrees, assents,

says yes with raised
eyebrows
agrees with him,
assents to it

arj ikus aun (kiv , q), temptation

arj ikus r aun (K)

arj i.Laaktuk (K), aggi ruk (N) goes home

arj i ruk is big

an i ruk resuscitated, revived,

arose

arj i s itkaa tempers it

Other Words 129
arj ivr aktuk loosens, unravels,
unties
anivr agaa unravels it, unscrews
it, unties it

is open, turned on
(radio, tape recorder)

anularuk chews

anuyaktuk fights
arjuyarik (K, q), arjuyaun (N) war
arjuyi ikt i (K), arjuyakti (N) soldier, fighter
arjuyaunnat armor
alJ uyautairrun peace

aijuun paddle, propeller

arjuutaa his paddle, a fin
(anyone of the paired
fins of a fish)

apaiksuk is enough, had enough

apai plenty! enough!

ap iks r-i ruk asks, questions

apiks rugaa is about to question
him, ask him
apigigaa questioned him, asked
him
api.ks ruun question

ap luktuk steps, takes a step I

apuktuk meets, bumps,

strikes against 1
apugaa, apuktigaa bumps, strikes
I
against it, meets
him

arakaa comforts

argua~tugaa doubts it

arraa I've had it! exclam-

ation when something
goes wrong
130 Other Words
ar r-ikaktuk (N), at r-ikaktuk (K) is like, is comparable
arri, atri likeness, parable
arriligaa, atriligaa draws, sketches its
likeness

arruk dampness around floor

arrii, anni i , annaa! exclamation of pain,

sorrow, disappoint-
ment

asik dear one

at akkiat alJ ' atakkii, because

uvva-takku (K)

at akai ruk borrows

atchitkaa lends him

atai exclamation of
surprise (K), cute
(of baby) (N)
ataramik always
at ar'uk is connected with

at angusuktuk is cranky

atangi ks aur-uk is free

atangi r run liberty

atauttuk goes beneath

atautkaa goes beneath it
atchigaa names him

atchuu! (N) I don't know!

atigaa wears it, puts it on
ati ruk is the same, there
is no difference
atkaktuk descends

atkunaktuk is much, too much,

plenty, there is an
abundance
Other Words 131
atkunak plenty, abundant

atuktuk uses, acts immorally

atugaa uses it

atuktuk sings
atugaa sings it
atuun song
atuktuur ak musical instrument
atuktuur akti musician

atunim together

ataa, atta hush! be still!

aularul$: moves (N, s).

dances (K)

au Ilagnii ruk begins

aul.laktuk goes away

aullautigaa leads him away,
takes it away
aul Iakti tkaa sends him away

aullasik habit, unconscious

habit, instinct

auruk is rotten, is rotting,

aging
aukkaa melts it (ice, snow)
auniktuk has a rotten spot
auni k rotten spot, rotting
substance

aunrrik rotten ice

aur ak, upirigak summer

autaaktuk divides, shares

autaagaa divided it

avallik the farthest over

avaTIlJagaa all around him

avanmun (N), avatmun (K) toward each other
132 Other Words

avi Lruk shouts, raises a

cheer, his ear rings

aviktuk cuts, breaks in two

avikkaa cut it up .

avittuk is separated, is
divorced

avi Iai.tkan (N) friend (lit. never

separate)

avr iaktuk is in the way,

blocking the way

avugaa salts or peppers it,

mixes it

avu sugar

avulik gas mixed with oil

avvarj a half

ayaktuk pushes off, departs by

boat (lit. poles)
ayakkaa pushes it off,
rejects it
ayak post, pole, pillar,
spear
ayaupi i r ak (K), ayauppi.ak (N) walking stick

ayakhaaktuk is doing string figures

ayal$:haal$. string figure, cat's
cradle

ayyai ruk is rejecting

ayaurul$: is going blind

ayual$: boil (sore)

ayurul$: precedes
ayugaa is beyond reach

---- - ---
Other Words 133
•
I

Igittuk throws away,

discards
igitkaa throws it away,
discards it
i gitt ak abandoned baby

Iglaktuk laughs
igla1)aattuk (N), igla1)arut smiles

iglittuk travels, moves

iglilJnattut is cute (of a baby)

ig~ua the other one,

next one

ig~utuiruk endure
Iglutugaa endures it, suffers it

igni ruk make fire with flint

iggialarut yells, shouts

igliktuk is stingy
igligigaa clings to it for him-
self, is stingy with it

ii (cf aa) yes

rivaks aaktuk (K), uivaks aaktuk (N) rounds a bend

ikaaktuk crosses over

ikaun bridging pole
ikautit bridge
ikaagaa crosses it

ikayuktuk helps
ikayugaa helps him

iki ruk burns, is consumed

ikuma ruk , rkirnar-uk is burning, is on
(of electric light)
ikipkaivik altar (in Bible)
(lit. burning place)
134 Other Words
i.ki r'uk embarks, enters, gets
on or into

ikkii icky

ikUgutchaktittu~ is tempted (lit induced

to want the other)

i kpait chi ak suitcase

i.kpi.kt i.taktu k bank is being under-

cut by water

i kpi gak (K) set (foundation) of

mind, where they
come from
ikpigigaa (K) gets it on his mind
and believes it

ikt.ak dump

ikugaa loads it on

Ikatau ruk (K), itkatauij aruk (N) is together with

rki asuktuk , i ki as ruktuk (K) is lazy

iki atkaa does not want to do it,
is lazy
iki itchuk is not lazy

ikkul.i ruk skins muskrat (by

cutting the belly
section)
i.kkul in small pointed knife

i.ks i ruk fears

i~sigigaa is afraid of him

iksuktuk responds negatively by

wrinkling nose

i.li.tkus ik (N) spirit

Ha relative by blood,
marriage or name;
companion, friend or
partner
Other Words 135

ilaksiagaa bothers him

ilalptniktuk is married (lit. he

obtained a partner)

iIa.Li r uk shakes hands

ilal.igaa shakes his hand

ilarri lead dog, leader

ilasrailaruk (K) cries with pain,

(cf nipaalaruk (N) ) screams

ilavinik some (a part of some-

thing)

iJ,igaa lays it down, places it

i l.iks aktuk quakes, wobbles

il,il$.sal$.tul$.
nun a earthquake

il,imasuktul$. suspect

ilisal$.tuk tries to learn, prac-

tices

iIal.ir uk (K), iJ,J,atirul$.(N) adds, joins, shakes

hands with

iIi tku s ik (q), iIitkus r ik (K) habit, happening,

experience

tangle

ill.iagur-ugaa (K) combs it

iJ,J,ial$.suktuk(N) combs hair

i.ll iagutit comb

inside, abdomen,
ilu
stomach

iluaktuk
puts it in, (makes a
basket in basketball)

iJ,umun, ilurnutun true, truth

i.lumutuur'uk is true
136 Other Words
iluvviktuk (N) buries
iIuvik (K), i.Iuvviv ik (N) grave

ih~ (K) being, existence,

(cf Ittuk) presence

i Iuaktuk is right, good,

correct, fitting
i luaks i.ruk heals, fixes

iJ:uitchu~ is wrong

i.m ai.kauk is low (water in river)

i.m.ait chuk is empty

irriakaktuk is full

i mrnaktuk is leaking

immiksuk is full
irnrni gaa fills it

irnni ks aktuk groans

irnrj al uktu k whines (dog), hums

(person)

inna (N), itna (q, K) thus, like this or that,

this way, that way
mna s ik (N), i trias ik (q), the like of, such kind
itrias r ik (K)
irma ittuk (N), itnaktuk (K) is thus, is like this

inuktuk is insufficient, fails to

reach it, shoots low

irriks iruk (K) made, created

iniktagigaa made it, created it

rebuked him, permit-

ted him not
in ikti gaa threatened him

in iktuktuk (K) is tired

inni aktuk (K) is visiting
other Words 137
inugi.ksuk is handsome, beauti-
ful

inugi itchuk is ugly

inugiilil$.sul$. frowns (lit. makes
himself ugly)

inupi atun Eskimo language

(lit. like Eskimo)

inukpalliktul$. comes from, origin-

ates

inuuruk lives

iJJil$.srul$.tul$.
(K) asks, prays
iJJigaa asks him, begs him,
prays to him

ipi handle (of a bucket

etc.)

whips him

ipi gaktuk wades

ipigal$.tul$. cuts himself

ipi ktusuktuk is sad, despondent

ipi ruk suffocates, smothers,

drowns
ipitkaa suffocates him,
smothers him,
drowns him
ipnai ktuk goes to a cliff

ipun , ipuun oar

ipu tool handle

iri eye
irigaak eye glasses
irigruak binoculars, goggles

Is aguti ruk begins

i s iktuk enters, visits

138 Other Words
i s iks i ruk is getting smoke
filled

isilgigaa corrects his mis-

understanding

i s i vgi ir-uk (N) judges

atanrrigaa (K) judges him
isivgiigaa examines him, tries
him out

isui.tchuk (N, q), isrurtchuk (K) is endless, eternal,

is clear, is not muddy

rsuktuk (N), i s ruktuk (K) is opaque, is muddy,

not clear

isuma (N, q), isruma (K) mind

i s aaktuk (N), i sr'aktuk (K) raises his arms

rsaguk (N), i s r aguk (K) wing

it i ruk is deep

itkanai ksuk is ready, finished

it kaktuk remembers
itl$.agigaa remembers it

rttuk exists, is, lives,

stays

iv aktuk (N) searches

iv aluktuk (N), i vukutaktuk (K) flaps

i vayaktugaa (K) defrauds, robs him

ivigaktul$. pleases

i.vikti tag aat puzzle

iv iktuk fits

ivvaktuk (N) bathes

ivyangunaktuk (N), ipyamjunaktuk (K) is stuffy

Other Words 139
k
kaagnak, kaaksiugun (N), nigisulJnal;,( (K) famine

ki avluktuk (N), kai vittuk (K) circles around

kaki r uk pricks

kakkaaktuk is starving, starved

to death

kakkiiyaun handkerchief

kalikkaa drags it

kalvi ttuk is stuck

kamaks r i ruk obeys

kamagigaa obeys him
kamakr irj i tchuk disobeys

karnanaktuk is great, is to be
honored

karnatchaktuk is surprised at an-

other's ability, takes
pride in another's
ability
karjata li ikt aktuk to rumble (as a
moving sled) ,
kapi ruk stabs

ka.suq ar uk (N) is loose (e.g. rope I

tied loosely around
pole)

kataktuk is falling
katakkaa drops it

kati ttuk gathers

katitkaa gathers it

kavi i Hk (K), kaviukkun (N) covetousness

kayurj iit.igaa (K) coaxes him, urges

him
140 Other Words

ki a , kisum (K) whose?

ki , ki.i, kii kkaa do it! say it! proceed!

kigunnik box

kiigaa (K), kiugaa (N) answers him

ki ir ak crease, corrugation

kiisaimma finally, at last

kiker ak a path cut through

brush or trees

ki.Ii ktuk tells news, warns

ki Iiktugaa tells him news, warns
him
kilgun warning

ki l luku aktuk errs

killukun mistake

kinnau ruk is foolish

kinnak fool

kina who?

kilJugau tchiru~ (N), kinugau tiruk (K) is too late

kilJuvaannaktuk (N), partcnaktuk (K) inherits

ki pakfi.kauk (N), mttautu ruk (K) mocks

kipaluniktuk has helpers

kipalukkaa works for him, helps
him

kip igi ruk , ki.pi.kni.uktuk (K), is anxious to

kiprgniuktuk (N)

kipr-i ruk (K), kt r rt ruk (N) cuts off, severs

ki p li gaa cuts it in two,

severs it

ki pt ait chuk bright child,

fully awake
Other Words 141
kirratchai~titkaa shines brightly

kisima I alone
kisivich you alone
kisimi he alone

ki s irpjugaa left him alone,

left her bereaved

kita ready!

