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Sample records for aluminium dross waste
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1. Evaluation of Aluminium Dross as Adsorbent for Removal of Carcinogenic Congo Red Dye in
Wastewater
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zakaria, Mohamad Zulfika Hazielim b.; Zauzi, Nur Syuhada Ahmad; Baini, Rubiyah; Sutan, Norsuzailina
Mohamed; Rezaur Rahman, Md
2017-06-01
In this study, aluminium dross waste generated from aluminium smelting industries was employed as
adsorbent in removing of congo red dye in aqueous solution. The raw aluminium dross as adsorbent was
characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) for surface
area and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectroscopy. Adsorption experiments were carried out by batch
system at different adsorbent mass, pH, and initial dye concentration. The results showed that the per cent
removal of dye increased as adsorbent mass increased. It was found that 0.4 gram of adsorbent can remove
approximately 100 % of dye at pH 9 for dye concentration 20 and 40 ppm. Therefore, it can be concluded
that raw aluminium dross without undergone any treatment can be effectively used for the adsorption of
congo red in textile wastewater related industries.
2. Effect of pH, Dosage and Concentration on the Adsorption of Congo Red onto Untreated and Treated
Aluminium Dross
Zakaria Mohamad Zulfika, Hazielim B.; Baini, Rubiyah; Zauzi, Nur Syuhada Ahmad
2017-06-01
The adsorption of congo red onto aluminium dross was studied in batch process. The objective of this
study is to adsorption capacity between untreated and treated aluminium dross in the removal of congo
red. Aluminium dross was leached with 250 ml of 1% of NaOH and and precipitated with 30% H2O2.
The treated aluminium dross being calcined at 600Â°C for 3 hours. The surface area for untreated and
treated aluminium dross was 10.06 m2/g and 79.80 m2/g respectively. Then the adsorption process was
carried out on an orbital shaker at 200 rpm for 4 hours. In the effect of pH, it was found that untreated
removes more congo red compared to the treated while in the effect of concentration solution and dosage
of adsorbent, treated aluminium dross removes more congo red. In conclusion, this adsorbent was found to
be effective and economically viable in the removal of congo red in waste water treatment.
3. Hydrolysis of aluminum dross material to achieve zero hazardous waste.
PubMed
David, E; Kopac, J
2012-03-30
A simple method with high efficiency for generating high pure hydrogen by hydrolysis in tap water of
highly activated aluminum dross is established. Aluminum dross is activated by mechanically milling to
particles of about 45 Î¼m. This leads to removal of surface layer of the aluminum particles and creation of
a fresh chemically active metal surface. In contact with water the hydrolysis reaction takes place and
hydrogen is released. In this process a Zero Waste concept is achieved because the other product of
reaction is aluminum oxide hydroxide (AlOOH), which is nature-friendly and can be used to make high
quality refractory or calcium aluminate cement. For comparison we also used pure aluminum powder and
alkaline tap water solution (NaOH, KOH) at a ratio similar to that of aluminum dross content. The rates of
hydrogen generated in hydrolysis reaction of pure aluminum and aluminum dross have been found to be
similar. As a result of the experimental setup, a hydrogen generator was designed and assembled.
Hydrogen volume generated by hydrolysis reaction was measured. The experimental results obtained
reveal that aluminum dross could be economically recycled by hydrolysis process with achieving zero
hazardous aluminum dross waste and hydrogen generation. Copyright Ã‚Â© 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights
reserved.
4. Reuse of Aluminum Dross as an Engineered Product
Dai, Chen; Apelian, Diran
To prevent the leaching of landfilled aluminum dross waste and save the energy consumed by recovering
metallic aluminum from dross, aluminum dross is reused as an engineering product directly rather than
"refurbished" ineffectively. The concept is to reduce waste and to reuse. Two kinds of aluminum dross
from industrial streams were selected and characterized. We have shown that dross can be applied directly,
or accompanied with a simple conditioning process, to manufacture refractory components. Dross
particles below 50 mesh are most effective. Mechanical property evaluations revealed the possibility for
dross waste to be utilized as filler in concrete, resulting in up to 40% higher flexural strength and 10%
higher compressive strength compared to pure cement, as well as cement with sand additions. The
potential usage of aluminum dross as a raw material for such engineering applications is presented and
discussed.
5. Solder dross removal apparatus
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Webb, Winston S. (Inventor)
1992-01-01
An automatic dross removal apparatus (10) is disclosed for removing dross from the surface of a solder
bath (22) in an automated electric component handling system. A rotatable wiper blade (14) is positioned
adjacent the solder bath (22) which skims the dross off of the surface prior to the dipping of a robot
conveyed component into the bath. An electronic control circuit (34) causes a motor (32) to rotate the
wiper arm (14) one full rotational cycle each time a pulse is received from a robot controller (44) as a
component approaches the solder bath (22).
6. Solder dross removal apparatus
Webb, Winston S. (Inventor)
1990-01-01
An automatic dross removal apparatus is disclosed for removing dross from the surface of a solder bath in
an automated electric component handling system. A rotatable wiper blade is positioned adjacent the
solder bath which skims the dross off of the surface prior to the dipping of a robot conveyed component
into the bath. An electronic control circuit causes a motor to rotate the wiper arm one full rotational cycle
each time a pulse is received from a robot controller as a component approaches the solder bath.
7. Aluminium alloys in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash.
PubMed
Hu, Yanjun; Rem, Peter
2009-05-01
With the increasing growth of incineration of household waste, more and more aluminium is retained in
municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash. Therefore recycling of aluminium from bottom ash becomes
increasingly important. Previous research suggests that aluminium from different sources is found in
different size fractions resulting in different recycling rates. The purpose of this study was to develop
analytical and sampling techniques to measure the particle size distribution of individual alloys in bottom
ash. In particular, cast aluminium alloys were investigated. Based on the particle size distribution it was
computed how well these alloys were recovered in a typical state-of-the-art treatment plant. Assessment of
the cast alloy distribution was carried out by wet physical separation processes, as well as chemical
methods, X-ray fluorescence analysis and electron microprobe analysis. The results from laboratory
analyses showed that cast alloys tend to concentrate in the coarser fractions and therefore are better
recovered in bottom ash treatment plants.
8. Recycling of lead solder dross, Generated from PCB manufacturing
Lucheva, Biserka; Tsonev, Tsonio; Iliev, Peter
2011-08-01
The main purpose of this work is to analyze lead solder dross, a waste product from manufacturing of
printed circuit boards by wave soldering, and to develop an effective and environmentally sound
technology for its recycling. A methodology for determination of the content and chemical composition of
the metal and oxide phases of the dross is developed. Two methods for recycling of lead solder dross were
examinedâ€”carbothermal reduction and recycling using boron-containing substances. The influence of
various factors on the metal yield was studied and the optimal parameters of the recycling process are
defined. The comparison between them under the same parameters-temperature and retention time,
showed that recycling of dross with a mixture of borax and boric acid in a 1:2 ratio provides higher metal
yield (93%). The recycling of this hazardous waste under developed technology gets glassy slag and
solder, which after correction of the chemical composition can be used again for production of PCB.
9. Use of Industrial Waste (Al-Dross, Red Mud, Mill Scale) as Fluxing Agents in the Sulfurization of Fe-Ni-
Cu-Co Alloy by Carbothermic Reduction of Calcium Sulfate
Heo, Jung Ho; Jeong, Eui Hyuk; Nam, Chul Woo; Park, Kyung Ho; Park, Joo Hyun
2018-06-01
The use of industrial waste [mill scale (MS), red mud (RM), Al-dross (AD)] as fluxing agents in the
sulfurization of Fe-Ni-Cu-Co alloy to matte (Fe-Ni-Cu-Co-S) by carbothermic reduction of CaSO4 was
investigated at 1673 K (1400 Â°C). The sulfurization efficiency (SE) was 76 (Â± 2) pct at RM or AD
single fluxing. However, SE drastically increased to approximately 89 pct at a `5AD + 5MS' combination,
which was equivalent to reagent-grade chemical `5Al2O3 + 5Fe2O3' fluxing (SE = 88 pct). The present
results can be used to improve the cost-effective recovery of rare metals (Ni and Co) from deep sea
manganese nodules.
10. Use of Industrial Waste (Al-Dross, Red Mud, Mill Scale) as Fluxing Agents in the Sulfurization of Fe-Ni-
Cu-Co Alloy by Carbothermic Reduction of Calcium Sulfate
Heo, Jung Ho; Jeong, Eui Hyuk; Nam, Chul Woo; Park, Kyung Ho; Park, Joo Hyun
2018-03-01
The use of industrial waste [mill scale (MS), red mud (RM), Al-dross (AD)] as fluxing agents in the
sulfurization of Fe-Ni-Cu-Co alloy to matte (Fe-Ni-Cu-Co-S) by carbothermic reduction of CaSO4 was
investigated at 1673 K (1400 Â°C). The sulfurization efficiency (SE) was 76 (Â± 2) pct at RM or AD
single fluxing. However, SE drastically increased to approximately 89 pct at a `5AD + 5MS' combination,
which was equivalent to reagent-grade chemical `5Al2O3 + 5Fe2O3' fluxing (SE = 88 pct). The present
results can be used to improve the cost-effective recovery of rare metals (Ni and Co) from deep sea
manganese nodules.
11. Oxidation and waste-to-energy output of aluminium waste packaging during incineration: A laboratory
study.
PubMed
LÃ³pez, FÃ©lix A; RomÃ¡n, Carlos PÃ©rez; GarcÃa-DÃaz, Irene; Alguacil, Francisco J
2015-09-01
This work reports the oxidation behaviour and waste-to-energy output of different semi-rigid and flexible
aluminium packagings when incinerated at 850Â°C in an air atmosphere enriched with 6% oxygen, in the
laboratory setting. The physical properties of the different packagings were determined, including their
metallic aluminium contents. The ash contents of their combustion products were determined according to
standard BS ISO 1171:2010. The net calorific value, the required energy, and the calorific gain associated
with each packaging type were determined following standard BS EN 13431:2004. Packagings with an
aluminium lamina thickness of >50Î¼m did not fully oxidise. During incineration, the weight-for-weight
waste-to-energy output of the packagings with thick aluminium lamina was lower than that of packagings
with thin lamina. The calorific gain depended on the degree of oxidation of the metallic aluminium, but
was greater than zero for all the packagings studied. Waste aluminium may therefore be said to act as an
energy source in municipal solid waste incineration systems. Copyright Â© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.
12. Geopolymerisation of fly ashes with waste aluminium anodising etching solutions.
PubMed
Ogundiran, M B; Nugteren, H W; Witkamp, G J
2016-10-01
Combined management of coal combustion fly ash and waste aluminium anodising etching solutions
using geopolymerisation presents economic and environmental benefits. The possibility of using waste
aluminium anodising etching solution (AES) as activator to produce fly ash geopolymers in place of the
commonly used silicate solutions was explored in this study. Geopolymerisation capacities of five
European fly ashes with AES and the leaching of elements from their corresponding geopolymers were
studied. Conventional commercial potassium silicate activator-based geopolymers were used as a
reference. The geopolymers produced were subjected to physical, mechanical and leaching tests. The
leaching of elements was tested on 28 days cured and crushed geopolymers using NEN 12457-4, NEN
7375, SPLP and TCLP leaching tests. After 28 days ambient curing, the geopolymers based on the etching
solution activator showed compressive strength values between 51 and 84Â MPa, whereas the commercial
potassium silicate based geopolymers gave compressive strength values between 89 and 115Â MPa.
Based on the regulatory limits currently associated with the used leaching tests, all except one of the
produced geopolymers (with above threshold leaching of As and Se) passed the recommended limits. The
AES-geopolymer geopolymers demonstrated excellent compressive strength, although less than
geopolymers made from commercial activator. Additionally, they demonstrated low element leaching
potentials and therefore can be suitable for use in construction works. Copyright Â© 2016. Published by
Elsevier Ltd.
13. Utilization of waste heat from aluminium electrolytic cell
Nosek, Radovan; Gavlas, Stanislav; Lenhard, Richard; Malcho, Milan; Sedlak, Veroslav; Teie, Sebastian
2017-12-01
During the aluminium production, 50% of the supplied energy is consumed by the chemical process, and
50% of the supplied energy is lost in form of heat. Heat losses are necessary to maintain a frozen side
ledge to protect the side walls, so extra heat has to be wasted. In order to increase the energy efficiency of
the process, it is necessary to significantly lower the heat losses dissipated by the furnace's external
surface. Goodtech Recovery Technology (GRT) has developed a technology based on the use of heat pipes
for utilization energy from the waste heat produced in the electrolytic process. Construction of condenser
plays important role for efficient operation of energy systems. The condensation part of the heat pipe is
situated on top of the heating zone. The thermal oil is used as cooling medium in the condenser. This
paper analyses the effect of different operation condition of thermal oil to thermal performance. From the
collected results it is obvious that the larger mass flow and higher temperature cause better thermal
performance and lower pressure drop.
