REVIEWER IN HEALTH SCIENCE/ FINALS/ JOLINA MAE G. NATUEL / BEED- IV/ PROF.

MEMBREBE 1

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT c. Feminine Characteristics

4. XYY Abnormality
 Growth- increase in the size of bodily parts. a. Male- abnormality large.
 Development b. Aggressive Criminals
a. Orderly & sequential changes.
b. Gradual growth- character change. Principles of Growth and Development
 Maturation-process:
1. Principle of Directionality
a. Bodily changes- heredity.
a. Maturation-clear
Nature Vs. Nature b. Fetal Dev’t (2 Directions)
1. Head Downward
 Nature-inherited characteristics (genetics). 2. Trunk Outward
 Nurture-environment experiences. 2. Principle of Functional Asymmetry
a. Develop Asymmetrically-handedness
Heredity- sum total of characteristics (parents to offspring). 3. Principle of Self-Regulating Fluctuation
a. Development-pace all fronts
 Two Types of Cells
b. Ex: Child begin to talk until he learned to walk.
1. Body or Somatic Cells
2. Germ or Reproductive Cells General Principles of Heredity
 Nucleus- cell has.
 46 chromosomes- 23 pairs (genotype) 1. Moment of Conception
2. No two individuals are alike.
Chromosomes- physical vehicles 3. Inheritance- two lines of ancestry.
4. Hereditary Qualities-not apparent at birth.
a. Human Being- quarter of million of genes.
5. General capacity rather than Specific Ability
Genes 6. Acquired Characteristics- not inherited.

a. DNA (Dioxyribunucleic acid)- large molecules.

b. Actual Hereditary Units- physical structure. HIV/AIDS

Human Inheritance HIV- attacks your body’s immune system.

a. Normal Gene-dominant H -uman

b. Defective- recessive
 Found only in humans
Chromosomal Abnormalities  Transmitted among humans
 Preventable by humans
1. Down Syndrome
a. Mongolism- common I -mmunodefiency
b. Cause- extra chromosome
 Body lacks ability to fight off infections
c. Characteristics:
 Severe Mental Retardation V -irus
 Skeletal Deformities
 Abnormally Wide Set Eyes  Type of germ
 Lives and reproduces in body cells
2. Turner’s Syndrome/Sexual Infatilism
a. Cause- females having single X chromosome AIDS- a stage of disease.
b. Normal- XX
a. Immune Cells- 200 cells per mm blood (a healthy
c. Failure to Develop Sexual Characteritics
person has about 800)
 Female Genitalia- lack of ovaries
b. Body- cannot fight off simple infections.
(cannot become pregnant)
d. Visual Agnosia- inability to recognize objects. A -cquired; received, not inherited (does not run in families)
-“Gonadal dysgenaesis”
3. Klinefelter’s Syndrome I -mmuno; protected from (in this case the system protects
a. Cause-male having extra chromosome X. the body from disease)
b. XXY- combination
D -eficiency, - a lack of
REVIEWER IN HEALTH SCIENCE/ FINALS/ JOLINA MAE G. NATUEL / BEED- IV/ PROF. MEMBREBE 2

S-yndrome; – a group of symptoms or diseases a. Group of Anomalies

b. Common Cause- occurring together

BIRTH DEFECTS
Genetic Factors
 Birth Defect
a. An abnormality of structure -function or 1. Chromosomal Abnormalities
metabolism. 2. Gene mutations
b. Result-physical & mental disabilities 3. Multifactorial
 Abnormal Development
1. Miscarriage (spontaneous abortion)- natural Chromosomal Abnormalities
ending of a pregnancy before the fetus
1. Late maternal age-time of pregnancy
survive.
2. Radiation-chromosomes deletions, translocations or
2. Stillbirth- natural ending of a pregnancy
breaks.
after 20 weeks.
3. Viruses-German measles
Causes of Birth Defects 4. Autoimmune Disease
5. Chemical Agents-anti-mitotic drugs.
1. Genetic and Environmental Factors
2. 70%- unknown birth defects. Classification of Chromosomal Abnormalities

Congenital Anomaly-structural abnormality (present at birth) 1. Numerical Chromosomal Anomalies