kiviktuk lifts
kivikkaa lifts it

ki vi r uk sinks

kivgak servant, messenger

kivi lfktuk can't recall word or

name, forget

kurni ktuk scratches

kurrujut it rake

kuni ksuk kisses

kunikkaa kisses him
kunik kiss

ku r aktuk looks down

ku sr-iksuk (K) drips

kuvi r-uk pours

kuvigaa pours it out

kuyakkaa lies with her

k•
kaaktuk (N), kaaks inti r aulgataktuk (K) bursts, explodes,
readily blows his
top (K)

passes by
142 Other Words
kaarj iu laarjavai tchuk (N), veers away, goes to
kaarj iafaus r-im ar-uk (K) excess

kaayuk (K) dirt

kaayul iksuk dirties himself (of
baby messing diapers)

~agana~tu~ (K), siglignaitchu~ (N) is easy, not difficult

kargitchuk is rough, not smooth

kaiksuk is smooth, level, flat

kai ruk (N) comes

kai tchi ruk gives

ka.itchtgaa gives it

~akugu, ~akugun when? (future

inte rrogati ve)

kana (N), kaagl aan (K) when? (past tense

interrogative)

kaki gaa boxes him

kakuktuk crunches, cracks

~a~~ugaa cracks it

ka.lguktuk croaks, crow s , quacks ,

honks, whistles

kal.i ks i kaut tows one boat with

another
ka Iitkaa pulls it, drags it
behind

ka l li ruk approaches, nears

kal.li.gaa draws near

rust

kami ruk goes out, extinguishes

itself

kami ttuk is turned off,

extinguished
Other Words 143
kamitkaa turns it off,
extinguishes it

kanittuk is near

kannigaa orders it

kanugvi it chuk it can't be helped,

too bad (that he died,
is mortally ill, etc.)

~anul$: how, what, for,

because (N)
kanus r ik (K), kanus ik (N) what kind?
kanutun how long, how much?
kanutun - aglaan how far?

kan aa (K) no! used more

sparingly than
English 'no'

~apsinik, l$:avsinik how many?

kas ruagaa (K) (wind) died down

kas ruktuk (K), agiuruk (N) ends, quits, stops,

is satisfied

katchaktuktuk , trgluktuktuk knocks, is knocking

kati tittuk marry

katrni ksuk (K) is impatient, dislikes

to wait

kaugr-i ruk becomes conscious

kaugr-immaagti tchuk can't recognize one

kaummagi ksuk is bright

kaumarrik beam of light

kaumrnaktuk clear, translucent,

light enough to see

kaunaksr-i ruk cares

kaunagi gaa cares for him
144 Other Words
kaunakran it chuk careless

kaur iaktuk rests

kavaktuk to sleep on back in

water (of seal)

kaviugnaksauruk glamorous, seductive

ki gluktuk is saddened about a

loss

ki kirj ar-uk is warped

kiki s.itkaa warps it

ki kittuk is frozen (part of

body)
kikit igaa freezes it quickly

ki ks r aur-uk (K), kikumar uk (N) is frozen (not of

body)

ki lamtk quickly, immediately

ties a knot
ki mrn aktuk escapes, flees
kinuruk to cry fitfully (of a
baby)

kipirj ar-uk is twisted

kipi gaa twists it

kipigniuktuk desires
kip igniugun desire

ki tchaktuk (K) stands upright

ki tchuktuk scratch
ki.t chukt ig aa scratches it

l>:ituttu~ is soft, flexible

ki tyagnaktuk is bright, glaring

ki vl.iktuk shines, glitters,

sparkles
Other Words 145
l>iviul> down (of water fowl),
wool (of musk-oxen)

ki vi ktuk (N), kirrit chuk (K) commits suicide,

hangs himself (K)

kiviktuk (N), kivi ttuk (K) leaves another, not

wanting to be together

ki vilJ aaktuk stands pr-oudly, erect

kivi ruk (N), ni viktuk (K) lays on his back

kuaktuk splits loose (e.g. the

sole from a shoe)
kuagaa splits, separates,
loosens it (of things
frozen or otherwise
fused together)

kuaktuk eats kuak (frozen

food)

kuiyakttchuk slips

l>uglial>tul> drools, slobbers,

oozes (of tree resin)

kugluktak , kugluktuk waterfall

kuinaktuk tickles
ku ifini.ktaur-uk is ticklish

kukuul ar-uk (N, q), tukrularuk (K) calls

kulauttuk is passing overhead

ku li aktuaktuk tell a true story, an

experience,
preach (K), confess(N)

kul iaktuak true story

kumi.kauk folds arms inside of

parka

kupi ruk splits, cracks

146 Other Words
kuppak crack, split

kus r auktuaktuk (K), kus auktuaktuk (N) squats

kus ikauk is dripping
kuvi aauktuk is happy
kuvi gus r-uktuk (K) is surprised, amazed,
astonished
~uyaru~ is thankful
kuyanaktuk is to be thanked, is
to be praised (K)
ls:uyana~ thank you!

m
m akp iktuk opens (as a shirt,
coat)
makpi.gaat book (lit. papers)
rna kpi gaak page, sheet of paper
m al iktuk follows (another)
malikkaa follows him,
accompanies him
maliksukti tau ruk convinced
manik money
mamaitchuk (K) smells strong,
smells foul
rnarn ai lak CK) sulfur
mami.anaktuj;
is annoyed, offended
m att aktuk
disrobes, removes
the harness from a
dog
m atuni gaa covers it
other Words 147
mauruk steps into, falls into
a hole, breaks
through (of snow)

maur agaaktuk crossing open water

by jumpin?\ on "step-
ping stone' ice pans
maur agak small ice pan used
as stepping stone

mayuktuk ascends, climbs up

rnayuktak (K), mayuagautit (N) ladder, stairs

mi Iuktuk hits with a thrown

object

minitkaa missed him, omitted

him

minguktuk is tired

minik splash (from a fish

or thrown object)

minugluktuk is stained, spotted

minugluk stain, spot

minufiktuk is painting
mi.nukkaa , minufigaa paints it

mirjuakt uun (N), aglaun (K) pencil

misuit chuk (q) is pale (lit. without

juice)
mi s ru guk (K), mrsuguk (q) juice, kool aid, wine

mi suktuk dips
misuktaun fountain pen

mitaa~tu~ jokes

mitautigigaa mocks him, makes

a fool of him

mukpaktuk dives (of a sea

mammal whose body
curves high out of
the water)
 148 Other Words
mul.iktuk is closed, turned off
(radio, etc.)

rnurni ks ir-uk translates

mumi ksuk turns over, changes,

repents

muluuruk stays a short while

munagtgaa watches him, takes

care of him

n
naagga, (N, q), kan aa (K) no! (emphatic), or
naamar uk is complete, is
enough
naarnmaktuj, is fitting, right,
perfect
naarul$. ends, runs out,
finishes
naattuk
is ended, finished,
stopped, caught
na avi ttuk dumps out (non -Iiqui d)
naavitkaa dumps it out
na.gl.i.ks r-aktuk pities
nagligigaa pities him
naglikkun mercy
nag Iigdnni gaa is merciful to him
naghrjnaktuk (K), nagl ignaktuk (N) is poor, pitiable
naglfksaaktitchtruk persecute
nagliksaun affliction, suffering
nagliktuutiJs.pak (N) grace
naggugigaa despises it, rejects it
Other Words 149
naipi ktuk (N) watch critically
naipitkaa (K) watches it closely,
tests it

nairuk smells

nakiktuk goes direct

(as path of bullet)

naktuktuk is chipped

nakuaks rrr-uk likes, loves

nakuru~ is cross -eyed

nakuuru~ is good, fine

nakittuk is low

nal.aumj aruk is right, just

nalauraa~tu~ rests

na.l.aut ch akt.uk guesses, gambles

nalauttuk is right

nalautittu~ fulfills, sights in a

rifle
nalautitkaa aims it, focuses it
nalautirrun gunsight

nalguks rui ruk corrects, instructs

na.lguks rugaa straightens it,
corrects him
nal.laktuk has lain down
nallaruJs;. lays (himself) down
nallautigaa lays him down, puts
him to bed
nalua~ bleached seal skin

naluksri.rJua~tu~ (N), irnirujur-uk (K) has a hangover

naluna~tu~ is secret, is hidden
150 Other Words
nalunainnutak mark, seal

nalunaitchuk is clear, easy to see

nalupkiriaktuk is uncertain,
unpredictable
nalup~igigaa is uncertain about it

nalupkiriaitchuk is certain, sure

na lupki auktuk doubts, is uncertain
nalupki sun doubt

brags, praises
(himself)
nangagaa praises him, brags
about him
nangaun praise, honor

nani (K), naUIJ (N) where?

(cf . su-)
naami where at
nakini where from
napmun where to
nallkun by which way, how
nani.guun (K) flashlight
naij iit chuk is daring, is brave
narj ittuk is sick
nanir-run disease
napaaktuk tree

naparuB: sticks up
napagiak upright (vertical)
nappai ruk builds

natchrksuk yearns to follow

natchikkaa yearns to follow him
natkikkaa correction

naumi (N, sh) no!

Other Words 151
naulikkaa spears it

naurj (N), nani (K) where?

nautchii ruk plants

(cf. nirj it chi ruk)
nautchi akagvik garden, field

naviagaa does not dare it

naviagigaa is dangerous for him
navianaktuk is dangerous

naviktuk breaks
navikkaa breaks it

nayaarj agaa (K) greets him, sends him

greetings

nayagaktuk (N), naYaIJaktuk is drowsy

nayuuti ruk stays, remains

nayugaa lives with him, stays
with him

nrglaktuk has cooled (of food,

drink)

ntgiuktuk (N) expects, hopes

nigiigigaa (K), nigiugigaa (N) expects him

nigliktu~ choked to death

nigvallaksraa~tu~ (K), nivaktaktuk (N) falls backward

nikali~su~ (K), nikat chaktuk (N) gives up

nikaitchu~ keeps trying,

determined

nilJitchiru~ sets out, plants

(cf . nautch iiruk)

nipaalaru~ screams
(cf . i.las r ai lar-uk (K) )

nipitu ruk is noisy, loud

 152 Other Words
nipittuk is sticky
ni vaktuk
shovels, digs
nivirj aktuk hangs down
nivinagaa hangs it up
nui ruk
comes into view,
rises (sun)
nuktaktuk
moves from place to
place
nuki tchi r-ug,
raises an object by
pul.Iing with a rope
nu~itkaa draws, pulls it
nul.laktuk
camps
nunuur-aktuj;
is remorseful
nuijuz-uk
is used up
nut~a~tul$: stops, dies
nutkaktitkaa stops it
nuur-uk , nuuttuk
moves to another
dwelling
nu vaks i r-uk, nuvaktuk has a cold
nuyui.ksuk is not afraid, is not
scared

p
paaksaaguti ruk they (2) pass each
other
paagaa meets him
paalaktuk stumbles, falls
forward
paarnguktuk crawls
paarriaktuk
crawls on all fours
Other Words 153
paglagaa welcomes him
paglan greeting, welcome

pai ruk stays behind, stays

home (when others
went on a journey)

pakaktuk , pakiktuk (K) searches

pa~ittu~ finds
pakitkaa found it

pas iaktuk warms himself by

the fire

pastaksr-aitchuk is faultless

pasinaktuk , patchi saur-uk is guilty

pasigaa (N), patchisigigaa (K), blames him, accuses

pasrigaa (K) him

patchi s ai ka aur-uk is not guilty, innocent

patchi sargaa frees him

pi- base substitute to

which any post base
or suffix may be
added
pi-ga mine
pi-gaatin he (wants) you
pi-suktu~ wants

pigru~tu~ flees

piaptuk (n) sloppy

pigaaktu~ stays up late

piiksuk is absent
piigaa removes it

piiguktu~ forgets
(cf'. puuguktuk)

pii~aaktu~ denies
154 Other Words
pi itchuk nothing, no one,
empty

pi iyaktuk is broken
pi.iyagaa breaks it

ptksr agniksuk (K), chooses

pi ks r-aktaagur-uk (N)

pi kas iksuk accompanies

pi.kat igifktuk are together (2)
pikpaks r-ir-uk loves

pi kpagi gaa loves him

pi Iai ksuk is tired

pi Iairj i aks i aktuk takes a rest (a break

from work)
pi lla ruk (N), pi t Iar-uk (K) is able to do
pi Iluataktuk (N), pitlauta~tu~ is dependable, is
good
pi.lui Ilrksuj, is not as capable as
used to be
pi rnrn agi ks aaktuk does it well
piriaktuk happened
pifti aktuk will do, happen
pinnagtaktuk is early
pinna~na~tu~ (K) is good-looking,
beautiful
piz-aks r iksuk admonishes
pi s aa suur uk (N), pi saasruktuk (K) is always trying to do

pisagaluagnak (N), pisangitchikpifi (K) excuse me!