14. Iron and aluminium oxides containing industrial wastes as adsorbents of heavy metals: Application
possibilities and limitations.
PubMed
Jacukowicz-Sobala, Irena; OciÅ„ski, Daniel; KocioÅ‚ek-Balawejder, ElÅ¼bieta
2015-07-01
Industrial wastes with a high iron or aluminium oxide content are produced in huge quantities as by-
products of water treatment (water treatment residuals), bauxite processing (red mud) and hard and brown
coal burning in power plants (fly ash). Although they vary in their composition, the wastes have one thing
in common--a high content of amorphous iron and/or aluminium oxides with a large specific surface area,
whereby this group of wastes shows very good adsorbability towards heavy metals, arsenates, selenates,
etc. But their physical form makes their utilisation quite difficult, since it is not easy to separate the spent
sorbent from the solution and high bed hydraulic resistances occur in dynamic regime processes.
Nevertheless, because of the potential benefits of utilising the wastes in industrial effluent treatment, this
issue attracts much attention today. This study describes in detail the waste generation processes, the
chemical structure of the wastes, their physicochemical properties, and the mechanisms of fixing heavy
metals and semimetals on the surface of iron and aluminium oxides. Typical compositions of wastes
generated in selected industrial plants are given. A detailed survey of the literature on the adsorption
applications of the wastes, including methods of their thermal and chemical activation, as well as
regeneration of the spent sorbents, is presented. The existing and potential ways of modifying the physical
form of the discussed group of wastes, making it possible to overcome the basic limitation on their
practical use, are discussed. Â© The Author(s) 2015.
15. Dross treatment in a rotary arc furnace with graphite electrodes
Drouet, Michel G.; Handfield, My; Meunier, Jean; Laflamme, Claude B.
1994-05-01
Aluminum baths are always covered with a layer of dross resulting from the aluminum surface oxidation.
This dross represents 1-10% of the melt and may contain up to 75wt.% aluminum. Since aluminum
production is highly energy intensive, dross recycling is very attractive from both energy and economic
standpoints. The conventional recycling process using salt rotary furnaces is thermally inefficient and
environmentally unacceptable because of the production of salt slags. Hydro-Quebec has developed a new
technology using a rotary arc furnace with graphite electrodes. This process provides aluminum recovery
rates of 80-90%, using a highly energy efficient, environmentally sound production method.
16. Aluminium recovery from waste incineration bottom ash, and its oxidation level.
PubMed
Biganzoli, Laura; Grosso, Mario
2013-09-01
The recovery of aluminium (Al) scraps from waste incineration bottom ash is becoming a common
practice in waste management. However, during the incineration process, Al in the waste undergoes
oxidation processes that reduce its recycling potential. This article investigates the behaviour of Al scraps
in the furnace of two selected grate-fired waste-to-energy plants and the amount recoverable from the
bottom ash. About 21-23% of the Al fed to the furnace with the residual waste was recovered and
potentially recycled from the bottom ash. Out of this amount, 76-87% was found in the bottom ash
fraction above 5 mm and thus can be recovered with standard eddy current separation technology. These
values depend on the characteristics and the mechanical strength of the Al items in the residual waste.
Considering Al packaging materials, about 81% of the Al in cans can be recovered from the bottom ash as
an ingot, but this amount decreases to 51% for trays, 27% for a mix of aluminium and poly-laminated foils
and 47% for paper-laminated foils. This shows that the recovery of Al from the incineration residues
increases proportionally to the thickness of the packaging.
17. Chemical and Electrochemical Processing of Aluminum Dross Using Molten Salts
Yan, Xiao Y.
2008-04-01
A novel molten salt process was investigated, where Al, as metal or contained in Al2O3 and AlN, was
recovered from Al dross by chemical or direct electrochemical reduction in electrolytic cells. Electrolysis
experiments were carried out under argon at temperatures from 1123 to 1243 K. In order to better
understand the reduction behavior, the as-received Al dross was simulated using simplified systems,
including pure Al2O3, pure AlN, an Al2O3/AlN binary mixture, and an Al2O3/AlN/Al ternary mixture.
The reduction of the as-received dross was also studied experimentally. The studies showed that solid
Al2O3 was chemically reduced by the Ca in a Ca-saturated Ca-CaCl2 melt to form Al2Ca or
electrochemically reduced to Al-rich Al-Ca alloys and that the Al value in the Al2O3 was easily recovered
from the Al drosses. It was found experimentally that solid AlN in the drosses could not be
calciothermically reduced to any extent, consistent with thermodynamic evaluations. It was also found that
the direct electrochemical reduction of the AlN in the drosses was confined to three phase boundaries
(3PBs) between the AlN, the electrolyte, and the current collector and could not be enhanced by using the
LiCl-containing chloride melt or the chloride-fluoride melts studied. The presence of Al powder in the
Al2O3/AlN mixture facilitated the direct electrochemical reduction of both Al2O3 and AlN. The
reduction mechanisms are discussed based upon the present experimental observations. Flow sheets for
recovering the metallic Al and the Al in the Al2O3 and AlN from Al dross are finally proposed.
18. Characterization of dross and its recovery by sulphuric acid leaching
Rahmani, S. A.; Meidianto, A.; Amal, M. I.; Wismogroho, A. S.; Widayatno, W. B.
2018-03-01
This paper reports the characterization of dross from galvanizing process and its recovery using acidic
leaching method. The diffraction profile of dross showed identical peaks with that of ZnO. The X-ray
Fluorescence (XRF) analysis identified the content of following metals: Zn, Fe, Mn, Ga, Co, and W. The
thermal behaviour examination revealed the existence of some volatiles within the initial sample. The
acidic leaching at various concentrations of sulphuric acid was conducted to determine the optimum
concentration for zinc recovery and the highest yield of zinc sulphate. It is concluded that the optimum
concentration of H2SO4 for this kind of dross is 4 M with 71.9% yield of ZnSO4. The result of leaching
process was confirmed by infrared spectrum, where various absorptions corresponding to SO4 2- and Zn-
O bands were observed.
19. Recycling of hazardous waste from tertiary aluminium industry in a value-added material.
PubMed
Gonzalo-Delgado, Laura; LÃ³pez-Delgado, Aurora; LÃ³pez, FÃ©lix Antonio; Alguacil, Francisco

JosÃ©; LÃ³pez-AndrÃ©s, Sol
2011-02-01
The recent European Directive on waste, 2008/98/EC seeks to reduce the exploitation of natural resources
through the use of secondary resource management. Thus the main objective of this study was to explore
how a waste could cease to be considered as waste and could be utilized for a specific purpose. In this
way, a hazardous waste from the tertiary aluminium industry was studied for its use as a raw material in
the synthesis of an added-value product, boehmite. This waste is classified as a hazardous residue,
principally because in the presence of water or humidity, it releases toxic gases such as hydrogen,
ammonia, methane and hydrogen sulfide. The low temperature hydrothermal method developed permits
the recovery of 90% of the aluminium content in the residue in the form of a high purity (96%) AlOOH
(boehmite). The method of synthesis consists of an initial HCl digestion followed by a gel precipitation. In
the first stage a 10% HCl solution is used to yield a 12.63 g L(-1) Al( 3+) solution. In the second stage
boehmite is precipitated in the form of a gel by increasing the pH of the acid Al(3+) solution by adding 1
mol L(-1) NaOH solution. Several pH values were tested and boehmite was obtained as the only
crystalline phase at pH 8. Boehmite was completely characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform
infrared and scanning electron microscopy. A study of its thermal behaviour was also carried out by
thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis.
20. A hazardous waste from secondary aluminium metallurgy as a new raw material for calcium aluminate
glasses.
PubMed
LÃ³pez-Delgado, Aurora; Tayibi, Hanan; PÃ©rez, Carlos; Alguacil, Francisco JosÃ©; LÃ³pez, FÃ©lix
Antonio
2009-06-15
A solid waste coming from the secondary aluminium industry was successfully vitrified in the ternary
CaO-Al(2)O(3)-SiO(2) system at 1500 degrees C. This waste is a complex material which is considered
hazardous because of its behaviour in the presence of water or moisture. In these conditions, the dust can
generate gases such as H(2), NH(3), CH(4), H(2)S, along with heat and potential aluminothermy. Only
silica sand and calcium carbonate were added as external raw materials to complete the glasses formula.
Different nominal compositions of glasses, with Al(2)O(3) ranging between 20% and 54%, were studied
to determine the glass forming area. The glasses obtained allow the immobilisation of up to 75% of waste
in a multicomponent oxide system in which all the components of the waste are incorporated. The
microhardness Hv values varied between 6.05 and 6.62GPa and the linear thermal expansion coefficient,
alpha, varied between (62 and 139)x10(-7)K(-1). Several glasses showed a high hydrolytic resistance in
deionised water at 98 degrees C.
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21. The Leaching of Aluminium In Spanish Clays, Coal Mining Wastes and Coal Fly Ashes by Sulphuric
Acid.
FernÃ¡ndez, A. M.; IbÃ¡Ã±ez, J. L.; Llavona, M. A.; Zapico, R.

The acid leaching of aluminium from several non traditional ores, bayerite, kaolinite, different clays, coal
mining wastes and coal fly ashes, and the kinetic of their dissolution are described. The effects of time,
temperature, acid concentration, sample calcination, particle size were examined. The leaching of
aluminium is dependent on acid concentration and strongly on temperature. Generally, the time to reach a
fixed percentage of dissolution decreases with increasing acid concentration in the range 6% to 40% acid
by weight. On clays and coal mining wastes a good relation between Al removal and ratio kaolinite/illite
was also observed at all temperatures and acid concentration tested. Coal fly ashes are particles that were
heated at very high temperatures in the power station and Al compounds were transformed into mullite
and so Al recovery was minor. Several rate equations describing the kinetics of the leach reaction were
discussed and Kinetic parameters and activation energy values of samples are presented.
22. Naturally occurring radioactive material from the aluminium industry--a case study: the Egyptian
Aluminium Company, Nag Hammady, Egypt.
PubMed
Abbady, Adel G E; El-Arabi, A M
2006-12-01
The activity concentrations and the gamma-absorbed dose rates of the terrestrial naturally occurring
radionuclides (226)Ra and (232)Th were determined in samples of bauxite, alumina and aluminium dross
tailings industrial waste (used to produce two types of alums) using high purity germanium (HPGe)
gamma ray spectrometry. The bauxite and alumina are imported by Egyptalum (The Egyptian Aluminium
Company, Nag Hammady, Egypt) from Guinea and India. The activity concentrations in the bauxite range
from 29 +/- 1 to 112 +/- 6 Bq kg(-1) for (226)Ra, and 151 +/- 8 to 525 +/- 12 Bq kg(-1) for (232)Th, with
mean values of 62 +/- 8 and 378 +/- 50 Bq kg(-1), respectively. With respect to alumina and tail, the mean
values are 5.7 +/- 1.1 and 8.4 +/- 0.8 Bq kg(-1) for (226)Ra and 7.2 +/- 1.6 and 10.7 +/- 1.2 Bq kg(-1) for
(232)Th. Potassium-40 was not detected in any of the studied samples. The measured activity
concentrations of (226)Ra and (232)Th in bauxite are higher than the world average while in alumina and
tail they are lower. As a measure of radiation hazard to the occupational workers and members of the
public, the Ra equivalent activities and external gamma dose rates due to natural radionuclides at 1 m
above the ground surface were calculated. The external gamma-radiation doses received by the Egyptalum
workers are 97, 409, 8.5 and 12.7 microSv y(-1) for the Guinean and Indian bauxite, the alumina and tail,
respectively, which is well below the recommended allowed dose of 1 mSv y(-1) for non-exposed
workers.
23. Aluminium plasmonics
SciTech Connect
Gerard, Davy; Gray, Stephen K.
In this study, we present an overview of 'aluminium plasmonics', i.e. the study of both fundamental and
practical aspects of surface plasmon excitations in aluminium structures, in particular thin films and metal
nanoparticles. After a brief introduction noting both some recent and historical contributions to aluminium
plasmonics, we discuss the optical properties of aluminium and aluminium nanostructures and highlight a
few selected studies in a host of areas ranging from fluorescence to data storage.
24. Aluminium plasmonics
DOE PAGES

2014-12-15
In this study, we present an overview of 'aluminium plasmonics', i.e. the study of both fundamental and
practical aspects of surface plasmon excitations in aluminium structures, in particular thin films and metal
nanoparticles. After a brief introduction noting both some recent and historical contributions to aluminium
plasmonics, we discuss the optical properties of aluminium and aluminium nanostructures and highlight a
few selected studies in a host of areas ranging from fluorescence to data storage.