a. Polyploidy-severe congenital anomalies and
1. Induced- genetic or environmental factors. early abortion.
2. Clinical Significance- single/multiple or minor/major.  Triploidy-69 chromosomes
3. First 2 weeks- teratogenic agents kill embryo.  Tetraploidy-92 chromosomes
4. Organogenesis Period (3-8 wks)-TA cause major b. Aneuploidy- 1 or more chromosomes is added
congenital anomalies. or missed.
5. Fetal Period (9wk-9mon) Ex: Down Syndrome- Trisomy 21
 Teratogens-produce  Mental Retardation- facial&heart prob.
morphological&functional 2. Structural Chromosomal Anomalies
abnormalities (Brain and Eyes) 1. Deletion
2. Duplication
Causes of Congenital Anomalies 3. Translocation
4. Inversion
1. Genetic Factor-chromosomal abnormalities and
5. Ring
mutant genes.
6. Iso Chromosomes
2. Environmental Factors
3. Combined-multifactoral factors. Environmental Factors- teratogens
Types of Abnormalities 1. Infections- rubella virus
2. Radiation- ionizing radiation kills cells
1. Malformations (3-8wk of gestation)
3. Chemicals: drugs/medications
a. During organogenesis- formation of the
4. Alcohol- FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)
structure of the organ.
5. Hormones- malformation of uterus.
b. Results-partial/complete non formation
6. Maternal Disease:nutritional deficiencies, food
2. Disruptions
poisoning.
a. Result-morphological change
7. Heavy Metal-organic mercury
b. Formed Structure-exposure to destructive
process. Multi-Factorial Birth Defects- multi-factorial inheritance
c. Ex: Vascular Accidents
3. Deformations 1. Cleft Lip/ Palate-roof of the mouth
a. Mechanical forces: 2. Neural Tube Defects-brain
b. Long period-affect a part of the fetus. 3. Spina Bifida-open spine
c. Ex: Talipes Equinovarus Deformity 4. Insufficient of Follic Acid
4. Syndrome 5. Heart Defects
REVIEWER IN HEALTH SCIENCE/ FINALS/ JOLINA MAE G. NATUEL / BEED- IV/ PROF. MEMBREBE 3

Fetal Theraphy

1. Fetal Transfusion-blood transfusion. OBESITY

2. Medical Treatment-thyroid dysfuntion.
3. Fetal Surgery-ultrasound & surgical procedures.  Obesity
4. Stem cell transplantation & gene theraphy a. Not just cosmetic concern.
b. Risk:
1. Heart Disease
PHILIPPINE HERBAL MEDICINE 2. Diabetes
3. High Blood Pressure
Name Scientific Name c. Change Life- dietary lifestyle.
1. Akapulko/Acalpulco
d. Definition:
2. Avocado Persea americana
1. High amount of fat.
3. Gumamela Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn
4. Lagundi Vitex negundo 2. Fat not weight.
5. Oregano Origanum vulgare
Body Mass Index (BMI)- a formula:
6. Guyabano Annona muricata Linnaeus
7. Mangosteen Garcinia mangostana L.
 Muscular Athletes- not fat but muscles.
8. Malunggay Moringa oleifera Lam.
9. Tanglad | Lemon Grass Andropogon citratus DC
10. Pansit-Pansitan Peperomia pellucida Linn.
a.k.a. Ulasiman-Bato
11. Saluyot or Jute Corchorus capsularis L.
12. Balanoi/ Sweet Basil Ocimum Basilicum
13. Sinta Andrographis Panicula ta
14. Bangka-Bangkaan/ Tradescantia Spathacea
Oyster Plant
15. Gulasiman
16. Alugbati (Basellaceae)
Causes of Obesity- combination of state & risk factors.

Medicinal Characteristics of Gumamela 1. Inactivity- without activity

2. Diets- bad eating habits
1. Expectorant 3. Pregnancy- increasing weight
2. Diuretic 4. Lack of sleep- increase the appetite
3. Emollient 5. Drugs- antidepressants drug.
4. Anti-infectious 6. Medical conditions- Cushing syndrome (store more
5. Anti-inflammatory fat and gain weight)
6. Antipyretic 7. Genetics- genes
7. Anodyne 8. Family lifestyle- food they eat.
8. Refrigerant 9. Age- lose muscles

Health Benefits of Oregano Complications of Obesity

1. Good for cough and cold relief 1. Stroke
2. Helps prevent degenerative arthritis 2. Cancer
3. Has Anti-aging properties 3. Depression
4. Helps relieve rheumatism and osteoarthritis 4. Type 2 Diabetes
5. Bronchitis herbal remedy 5. Heart Disease
6. Ease asthma attacks
7. Relieves upset stomach Weight Related States
8. Treatment of urinary tract problems
9. Relief for dyspepsia or indigestion 1. Sexual problems.
10. Healing wounds, insect bites & stings 2. Social isolation.
11. Cure for sore throat 3. Physical disability.
12. Avoid infections caused by childbirth by taking 4. Discomfort.
decoctions of the leaves by the recent mother.
13. For general good health
REVIEWER IN HEALTH SCIENCE/ FINALS/ JOLINA MAE G. NATUEL / BEED- IV/ PROF. MEMBREBE 4

Tips

 Doctor and Dietitian- treatment options for obesity

1. Taking your obesity history
2. Physical examinations for your expected heath
problem
3. BMI
4. Blood Tests

Treatment

1. Dietary Changes.
2. Exercise and activity.
3. Behavior change.
4. Prescription medication.
5. Weight-loss surgery.

Prevention

1. More exercise- 150 to 250 min. moderate intensity

activity
2. Eat healthy
3. Monitor your weight

Prescription Medication

1. Orlistat (Xenical).
2. Lorcaserin (Belviq)
3. Phentermine-topiramate (Qsymia)
4. Phentermine (Adipex-P, Suprenza).