Other Words 155
pisuaktuk (N), pts ruktuk (K) walks
prsukataktuk takes a stroll

pisugnaitchul$: is not safe (ice)

pisugugil$:sul$: hunger is satisfied

(cf. nikirnjuktuk)

pi suktuk wants, desires

pitkur ak law, command

pituktuk ties up (as a dog to a

pole)
pitukkaa ties up, anchors

piyakkuktuk had an accident

piyuagaa tempts him, pursues

him

pumja.ruk bows low, hides from

animal while stalk-
ing (used for non-
appearance of sun in
December (K) )

puttuk bows, bends at the

waist

puptaak floating moss (not

walkable)

puptar uk floats
puptal$.un, puptal$:uta~ buoy

puttuls:srirul$: (N) comes to mind, is in-

spired

puugul$:tul$:(p), puuyuktuk (K) forgets

(cf ptiguktuk)

putu hole, piercing

puturiruls: made a hole, drilled
a hole
156 Other Words
puukaktuk stumbles

puugrrigaa wraps it

puul$. seal skin poke

puuksral$. envelope, wrapper

puuvr aktuk (N), puuvruktuk (K) swims, plows through

deep soft snow

puvl.ignik resin drop (of spruce

trees, used as chew-
ing gum)

puya dirt, grime

puyattuk is dirty, grimy,
gummy
puyaurul$. is soiled, (e.g of un-
washed clothes)

s
saa huh! what's that?
eh?

s a attuk faces him

saavittuk launches in pursuit of

sea mammal, steps
forward from a group

aaglur-uk lies, prevaricates

sagluu raktuk joking by telling
false stories

aagvi ksuk appears, becomes

plain, obvious
aagvi ruk is open, is obvious

sagval$.tu~ flows
sagvagiksuk flows swiftly
sagvagaa flows swiftly over it

sal$.ulJaru~ is crooked, bent

Other Words 157
salap~iksuk (N) reveals, appears

salumattchuk is dirty, unclean

salumaruk is clean
salummagaa cleanses it

sarnrna , hamma (N) let's see!

sanaturuk is skilled

samjuruk is dusty, dirty

sanni ruk (N), SaIJIJiruk (K) is strong

sarjutkaa gossips about him

sapignaktuk (N) is strong, mighty

sapigaa (K) is difficult

sapi ruk blocks it (one's way)

satugaa (K) obtains it back,

redeems it

savaktuk works
savakkaa works it
savautigaa serves him

savitkaa feels it, touches it

aiamittuk spreads, scatters

si atkikauk is straight (as of a

board)

sig~ikiraktuk works hard, is diffi-

cult

sigga~iruk is difficult, laborious

siigruktuk (K) hisses, whistles (of

wind, gas stove or
lantern)

simmausiksuk exchanges
simmigaa changes it, exchanges
it
158 Other Words
s irnmi Iigaa returns something
borrowed

s i irnaktuk is arguing heatedly

s iruks r aaktuk (K) goes around visiting

from house to house,
collects food for the
poor from house to
house

sippak something left over,

surplus

sf sug iaktuk baby has a wet burp

s isu r uk slides, glides down

s it kuks im anaktuk is tragic

s ivunrriks uk decides, plans

s ivunni gaa decides it, plans it
sivunniun plan, purpose, de-
cision

s ivukki.ksuk sets a straight course

sua, suna what?

su - (N),(cf. nani) question marker

su-vich what do you want?
su-mi where?
su-kun how, by which way?
su-rnin from whence?
su-mun to where?
su -rnrnan , su -vaata why?

suamrnaktuk revitalized (as: engine

works better, work-
ers more diligent)

s uarj aitchuk is weak

suan aruk is strong

sugruich a group of fighters,

war party
other Words 159

suguktu~ wrestles

sukaitchu~ is slow

sukattuk is fast

sukpaluk sound

suksraagaa gives up on it, for-

sakes him

suks raungiksuk is destroyed

sukurni.tkaa (K) broke it up, tore it

to pieces

sukuti gaa takes notice of some-

one, pays attention
to someone

suli and (used in an addi-

tive sense, contrasts
with aasii/aasrii)

sultkutrgir; aiksuk forgives, ignores

suluktuktuk brushes clothes

supi r'uk blows (of a person),

rushes (of a stream
during break-up)

suppuktuk spurts out (of liquids

under pressure)

suur-ak (K), sugal ik (N) thing, wealth, treas-

ure

suvaluk especially

euvli.ktuk gushes out (as oil

from a punctured
drum)
160 Other Words
t
ta aktuk is dark

taarpj ak intoxicating beverage,

alcohol
taaIJlJakti drunkard

ta.iguaktuk (N), agliki ruk reads

tairnrnainak suddenly

tainna (N), taitna (K) like

tainnaittuk is like

tai ruk is named

taigaa names him

takpi ksuk has keen eyesight

takupkarj aruk has a reunion

takki ruk (K) waits

(cf. utakki ruk)

ta.Ii inn aruk goes over the hill

tamrnaktuk is lost
tammagaa lost it

tanugaksi ruk diminishes in light

taIJigil$.sul$.,tarj igitchuk is false (lies)

(cf sagluruk)

taIJlJi ksuk is fulfilled

taIJlJigaa does what is told,
brings it to reality

tapiktuk is along side, is

parallel

taputigaa takes it along

ta.s iks ruktuk stretches

tas iks rugigaa stretches it
Other Words 161
tasugaa (N) obtains it, redeems it
(d. satugaa)

tasritchagaa stretches it

tatamittuk gets very frightened

tatamnaktuk is terrible, is very

frightening

tatigaa lays against it, leans

against it, touches it

tauksiksuk buy
tauks igaa buys it

tavra (N, q), tarra (K) that's right! then

(conj.), that's all
(at end of story)

tavrauvvaa (N, q}, tarvauvva at once, immediately

tiguaktuk adopted, is

ttgl.iktuktuk steals

tigluktuk hits with side of fist

t igluktuktuk , katchaktuktuk is knocking

tigutaagvik (N), isiJ,.sivik (K) prison, jail

tikkuaktuk points

tilirauruJ,. was told to do some-

thing, was sent to do
something
tilirauruaJ,. an apostle

tilisiruJ,. sends

tilJaaglut things washed ashore

tilJittuJ,. drifts away

tilJitkaa drifts him away
162 Other Words
tiIJIJil$:sirul$: gets full (of a person
who eats too much
or is pregnant)

ti.paaktuk , tipiturul$. stinks

tipi odor

tipigaa washes it ashore

tiprgiksaun (K), perfume (lit. a means

t ivr agfks aun (N,q) or cause of good
odor), incense

tipsigigaa laughs at somebody,

mocks someone

ti r rak (K) sandbar, mile

(measure)

t i ti ktuk draws a line, makes

a mark
titigaa marks it, draws a
line on it
t it ik , tittak mark, dot, line

tugaktuk pokes it with a stick

tuggaun poking stick

tuglaugaa , tuvl augaa shields him, protects

him

tugvagaa puts it away

tukkuruk stays overnight, is

a guest

tuklugaa calls him, hails him

tukur uk dies

tukpal.laktuk (K) gets upset

tukuttuk kills himself

tukutkaa kills it

tuniks irna ruk is faithful

Other Words 163
nmrlagaa gives it, makes a
present of it,
sacrifices it

tuni.si.ruk sell

tumjaruk rests firmly on,

trusts
turuj agaa rests firmly on it

tupaktuk is startled
tupakkaa startles him

tupigigaa (K) obeys him

tupsigaa finds an animal track

tuti ruk steps on
tutmagaa stepped on it

tuttuk touches ground,

bottom, lands

tutkiksuk is content, is solid,

is peaceful
tutkiun peace, contentment

tutkuktuuruk is settled in (having

moved)

tuugnik dot

tuungaurisaa~ a whirlwind (moving

horizontally, chiefly
across water)

tuungak evil spirit, devil

tuvra~tu~ follows a trail or

pattern
tuvragaa follows him, tracks
him, imitates him

tuyugigaa sends it

tuyugmia~ guest

tUyuutit sent things, mail

 164 Other Words
u
ui ruk , uus ir-uk is over-excited, too
eager, hurries
ui s aur-uk
is adrift on an ice
pack
ukpi.ktuk believes
ukpigigaa believes it
ukpigun faith
ukpi.gnaktuk is faithful
ukpUJIJuaktuk hypocrite (pretend
believer)
ukuk moldy
ukuIJaruij: is moldy
ukaaktuktuk (K) relates experiences,
(cf. kuli aktuaktuk) tells what happened
uka aktuak , ukaaktuun experience, happening,
history, true story
ukaal.aruk , ukagnigluktuk (K), talks bad language,
ukamakhiktuk blasphemes
ukaksrtaak trial
ukakti tagaa asked him to speak,
talk
ukaktuk speaks, says, tells
ukal ik (no, ki}, ukafik (K), word
ukaluk (N)

ukal laktuk is speaking

ukautchit language
ukkitchuk is secure, safe,
sheltered
uB:umaigigaa sucks it (something
held in mouth)
ulguruk
topples, falls over
Other Words 165
ul igr-ui.tchuk steady, patience for
fine work

unipchaak (K), unipkaak (N), fable, myth, story

ulipkaak (no, w )

uluktaaktuk staggers

umialtnnak (N) church elder

umiktuk is closed (e.g. the

chimney draft)

unitchaa (K) leaves it behind

uniuktuk misses, doesn't hit

(as nail, bull's eye)

unnikaukfi i r-uk (N) promises

unniksukb un (N) promise, covenant

upaktuktuk charges (of an angry

animal or person)
upaktugaa charges him, goes
after him

upyakkaa (K) remarks about it,

wisecracks about it

urri~sugaa demonstrates it, shows

it by his actions

uta~~iru~ (N, q) waits

(cf. takki ruk)

utiktuk returns
utukkuu is tiny!
uuktuj, tests
uuktuun parable, example

uUktua~tu~ tries, tests, measures

uUktua~aa tests it, measures it

uUliktu~ quivers, shakes,

trembles
166 Other Words
uuyurul$: is linked to
ugaigaa bites him, mauls him
ugisigigaa over-excited
(cf. ui r-uk)
SECTION II
POST BASES
168 Post Bases

Explanation of Symbols

Hyphens
A hyphen before a post base indicates that it must be attached
to a base.
-kagvik container agr a-Lagvik ash can

A hyphen following a post base indicates that, normally, it

cannot occur word final, but must have a suffix attached to it,
(or other post bases with a suffix).
-kayak - almost ati - kayak -tuk almost the same

Bracketed Symbols
A bracketed symbol indicates that the post base has more
than one form, and its form depends upon the last symbol of the
base to which it is affixed.