25. AFM AND XPS Characterization of Zinc-Aluminum Alloy Coatings with Attention to Surface Dross and
Flow Lines
Harding, Felipe A.; Alarcon, Nelson A.; Toledo, Pedro G.
Surfaces of various zinc-aluminum alloy (Zn-Al) coated steel samples are studied with attention to foreign
surface dross by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS/ESCA).
AFM topographic maps of zinc-aluminum alloy surfaces free of dross reveal the perfect nanoscale details
of two kinds of dendrites: branched and globular. In all magnifications the dendrites appear smooth and, in
general, very clean. XPS analysis of the extreme surface of a Zn-Al sample reveals Al, Zn, Si and O as the
main components. The XPS results show no segregation or separation of phases other than those indicated
by the ternary Al-Zn-Si diagram. For surfaces of Zn-Al plagued with impurities, high resolution AFM
topographic maps reveal three situations: (1) areas with well-defined dendrites, relatively free of dross; (2)
areas with small, millimeter-sized black spots known as dross; and (3) areas with large black stains,
known as flow lines. Dendrite deformation and dross accumulation increase notably in the neighborhood,
apparently clean to the naked eye, of dross or flow lines. XPS results of areas with dross and flow lines
indicate unacceptable high concentration of Si and important Si phase separation. These results, in the
light of AFM work, reveal that dross and flow lines are a consequence of a high local concentration of Si
from high melting point silica and silicate impurities in the Zn-Al alloy source.
26. Research on the effect of alkali roasting of copper dross on leaching rate of indium
Dafang, Liu; Fan, Xingxiang; Shi, Yifeng; Yang, Kunbin
2017-11-01
The byproduct copper dross produced during refining crude lead was characterized by X-ray diffraction
(XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), which showed that
copper dross mainly contained lead, copper, zinc, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, sulfur and a small amount of
indium and silver etc. The mineralogical phase change of oxidation roasting of copper dross by adding
sodium hydroxide was analyzed with the help of XRD and SEM. The effects of water leaching, ratio of
sodium hydroxide, roasting time, and roasting temperature on leaching rate of indium were investigated
mainly. The experimental results showed that phase of lead metal and sulfides of lead, copper and zinc
disappeared after oxidation roasting of copper dross by adding sodium hydroxide, new phase of oxides of
lead, copper, zinc and sodium salt of arsenic and antimony appeared. Water leaching could remove
arsenic, and acid leaching residue obtained was then leached with acid. The leaching rate of indium was
higher 6.98% compared with alkali roasting of copper dross-acid leaching. It showed that removing
arsenic by water leaching and acid leaching could increase the leaching rate of indium and be beneficial to
reducing subsequent acid consumption of extracting indium by acid leaching. The roasting temperature
had a significant effect on the leaching rate of indium, and leaching rate of indium increased with the rise
of roasting temperature. When roasting temperature ranged from 450Â°C to 600Â°C, leaching rate of
indium increased significantly with the rise of roasting temperature. When roasting temperature rose from
450Â°C to 600Â°C, leaching rate of indium increased by 60.29%. The amount of sodium hydroxide had
an significant effect on the leaching rate of indium, and the leaching of indium increased with the increase
of the amount of sodium hydroxide, and the leaching rate of indium was obviously higher than that of
copper dross blank roasting and acid leaching.
27. Plasma methods for metals recovery from metal-containing waste.
PubMed
Changming, Du; Chao, Shang; Gong, Xiangjie; Ting, Wang; Xiange, Wei
2018-04-27
Metal-containing waste, a kind of new wastes, has a great potential for recycling and is also difficult to
deal with. Many countries pay more and more attention to develop the metal recovery process and
equipment of this kind of waste as raw material, so as to solve the environmental pollution and
comprehensively utilize the discarded metal resources. Plasma processing is an efficient and
environmentally friendly way for metal-containing waste. This review mainly discuss various metal-
containing waste types, such as printed circuit boards (PCBs), red mud, galvanic sludge, Zircon,
aluminium dross and incinerated ash, and the corresponding plasma methods, which include DC extended
transferred arc plasma reactor, DC non-transferred arc plasma torch, RF thermal plasma reactor and argon
and argon-hydrogen plasma jets. In addition, the plasma arc melting technology has a better purification
effect on the extraction of useful metals from metal-containing wastes, a great capacity of volume
reduction of waste materials, and a low leaching toxicity of solid slag, which can also be used to deal with
all kinds of metal waste materials, having a wide range of applications. Copyright Â© 2018 Elsevier Ltd.
All rights reserved.
28. Industrial waste materials and by-products as thermal energy storage (TES) materials: A review
Gutierrez, Andrea; MirÃ³, Laia; Gil, Antoni; RodrÃguez-Aseguinolaza, Javier; Barreneche, Camila;
Calvet, Nicolas; Py, Xavier; FernÃ¡ndez, A. InÃ©s; GrÃ¡geda, Mario; Ushak, Svetlana; Cabeza, Luisa F.
2016-05-01
A wide variety of potential materials for thermal energy storage (TES) have been identify depending on
the implemented TES method, Sensible, latent or thermochemical. In order to improve the efficiency of
TES systems more alternatives are continuously being sought. In this regard, this paper presents the
review of low cost heat storage materials focused mainly in two objectives: on the one hand, the
implementation of improved heat storage devices based on new appropriate materials and, on the other
hand, the valorisation of waste industrial materials will have strong environmental, economic and societal
benefits such as reducing the landfilled waste amounts, reducing the greenhouse emissions and others.
Different industrial and municipal waste materials and by products have been considered as potential TES
materials and have been characterized as such. Asbestos containing wastes, fly ashes, by-products from
the salt industry and from the metal industry, wastes from recycling steel process and from copper refining
process and dross from the aluminium industry, and municipal wastes (glass and nylon) have been
considered. This work shows a great revalorization of wastes and by-product opportunity as TES
materials, although more studies are needed to achieve industrial deployment of the idea.
29. Aluminium in human sweat.
PubMed
Minshall, Clare; Nadal, Jodie; Exley, Christopher
2014-01-01
It is of burgeoning importance that the human body burden of aluminium is understood and is measured.
There are surprisingly few data to describe human excretion of systemic aluminium and almost no reliable
data which relate to aluminium in sweat. We have measured the aluminium content of sweat in 20 healthy
volunteers following mild exercise. The concentration of aluminium ranged from 329 to 5329Î¼g/L.
These data equate to a daily excretion of between 234 and 7192Î¼g aluminium and they strongly suggest
that perspiration is the major route of excretion of systemic aluminium in humans. Copyright Â© 2013
Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
30. Metastable Phases of Dross Particles Formed in a Molten Zinc Bath and Prediction of Soluble Aluminum
During Galvannealing Processes
Paik, Doo-Jin; Hong, Moon-Hi; Huh, Yoon; Park, Joo Hyun; Chae, Hong-Kook; Park, Seok-Ho; Choun,
Si-Youl
2012-06-01
The morphology, chemistry, and crystallographic characteristics of metastable dross particles were
identified. These particles are formed during the initial stage of precipitation. The particles had aluminum
concentrations of 15 to 80 mass pct, with values that decreased gradually as particle size increased. These
metastable dross particles were a mixture of the crystalline phase of FeZn10, which is called the "delta
phase," and the high-aluminum amorphous phase, which covered the surface of the crystalline phase. The
new "meta Q" concept was proposed to predict the amount of soluble aluminum in the zinc bath by
considering nucleation kinetics and particle growth. The results calculated using the "meta Q" concept
were compared with the values measured by the aluminum sensor, which were taken during the same
period at the commercial galvanizing line. The mean of the absolute values of the differences between the
calculated and measured values was 9.7 ppm.
31. Human exposure to aluminium.
PubMed
Exley, Christopher
2013-10-01
Human activities have circumvented the efficient geochemical cycling of aluminium within the
lithosphere and therewith opened a door, which was previously only ajar, onto the biotic cycle to instigate
and promote the accumulation of aluminium in biota and especially humans. Neither these relatively
recent activities nor the entry of aluminium into the living cycle are showing any signs of abating and it is
thus now imperative that we understand as fully as possible how humans are exposed to aluminium and
the future consequences of a burgeoning exposure and body burden. The aluminium age is upon us and
there is now an urgent need to understand how to live safely and effectively with aluminium.
32. Volatilisation and oxidation of aluminium scraps fed into incineration furnaces
SciTech Connect
Biganzoli, Laura, E-mail: laura.biganzoli@mail.polimi.it; Gorla, Leopoldo; Nessi, Simone
Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Aluminium packaging partitioning in MSW incineration

residues is evaluated. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The amount of aluminium packaging recoverable
from the bottom ashes is evaluated. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Aluminium packaging oxidation rate in
the residues of MSW incineration is evaluated. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer 80% of aluminium cans,
51% of trays and 27% of foils can be recovered from bottom ashes. - Abstract: Ferrous and non-ferrous
metal scraps are increasingly recovered from municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash and used in
the production of secondary steel and aluminium. However, during the incineration process, metal scraps
contained in the waste undergo volatilisation and oxidation processes, which determinemoreÂ Â» a loss of
their recoverable mass. The present paper evaluates the behaviour of different types of aluminium
packaging materials in a full-scale waste to energy plant during standard operation. Their partitioning and
oxidation level in the residues of the incineration process are evaluated, together with the amount of
potentially recoverable aluminium. About 80% of post-consumer cans, 51% of trays and 27% of foils can
be recovered through an advanced treatment of bottom ash combined with a melting process in the saline
furnace for the production of secondary aluminium. The residual amount of aluminium concentrates in the
fly ash or in the fine fraction of the bottom ash and its recovery is virtually impossible using the current
eddy current separation technology. The average oxidation levels of the aluminium in the residues of the
incineration process is equal to 9.2% for cans, 17.4% for trays and 58.8% for foils. The differences
between the tested packaging materials are related to their thickness, mechanical strength and to the
alloy.Â«Â less
33. Leaching Process Investigation of Secondary Aluminum Dross: The Effect of CO2 on Leaching Process
of Salt Cake from Aluminum Remelting Process
Li, Peng; Guo, Min; Zhang, Mei; Teng, Lidong; Seetharaman, Seshadri
2012-10-01
For the recycling/disposal of aluminum dross/salt cake from aluminum remelting, aqueous leaching offers
an interesting economic process route. One major obstacle is the reaction between the AlN present in the
dross and the aqueous phase, which can lead to the emission of NH3 gas, posing a serious environmental
problem. In the current work, a leaching process using CO2-saturated water is attempted with a view to
absorb the ammonia formed in situ. The current results show that at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:20 and 3
hours at 291 K (18 Â°C), the extraction of Na and K from the dross could be kept as high as 95.6 pct and
95.9 pct respectively. At the same time, with continuous CO2 bubbling, the mass of escaping NH3 gas
decreased from 0.25 mg in pure water down to <0.006 mg, indicating effective absorption of ammonia by
carbonized water. Furthermore, the results in the case of the leaching experiments with synthetic AlN
show that the introduction of CO2 causes hindrance to the hydrolysis of AlN. The plausible mechanisms
for the observed phenomena are discussed. The concept of the leaching of the salt cake by carbonated
water and the consequent retention of AlN in the leach residue opens up a promising route toward an
environment-friendly recycling process for the salt cake viz. recovery of the salts, utilization of CO2, and
further processing of the dross residue, toward the synthesis of AlON from the leach residues.
34. Aluminium, antiperspirants and breast cancer.
PubMed
Darbre, P D
2005-09-01
Aluminium salts are used as the active antiperspirant agent in underarm cosmetics, but the effects of
widespread, long term and increasing use remain unknown, especially in relation to the breast, which is a
local area of application. Clinical studies showing a disproportionately high incidence of breast cancer in
the upper outer quadrant of the breast together with reports of genomic instability in outer quadrants of the
breast provide supporting evidence for a role for locally applied cosmetic chemicals in the development of
breast cancer. Aluminium is known to have a genotoxic profile, capable of causing both DNA alterations
and epigenetic effects, and this would be consistent with a potential role in breast cancer if such effects
occurred in breast cells. Oestrogen is a well established influence in breast cancer and its action,
dependent on intracellular receptors which function as ligand-activated zinc finger transcription factors,
suggests one possible point of interference from aluminium. Results reported here demonstrate that
aluminium in the form of aluminium chloride or aluminium chlorhydrate can interfere with the function of
oestrogen receptors of MCF7 human breast cancer cells both in terms of ligand binding and in terms of
oestrogen-regulated reporter gene expression. This adds aluminium to the increasing list of metals capable
of interfering with oestrogen action and termed metalloestrogens. Further studies are now needed to
identify the molecular basis of this action, the longer term effects of aluminium exposure and whether
aluminium can cause aberrations to other signalling pathways in breast cells. Given the wide exposure of
the human population to antiperspirants, it will be important to establish dermal absorption in the local
area of the breast and whether long term low level absorption could play a role in the increasing incidence
of breast cancer.
35. Corrosion of aluminium metal in OPC- and CAC-based cement matrices
SciTech Connect
Kinoshita, Hajime, E-mail: h.kinoshita@sheffield.ac.uk; Swift, Paul; Utton, Claire
Corrosion of aluminium metal in ordinary Portland cement (OPC) based pastes produces hydrogen gas
and expansive reaction products causing problems for the encapsulation of aluminium containing nuclear
wastes. Although corrosion of aluminium in cements has been long known, the extent of aluminium
corrosion in the cement matrices and effects of such reaction on the cement phases are not well
established. The present study investigates the corrosion reaction of aluminium in OPC, OPC-blast
furnace slag (BFS) and calcium aluminate cement (CAC) based systems. The total amount of aluminium
able to corrode in an OPC and 4:1 BFS:OPC system was determined, andmoreÂ Â» the correlation
between the amount of calcium hydroxide in the system and the reaction of aluminium obtained. It was
also shown that a CAC-based system could offer a potential matrix to incorporate aluminium metal with a
further reduction of pH by introduction of phosphate, producing a calcium phosphate cement.Â«Â less
36. Aluminium Involvement in Neurotoxicity
PubMed Central
Fulgenzi, Alessandro; Vietti, Daniele; Ferrero, Maria Elena
2014-01-01
The aetiology of neurodegenerative diseases (ND) seems to involve susceptibility genes and
environmental factors. Toxic metals are considered major environmental pollutants. Following our study
of a case of multiple sclerosis (MS) improvement due to removal of aluminium (Al) and other toxic
metals, we have examined the possible relationship between Al intoxication and ND. We used the slow
intravenous treatment with the chelating agent EDTA (calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetic
acid) (chelation test) to remove Al and detected it in the urine collected from the patients for 12 hours.
Patients affected by MS represented 85.6% of total ND. Al was present in 44.8% of cases comprehensive
of ND and healthy patients. Al levels were significantly higher in ND patients than in healthy subjects. We
here show that treatment of patients affected by Al burden with ten EDTA chelation therapies (EDTA
intravenous administration once a week) was able to significantly reduce Al intoxication. PMID:25243176
37. The toxicity of aluminium in humans.
PubMed
Exley, C
2016-06-01
We are living in the 'aluminium age'. Human exposure to aluminium is inevitable and, perhaps,
inestimable. Aluminium's free metal cation, Alaq(3+), is highly biologically reactive and biologically
available aluminium is non-essential and essentially toxic. Biologically reactive aluminium is present
throughout the human body and while, rarely, it can be acutely toxic, much less is understood about
chronic aluminium intoxication. Herein the question is asked as to how to diagnose aluminium toxicity in
an individual. While there are as yet, no unequivocal answers to this problem, there are procedures to
follow to ascertain the nature of human exposure to aluminium. It is also important to recognise critical
factors in exposure regimes and specifically that not all forms of aluminium are toxicologically equivalent
and not all routes of exposure are equivalent in their delivery of aluminium to target sites. To ascertain if
Alzheimer's disease is a symptom of chronic aluminium intoxication over decades or breast cancer is
aggravated by the topical application of an aluminium salt or if autism could result from an immune
cascade initiated by an aluminium adjuvant requires that each of these is considered independently and in
the light of the most up to date scientific evidence. The aluminium age has taught us that there are no
inevitabilities where chronic aluminium toxicity is concerned though there are clear possibilities and these
require proving or discounting but not simply ignored. Copyright Â© 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All
rights reserved.
38. Special issue on aluminium plasmonics
DOE PAGES
2015-04-08
Plasmonics is a rapidly growing field that takes advantage of the intense and confined electromagnetic
fields that appear near metallic nanostructures illuminated at frequencies near their surface plasmon
resonances. As plasmonics continues to develop, it faces the need to find new materials supporting well-
defined surface plasmon resonances in different frequency ranges. In the visible and near-infrared ranges
the noble metals, most typically gold and silver, exhibit relatively low losses. This is why they are quite
ubiquitous in plasmonics literature. However it is somewhat ironic to see that a non-noble metal,
aluminium, the metal upon which surface plasmons where first evidencedmoreÂ Â» in the 1950s, is now
reappearing after fifty years of near oblivion as one of the 'hottest' materials for plasmonics. Several
reasons explain the return of aluminium to the centre stage. First, aluminium exhibits good plasmonic
properties in the ultraviolet and deep ultravioletâ€”a spectral range where gold and silver no longer behave
as metals. Second, aluminium is cheap and widely available (Al is the third most abundant element in the
earth's crust), criteria of paramount importance when discussing industry-related applications. It is
furthermore compatible with complementary metalâ€“oxideâ€“semiconductor (CMOS) technology. In
conclusion, this is why an ever-increasing number of papers report new advances on aluminium
plasmonics.Â«Â less
39. Special issue on aluminium plasmonics
SciTech Connect
Plasmonics is a rapidly growing field that takes advantage of the intense and confined electromagnetic
fields that appear near metallic nanostructures illuminated at frequencies near their surface plasmon
resonances. As plasmonics continues to develop, it faces the need to find new materials supporting well-
defined surface plasmon resonances in different frequency ranges. In the visible and near-infrared ranges
the noble metals, most typically gold and silver, exhibit relatively low losses. This is why they are quite
ubiquitous in plasmonics literature. However it is somewhat ironic to see that a non-noble metal,
aluminium, the metal upon which surface plasmons where first evidencedmoreÂ Â» in the 1950s, is now
reappearing after fifty years of near oblivion as one of the 'hottest' materials for plasmonics. Several
reasons explain the return of aluminium to the centre stage. First, aluminium exhibits good plasmonic
properties in the ultraviolet and deep ultravioletâ€”a spectral range where gold and silver no longer behave
as metals. Second, aluminium is cheap and widely available (Al is the third most abundant element in the
earth's crust), criteria of paramount importance when discussing industry-related applications. It is
furthermore compatible with complementary metalâ€“oxideâ€“semiconductor (CMOS) technology. In
conclusion, this is why an ever-increasing number of papers report new advances on aluminium
plasmonics.Â«Â less
40. The prophylactic reduction of aluminium intake.
PubMed
Lione, A
1983-02-01
The use of modern analytical methods has demonstrated that aluminium salts can be absorbed from the
gut and concentrated in various human tissues, including bone, the parathyroids and brain. The
neurotoxicity of aluminium has been extensively characterized in rabbits and cats, and high concentrations
of aluminium have been detected in the brain tissue of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Various reports
have suggested that high aluminium intakes may be harmful to some patients with bone disease or renal
impairment. Fatal aluminium-induced neuropathies have been reported in patients on renal dialysis. Since
there are no demonstrable consequences of aluminium deprivation, the prophylactic reduction of
aluminium intake by many patients would appear prudent. In this report, the major sources of aluminium
in foods and non-prescription drugs are summarized and alternative products are described. The most
common foods that contain substantial amounts of aluminium-containing additives include some
processed cheeses, baking powders, cake mixes, frozen doughs, pancake mixes, self-raising flours and
pickled vegetables. The aluminium-containing non-prescription drugs include some antacids, buffered
aspirins, antidiarrhoeal products, douches and haemorrhoidal medications. The advisability of
recommending a low aluminium diet for geriatric patients is discussed in detail.
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3
4
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3
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41. Effect of Bio char on Plant Growth and Aluminium Form of Soil under Aluminium Stress
Qian, Lianwen; Li, Qingbiao; Sun, Jingwei; Feng, Ying
2018-01-01
Aluminium-enriched acid red soils in South China easily cause aluminium toxicity to plants, but biochip
can improve soils and eliminate soil contaminations. In this project, biochip was used in potted plant
control test to study the effect of biochip on plant growth in soil under acid aluminium stress and the
migration and conversion of aluminium in plant-soil system. The fin dings show that the application of
biochip increases the pH value of soil under aluminium stress significantly, changes the existing form of
aluminium ion in soil, reduces the plantsâ€™ absorption of aluminium, and alleviates the aluminium
toxicity to plants, but too much biochip may inhibit the growth of plants. In this case, further study should
be carried out as regards the volume and way of biochip input in practical applications as well as the
timeliness of aluminium toxicity removal.
42. Waste minimization charges up recycling of spent lead-acid batteries
SciTech Connect
Queneau, P.B.; Troutman, A.L.
Substantial strides are being made to minimize waste generated form spent lead-acid battery recycling.
The Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Pittsburgh) recently investigated the potential for
secondary lead smelters to recover lead from battery cases and other materials found at hazardous waste
sites. Primary and secondary lead smelters in the U.S. and Canada are processing substantial tons of lead
wastes, and meeting regulatory safeguards. Typical lead wastes include contaminated soil, dross and dust
by-products from industrial lead consumers, tetraethyl lead residues, chemical manufacturing by-products,
leaded glass, china clay waste, munitions residues and pigments. The secondary lead industry also is
developingmoreÂ Â» and installing systems to convert process inputs to products with minimum
generation of liquid, solid and gaseous wastes. The industry recently has made substantial
accomplishments that minimize waste generation during lead production from its bread and butter
feedstock--spent lead-acid batteries.Â«Â less
43. Bumblebee pupae contain high levels of aluminium.
PubMed
Exley, Christopher; Rotheray, Ellen; Goulson, David
2015-01-01
The causes of declines in bees and other pollinators remains an on-going debate. While recent attention
has focussed upon pesticides, other environmental pollutants have largely been ignored. Aluminium is the
most significant environmental contaminant of recent times and we speculated that it could be a factor in
pollinator decline. Herein we have measured the content of aluminium in bumblebee pupae taken from
naturally foraging colonies in the UK. Individual pupae were acid-digested in a microwave oven and their
aluminium content determined using transversely heated graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.
Pupae were heavily contaminated with aluminium giving values between 13.4 and 193.4 Î¼g/g dry wt.
and a mean (SD) value of 51.0 (33.0) Î¼g/g dry wt. for the 72 pupae tested. Mean aluminium content was
shown to be a significant negative predictor of average pupal weight in colonies. While no other
statistically significant relationships were found relating aluminium to bee or colony health, the actual
content of aluminium in pupae are extremely high and demonstrate significant exposure to aluminium.
Bees rely heavily on cognitive function and aluminium is a known neurotoxin with links, for example, to
Alzheimer's disease in humans. The significant contamination of bumblebee pupae by aluminium raises
the intriguing spectre of cognitive dysfunction playing a role in their population decline.
44. Bumblebee Pupae Contain High Levels of Aluminium
PubMed Central
Exley, Christopher; Rotheray, Ellen; Goulson, David
2015-01-01
The causes of declines in bees and other pollinators remains an on-going debate. While recent attention
has focussed upon pesticides, other environmental pollutants have largely been ignored. Aluminium is the
most significant environmental contaminant of recent times and we speculated that it could be a factor in
pollinator decline. Herein we have measured the content of aluminium in bumblebee pupae taken from
naturally foraging colonies in the UK. Individual pupae were acid-digested in a microwave oven and their
aluminium content determined using transversely heated graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.
Pupae were heavily contaminated with aluminium giving values between 13.4 and 193.4 Î¼g/g dry wt.
and a mean (SD) value of 51.0 (33.0) Î¼g/g dry wt. for the 72 pupae tested. Mean aluminium content was
shown to be a significant negative predictor of average pupal weight in colonies. While no other
statistically significant relationships were found relating aluminium to bee or colony health, the actual
content of aluminium in pupae are extremely high and demonstrate significant exposure to aluminium.
Bees rely heavily on cognitive function and aluminium is a known neurotoxin with links, for example, to
Alzheimerâ€™s disease in humans. The significant contamination of bumblebee pupae by aluminium
raises the intriguing spectre of cognitive dysfunction playing a role in their population decline.
PMID:26042788
45. Surface treatments for aluminium alloys
Ardelean, M.; LascÄƒu, S.; Ardelean, E.; Josan, A.