When the base ends in a vowel, the bracketed letter initiates

the post base.
-(g)iit - bad pi -giit -chuk is bad

When the base ends in a consonant, the post base without the
bracketed letter is affixed to the base.
-(g)iit- bad iggiag-iit-chu~ has a sore throat

Other Form Changes

Other phonological changes occur to change the form of post
bases, such as ~ becoming g, 1 becoming ~ etc. For a
further discussion of this phenomena, see" Let's Learn Eskimo",
p. 31,32, by D. H. Webster, Summer Institute of Linguistics,
Box 1028, Fairbanks, Alaska 99701.
Post Bases 169
a
-Ir lak- habitually, usually does
ukiug-ag-imman whenever it is winter
itkagmi - r ak -tuk he habitually remembers

-(rr)a~si-(N), -(y)a~si-(K) starts to, proceeds to

(inceptive action)
mitchaag'-ukai -ruk is proceeding to land
~ia-rra!$:si-ru!$: (N), starts to cry
l$.ia-ya!$:si-ru!$:(K)

-(g)alua~-, -kaluak though, although, and yet (a

possibility which has not or
perhaps will not be realized)
nakuupi aq it -kaIuak -tuk although not very good, it is
tainnaunnii okay

-(g)ata!$.- very, much (intensive action,

extensive time)
nakuupi ag - at ak -tuk is extremely good
inugug - atak -man when he finally grew up

-anik - already
nigi - anik -tu~ has already eaten
atu -anik -tuk has already sung

-aluk big, old

suppu -aluk old rifle
agna-aluk big lady

-asugi- (N), -asrugi- (K) thinking

(cf . -sugnag-)
tammag-asrugi -gigaa thinking he is lost

ch
-chau!$:, -chuu!$:
(cr. -tau~, -tuuk)
170 Post Bases
g
-gi - has it for
pi -gi -giga it is mine
pi kati -gi -girjma I am your companion (lit. you
have me for a companion)

-(g)iak- going in order to, come in

order to
ivag-Lak-tuk is going to search
nig -Lak -tuk is going to eat

-(g)iit - bad
pi -giit -chuk is bad
iggiag -Lit - chuk has a sore throat

-(g)ik- good
nuna - gik - suk is a good land
kifiig-ik-suk is good looking

-(g)isi-, -kisi- (K) intends to, is going to, will

nakuu - gisi - r-uk it is going to be good
tautuk - kisi - gaat they will see it

-gu - (N), -IJu- (K), -u- is (stative)

iglaa-gu-ruIJa (N), I am a traveller
ig laa-nu-c-una (K)
uVaIJ a -u - rUIJa it is I

-guk- change to, become

inu - guk -tuk became a man (having grown up)

-(g}uuk said, reported

atautchimik -suE -guuk "one more" he said

•
g
-gu- class changer or stative
(verb to noun)
ikalugnia -g-u-siptiktun like you have caught fish
Post Bases 171
•
I

-iik pair, couple

atig-iik two people with same name
mal.g-Itk twins

-il>- is deprived of, deprives of

pi -Ik-auk is taken away
arni vi k-jsuk he skins (it)

-Ha- is without
mitkuta -i~a-l> arctic tern (lit. is without a
needle)

-inrjaan (K) before

(d. IJaiflIJaan)
siku -ifIIJaan before it froze

-(g)innal>- only, merely

kiu - ginnag - aa is merely answering him

-it - lack of
pt-Ir-chuk is not
inu -it - chuk there are no people

-iyak - is broken
uniag -Iyak -tuk sled is broken

k
-kammil>- (N), -kamik- (K) just (happened)
mitchaal> - kammi k -suk just landed

-katta~- (N) repetitive

sialuk -katta.k -tuk scattered rain showers
isi - kattak -tu~ is visiting
ivaluk - kattak -tuk is flapping (slowly)

-kattaa~ - (N) repetitive (more intense than

-kattak -)
ivaluk - katt aak -tuk is flapping (rapidly)
-kka- changes verb to noun
(nominal clause marker)
atu - kka -IJa his song (singing)
172 Post Bases
-ksra- potential, material for
anu-ksra-l;s: harness material
atuuti -ks r a-kaktuk has a song choice

-ks r aktaak- chosen, selected

inu -ksr aktaak chosen people
pi-ksral;s:taag-igaa is choosing him
-kual;s:- through, by means of
al.la - kuak -tu!): goes by another way
killu - kuak -tuk goes wrong way

k•
-kagvik container, place of
nautchia - kagvik garden
agr-a -kagvtk ash can

-!):al}- have, owns

igni-l;s:ag-nial}tu!): will have a son
rriki - kak -tuk has meat

-kas ik- together with

kuvi asu - kas ik -stna rejoice with me!

-katrgik- together, each other

aulla - l}atigik-sut they depart together
iUsa-l;s:atigik-sut they teach each other

-kati - with, together

ukpiktuagu - kati - si your fellow believers

-kayak- almost
ati vkayak -tut are almost the same

-l}l}aal}- first, before

imi - ~l}aag -uktun a first I want to drink

-(!):)pak- big, much

i sumaak-pak-tuk is sorrowing much
ulu-kpak big ulu
-~u- wants him to do
(cf. -(t)~u-)
Post Bases 173
I
-Iait - (N), -t lait- (K) never, unable
iks i -lait -chuk, is never scared
ikst -tlait - chuk

-lgit - again
uti -lgit -chuk returns again
ani - Igft -chuk exits again

-Igatak- finally, till

pi - ~gatall:-tuk finally he did it
nalau -Igatak -tillugu till it is right

-Ihaak- (N) more (comparative)

(d. -tluk -)
kamana -Ihaak -tuk is greater
sapigna -Ihaak -tuk is stronger

-lhinak merely, only

uv31.J
a -Ihinak merely me

-li - make
(d. -liuk-)
su-li-va what is he making?
ulu-li-ruk is making an ulu

-lik is supplied with

pr-Lik is supplied with
umia-lik boat captain

-ua- come to, get to

ukpi -Lik-suk has come to believe

-likaa any, so it is! (an exclamation)

sumu-likaa anywhere
su -Likaa anything
ilaa-likaa so it's him!

-Iiki - involved in, works on, at

su -liki -vi ch what are you doing?
ami -lill:i - r-uk works with skins
-liksi one involved in
31.J
aayu -Liks i preacher (lit. one involved in
praying)
176 Post Bases
-miu inhabitant of
Ul.gurng-rniu Wainwright villager
NuurviJ]-miu Noorvik dweller

-rnuk- (going) to
Utkiagvir; -muk -tuk he is going to Barrow

-mukti- send
Utkiagvnj -mukti - gaa is sending it to Barrow

-mutr- take
Utkiagviq -rnuti -gaa is taking it to Barrow

n
-nagrak- early
itig-nagia]s: -tuk arises early

-nasuga- (N) think (with dependent verb)

(cf. -asugi-, -sugnag-)
isumanasi ]s:aiJ]
a -nasuga- don't-think thinking-I-have-
luq a ... come ...

-rias ruk- (K) is thought to be

tuku -rias rug -niaklugu is thought to be dead

-(n)ayak- IN), -tyak- (K) would

agiu -riayak -tuk would be stopped
nigi -tyag -iii would you come to eat!

-(n)ayait- (N), -tyait - (K) would not

tu]s:u-nayait-chuk he would not have died
-ngit- (K) not
(cf.-lJit- )
paki -ngir-chuk did not find
-niak- intends to, will, is doing and
(cf. -maak-) will continue (when related to
present and certain of fulfill-
ment)
nigi -ni ak -tugut we will eat
agaayu vi.IJ mUIJ-niak -tUIJa I'm on my way to church
Post Bases 177
-niatak- (N) try
(d. -niluk-, -niur aak-, -sa~-)
istg-riiatak-tuk is trying to enter

-niluk- try
(d. -rriatak-«, -niur aak-, -saij:-)
savagvni luk-fuk is trying to work

-niur aak- (N), -rri i r-ak - (K) try, do what you can
(d. -niluk-, -niatak-, -sa~-)
savag-niuraa~-tu~, is doing what work he can!
savan -nitr-ak-tuk

-nik- obtain, get

i lakat -nik -tuk obtained a marriage partner

-ni~- apparently, is in state of

tuttu -ni~ - suk has apparently caught a caribou
savarj -nik -eutin you are working (lit. in state
of working)

-IDJu - hurts
iri -IllJ u - ruk eye hurts
Ilu -IllJ u - ruk stomach hurts

-mjulrk- to be tired of something

taigua -IllJ ul.ik -auk is tired of reading
sava-rnjulfk -suk is tired of working

-lJa- (N) completive (past tense)

sava-lJa-ru~ he worked

-lJai~- (N) is not (having been)

(cr. -IJ ait - )
atu-lJai~-suij: is useless (having been useable)
nipu-lJai~-sul> alert

-lJaifuJaag-, -rj aimjaan (N) before

tuku -IJ aifuJaag - man before he had died ....
isi -IJ aifuJaan before he entered
178 Post Bases
-rj ait- (N) did not (never having)
(cf;-IJaik-)
~ai -IJait - chuk did not come (never having
before come)
aIJ alan -IJai t - kaa did not control him

-IJit- (N) not

(cf. -n~it-)
kai -IJit-chu~ is not coming

-IJlJua~- imitate, play, pretend

pi -IJIJuak -tuk is pretending
ukpi -lJIJua~-tu~ is pretend believing (hypocrite)

-IJlJu~- change
nuvuya -lJlJu~-saififia~aa is changing to cloudy weather

p
-paalluk <, -vaalluk- first time
- tau tuk -paalluk - kiga first time I see it
ni~i -vaalluk - kiga first time I eat it

-pagit- (K) so much

(cf. -pai -)
savak-pagit -chuk is working so much

-pait - (N) so much

(cf. -pagit -)
savak-pait.-chuk is working so much

-pak-
(cf. -kpak -)

-pal.Iik- (N) about

inugiakti laakak -pal lik- they being many, about ...
lutiIJ
~iti~~a~-pallilJ -rnan when it was about noon

-paluk- (K) perhaps, probably

-paluk- (N) much, very

(cf. -Ial.lak - )
sava -paluk -tuk is working much (hard)
Post Bases 179
-paUuk- ineffectively, inappropiately
sava-paUuk-tu]s: is working poorly (ineffectively)

-payaa- every, any

inu -payaa -k any/every person

-piagatak- extremely, intensively

sava-piagata]s:-tu]s: is working extremely hard

-piak- real, really

nikr-piak real food (meat)
sava -piak -tuk is really working
inu -pi ak Eskimo (lit. real person)

-piallak - (N) quite intensively, very much

(cf. -Tlapi.ak - )
sava -piallak -tuk is working quite hard

-piangit - (K) not very

(cf . -pi aq it-}
kaIJiks ina - pi angit - chuk is not very understandable

-pianir - (N) not very

(cf. -ptangit -)
kalJiksma -pi arj it - chuk is not very understandable

-pkag-, -pchak- cause

kai -pkag-rnagittn tell her to come (cause her to
come)
nigr-pchagvaa he feeds him

-p~aura]s:- immediately, as soon as

tusaa-pkaur-ak-arnigtch as soon as he heard them

-psaa- more
(cf'. -vsaa-l
pi-psaa-mik more (if you please)

-(p)tau]s:(N), -(p)tuu]s., also, too

-psuu]s:(K)
(cr. -vsauk)
uvan a -ptauk, uVaIJ a -ptuuk me too
ilivsi -psuuk you (pl.) too (K)
uvagut-taul;> we (pl..) too
180 Post Bases
r
-r-aks r agi -, -taksr agr- must be, has to, ought to
(cf. -ruksrau-) (transitive)
~aunagi-raksragi-gaa must be caring for it
savak-takar-agt-gtga I have to work on it

-raksrau -, -taksr au- must be, has to (passive)

(cf. -ruksrau-)
nigi -raksrau -ruk must be eaten
savak-taksrau-ruk must be worked

-ri (cf . -til

- ruinnak - (N) mere, common
ifiug - ruinnak mere man

-ruksrau -, -tuksrau- should, must, has to (active)

(cf. -raksrau-)
nigi-ruksrau-rUk has to eat
savak-tuksrau-ruk has to work

-ruk big
imag-ruk big lake

s
-s ainnak- (N) continuing to increase, develop,
expand
agli -s ainnak-tuk is continually getting bigger

-sak- try
(cf -rii luk> , niatak -, -niu r aak)
tirJi-sak-pich are you trying to fly? (away)
su-rsak-pich where are you trying to go?