2018-01-01
Typically, in contact with the atmosphere, the aluminium surface is covered with an aluminium oxide
layer, with a thickness of less than 1-2Î¼m. Due to its low thickness, high porosity and low mechanical
strength, this layer does not protect the metal from corrosion. Anodizing for protective and decorative
purposes is the most common method of superficial oxidation processes and is carried out through anodic
oxidation. The oxide films, resulted from anodizing, are porous, have a thickness of 20-50Î¼m, and are
heat-resistant, stable to water vapour and other corrosion agents. Hard anodizing complies with the same
obtains principles as well as decorative and protective anodization. The difference is in that hard anodizing
is achieved at low temperatures and high intensity of electric current. In the paper are presented the results
of decorative and hard anodization for specimens made from several aluminium alloys in terms of the
appearance of the specimens and of the thickness of the anodized.
46. Aluminium in foodstuffs and diets in Sweden.
PubMed
Jorhem, L; Haegglund, G
1992-01-01
The levels of aluminium have been determined in a number of individual foodstuffs on the Swedish
market and in 24 h duplicate diets collected by women living in the Stockholm area. The results show that
the levels in most foods are very low and that the level in vegetables can vary by a factor 10. Beverages
from aluminium cans were found to have aluminium levels not markedly different from those in glass
bottles. Based on the results of the analysis of individual foods, the average Swedish daily diet was
calculated to contain about 0.6 mg aluminium, whereas the mean content of the collected duplicate diets
was 13 mg. A cake made from a mix containing aluminium phosphate in the baking soda was identified as
the most important contributor of aluminium to the duplicate diets. Tea and aluminium utensils were
estimated to increase the aluminium content of the diets by approximately 4 and 2 mg/day, respectively.
The results also indicate that a considerable amount of aluminium must be introduced from other sources.
47. Aluminium Pneumoconiosis I. In Vitro Comparison of Stamped Aluminium Powders Containing

Different Lubricating Agents and a Granular Aluminium Powder
PubMed Central
Corrin, B.
1963-01-01
The discrepancy in previous reports of the action of aluminium on the lung may be explained by
differences between stamped and granular aluminium powders. A stamped powder of the variety causing
pulmonary fibrosis showed a brisk reaction with water, but a granular powder was unreactive. This
difference is primarily due to the granular particles being covered by inert aluminium oxide, the formation
of which is partially prevented in the stamping process by stearine and mineral oil. The reactivity of the
flake-like stamped particles is also dependent on their large surface area per unit volume. The appearance
of aluminium pneumoconiosis in Britain is explained by the introduction of mineral oil into the stamping
industry for, in contrast to stearine, mineral oil permits the powder to react with water. The lung damage is
believed to be caused by a soluble form of aluminium. PMID:14072616
48. Alkali-Activated Aluminium-Silicate Composites as Insulation Materials for Industrial Application
Dembovska, L.; Bajare, D.; Pundiene, I.; Bumanis, G.
2015-11-01
The article reports on the study of thermal stability of alkali-activated aluminium- silicate composites
(ASC) at temperature 800-1100Â°C. ASC were prepared by using calcined kaolinite clay, aluminium
scrap recycling waste, lead-silicate glass waste and quartz sand. As alkali activator, commercial sodium
silicate solution modified with an addition of sodium hydroxide was used. The obtained alkali activation
solution had silica modulus Ms=1.67. Components of aluminium scrap recycling waste (aluminium nitride
(AlN) and iron sulphite (FeSO3)) react in the alkali media and create gases - ammonia and sulphur
dioxide, which provide the porous structure of the material [1]. Changes in the chemical composition of
ASC during heating were identified and quantitatively analysed by using DTA/TG, dimension changes
during the heating process were determined by using HTOM, pore microstructure was examined by SEM,
and mineralogical composition of ASC was determined by XRD. The density of ASC was measured in
accordance with EN 1097-7. ASC with density around 560 kg/m3 and heat resistance up to 1100Â°C with
shrinkage less than 5% were obtained. The intended use of this material is the application as an insulation
material for industrial purposes at elevated temperatures.
49. Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM639 alleviates aluminium toxicity.
PubMed
Yu, Leilei; Zhai, Qixiao; Liu, Xiaoming; Wang, Gang; Zhang, Qiuxiang; Zhao, Jianxin; Narbad, Arjan;
Zhang, Hao; Tian, Fengwei; Chen, Wei
2016-02-01
Aluminium (Al) is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust. Al exposure can cause a variety of adverse
physiological effects in humans and animals. Our aim was to demonstrate that specific probiotic bacteria
can play a special physiologically functional role in protection against Al toxicity in mice. Thirty strains of
lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were tested for their aluminium-binding ability, aluminium tolerance, their
antioxidative capacity, and their ability to survive the exposure to artificial gastrointestinal (GI) juices.
Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM639 was selected for animal experiments because of its excellent
performance in vitro. Forty mice were divided into four groups: control, Al only, Al plus CCFM639, and
Al plus deferiprone (DFP). CCFM639 was administered at 10(9) CFU once daily for 10 days, followed by
a single oral dose of aluminium chloride hexahydrate at 5.14 mg aluminium (LD50) for each mouse. The
results showed that CCFM639 treatment led to a significant reduction in the mortality rates with
corresponding decrease in intestinal aluminium absorption and in accumulation of aluminium in the
tissues and amelioration of hepatic histopathological damage. This probiotic treatment also resulted in
alleviation of hepatic, renal, and cerebral oxidative stress. The treatment of L. plantarum CCFM639 has
potential as a therapeutic dietary strategy against acute aluminium toxicity.
50. Shock response of 7068 aluminium alloy
Chapman, David; Eakins, Daniel; Proud, William
2013-06-01
Aluminium alloys are widely employed throughout the aerospace and defence industries due to their high
specific strength. Aluminium alloy 7068, often described as the ultimate aluminium alloy was developed
by Kasier Aluminium in the mid-1990s and is the strongest aluminium commercially produced. There
remains little published data on the response of this micro-structurally anisotropic alloy to dynamic
loading. As part of an investigation of the high-rate mechanical properties of Al 7068, a series of plate-
impact experiments using a novel meso-scale planar impact facility and a more conventional large bore
gas gun were undertaken. The evolution of the elastic-plastic shock wave and spall strength as a function
of sample thickness and specimen orientation were investigated using optical velocimetry (line-VISAR,
PDV) techniques. Planar shock wave experiments were conducted on specimens several 100 microns to
several millimetres thick cut from either parallel or perpendicular to the extrusion direction.
51. Biological indicators of exposure to total and respirable aluminium dust fractions in a primary aluminium
smelter.
PubMed Central
RÃ¶llin, H B; Theodorou, P; Cantrell, A C
1996-01-01
OBJECTIVES: The study attempts to define biological indicators of aluminium uptake and excretion in
workers exposed to airborne aluminium compounds in a primary aluminium smelter. Also, this study
defines the total and respirable aluminium dust fractions in two different potrooms, and correlates their
concentrations with biological indicators in this group of workers. METHODS: Air was sampled at
defined work sites. Non-destructive and conventional techniques were used to find total and respirable
aluminium content of the dust. Blood and urine was collected from 84 volunteers employed at various
work stations throughout the smelter and from two different cohorts of controls matched for sex, age, and
socioeconomic status. Aluminium in serum samples and urine specimens was measured by flameless
atomic absorption with a PE 4100 ZL spectrometer. RESULTS: The correlation of aluminium
concentrations in serum and urine samples with the degree of exposure was assessed for three arbitrary
exposure categories; low (0.036 mg Al/m3), medium (0.35 mg Al/m3) and high (1.47 mg Al/m3) as found
in different areas of the smelter. At medium and high exposure, the ratio of respirable to total aluminium
in the dust samples varied significantly. At high exposure, serum aluminium, although significantly raised,
was still within the normal range of an unexposed population. The workers with low exposure excreted
aluminium in urine at levels significantly higher than the controls, but still within the normal range of the
population. However, potroom workers with medium and high exposure had significantly higher urinary
aluminium than the normal range. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that only urinary aluminium
constitutes a practical index of occupational exposure at or above 0.35 mg Al/m3, and that the respirable
fraction of the dust may play a major role in the biological response to exposure to aluminium in a smelter
environment. PMID:8758038
52. Variation in aluminium patch test reactivity over time.
PubMed
Siemund, Ingrid; Mowitz, Martin; Zimerson, Erik; Bruze, Magnus; HindsÃ©n, Monica
2017-11-01
Contact allergy to aluminium has been reported more frequently in recent years. It has been pointed out
that positive patch test reactions to aluminium may not be reproducible on retesting. To investigate
possible variations in patch test reactivity to aluminium over time. Twenty-one adults, who had previously
reacted positively to aluminium, were patch tested with equimolar dilution series in pet. of aluminium
chloride hexahydrate and aluminium lactate, four times over a period of 8â€‰months. Thirty-six of 84
(43%) serial dilution tests with aluminium chloride hexahydrate and 49 of 84 (58%) serial dilution tests
with aluminium lactate gave negative results. The range of reactivity varied between a negative reaction to
aluminium chloride hexahydrate at 10% and/or to aluminium lactate at 12%, and a positive reaction to
aluminium chloride hexahydrate at 0.1% and/or to aluminium lactate at 0.12%. The highest individual
difference in test reactivity noticed was 320-fold when the two most divergent minimal eliciting
concentrations were compared. The patch test reactivity to aluminium varies over time. Aluminium-
allergic individuals may have false-negative reactions. Therefore, retesting with aluminium should be
considered when there is a strong suspicion of aluminium contact allergy. Â© 2017 John Wiley & Sons
A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
53. Alveolar proteinosis associated with aluminium dust inhalation.
PubMed
Chew, R; Nigam, S; Sivakumaran, P
2016-08-01
Secondary alveolar proteinosis is a rare lung disease which may be triggered by a variety of inhaled
particles. The diagnosis is made by detection of anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
antibodies in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, which appears milky white and contains lamellar bodies.
Aluminium has been suggested as a possible cause, but there is little evidence in the literature to support
this assertion. We report the case of a 46-year-old former boilermaker and boat builder who developed
secondary alveolar proteinosis following sustained heavy aluminium exposure. The presence of
aluminium was confirmed both by histological examination and metallurgical analysis of a mediastinal
lymph node. Despite cessation of exposure to aluminium and treatment with whole-lung lavage which
normally results in improvements in both symptoms and lung function, the outcome was poor and novel
therapies are now being used for this patient. It may be that the natural history in aluminium-related
alveolar proteinosis is different, with the metal playing a mediating role in the disease process. Our case
further supports the link between aluminium and secondary alveolar proteinosis and highlights the need
for measures to prevent excessive aluminium inhalation in relevant industries. Â© The Author 2016.
Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Occupational Medicine. All rights
reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.
54. Aluminium in Biological Environments: A Computational Approach

PubMed Central
Mujika, Jon I; Rezabal, Elixabete; Mercero, Jose M; RuipÃ©rez, Fernando; Costa, Dominique; Ugalde,
Jesus M; Lopez, Xabier
2014-01-01
The increased availability of aluminium in biological environments, due to human intervention in the last
century, raises concerns on the effects that this so far â€œexcluded from biologyâ€ metal might have on
living organisms. Consequently, the bioinorganic chemistry of aluminium has emerged as a very active
field of research. This review will focus on our contributions to this field, based on computational studies
that can yield an understanding of the aluminum biochemistry at a molecular level. Aluminium can
interact and be stabilized in biological environments by complexing with both low molecular mass
chelants and high molecular mass peptides. The speciation of the metal is, nonetheless, dictated by the
hydrolytic species dominant in each case and which vary according to the pH condition of the medium. In
blood, citrate and serum transferrin are identified as the main low molecular mass and high molecular
mass molecules interacting with aluminium. The complexation of aluminium to citrate and the subsequent
changes exerted on the deprotonation pathways of its tritable groups will be discussed along with the
mechanisms for the intake and release of aluminium in serum transferrin at two pH conditions,
physiological neutral and endosomatic acidic. Aluminium can substitute other metals, in particular
magnesium, in protein buried sites and trigger conformational disorder and alteration of the protonation
states of the protein's sidechains. A detailed account of the interaction of aluminium with proteic
sidechains will be given. Finally, it will be described how alumnium can exert oxidative stress by
stabilizing superoxide radicals either as mononuclear aluminium or clustered in boehmite. The possibility
of promotion of Fenton reaction, and production of hydroxyl radicals will also be discussed.
PMID:24757505
55. Investigation of the aluminium-aluminium oxide reversible transformation as observed by hot stage
electron microscopy.
Grove, C. A.; Judd, G.; Ansell, G. S.
1972-01-01
Thin foils of high purity aluminium and an Al-Al2O3 SAP type of alloy were oxidised in a specially
designed hot stage specimen chamber in an electron microscope. Below 450 C, amorphous aluminium
oxide formed on the foil surface and was first detectable at foil edges, holes, and pits. Islands of
aluminium then nucleated in this amorphous oxide. The aluminium islands displayed either a lateral
growth with eventual coalescence with other islands, or a reoxidation process which caused the islands to
disappear. The aluminium island formation was determined to be related to the presence of the electron
beam. A mechanism based upon electron charging due to the electron beam was proposed to explain the
nucleation, growth, coalescence, disappearance, and geometry of the aluminium islands.