-sausiit - (N) uncertain about

ta vrUlJak - s aus iit - chuk is uncertain about going there
kanuk -sausiit -chuk is uncertain as to what to do

-si (cf. -ti )

-si- becoming (process)

uunak s i r-uk
e s
is becoming hot
t aak s i r uk
e e
is becoming dark
Post Bases 181
-siak- (N), -s iik- (K) receive
akiliu - sia - ksr-akai your future rewards (potentially
received rewards)
aitchuu -s iak , aatchuu -s iik gift (received)

-siakak - has received

aitchuu -s iakak -tuk has received a gift

-sima- in state of, assurance of some-

( d. -ma-) thing
nakuu-sima-ruk now is good ( having been not
good)
savak - sima - ruk is working

-sinnak - (N) only, merely, simply

tautuk - sinnak -tuk he simply sees

-sugnag- think (similar to,"1think

(d. -asugi-, -nasuga-, nasruk- )
hi -sugnag-ruksuk is thought he is coming
(I think he is coming)
iltaima-uugnak-tuk is thought to know
(I think he knows)

-suguik- enough, filled up

nigi -auguik -auk has had enough food
pi -suguik -auk is enough (as when filling gas
tank)

-suk- (N), -sruk- (K) used in reflexive action

kuvta-suk-tuk is happy (within himself)

-(s)uu- always, habitually, incessantly

piluksisug -uu - r-uk is always wanting to do badly
aitchuusiagi -suu -gaa is always receiving it

-suguninnik- (N), smells like

-susrUlJnififiik- (K)
Uksruk-suguninnik-suk smells like seal oil

-sugruk- big, great

akisulhaa - sugruk -tuak that which is more valuable
ukalli - sugruk jackrabbit
182 Post Bases
-(s)uk- want
siku-suk-tuk wants to go to bed
alutag -uk -tuk wants a spoon

t
-tak- goes for
imik -tak -tuk is going for water
kiruk -tak -tuk is going for wood

-tai - (N) absence of (having had)

ukpigu-tai-gupta if we no longer have faith
unnau -tai - ruk is not now feverish

-tait- (N) absence of (never having had)

ukpigu-tait-kupta if we have no faith (never having
had faith)

-t au- passive
kiltk-tau-z-uk is being warned

-t chai li> stop

pi -tchai.li - kkich stop (doing) those things!
karj i ks i -tchafli -r-agai prevents them from understand-
ing
-tchak- induced action
kuya -tchak -tuk is thankful

-t.chi ak- new

atigi -tchi.ak new parky
atigi -t chi.ak -tuk is a new parky

-t i , -si agent (like English -er)

savak-ti worker
alJ aayul ik - si preacher

-tigi -, -sigi- is so much, to what degree

ak -tigi - r-uk it I s that much
kuyanak -tigi -va how much he is to be thanked
urj aai k-atgt -r uk is thus far
Post Bases 183
-ti~- immediately
maki - tik -luni immediately getting up

-tilaa- objective phrase marker

accompanying intransitive verb
ilisimavich sumii -tilaa- do you know where we live?
ptirjnik
savaktuk pi suk -tilaa - kti.ktun is-working as-much-as-possible

-tit- causes to do, become

aull ak -tit - kaa causes it to depart, sends

-tit- (with appositional) while

savak -tit -Iun a while I work

-tkik- the second of two

ukiu-tkik two years ago (lit. the second
past year)
pf -tktk -suk happens a second time, does it
once more

-(t)~u(v)- wants him to do

aulla -ku -visigut do you want us to depart?
tilalJ mun nigi -tku - gai he wants Tilak to eat them
apigigiga puttuks ri -tku -v lusi 1- ask that-you-be -inspired

-(t)~uyuma - command, want that ..

al -tkuyuma-gtn tell her to come home!
aikuyaktu - kuyuma - galuagaa want him to go to bed

-tluk- (K) comparative, superlative

(cf . -Ihaak-)
kagana -tluk -tuk it is easier
pigii -tluk -tuk it is worse

-tualu -, - sualu - only

igni -tualu -ni his only son
atausi -sualu - k only one

-tuinnal$:- continuously
kipigniug-utigi -tuinnak -sigik keep on desiring them

-tullatu - like
tuttu -tullatu - r-uk likes caribou

-tuksrau- (cf. -ruksrau-)

---- ----~------~---

184 Post Bases

-tuk- uses, eats, drinks
savik -1llif -tuk uses a knife
tuttu -tuk -tuk eats caribou

-(k)tu -, -(k)su- excessively

(base medial consonant may
be geminated)
ukkak - tu - r-uk
nigi-l;s:su-rul;s:
savvak -tu -r-uk
talks always (i .e . likes to talk),
gossips (K)
likes to eat excessively (N)
is always working diligently

u
-ugak- continuously
kamaksri-ugak-tuk is always obedient

-umau - (N), -umu - (K) might if .

itch -umau - k, may it be
itch-umu-l;s:

-unni.i even, lest

suuramik -unni i in no wise

-urak little
agna-urak little woman (i .e . girl)

-uti - about it, with it

nayu -uti -gaa brought it up (climbed up with it)
uka-utf -gaa talks with him

v
-vaalu- sound of
anugi -vaalu - a wind's sound
ima-vaalu-a water's sound
-vi nak- quickly
aul laks i -vrnak -tuk is departing quickly
-vigi - for, about, concerning
savag-vigi-gaa works for him
ul;s:ag-vigi-gaa talks about it
Post Bases 185

-vik place
aglag-vik desk, writing pad
Nuur-vik move place, Noorvik

-viks rak potential place, potential time

savag-viksrak time for work
pi-viksra - kakpan if he has time

-vsaa - more
(cf. -psaa - )
pi-vsaa -mik more (if you please! )

-vsauk (N) also, too

(cf. -ptauk)
ilivsi -vsauk you (pl.) too

y
-yasi - (N), -yas ri - (K) about, soon
kai -yasi -ruk is about to come
tukutau -yasi -ruk is about to be killed

-yuit- poorly
sava -yuit -chuk is working poorly
atu -yuit-ichurja I sing poorly

-(y)umaak- is willing to, will

(cf. -niak - ) (when disconnected from
present and doubt regarding
the possibility of fulfillment)
tikitch -um aak -tuk will arrive (someday)
kat-yumaak-ituk will come (someday)

-(y)uminak- able
pi-yuminak -tun a I can do it

-(y)uminait- unable
pi -yuminai.t - churj a I can't do it

-(y)umma- hope
kinig -umrna -tikaktuak he who has hope of seeing

-yunak- is pleasant
kini -yunak -tuk is beautiful (lit. pleasant looking)
uka -yunak -tuk is receptive (lit. pleasant to talk
with)
SECTION III
ENGLISH INDEX
 --"=---------------- - --

ENGLISH INDEX
a also
altar
175,179,185
133
although 169
abdomen 10,135 always 130,181
has a. ache 21 amazed 146
has a. cramps 21 amiable 29
able, is 154,185 ammunition case 58
unable 185 among 127
about 178,184,185 amulet 42
abrase 20 ancestors 3
absence 182 anchor 68,155
absent, is 153 a. for trap 60
abstains 42 and 125,159,174
accepts 127 angel . 45
accident 21,155 angled a fish 61
accompanies 146,154 angry, is 25
accused 47 deeply a., is 25
accuses 153 animal 69
acquainted 23 a. male 69
across there 112 a. female 69
acute 19 ankle joint 9
Adam I s apple 8 annoyed, is 146
adding, is 124 anoints 22
adds 111,135 another 127
admonishes 24,154 answers 140
adopted, is 161 ant 78
adrift, is 164 anus 12
adultery 128 anxious, is 140
adze 50 any 173,179
affliction 32,148 anytime 118
afraid, is 29,134 apostle 46, 161
a. is not 152 apparently 177
afterbirth 12 appears 96 156,157
afternoon 117 , 12
appendix
again 173 approaches 142
agent 182 argues 24
agony 32 a. heatedly 24,158
agrees 128 a. incessantly 24
aims 149 arises 16
air 104 arm 8
airplane 64 a. sinew 8
alcohol 160 a. muscle 8
alive, is 11 a. bones 14
all 2 broken a. 21
almost 172 armor 129
alone 122,141 arose 42, 128
already 169 around 131
186
English Index 187
arrives 63 bears 48
arrow 53,58 beard 6
artery 11 beats 54,128
artifact 127 beautiful, is 137,154
ascends 59,147 beaver 76
ashamed, is 29 beaver dam 36
ashes 39 because 130,143
asks 129,137 become 170,183
a. him to speak 164 becoming 180
assents 128 bed 40
at once 161 goes to b. 18
attention 159 bee 78
aunt 4 beetle 78
autumn 119 b .; stag 79
authority 47 before 121,171,172,177
avalanche 107 begins 131,137
awake 140 behind 115,121
away 131 in b. 10
axe 49,128 looks b. 13
being 136
b believer
believes
44
44,164
baby 1 bell 45,127
cares for b. 52 belt 33
holds b. on knee 52 bench 39
abandoned b. 133 beneficial, is 31
bachelor 2 benefits 31,44
back 10, 13,III bent, is 156
b. there 113,114,115 berry 100
backbone 13 kinds of b. 100
bad 170,174,175 better, getting 22
bad, is 31, 32,121 big 169,172,180,181
bag 58 big, is 121,128
bailer 68 binoculars 58,137
bait 60 birds 84-94
bakes 50 b. parts 95
ball 52 birth 17
high-kick ball 53 b. time 110
bank, river 102 biscuit 55
barks 71 bites 7,166
bashful, is 29 fish b. on hook 61
basin, wash 40 bitter, is 121
basket 40 bivalve 77
bathes 138 123
black
bay 104 blackbird 93
beach 97 12
bladder
beam, cross 38 blames 47,153
beam, ridge 37 blanket 40
beans 54 b. toss 54
bear, kinds of 69 blasphemes 164
188 Eng lis h Index
bleeds 19 boy 1
blessing 43 box 140
blind, is 19 boxes him 142
going b. 132 brace and bit 49
snow-blind 19 brags 150
blinks 15 brain 11
blizzard 106 brave. is 28,150
block and tackle 59 bread, yeast 55
blocking 132 pilot bread 55
blocks it 157 breaker 104
blood 11 breakfast 57
b. flows 11 breaks 132,151,154
b. vessel 11 b. through 147
blows 159 breast 10
blubber 55,56 b feeds 52
blueness 123 breastbone 14
blushes 6 breath 17
boastful, is 32 breathes 17
boasts 25 breeches, fur 34
boats 68 bride 2
parts of 67 bridegroom 2
b., ice -bound 109 bridge 133
body 10 bright, is 143,144
boil 19,132 broke 159
boils 50,51 broken, is 154,171
bola 58 b. arm 21
bold, is 28 b. leg 21
bone 12 b. fingers 21
book 146 broom 51
boots 34,35 broth 54
b. with caribou soles 34 brother 4
b. with ugruk soles 34 brother -in -law 4
b. waterproof 34 brow 102
b. rubber 34 browbeats 27
b. mukluk 34 bruise 19
b. parts of 34 brushes 159
b. resoles 34 builds 36, 150
b. insole 35 bumps 129
born, is 17, 128 bunting, snow 93
b. on same day 2 buoy 155
borrows 130 buries 136
boss 44,47 burns 39,133
bothers 135 burps 57,158
bottom 104 bursts 39,141
bottommost 120 busy 47
bow 9, 67 but 125
bow and arrow 53 butcher 60
bowl 56 buttercup 98
bows 16,155 butterfly 78
b. low 155 buttock 10
English Index 189
buy 161 chickadees 92
child 1,5
c c. adopted
c. bright 140
1

cabin, log 36 c. illegitimate 5

cache, on poles 37 c. lively 11
c. underground 37 c. raised 1
c. on the ground 37 chills 20
calls 145,162 chimney 39
camps 152 chin 6
can 174 chipped, is 149
cannot 174 chisel, ice 61
canoe, decked -in 68 chisels 61
can opener 38 chives, wild 99
canyon 102 chooses 154
cap 33 choked 151
capable, is 31 chops 39
not as c. as used to be 154 chosen 172
capsizes 68 Christian 44
captain 68 chronic 19
carcass, sea mammal 79 church 44
careless 144 circles 139
cares 52,143 city 110
caribou 71 clam 77
stages of development 72,73 class changer 170,171
parts of c. 73-76 clay 97
wounded c. 60 clean, is 122,157
carousing, is 32 cleanness 46
carries 48 clear, is 138,150
c. baby on back 52 c. weather 128
gets c. away 32 clear 143
catches on 23 clearing, is 105
c. it 52 clever, is 24
c. fish 61 cliff 102
caught 148 climbs 16,147
cause 179 clitoris 12
causes 183 clock 117,118
celery, wild 99 closed, is 148,165
certain, is 150 closes 38
chagrined, is 27 cloth 33
chain 71 clothing 33, 34
chair 38 cloud 105
change to 170,178 dark c. over open water 109
changes 46,148,157 coal 39,97
charges 165 live c. 11
charm 42 coal scuttle 39
cheek 6 coat 33,34
cheerful, is 26 coaxes 139
~e~ 10 coffee 55
chews 56, 129 c. pot 40
190 English Index
cold, is 105,122 coquettish 32
c., has a 21,152 corner 37
collarbone 14 c. of mouth 7
collar, dog 71 correct, is 136
collects food 158 corrects 24,138,149
comb 135 correction 45, 150
comes 125,142 corrugation 140
c. to mind 24,155 corruption 125
c. into view 24,152 cotton, tundra 98,99
c. in order to 170 coughs 20
c. around a point 64 counsel, open to 29
c. from 137,175 c. is not open to 30
c. to 173 country 111
comforts 129 couple 5, 171
command 155,183 cousin 5
commands 25 covenant 44,126,165
commandment 43 covers 146
common 180 covetousness 139
communicative, is 26 cow 70
c. is not 26,27 crab 78
community house 37 cracks 142,145,146
companion 134 cramps, muscle 20
comparable, is 130 stomach c. 10
comparative 183 abdominal c. 21
compasai onate , is 25 crane 86
complete, is 148 cranky, is 32,130
completive 177 crawls 152
concerned, not 32 c. up on a seal 59
condemns 47 cr~z~ is 30
confesses 46,145 crease 140
confident, is 28 created 136
confused, is 30 creek 103
connected with 130 crime 43
conscience, bad 32 crimping soles 50
conscious, becomes 143 croaks 142
constellations 96 crooked, is 156
container 172· cross, a 45
water c. 39,40 crosses 133
content, is 26,163 cross -eyed 149
continuously 183,184 crucify 45
controls 47 crunches 142
convinced, is 30,146 cries 15
convulsions 20 c. with pain 135
cookie 55 c. fitfully 144
cooking, is 50 crystal 97
c. pot 40 ice c. 106
c. rare 56 cup 56,68
cooks 50,51 curtain 38
cooled 151 cuts 20 132,140
copper 97 c. fish ' 62
English Index 191
c. meat 51 did not 178
c. self 20,137 dies 18,152,162
cute, is 133 different, is 121,128
difficult, is 122,157
d digs
dipper
152
56
damp, is 105,122 dips 147
dampness 130 dipnetting, is 62
dances 53,131 director 47
dandruff 6 directs 47
danger 125 dirt 142,156
dangerous, is 151 dirty, is 122,157
daring, is 28,150 disassembles 48
does not d. 151 discards 133
dark 160 disciple 45
daughter 5 discipline 45
daughte r -in -law 4 discomfort 32
day 117 discouraged 26
d. after tomorrow 118,119 disease 150
d. before yesterday 118,119 disembarks 9,64
many d. 118 dislikes 25
three d. ago 118 disobeys 139
deaf, is 21 disrobes 146
dear one 130 distance 110
debt 126 disturbed, is 25
decides 158 dives 79,147
decision 158 divides 131
deep, is 103,121,138 divines 41
defecates 17 divining rod 22,41
defrauds 138 divorced 132
demon 43 dizzy 20
demonstrates 165 do it! 140
denies 153 doctor, medical 3
departs 63,132 d. witch 41,43
dependable, is 30,154 does it well 154
deprives 171 d. what is told 160
descends 130 dog 64,71
desire 144 d. collar 71
desires 144,155 lead d. 135
desk 48 d. pack 64
despises 148 d. team 64
despondent, is 26,137 d. whip 71
destroyed, is 159 doll 52
determined 151 donkey 70
devil 43,163 door 37,38
devoted, is 31 dot 162,163
diaper 52 doubts 129,150
changes d. 52 doughnut 56
diaphragm 11 down 145
diarrhea 19 d. there 113,115
192 English Index
dragon 82 echo 126
drags 139 edge 104
drains 20 eel 77
draws 130,152,162 egg 55
dream 18 egotistical, is 31
dress 33 eh? 126,156
dries 127 eight 123
drifted away 161 eighteen 124
drill 49 eighty 124
drinking, is 57 elbow 8
drinks 18,56,184 elder, church 47,165
dripping, is 146 eleven 123
drips 141 elf 42
drives 60 embarks 68,134
drools 145 embarrassed, is 29
drops 139 emery stone 58
drowns 137 empty, is 136,154
drowsy, is 151 encourages 27
drum 41,53 endless 45, 138
drummer 53 ends 126,143,148
drunk, is 30 endures 27,28,133
drunkard 160 enduring, is 28,31
dry, is 122 enema equipment 22
duck, kinds of 84,85 enjoys 26
dull, is 122 enough, is 129,148,181
dumb, is 21 enters 134,137
dump 134 entire 118
dumps 51,148 entrance hall 38
duration 110 envelope 156
dust 97 envious, is 32
dusty, is 97,157 epileptic, is 20
dwarf 42 equipment, hunting 57
error 43

e errs
escapes
140
144
eager 164 Eskimo 2
ear 6 E. language 137
e. cavity 6,13 especially 159
e. pendant 33 eternal 45,138
e. rings 33 even 184
early, is 154,176 evening 117
earth 97 every 179
earthquake 97,135 everyone 2
east 105,95 evil, is 31
easy 122 examines 138
easy, is 142 example 165
eats 8,18,56,184 excess 32,142,184
e. with a spoon 56 exchanges 157
e. frozen food 145 excited, is 27
eclipsed, is 96 over -excited 164,166
EngZish Index 193
exclamations family 5
warning 125 famine 139
143 far 111
too bad
cute 130 f. down there 114
surprise 127,130 f. off 113
sorrow 127,128,130 farthest over 131
pain 128,130 fast, is 159
disappointment 128,130 fat, is 121
something goes wrong 129 father 4
icky 134 faultless, is 153
do it! 140 fears 29,134
so it is! 173 feeds, breast 52
excuse me! 154 feels 157
24,46 does not f. well 26
exhorts
138 f. light of body 28
exists
existence 136 feces 17
exits 17,128 femur 14
expects 151 fetches 126
expensive, is 121 fetus 12
experience 135,164 fever, has 22
explodes 141 few 121,175
sound of e. 59 fibia 14
extinguishes 142,143 field 151
179 fifteen 124
extremely
eye 7,137 fifty 124
iris 7 fights 53,129
e. cavity 7,13 fighters 158
e. are closed 7 files 49
closes his e. 18 fills 136
opens his e. 18 fin 129
eyebrow 6 finally 140,173
e. ridge 7 finches 94
ridge between e. 6 finds 153
eyelashes 7 f. an animal track 163
eyesight, keen 160 f. it out 23
fine 125
fingers 8,14
f bones of f.
fingernail
9
9
fable 165
face 6 broken f. 21
faces 156 finished 138,148
fainted 20 fire 39
faith 44,164 make f. with flint 133
faithful, is 162,164 fireweed 99
falling, is 139 first 172
151 f. one 120
f. backward
152 f. time 178
f. forward
f. into 147 fish 54
f. over 164 dried f. linked 62
false, is 160 f. on a willow stick 62
- - - ---- - ~~~~-