56. Structural study of VO {sub x} doped aluminium fluoride and aluminium oxide catalysts
SciTech Connect
Scheurell, Kerstin; Scholz, Gudrun; Kemnitz, Erhard
The structural properties of vanadium doped aluminium oxyfluorides and aluminium oxides, prepared by
a modified sol-gel synthesis route, were thoroughly investigated. The influence of the preparation
technique and the calcination temperature on the coordination of vanadium, aluminium and fluorine was
analysed by different spectroscopic methods such as Raman, MAS NMR and ESR spectroscopy. In all
samples calcined at low temperatures (350 deg. C), vanadium coexists in two oxidation states V{sup IV}
and V{sup V}, with V{sup IV} as dominating species in the vanadium doped aluminium oxyfluorides. In
the fluoride containing solids aluminium as well as vanadium are coordinated by fluorinemoreÂ Â» and
oxygen. Thermal annealing of 800 deg. C leads to an extensive reorganisation of the original matrices and
to the oxidation of V{sup IV} to V{sup V} in both systems. - Graphical abstract: Structure model for VO
{sub x} doped aluminium oxide.Â«Â less
57. [Aluminium content in foods with aluminium-containing food additives].
PubMed
Ogimoto, Mami; Suzuki, Kumi; Kabashima, Junichiro; Nakazato, Mitsuo; Uematsu, Yoko
2012-01-01
The aluminium (Al) content of 105 samples, including bakery products made with baking powder,
agricultural products and seafoods treated with alum, was investigated. The amounts of Al detected were
as follows (limit of quantification: 0.01 mg/g): 0.01-0.37 mg/g in 26 of 57 bakery products, 0.22-0.57
mg/g in 3 of 6 powder mixes, 0.01-0.05 mg/g in all three agricultural products examined, 0.03-0.90 mg/g
in 4 of 6 seafood samples, 0.01-0.03 mg/g in 3 of 11 samples of instant noodles, 0.04-0.14 mg/g in 3 of 4
samples of vermicelli, 0.01 mg/g in 1 of 16 soybean products, but none in soybeans. Amounts equivalent
to the PTWI of a 16 kg infant were detected in two samples of bakery products, two samples of powder
mixes and one sample of salted jellyfish, if each sample was taken once a week. These results suggest that
certain foods, depending on the product and the intake, might exceed the PTWI of children, especially
infants.
58. Treatment of highly concentrated tannery wastewater using electrocoagulation: Influence of the quality of
aluminium used for the electrode.
PubMed
Elabbas, S; Ouazzani, N; Mandi, L; Berrekhis, F; Perdicakis, M; Pontvianne, S; Pons, M-N; Lapicque, F;

Leclerc, J-P
2016-12-05
This paper deals with the ability of electrocoagulation (EC) to remove simultaneously COD and
chromium from a real chrome tanning wastewater in a batch stirred electro-coagulation cell provided with
two aluminium-based electrodes (aluminium/copper/magnesium alloy and pure aluminium). Effects of
operating time, current density and initial concentration of Cr(III) and COD have been investigated. The
concentrations of pollutants have been successfully reduced to environmentally acceptable levels even if
the concentrated effluent requires a long time of treatment of around 6h with a 400A/m(2) current density.
The aluminium alloy was found to be more efficient than pure aluminium for removal of COD and
chromium. Dilution of the waste has been tested for treatment: high abatement levels could be obtained
with shorter time of treatment and lower current densities. Energy consumption of the electrocoagulation
process was also discussed. The dilution by half of the concentrated waste leads to a higher abatement
performance of both COD and chromium with the best energy efficiency. Copyright Â© 2016 Elsevier
B.V. All rights reserved.
59. Treatment of wastewater batik by electrochemical coagulation using aluminium (Al) electrodes
Riyanto; Puspitasari, Eny
2018-01-01
Treatmentof wastewater batik by electrocoagulation method using aluminium (Al) electrodes has been
done. Electrocoagulation method was chosen for treatment of wastewater batik because it is cheap, easy
and efficient waste degradation. This research was conducted using aluminium (Al) electrodes and sodium
chloride as an electrolyte solution. The purity of aluminium electrode was analysis using Scanning
Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). Electrochemical coagulation has been done
using wastewater batik volume 50 mL with variation of time (10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 minutes), variation of
voltage (5, 7, 9, 10, and 11 V), and variation of salt addition (0.5; 0.75; 1.00; and 1.25 g). Batik
wastewater was analyzed before and after electrocoagulation by Spectrophotometer UV-Vis and the
content of Pb was analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The research results show
that optimum conditions electrolysis time, voltage and sodium chloride was 90 minutes, 10 V and 1.25 g,
respectively. The results of this study showed the longer the electrolysis time, the higher the voltage, and
the increasing number of salt added, then the batik waste decreased absorbance, alteration of color from
black to clear yellow. The content of Pb in batik waste has decreased from 0.5844 mg/L to 0.1630 mg/L.
60. Weldability of Aluminium Alloys for Automotive Applications
LÃ¶veborn, D.; Larsson, J. K.; Persson, K.-A.
Restrictions in CO2-emissions have caused increased demands on decreased weight and increased use of
lightweight materials in the automotive industry. Aluminium has shown to be of great interest due to its
beneficial weight to strength ratio, and are suitable for hang-on parts such as roof, doors etc. However, the
use of aluminium requires reliable joining techniques. This project has been focusing on laser welding of
aluminium. It have been reported earlier that hot cracks and porosity are common defects while joining
aluminium with laser welding. The aim with this project has been to produce crack free laser welds while
joining thin aluminium sheets. Two different optics have been used in this project, oscillating- and triple-
spot optics. The results from the experiments show that both the oscillating optics and the triple-spot
optics can produce crack free welds. The amount of pores is shown to be low for both cases. The results
do also show that the amount of pores in the welds increases with the weld length while the flange length
is of minor impact. The mechanical properties are similar for the both optics. The oscillation specimens
receive a higher tensile strength while the triple-spot specimens receive a larger elongation at break value.
«
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4
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61. Investigation of the formability of aluminium alloys at elevated temperatures
Tisza, M.; Budai, D.; KovÃ¡cs, P. Z.; LukÃ¡cs, Zs

2016-11-01
Aluminium alloys are more and more widely applied in car body manufacturing. Increasing the
formability of aluminium alloys are one of the most relevant tasks in todaysâ€™ research topics. In this
paper, the focus will be on the investigation of the formability of aluminium alloys concerning those
material grades that are more widely applied in the automotive industry including the 5xxx and 6xxx
aluminium alloy series. Recently, besides the cold forming of aluminium sheets the forming of aluminium
alloys at elevated temperatures became a hot research topic, too. In our experimental investigations, we
mostly examined the EN AW 5754 and EN AW 6082 aluminium alloys at elevated temperatures. We
analysed the effect of various material and process parameters (e.g. temperature, sheet thickness) on the
formability of aluminium alloys with particular emphasis on the Forming Limit Diagrams at elevated
temperatures in order to find the optimum forming conditions for these alloys.
62. Aluminium and the human breast.
PubMed
Darbre, P D
2016-06-01
The human population is exposed to aluminium (Al) from diet, antacids and vaccine adjuvants, but
frequent application of Al-based salts to the underarm as antiperspirant adds a high additional exposure
directly to the local area of the human breast. Coincidentally the upper outer quadrant of the breast is
where there is also a disproportionately high incidence of breast cysts and breast cancer. Al has been
measured in human breast tissues/fluids at higher levels than in blood, and experimental evidence suggests
that at physiologically relevant concentrations, Al can adversely impact on human breast epithelial cell
biology. Gross cystic breast disease is the most common benign disorder of the breast and evidence is
presented that Al may be a causative factor in formation of breast cysts. Evidence is also reviewed that Al
can enable the development of multiple hallmarks associated with cancer in breast cells, in particular that
it can cause genomic instability and inappropriate proliferation in human breast epithelial cells, and can
increase migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells. In addition, Al is a metalloestrogen and
oestrogen is a risk factor for breast cancer known to influence multiple hallmarks. The microenvironment
is established as another determinant of breast cancer development and Al has been shown to cause
adverse alterations to the breast microenvironment. If current usage patterns of Al-based antiperspirant
salts contribute to causation of breast cysts and breast cancer, then reduction in exposure would offer a
strategy for prevention, and regulatory review is now justified. Copyright Â© 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS.
All rights reserved.
63. Analysis of aluminium in rat following administration of allergen immunotherapy using either aluminium
or microcrystalline-tyrosine-based adjuvants.
PubMed
McDougall, Stuart A; Heath, Matthew D; Kramer, Matthias F; Skinner, Murray A
2016-03-01
Investigation into the absorption, distribution and elimination of aluminium in rat after subcutaneous
aluminium adjuvant formulation administration using ICP-MS is described. Assays were verified under
the principles of a tiered approach. There was no evidence of systemic exposure of aluminium, in brain or
in kidney. Extensive and persistent retention of aluminium at the dose site was observed for at least 180
days after administration. This is the first published work that has quantified aluminium adjuvant retention
based on the quantity of aluminium delivered in a typical allergy immunotherapy course. The results
indicate that the repeated administration of aluminium-containing adjuvants will likely contribute directly
and significantly to an individual's body burden of aluminium.
64. Molecular breeding of cereals for aluminium resistance
USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database
Aluminium (Al3+) toxicity is the primary factor limiting crop production on acidic soils worldwide. In
addition to an application of lime for soil amelioration, Al3+ resistant plant varieties have been deployed
to raise productivity on such hostile soils. This has been possible due to the exploita...
65. Toxicity of dissolved and precipitated aluminium to marine diatoms.
PubMed
Gillmore, Megan L; Golding, Lisa A; Angel, Brad M; Adams, Merrin S; Jolley, Dianne F
2016-05-01
Localised aluminium contamination can lead to high concentrations in coastal waters, which have the
potential for adverse effects on aquatic organisms. This research investigated the toxicity of 72-h
exposures of aluminium to three marine diatoms (Ceratoneis closterium (formerly Nitzschia closterium),
Minutocellus polymorphus and Phaeodactylum tricornutum) by measuring population growth rate
inhibition and cell membrane damage (SYTOX Green) as endpoints. Toxicity was correlated to the time-
averaged concentrations of different aluminium size-fractions, operationally defined as <0.025Î¼m
filtered, <0.45Î¼m filtered (dissolved) and unfiltered (total) present in solution over the 72-h bioassay.
The chronic population growth rate inhibition after aluminium exposure varied between diatom species. C.
closterium was the most sensitive species (10% inhibition of growth rate (72-h IC10) of 80 (55-100)Î¼g
Al/L (95% confidence limits)) while M. polymorphus (540 (460-600)Î¼g Al/L) and P. tricornutum (2100
(2000-2200)Î¼g Al/L) were less sensitive (based on measured total aluminium). Dissolved aluminium
was the primary contributor to toxicity in C. closterium, while a combination of dissolved and precipitated
aluminium forms contributed to toxicity in M. polymorphus. In contrast, aluminium toxicity to the most
tolerant diatom P. tricornutum was due predominantly to precipitated aluminium. Preliminary
investigations revealed the sensitivity of C. closterium and M. polymorphus to aluminium was influenced
by initial cell density with aluminium toxicity significantly (p<0.05) increasing with initial cell density
from 10(3) to 10(5)cells/mL. No effects on plasma membrane permeability were observed for any of the
three diatoms suggesting that mechanisms of aluminium toxicity to diatoms do not involve compromising
the plasma membrane. These results indicate that marine diatoms have a broad range in sensitivity to
aluminium with toxic mechanisms related to both dissolved and precipitated
66. Bone aluminium in haemodialysed patients and in rats injected with aluminium chloride: relationship to
impaired bone mineralisation.
PubMed Central
Ellis, H A; McCarthy, J H; Herrington, J
1979-01-01
Iliac bone aluminium was determined by neutron activation analysis in 34 patients with chronic renal
failure and in eight control subjects. In 17 patients treated by haemodialysis there was a significant
increase in the amount of aluminium (mean +/- SE = 152 +/- 30 ppm bone ash). In eight patients treated
by haemodialysis and subsequent renal transplantation, bone aluminium was still significantly increased
(92 +/- 4.5 ppm bone ash) but was less than in the haemodialysed patients. In some patients aluminium
persisted in bone for many years after successful renal transplantation. There was no relationship between
hyperparathyroidism and bone aluminium. Although no statistically significant relationship was found
between the mineralisation status of bone and bone aluminium, patients dialysed for the longest periods
tended to be those with the highest levels of aluminium, osteomalacia, and dialysis encephalopathy. In 20
rats given daily intraperitoneal injections of aluminium chloride for periods of up to three months, there
was accumulation of aluminium in bone (163 +/- 9 ppm ash) to levels comparable to those obtained in the
dialysis patients, and after about eight weeks osteomalacia developed. The increased bone aluminium and
osteomalacia persisted after injections had been stopped for up to 49 days, although endochondral
ossification was restored to normal. As a working hypothesis it is suggested that aluminium retained in the
bone of the dialysis patients and the experimental animals interferes with normal mineralisation. Images
Fig. 5 Fig. 6 PMID:389958
67. Aluminium in brain tissue in familial Alzheimer's disease.
PubMed
Mirza, Ambreen; King, Andrew; Troakes, Claire; Exley, Christopher
2017-03-01
The genetic predispositions which describe a diagnosis of familial Alzheimer's disease can be considered
as cornerstones of the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Essentially they place the expression and metabolism
of the amyloid precursor protein as the main tenet of disease aetiology. However, we do not know the
cause of Alzheimer's disease and environmental factors may yet be shown to contribute towards its onset
and progression. One such environmental factor is human exposure to aluminium and aluminium has been
shown to be present in brain tissue in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. We have made the first ever
measurements of aluminium in brain tissue from 12 donors diagnosed with familial Alzheimer's disease.
The concentrations of aluminium were extremely high, for example, there were values in excess of
10Î¼g/g tissue dry wt. in 5 of the 12 individuals. Overall, the concentrations were higher than all previous
measurements of brain aluminium except cases of known aluminium-induced encephalopathy. We have
supported our quantitative analyses using a novel method of aluminium-selective fluorescence microscopy
to visualise aluminium in all lobes of every brain investigated. The unique quantitative data and the
stunning images of aluminium in familial Alzheimer's disease brain tissue raise the spectre of aluminium's
role in this devastating disease. Copyright Â© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All
rights reserved.
68. Shear Viscosity of Aluminium under Shock Compression
Liu, Fu-Sheng; Yang, Mei-Xia; Liu, Qi-Wen; Chen, Jun-Xiang; Jing, Fu-Qian
2005-03-01
Based on the Newtonian viscous fluid model and the analytic perturbation theory of Miller and Ahrens for
the oscillatory damping of a sinusoidal shock front, a flyer-impact technique is developed to investigate
the effective viscosity of shocked aluminium. The shear viscosity coefficient is determined to be about
5000 poises at 42 GPa with strain rate of 1.27Ã—106 s-1, which is a reasonable estimation compared with
the results of other measurement methods.
69. An ultrafast rechargeable aluminium-ion battery.
PubMed
Lin, Meng-Chang; Gong, Ming; Lu, Bingan; Wu, Yingpeng; Wang, Di-Yan; Guan, Mingyun; Angell,
Michael; Chen, Changxin; Yang, Jiang; Hwang, Bing-Joe; Dai, Hongjie
2015-04-16
The development of new rechargeable battery systems could fuel various energy applications, from
personal electronics to grid storage. Rechargeable aluminium-based batteries offer the possibilities of low
cost and low flammability, together with three-electron-redox properties leading to high capacity.
However, research efforts over the past 30Â years have encountered numerous problems, such as cathode
material disintegration, low cell discharge voltage (about 0.55Â volts; ref. 5), capacitive behaviour
without discharge voltage plateaus (1.1-0.2Â volts or 1.8-0.8Â volts) and insufficient cycle life (less than
100 cycles) with rapid capacity decay (by 26-85 per cent over 100 cycles). Here we present a rechargeable
aluminium battery with high-rate capability that uses an aluminium metal anode and a three-dimensional
graphitic-foam cathode. The battery operates through the electrochemical deposition and dissolution of
aluminium at the anode, and intercalation/de-intercalation of chloroaluminate anions in the graphite, using
a non-flammable ionic liquid electrolyte. The cell exhibits well-defined discharge voltage plateaus near
2Â volts, a specific capacity of about 70Â mAÂ hÂ g(-1) and a Coulombic efficiency of approximately 98
per cent. The cathode was found to enable fast anion diffusion and intercalation, affording charging times
of around one minute with a current density of ~4,000Â mAÂ g(-1) (equivalent to ~3,000Â WÂ kg(-1)),
and to withstand more than 7,500 cycles without capacity decay.
70. What is the risk of aluminium as a neurotoxin?
PubMed
Exley, Christopher
2014-06-01
Aluminium is neurotoxic. Its free ion, Al(3+) (aq), is highly biologically reactive and uniquely equipped
to do damage to essential cellular (neuronal) biochemistry. This unequivocal fact must be the starting
point in examining the risk posed by aluminium as a neurotoxin in humans. Aluminium is present in the
human brain and it accumulates with age. The most recent research demonstrates that a significant
proportion of individuals older than 70 years of age have a potentially pathological accumulation of
aluminium somewhere in their brain. What are the symptoms of chronic aluminium intoxication in
humans? What if neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease are the manifestation of the risk
of aluminium as a neurotoxin? How might such an (outrageous) hypothesis be tested?
71. Feet sunk in molten aluminium: The burn and its prevention.
PubMed
Alonso-PeÃ±a, David; ArnÃ¡iz-GarcÃa, MarÃa Elena; Valero-Gasalla, Javier Luis; ArnÃ¡iz-GarcÃa,

Ana MarÃa; Campillo-CampaÃ±a, RamÃ³n; Alonso-PeÃ±a, Javier; GonzÃ¡lez-Santos, Jose MarÃa;
FernÃ¡ndez-DÃaz, Alaska Leonor; ArnÃ¡iz, Javier
2015-08-01
Nowadays, despite improvements in safety rules and inspections in the metal industry, foundry workers
are not free from burn accidents. Injuries caused by molten metals include burns secondary to molten iron,
aluminium, zinc, copper, brass, bronze, manganese, lead and steel. Molten aluminium is one of the most
common causative agents of burns (60%); however, only a few publications exist concerning injuries from
molten aluminium. The main mechanisms of lesion from molten aluminium include direct contact of the
molten metal with the skin or through safety apparel, or when the metal splash burns through the pants and
rolls downward along the leg. Herein, we report three cases of deep dermal burns after 'soaking' the foot in
liquid aluminium and its evolutive features. This paper aims to show our experience in the management of
burns due to molten aluminium. We describe the current management principles and the key features of
injury prevention. Copyright Â© 2014 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI. All rights reserved.
72. Improvement of photodynamic activity of aluminium sulphophthalocyanine due to biotinylation
Meerovich, Irina G.; Jerdeva, Victoria V.; Derkacheva, Valentina M.; Meerovich, Gennadii A.; Lukyanets,
Eugeny A.; Kogan, Eugenia A.; Savitsky, Alexander P.
2003-09-01
The photodynamic activity of dibiotinylated aluminium sulphophthalocyanine in vitro and in vivo were
studied. It was obtained that in vitro dibiotinylated aluminium sulphophthalocyanine provides the effective
damage of small cell lung carcinoma OAT-75. In vivo dibiotinylated aluminium sulphophthalocyanine
causes destruction of tumor (Erlich carcinoma), results in total necrosis of tumor tissue and expresses
vascular damage (trombosis and destruction of vascular walls) even in concentration 0.25 mg/kg of a body
weight.
73. The aluminium content of infant formulas remains too high
PubMed Central
2013-01-01
Background Recent research published in this journal highlighted the issue of the high content of
aluminium in infant formulas. The expectation was that the findings would serve as a catalyst for
manufacturers to address a significant problem of these, often necessary, components of infant nutrition. It
is critically important that parents and other users have confidence in the safety of infant formulas and that
they have reliable information to use in choosing a product with a lower content of aluminium. Herein, we
have significantly extended the scope of the previous research and the aluminium content of 30 of the
most widely available and often used infant formulas has been measured. Methods Both ready-to-drink
milks and milk powders were subjected to microwave digestion in the presence of 15.8Â M HNO3 and
30%â€‰w/v H2O2 and the aluminium content of the digests was measured by TH GFAAS. Results Both
ready-to-drink milks and milk powders were contaminated with aluminium. The concentration of
aluminium across all milk products ranged from ca 100 to 430Â Î¼g/L. The concentration of aluminium
in two soya-based milk products was 656 and 756Â Î¼g/L. The intake of aluminium from non-soya-based
infant formulas varied from ca 100 to 300Â Î¼g per day. For soya-based milks it could be as high as
700Â Î¼g per day. Conclusions All 30 infant formulas were contaminated with aluminium. There was no
clear evidence that subsequent to the problem of aluminium being highlighted in a previous publication in
this journal that contamination had been addressed and reduced. It is the opinion of the authors that
regulatory and other non-voluntary methods are now required to reduce the aluminium content of infant
formulas and thereby protect infants from chronic exposure to dietary aluminium. PMID:24103160
74. The aluminium content of infant formulas remains too high.
PubMed
Chuchu, Nancy; Patel, Bhavini; Sebastian, Blaise; Exley, Christopher
2013-10-08
Recent research published in this journal highlighted the issue of the high content of aluminium in infant
formulas. The expectation was that the findings would serve as a catalyst for manufacturers to address a
significant problem of these, often necessary, components of infant nutrition. It is critically important that
parents and other users have confidence in the safety of infant formulas and that they have reliable
information to use in choosing a product with a lower content of aluminium. Herein, we have significantly
extended the scope of the previous research and the aluminium content of 30 of the most widely available
and often used infant formulas has been measured. Both ready-to-drink milks and milk powders were
subjected to microwave digestion in the presence of 15.8Â M HNO3 and 30%â€‰w/v H2O2 and the
aluminium content of the digests was measured by TH GFAAS. Both ready-to-drink milks and milk
powders were contaminated with aluminium. The concentration of aluminium across all milk products
ranged from ca 100 to 430Â Î¼g/L. The concentration of aluminium in two soya-based milk products was
656 and 756Â Î¼g/L. The intake of aluminium from non-soya-based infant formulas varied from ca 100
to 300Â Î¼g per day. For soya-based milks it could be as high as 700Â Î¼g per day. All 30 infant
formulas were contaminated with aluminium. There was no clear evidence that subsequent to the problem
of aluminium being highlighted in a previous publication in this journal that contamination had been
addressed and reduced. It is the opinion of the authors that regulatory and other non-voluntary methods are
now required to reduce the aluminium content of infant formulas and thereby protect infants from chronic
exposure to dietary aluminium.
75. Remediation of phosphate-contaminated water by electrocoagulation with aluminium, aluminium alloy

and mild steel anodes.
PubMed
Vasudevan, Subramanyan; Lakshmi, Jothinathan; Jayaraj, Jeganathan; Sozhan, Ganapathy
2009-05-30
The present study provides an electrocoagulation process for the remediation of phosphate-contaminated
water using aluminium, aluminium alloy and mild steel as the anodes and stainless steel as the cathode.
The various parameters like effect of anode materials, effect of pH, concentration of phosphate, current
density, temperature and co-existing ions, and so forth, and the adsorption capacity was evaluated using
both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The adsorption of phosphate preferably fitting the
Langmuir adsorption isotherm suggests monolayer coverage of adsorbed molecules. The results showed
that the maximum removal efficiency of 99% was achieved with aluminium alloy anode at a current
density of 0.2 A dm(-2), at a pH of 7.0. The adsorption process follows second-order kinetics.
76. A simple pre-treatment of aluminium cookware to minimize aluminium transfer to food.
PubMed
Karbouj, Rim; Desloges, I; Nortier, P
2009-03-01
In this work, we studied aluminium leaching from cookware to food under the effect of citric acid that is
commonly found in foods and beverages. The authors showed that boiling the cookware in water prior to
cooking is suitable for the decrease of aluminium leaching into food by a factor up to sixty (with a
corresponding decrease of the aluminium intake by consumers). The effect of the pre-treatment has been
studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-Ray diffraction and the effect has been attributed to
changes in the structure and morphology of the passivation layer, from an initial heterogeneous layer to a
surface uniformly covered with fine needles of Boehmite (alpha-AlOOH).