194 English Index

kinds of f. 82,83 forever 114
83 forgets 141,153,155
parts of f.
61 forgives 45,159
fishhook
fishing, is 61 fork 56
fornication 128
fist 8
48,138 forsakes 159
fits
136,148 forty 124
fitting, is
123 foundation 38
five
fixes 136 f. of mind 134
138 four 123
flaps
150 fourteen 124
flashlight
17 fox, kinds of 69,70
flatus
144,153 free, is 126,130
flees
fleshes 50 frees him 153
flexible 144 freezes 103,108,144
flipper 81 frequent 162
fermented f. 56 fresh, is 56
flint 97 friend 2,5,132
float 59,155 friendly, is 26,53
net f. 62 fries 51
floats 155 frightens 59
flooded, is 105 f. gets 161
floor 37,103 frog, wood 77
flour 55 from 113,114,158
98 front 111
flower
104,156 body f. 10
flows
78 in f. 112
fly, bot
78 frost 106
egg
78 frostbite 20
larva
fly, blow 78 frowns 137
79 frozen 144
egg
79 fruit 100
larva
79 fuel oil 39
pupa
78 fugitive 3
fly, dung
fly, dragon 78 fulfill 149,160
63 full, is 119,136
flies
149 gets f. 162
focuses
foggy, is 105 fur 33,34
fold arms inside parka 145
follower 45
follows 146,163
55
g
food
140 gaff 61
fool
32,140 gale 105
foolish, is
9 gallops 69
foot
14 gambles 149
bones of
102 garbage pail 40
foothill
143,184 garden 151
for
6 garment 33
forehead
101 gas mixed with oil 132
forest
English Index 195
gathers 139 grass 98
generous, is 31 grasshopper 79
gentle, is 125 grave 136
gentleman, is 30 gray 123
gesticulates 16 great, is 139
get 173,177 greatness 47
ghost 43 grebes 85,86
giant 42 greedy, is 32
giddy 28 green 12,123
gift 125 greets 151
girl 1 greeting 153
g. friend 5 grime 156
gives 125,126,142,163 groans 136
g. gift of food 51 grosbeaks 94
g. up 151 grouse 86
g. up on it 159 ground - drifting 106,107
glamorous 144 ground, solid 97
glass, window 38 grows 98
glasses 137 g. up 17
glitters 144 grudge 25
gloves 34 guesses 149
gnat 78 guest 162,163
God 44 guilty, is 153
goes about 63 g. is not 153
g. after 165 gulls 90
g. away 63,131 gullet 8
g. away because angry 25 gum 102
g. beneath 130 gums 7
g. to a cliff 137 gun 58
g. direct 149 g. sight 149
g. to excess 142 shotgun 51
g. for 182 gushes 159
g. home 126,128
g. in order to
g. out
170
142 h
g. over the hill 160 habit 131,135
g. to get 126 habitually 169,181
g. Whaling 63 hailstone 108
going to, is 170 hair, head 6
good, is 30,121,136,149,154 body h. 11
good! 125 braids h. 33
good 170,174 hall, entrance 38
g., not 174 half, is 119
goose, kinds of 84 half 132
gospel 46 h. breed 3
gossips 157 hammer 49
governor 47 hand 8
grace 45,148 palm of h. 8
grandchild 5 handbag 34
grandparents 3,4 handkerchief 139
196 EngZish Index
handle 48,137 history 164
handsome, is 137 hits 59,128
hangover 149 h. with thrown obj. 147
hangs 152 h. with side of fist 161
h. himself 145 hole 155
h. fish or f. net 62 fishing or seal h. 61,128
happened 154 made a h. 155
happy, is 26,146 holiness 46
hard 122 hollering 57
hare 76 Holy Spirit 44
harlot 126 holy, is 46
harness 64 home 36
harpoon 58 honest, is 31
has it for 170 honor 150
h. to 180 honored 139
hates 25 hood 33
haughty, is 32 hook 58,61
haunts 29,43 hooking fish 58,61
have 172 hope 151,185
hawks 87 hops 17
hazy, is 105 horizon, bright 109
he 3 h., indistinct 105
head 6,13 horse 70
moves h. 7,15 hospital 110
lowers h. 15 hospitable, is 26
raises h. 15 host 62
turns h. 13,15 hot, is 122
headache 20,21 hotcake 55
heals 22,136 hotel 62
healthy, is 22,122 hour 117,118
hears 15 house 36
heart 11 types of 36,37
heater 39 parts of 37,38
heather 99 how 143,150,158
heaven 45,46,96 howls 71
heavy 122 huh! 156
heel 9 humble, is 31
hell 46 hums 136
helps 31,44,133,140 hunchbacked, is 21
can't be h. 143 hungry, is 18
herd, caribou 71. 72 h. satisfied 155
here 111,112 hunter 57
hides 7,155 hunting, is 57
hidden, is 149 h. equipment 57
high, is 121 hurries 164
hills 102 hurt, is 25
hips 10 hurts 19,177
h. bone 14 husband 4
h. joint 9 hush 131
hisses 157 hypocrite 164
English Index 197
•
I is not
island
177
103
I 3 isthmus 104
ice conditions 108,109 it 3
rotten i. 109,131 ivory 80
iceberg 109
•
ice cream, Eskimo
ice crystal
54
106 J
icicle 108 jade 97
icky 134 jaegers 89,90
identical 121 jaw 6,13
idol 42,45 jays 92
ignores 159 jealous, is 32
ignorant, is 23 jellyfish 77
illegitimate 5 jerkily 17,175
imitate 163,178 jigging, is 61
immediately 118,144,161, jigging stick 61
179,183 joins 135
immoral 131 joints 9
immortal soul 43 jokes 147,156
impatient 143 jolly, is 26
inattentive 30 joyful, is 26
increasing 180 judges 47,138
Indian 2 judgment 47
ineffectively 179 juggles 54
inhabitant of 176 juice 147
inherits 140 jumps 16
inhospitable 27 j. down 17
inland 113 see-saw j. 52
innocent 153 j. across ice -pan 147
insects 78 just, is 149
inside 112,114,115,135 just (happened) 171
insole 35
inspired, is 24,155
instinct
instructs
69,131
149
k
kerchief 33
insufficient, is 136 kerosene 39
insulating, is 37 kettle, tea
intends
40
170,176 key 38
intensively 179 kicks 16
quite i. 174,179 kidney 12
intestines 11 kills 162
edible animal i , 54 kind, is 26,31,125
intoxicating beverage 160 king 44,47,68
invites 126 kingdom 47
invitation 126 kingfisher 91
involved in 173 kisses
iron
141
97 knapsack 58
is 138,170 knee 9
is in, at 175 kneecap 14
 200
Engtish Index
mosquito 78 neck 8
m. larva 78 needle 51
tiny m. (white socks) 78 hypodermic n. 22
moss 98 Negro 3
floating m. 155 nephew 5
mother 4 net 61
mountain 102 n.rope 62
mourns 27 seining n. 62
mouse 76 dip net 62
mouth 7 n. float 62
corner of 7 n. lashing 62
oral cavity 13 netting fish 61,62
roof of 7 never 173
moves 131,133 new 120,182
m. out 27 newness 120
m. from place to place 152 next 133
m. to another dwelling 152 niece 5
much, is 130 night 117,118
much 169,172,174,175,178 nine 123
very m. 174,179 nineteen 124
so m. 178,182 ninety 124
mucous 7 nipple 10
mud 97 no 143,148,150
muddy, is 138 no one 154
mukluk 35 nodding, is 53
parts of 35 noisy, is 16,151
murderer 3 noon 117
murre 87 noon meal 57
muscle 8,10,11 north 105,106
m. cramp 20 northern lights 96
stiff m . 20 nose 7
mushroom 98 n . bridge 7
musical instrument 54, 131 n. cavity 7,13
musicians 131 n. groove 7
musk ox 82 n ,; blows 7
muskrat 76 n. bleeds 11
must 180 n .; wrinkles 15,134
myth 165 has a stuffy n. 19
nostrils 7

n not
not very
176,178
179
nail 49 nothing 154
names 130,160 notice 159
namesake 2 now 112,120
napkin 56 numb, is 20
narrow, is 121 nurses 10
nation 110,111
naughty, is
near, is
32
111,143 o
nears 142 oar 68,137
 Index 201
Engrish
oatmeal 55
p
obeys 139,163 paddle 68,129
obedience 46 paddles 68
objective phrase marker 183 page 146
obstinate, is 30 paid 126
obtains 157,161,177 pain 19,20
obvious, is 156 painful 20
occasion for 110 paints 147
occipital 6 pair 5,171
ocean 55,97,104 palate 7
octopus 78 pale, is 147
odor 162 palm 8
offended, is 125,146 pan 40
offering place 43 pancake 55
officer 47 panics 27
offspring 69 pants 34
oh my! 126 panting, is 71
oil, fuel 39 paper 48
oil, sea mammal 55,56 parable 130,165
ointment 23 parallel, is 160
old 120,169,175 parasitic plant 99
omitted 147 parent 1
one 123 parka 33,34
one half 124 partner 4,134
one hundred 124 passes 141
only 171,173,181,183 p. him 63
oozes 145 p. overhead 145
opaque, is 138 p. each other 152
open, is 129,156 passive 182
opens 38,146 past 118
opinionated, is 30 pastor 3,44
opposes 126 patch, sole 35
opposite, are 121 p. snow 107
or 148 path 140
order 43 patient, is 31
orders 47,143 paws 71
originates 137 peace 46,129,163
orphan 2 p. is at 26
osprey 87 peaceable, is 26
other 133 peaceful, is 31,163
on the o. side 113 peg 36
otter 77 pen 147
outside 112,114 pencil 48,147
Ouzel, water 93 penis 12
oven 39 people 1
over there 113,114 pepper 55
OWing, is 126 perfect, is 148
owls 90,91 perfume 162
owns 172 perhaps 178
persecute 148
202 English Index
perserveres 28 porcupine 76
person 2 post 37,132
pretty p. 30 pot 40
little p. 42 chamber p. 40
white p. 2 potato, Eskimo 99
personality 43 potential 172,185
phalaropes 89 pours 51,141
pickaxe 49 power 47
picks berries 100 p., shaman's 41
picks up 16 practices 135
pi ctur e 41,125 praised 146
pig 70 praises 25,26,150
pill 22 prayer 44,46
pillar 37,132 prays 44,137
pillow 40 preaches 24,46,145
pilot, ship's 68 precedes 132
p. bread 55 precious, is 25,.121
pincushion 51 pregnant, is 17,162
pinches 16 prejudiced, is 25
pipit, water 92 presence 136
pitches 68 president 44
pities 148 pretends 52,178
pity 45 pretty, is 30,1'21
place 110,185 pricks 139
p. for 110 pride 139
p. of 172 prison 161
places 135 probably 178
placing, is 110 proceed 140
plane 49,50 proceeds 169
plans 158 procures 60
plant 98 promise 44,126,165
plants 151 promises 126,165
plays 52,53,178 propeller 129
pleasant, is 185 proper, is 31
pleases 138 prophet 43,46
plenty 129,130,131 protects 162
pliers 49 proud 31
plovers 88 provokes 25
plows 156 prowler 42
plucks 51 ptarmigan 86
pocket 33 puberty 17
point 103 puddle 103
points 16,161 puffin, common 87
poke, seal skin 156 pulls 64,71,142,152
pokes 162 p. out a net 61
poking stick 162 p. a boat 68
pole 132,133 punishment 128
poor, is 148 puppy 71
poor 175 pure, is 46,122
poorly 185 purity 46
English Index 203
pursues 155 redeems 157,161
pushes 64,132 reflexive action 181
pussy willow 101 regrets 27
puts away 162 reigns 47
puts in 135 reindeer 70
puts on 34,130 rejecting, is 132
puzzle 138 rejects 132,148
relates 46,164
q relative
relatives
134
3
quacks 142 remains 151
quakes 135 remarks 165
questions 129 remembers 24,138
question marker 158 remorseful, is 152
quickly 144,184 removes 153
quiet, is 16,26 repentance 46
quill 76 repents 46,148
quits 126,143 repetitive 171
quivers 165 reported 170
r , of a gun 59
r reproves
reptile
46
82
rabbit 76 resin 102,156
r , drive 60 resoles 35
race 53 respect 31
radius 14 respects 29
rainbow 96 responds negatively 134
rain gear 34 rests 144,149
raining, is 105 takes a r. 154
raises' 138,152 r. firmly on 163
rake 141 resurrect 42
ransomed 46 resuscitate 42,128
raven 92 returns 63,158,165
raw, is 56 reunion 160
reaches 16 revealed, is 24
fails to r. 136 reveals 157
beyond r. 132 revenges 126
reads 48,160 revitalized 158
ready, is 138,140 revived 42,128
real 179 reward 126
realizes 23 rhubarb, wild 99
rebuked 136 ribs 14
receives 127,181 boiled r. 54
receptive, is 29 ridge 102
recognizes 23 rifle 58
r , can't 143 right side 111
recover 22 right, is 136,148,149
red 123 rings 44,127
red stone 97 rip 127
redeemed 46 ripped, is 33
204 English Index
rise 102 satisfied, is 126,143
rises 152 saves 44,128
river 103 Savior 44
r. bank 102 saw, kinds of 49,50
ri vulet 103 says 16,164
robs 138 scalpel 23
rolling, is 127 scallop 77
roof 37,96 scans 59
room 110 scar 20
root 99,101 s. from burn 22
rope 58 scatters 157
rotten, is 131 scissors 51
rough 142 scolds 24
roughly 175 scratches 141,144
round, is 122 screams 24,135,151
rounds 133 seal 150
rowboat 68 seal, kinds of 81
rows 68 seal oil 22
rubs 49 rubs with s. 23
r. with seal oil 23 searches 138,153
r. to make pliable 50 seaweed 98
ruff, fur 33 second 118,183
ruler 49 secret, is 149
rules 47 secure, is 164
rumble 139 seductive 144
runs 16,127 sees 15
rushes 159 seigning, is 62
rust 142 selected 172
sell 163
self-asserting, is 31
S send 176
Sabbath 45,47 sends 161,163
sacrifice 43,163 senile, is 20
sad, is 26,137 separated, is 132
saddened, is 144 servant 141
safe, is 128,164 serves 157
s. is not 155 sets 96
said 170 s. out 151
sail 64 s. a straight course 158
sails 64 s. of mind 134
saliva 8 settled 163
salt 55,97,104 seven 123
salvation 44 seventeen 124
same 130 seventy 124
sad 97 severs 140
sandal 35 sews 51
sandbar 103,162 shakes 165
sanderlings 88,89 s. hands 135
sandpipers- 88 shallow, is 103
Satan 43 shaman 41,43
 205
EngLish Index
shares 131 size, its 127
sharp, is 122 sketches 130
shaves 6 skilled, is 157
she 3 skin, animal 60
shed 38 s. boat 613
sheep 70 s. pants, boots 34
shelf 38 bear s. door 37
shell 53,58 stretches s. on frame 50
sheltered, is 128,164 bleached seal s. 149
shields 162 skin, human 11
shines 96,140,144 skin scraper 49,50
shining, is 104 skinned 19,20
shiny, is 122 skins 60,134
ship 68 skirt 34
shirt 33 skull cap 6
shoots 59 s ., head 13
shore 104 sky 96
short, is 121 skylight 38
shotgun 58 slaps 16,76
should 180 sled 64
shoulder 10 sleds 64
s. blade 14 parts of s. 65,66
shouts 24,132,133 sleeping bag 58
shovel 49 sleeps 18
shovels 49,152 goes to s. 18
shrew 77 s. on back in water 79,144
shrike 93 s .; talking in 18
shrimp 78 s. walking 18
shy, is 29,53 sleepy, is 18
sibling 5 sleet 107
sick, is 19,21,150 sleeve 33
side 10 slides 53
sights in 149 s. down 158
sign 23 sling 53
sinew 35,51 slips 145
arm s. 8 slope 103
twists s. 51 sloppy 153
sings 15,54,131 slow, is 159
starts to s. 127 sly, is 32
sinks 79,141 small, is 120
sin 43,45 smells 15,149,181
sinner 43 s. bad 127
sins 32 s , strong, foul 146
sister 4,5 smiles 16,133
sister-in-law 4 smoke 39
sits, human 16,38 s. filled 138
sits, animal 71 smooth, is 142
six 123 snack time 57
sixteen 124 snake 77
sixty 124 snare 60
206 EngZish Index
snaring, is 60 bad s. 44
snatches 125 conjuring s. 41
sneezes 15,21 evil s. 43,163
snipes 88 s. governor 41
snores 18 haunting s. 43
snow 106,107 helping s. 43
snow-block shelter 36 Spirit, Holy 44
snowdrift 107 spit, roasting 51
snowflake 106 spits 8
snowing, is 106 splash 147
snowshoes 64 splinter 19
soap 41 splits 145,146
socks 34 spoon 56
sod, block 38,98 little s. 22
sod house 36 spot 147
soft 122,144 spreads 157
soiled, is 156 spring 119
soldier 129 spurts 159
sole of boot 34 square 122
sole of foot 9 squats 146
sole patch 35 squeezes 59
solid, is 163 squirrels 76
some 135 stabs 139
sometime 118,120 staff 58
son 5 staggers 165
son -in -law 4 stain 147
song 131 stairs 38,147
magic-working s , 41 stake 36
soon 185 stalks 59
soot 39 stands 16,144,145
sore, is 19 star 96
sorrow 27 startles 163
soul 43 s. awake while dozing 18
s. deceased 42 s. an animal 59
sound 159,184 starts 169
sounds 16 starving, is 139
soup 54 state 175,177,181
sour dock 99 stays 138,148,151
sour grass 99 s. behind 153
south 106 s. overnight 162
sparrows 94 s. up late 153
speaks 8,164 steadfast, is 30
spear 58,132 steady, is 165
parts of 58 steals 161
spears 151 stem 98
spider 79 stepfather 3
spine 13 stepson 3
spine tingling 27 steps 38, 129
spinster 2 s. into 147
spirit 43,44,134 s. forward 156
English Index 207
suffocates 137
s. on 163
s. up 127 sugar 54,132
stern 9,111 suicide 145
suitcase 134
stern, is 27
sulfur 146
stick 36
summer 119,131
poking s. 162
sun 96,104
walking s. 58,132
Sunday 45
sticks up 150
sticky, is 152 superlative 183
supper 57
stiff, is 21
supplied, is 173
gets s. 18
sure, is 28,150
s. muscle 20
stingy, is 32,133 surfaces 79
surgery 23
stinker 79 158
surplus
stinks 162 146
surprised
stirs 54 135
suspect
stitch 51 47
stomach 11,135 suspects
swallows 57
s. ache 10 91
swallows (birds)
s. cramps 10 98
swampgrass
s. growls 18 84
s. sour 21 swan
sweats 17,20
stone 97
sweeps 51
stool 17
sweet, is 121
stops 126,143,152,182
swelling 21
storage place 38 53,156
storming, is 106 swims, human
swims, sea mammal 79
stove 39
swing 52,53
story 165
story, true
straightens
145,164
149
table
t 40
straight, is 157
s. course 158 taboo 42
stranger 3,62 tack 49
stretcher 48 tailbone 13
stretches skin 50 take 176
stretches 160,161 takes 16,160
strikes 129 t. care of 148
string figures 132 t. notice 159
stroll 155 t. off 63
strong, is 22, 122, 157,158 t . one's picture 126
stubborn, is 30,31 t. a rest 154
stuck, is 139 talks 15,164
stuffy, is 138 easy to t. to 29
stumbles 152,156 t. bad language 164
eubtr acting , is 124 tangle 135
sucks 164 tangled, is 64
sUddenly 160 tans 50
suffers 27,133 tanning process 50
SUffering 148 tastes 56
208 English Index
tattoo, chin 6 thirsty, is 18
t. facial 33 thirteen 124
tea 55 thirty 124
t. pot, kettle 40 this one 115
Hudson I s Bay tea 99 this one around here 116
teacher 3 this way 136
teaches 23 thorn in his flesh 21
tear 127 those 116,117
tears 7 though 169
tells 140,145,164 thread 35,51,128
tempers 128 threatened, is 136
temporal bone 13 threatening, is 24
temptation 128 three 123
tempted, is 134 throat 8
tempts 155 clears t. 16
ten 123 sore t. 19,31
tendon 11 throbbing, is 21
tense, is 28 through 172
tent 36 throws 133
t. peg 36 thrushes 92
frame for t. 36 thunder 97
terrible, is 161 thus 136
tests 149,165 tibia 14
testicles 12 tickles 145
thanks 26 ties 71,144
thank you 146 t. up 155
thankful 146 time 110
that one 116,117 t. for 110
that is all 161 t. to 57
that is right 161 tingles 27
that way 136 tiny, is 165
then 114,161 tired, is 18,136,147,154
t., remote time 118 tired of 177
there 112 to 176
there is 114 today 118
thermometer 22,104 toes 9,14
these 115,116 together 122,131,154,172
they 3,126 t. with 134,172
thick, is 121 toilet 40
thigh 9,11 t. paper 40
thimble 51 told 161
thin, is 121 tomorrow 117
thing 159 tongue 8
things washed ashore 161 tonight 118
things, sent 163 too 179,185
think 176,181 took 140
thinks 23 tool 49
t. he knows everything 31 beating t. 128
thought to be 176 carving t. 49
thinking 169 t. handle 137
 209
Eng~ish Index
49 t. to learn 135
t. kit t. to shoot 59
opening t. 38
keeps t. 151
piercing t , 49
always t. to do 154
tooth 7,13
tundra 103
t. ache 20 129
20 turn on
pulls a t. 10
56 t. his back to
picks t , 13
41 t. head
tooth brush
56 t , over, off 46,142,143,148
toothpick 98
111 tussock
top, on 123
164 twelve
topples 124
tore 159 twenty
33 two 123
torn, is 144
127 twisted, is
t. is not 48
touches 16,127,157,161 types
typewriter 48
t. bottom 163
typist 48
towards 115
t. each other 131
t. over there 113 U
tows 142
ugly, is 31,121,137
toy 52
ulna 14
track 69
umbilicus 10
tracking, is 59
u. cord 11
trades 126
umiak 67,68
trail 63,69
parts of 67
t. snack 57
unable 173
tragic, is 158
uncertain, is 150,180
translates 148
uncle 4
translucent 143
unclean 157
trap 60
undecided, is 29
t. entrance 60
under 111
trapping, is 60 134
3,62 undercut, is
traveller 23
62,63,133 understands
travels 23
63,115 u. not
t. down river 33
63 underwear
t. up river 27
68 unenjoyable
t. by umiak unfriendly, is 27
treasure 159
43 unloads 9,64,68
treats him 150
101,102,150 unpredictable, is
trees 129 .
parts of 101 unravel
unwise, is 32
trial 164
uppermost 120
trim, parka 34
32 upright 150
trouble 112,113,114
troubled, is 32 upriver
upset, gets 162
true 135
135 up there 113
truth 125
trusts 163 up to
urine 17
try 177,180
urinates 17
tries 165
210 English Index
us 3 wary, is 69
useful, is 121 washes ashore 162
uses 131,184 washes 51
u. up 152 wasp 79
useless 177 watches 15,148
uttermost 174 w. critically 149
uvula 8 water 56,103
calm w. 104
V rough w. 104
valley 103 waterfall 145
veers away 32,142 wave 104
vein 11 waxwing 93
ventilator 7,38 way, in the 132
vertebra 13 we 3
very 169,175,178 weak 122,158
not v. 179 wealth 159
village 110 weapons 57
visiting, is 136 wears 130
visits 137 weasel 77
v. house to house 158 weather 104
visitor 3,62 is good w. 30,104
voice 16 w. conditions 104,105,106
vole 76 webbing, harness 64
vomits 20 w. snowshoe 64
vulva 12 weeps 7
welcomes 153
W well 174
west 106
wades 137 wet, is 122
wage 126 w. from dew 105
wagtail, yellow 92 whales 80
waist 10 parts of 81
waits 59,160,165 w. skin with blubber 55
w. a minute 125 killed a w. 79
wakes up 18 whaler 68
walks 16,155 whaling 59,63
wall 37 what 126,143,158
walrus 80 when 114,142
edible w. skin 55 where 150,151,158
fermented w. meat 55 while 118,183
wants 153,155,172,182,183 whines 71, 136
war 129 whip 71
warblers 93 whips 137
warm, is 104 whirlwind 106,163
w. himself 153 whistles 142,157
warns 140 whispers 16
warning 140 white 122
war party 158 w. person 2
warped, is 144 w. out 105
wart 21 who 140
English Index 211
whose 140 would 176
why 158 wrapper 156
wide, is 121 wraps 156
widow 2 wrestles 159
widower 2 wrinkles nose 15,134
wife 4 wrist 8
will 170,176,185 writes 48
willow 101 wrong, is 136
wind 105
winds
w. blows from
105,106
113
y
w. dies down 143 yawns 18
windy, is 105 year 118,119
windbreak 37 yearns to follow 150
window 38 yeast 54
windpipe 8 yellow 123
wine 147 yells 133
wing 138 yelps 71
winks 15 yes 125,133
wins 53 yesterday 118
winter 119 you 3
this w. 118
w. before last 118
wipes 127
wise, is 23,31
unwise, is 32
wisecracks 165
with 172,184
withered 20
without, is 171
wolf 69
wolverine 77
woman 1
pretty w. 30
wood 39
block of 101
green w. 11,39,101
charred w. 39
dry, dead w. 101
woodpeckers 91
wool 145
word 46,164
works 47,157
w. for 140
w. hard 157
w. on, at 173
worker 30
worm 77
worry 20,27
worthless, is 121
'/