77. Determination of total mercury in aluminium industrial zones and soil contaminated with red mud.
PubMed
Rasulov, Oqil; ZacharovÃ¡, Andrea; Schwarz, MariÃ¡n
2017-08-01
This study investigated total mercury contents in areas impacted by aluminium plants in Tajikistan and
Slovakia and in one area flooded with red mud in Hungary. We present the first determination of total
mercury contents in the near-top soil (0-10 and 10-20Â cm) in Tajikistan and the first comparative
investigation of Tajikistan-Slovakia-Hungary. The Tajik Aluminium Company (TALCO) is one of the
leading producers of primary aluminium in Central Asia. In the past 30Â years, the plant has been
producing large volumes of industrial waste, resulting in negative impacts on soil, groundwater and air
quality of the surrounding region. Mercury concentrations were significant in Slovakia and Hungary,
6Â years after the flooding. In studied areas in Slovakia and Hungary, concentrations of total mercury
exceeded the threshold limit value (TLVÂ =Â 0.5Â mg HgÂ kg -1 ). However, in Tajikistan, values were
below the TLV (0.006-0.074Â mgÂ kg -1 ) and did not significantly vary between depths. Total Hg in
Slovakia ranged from 0.057 to 0.668Â mgÂ kg -1 and in Hungary from 0.029 to 1.275Â mgÂ kg -1 .
However, in the plots near to the red mud reservoir and the flooded area, Hg concentrations were higher in
the upper layers than in the lower ones.
78. Serum aluminium levels of workers in the bauxite mines.
PubMed
de Kom, J F; Dissels, H M; van der Voet, G B; de Wolff, F A
1997-01-01
Aluminium is produced from the mineral bauxite. Occupational exposure is reported during the industrial
processing of aluminium and is associated with pulmonary and neurotoxicity. However, data on exposure
and toxicity of workers in the open bauxite mining industry do not exist. Therefore, a study was performed
to explore aluminium exposure in employees involved in this bauxite mining process in a Surinam mine.
A group of workers occupationally exposed to aluminium in an open bauxite mine were compared with a
group of nonexposed wood processors. Serum aluminium was analyzed using atomic absorption
spectrometry Data from the clinical chemistry of the blood and a questionnaire were used to explore
determinants for aluminium exposure. No significant difference between serum aluminium in the exposed
(4.4 +/- 2.0 micrograms/L, n = 27) and control group (5.1 +/- 1.5 micrograms/L, n = 27) was detected. For
the serum concentration of the clinical chemical variables (calcium, citrate, and creatinine), a statistically
significant difference was computed (p < or = 0.02) between the exposed and control group. All levels
were slightly higher in the exposed group; no statistically significant correlations with serum aluminium
were found. In this study, serum aluminium values were in the normal range, no significant difference
between the groups could be detected despite long-term occupational exposure.
79. [Determination of aluminium in flour foods with photometric method].
PubMed
Ma, Lan; Zhao, Xin; Zhou, Shuang; Yang, Dajin
2012-05-01
To establish a determination method for aluminium in flour foods with photometric method. After samples
being treated with microwave digestion and wet digestion, aluminium in staple flour foods was
determined by photometric method. There was a good linearity of the result in the range of 0.25 - 5.0
microg/ml aluminium, r = 0.9998; limit of detection (LOD) : 2.3 ng/ml; limit of quantitation (LOQ) : 7
ng/ml. This method of determining aluminium in flour foods is simple, rapid and reliable.
80. Computational prediction of the refinement of oxide agglomerates in a physical conditioning process for
molten aluminium alloy

Tong, M.; Jagarlapudi, S. C.; Patel, J. B.; Stone, I. C.; Fan, Z.; Browne, D. J.
2015-06-01
Physically conditioning molten scrap aluminium alloys using high shear processing (HSP) was recently
found to be a promising technology for purification of contaminated alloys. HSP refines the solid oxide
agglomerates in molten alloys, so that they can act as sites for the nucleation of Fe-rich intermetallic
phases which can subsequently be removed by the downstream de-drossing process. In this paper, a
computational modelling for predicting the evolution of size of oxide clusters during HSP is presented. We
used CFD to predict the macroscopic flow features of the melt, and the resultant field predictions of
temperature and melt shear rate were transferred to a population balance model (PBM) as its key inputs.
The PBM is a macroscopic model that formulates the microscopic agglomeration and breakage of a
population of a dispersed phase. Although it has been widely used to study conventional deoxidation of
liquid metal, this is the first time that PBM has been used to simulate the melt conditioning process within
a rotor/stator HSP device. We employed a method which discretizes the continuous profile of size of the
dispersed phase into a collection of discrete bins of size, to solve the governing population balance
equation for the size of agglomerates. A finite volume method was used to solve the continuity equation,
the energy equation and the momentum equation. The overall computation was implemented mainly using
the FLUENT module of ANSYS. The simulations showed that there is a relatively high melt shear rate
between the stator and sweeping tips of the rotor blades. This high shear rate leads directly to significant
fragmentation of the initially large oxide aggregates. Because the process of agglomeration is significantly
slower than the breakage processes at the beginning of HSP, the mean size of oxide clusters decreases very
rapidly. As the process of agglomeration gradually balances the process of breakage, the mean size of
oxide clusters converges to a
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81. Prevalence of beryllium sensitization among aluminium smelter workers
PubMed Central
Slade, M. D.; Cantley, L. F.; Kirsche, S. R.; Wesdock, J. C.; Cullen, M. R.
2010-01-01
Background Beryllium exposure occurs in aluminium smelters from natural contamination of bauxite, the
principal source of aluminium. Aims To characterize beryllium exposure in aluminium smelters and
determine the prevalence rate of beryllium sensitization (BeS) among aluminium smelter workers.
Methods A population of 3185 workers from nine aluminium smelters owned by four different
aluminium-producing companies were determined to have significant beryllium exposure. Of these, 1932
workers participated in medical surveillance programmes that included the serum beryllium lymphocyte
proliferation test (BeLPT), confirmation of sensitization by at least two abnormal BeLPT test results and
further evaluation for chronic beryllium disease in workers with BeS. Results Personal beryllium samples
obtained from the nine aluminium smelters showed a range of <0.01â€“13.00 Î¼g/m3 time-weighted
average with an arithmetic mean of 0.25 Î¼g/m3 and geometric mean of 0.06 Î¼g/m3. Nine workers were
diagnosed with BeS (prevalence rate of 0.47%, 95% confidence interval = 0.21â€“0.88%). Conclusions
BeS can occur in aluminium smelter workers through natural beryllium contamination of the bauxite and
further concentration during the refining and smelting processes. Exposure levels to beryllium observed in
aluminium smelters are similar to those seen in other industries that utilize beryllium. However, compared
with beryllium-exposed workers in other industries, the rate of BeS among aluminium smelter workers
appears lower. This lower observed rate may be related to a more soluble form of beryllium found in the
aluminium smelting work environment as well as the consistent use of respiratory protection.
PMID:20610489
82. Long-term effects of aluminium dust inhalation.
PubMed
Peters, Susan; Reid, Alison; Fritschi, Lin; de Klerk, Nicholas; Musk, A W Bill
2013-12-01
During the 1950s and 1960s, aluminium dust inhalation was used as a potential prophylaxis against
silicosis in underground miners, including in Australia. We investigated the association between
aluminium dust inhalation and cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and Alzheimer's diseases in a cohort of
Australian male underground gold miners. We additionally looked at pneumoconiosis mortality to
estimate the effect of the aluminium therapy. SMRs and 95% CI were calculated to compare mortality of
the cohort members with that of the Western Australian male population (1961-2009). Internal
comparisons on duration of aluminium dust inhalation were examined using Cox regression. Aluminium
dust inhalation was reported for 647 out of 1894 underground gold miners. During 42 780 person-years of
follow-up, 1577 deaths were observed. An indication of increased mortality of Alzheimer's disease among
miners ever exposed to aluminium dust was found (SMR=1.38), although it was not statistically
significant (95% CI 0.69 to 2.75). Rates for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular death were above
population levels, but were similar for subjects with or without a history of aluminium dust inhalation.
HRs suggested an increasing risk of cardiovascular disease with duration of aluminium dust inhalation
(HR=1.02, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.04, per year of exposure). No difference in the association between duration
of work underground and pneumoconiosis was observed between the groups with or without aluminium
dust exposure. No protective effect against silicosis was observed from aluminium dust inhalation.
Conversely, exposure to aluminium dust may possibly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and
dementia of the Alzheimer's type.
83. Aluminium removal from water after defluoridation with the electrocoagulation process.
PubMed
Sinha, Richa; Mathur, Sanjay; Brighu, Urmila
2015-01-01
Fluoride is the most electronegative element and has a strong affinity for aluminium. Owing to this fact,
most of the techniques used for fluoride removal utilized aluminium compounds, which results in high
concentrations of aluminium in treated water. In the present paper, a new approach is presented to meet the
WHO guideline for residual aluminium concentration as 0.2â€…mg/L. In the present work, the
electrocoagulation (EC) process was used for fluoride removal. It was found that aluminium content in
water increases with an increase in the energy input. Therefore, experiments were optimized for a
minimum energy input to achieve the target value (0.7â€…mg/L) of fluoride in resultant water. These
optimized sets were used for further investigations of aluminium control. The experimental investigations
revealed that use of bentonite clay as coagulant in clariflocculation brings down the aluminium
concentration of water below the WHO guideline. Bentonite dose of 2â€…g/L was found to be the best
for efficient removal of aluminium.
84. Deviatoric response of the aluminium alloy, 5083
Appleby-Thomas, Gareth; Hazell, Paul; Millett, Jeremy; Bourne, Neil
2009-06-01
Aluminium alloys such as 5083 are established light weight armour materials. As such, the shock response
of these materials is of great importance. The shear strength of a material under shock loading provides an
insight into its ballistic performance. In this investigation embedded manganin stress gauges have been
employed to measure both the longitudinal and lateral components of stress during plate impact
experiments over a range of impact stresses. In turn, these results were used to determine the shear
strength and to investigate the time dependence of lateral stress behind the shock front to give an
indication of material response.
85. Usage of neural network to predict aluminium oxide layer thickness.
PubMed
Michal, Peter; VagaskÃ¡, Alena; GombÃ¡r, Miroslav; Kmec, JÃ¡n; SpiÅ¡Ã¡k, Emil; KuÄerka, Daniel
2015-01-01
This paper shows an influence of chemical composition of used electrolyte, such as amount of sulphuric
acid in electrolyte, amount of aluminium cations in electrolyte and amount of oxalic acid in electrolyte,
and operating parameters of process of anodic oxidation of aluminium such as the temperature of
electrolyte, anodizing time, and voltage applied during anodizing process. The paper shows the influence
of those parameters on the resulting thickness of aluminium oxide layer. The impact of these variables is
shown by using central composite design of experiment for six factors (amount of sulphuric acid, amount
of oxalic acid, amount of aluminium cations, electrolyte temperature, anodizing time, and applied voltage)
and by usage of the cubic neural unit with Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm during the results evaluation.
The paper also deals with current densities of 1 A Â· dm(-2) and 3 A Â· dm(-2) for creating aluminium
oxide layer.
86. Usage of Neural Network to Predict Aluminium Oxide Layer Thickness
PubMed Central
Michal, Peter; VagaskÃ¡, Alena; GombÃ¡r, Miroslav; Kmec, JÃ¡n; SpiÅ¡Ã¡k, Emil; KuÄerka, Daniel
2015-01-01
This paper shows an influence of chemical composition of used electrolyte, such as amount of sulphuric
acid in electrolyte, amount of aluminium cations in electrolyte and amount of oxalic acid in electrolyte,
and operating parameters of process of anodic oxidation of aluminium such as the temperature of
electrolyte, anodizing time, and voltage applied during anodizing process. The paper shows the influence
of those parameters on the resulting thickness of aluminium oxide layer. The impact of these variables is
shown by using central composite design of experiment for six factors (amount of sulphuric acid, amount
of oxalic acid, amount of aluminium cations, electrolyte temperature, anodizing time, and applied voltage)
and by usage of the cubic neural unit with Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm during the results evaluation.
The paper also deals with current densities of 1â€‰AÂ·dmâˆ’2 and 3â€‰AÂ·dmâˆ’2 for creating
aluminium oxide layer. PMID:25922850
87. Galvanised steel to aluminium joining by laser and GTAW processes
SciTech Connect
Sierra, G.; Universite Montpellier 2, Laboratoire de Mecanique et Genie Civil, UMR 5508 CNRS,
Montpellier, 34095; Peyre, P.
A new means of assembling galvanised steel to aluminium involving a reaction between solid steel and
liquid aluminium was developed, using laser and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) processes. A direct
aluminium melting strategy was investigated with the laser process, whereas an aluminium-induced
melting by steel heating and heat conduction through the steel was carried out with the GTAW process.
The interfaces generated during the interaction were mainly composed of a 2-40 {mu}m thick
intermetallic reaction layers. The linear strength of the assemblies can be as high as 250 N/mm and 190
N/mm for the assemblies produced respectively by lasermoreÂ Â» and GTAW processes. The
corresponding failures were located in the fusion zone of aluminium (laser assemblies), or in the reaction
layer (GTAW assemblies)Â«Â less
88. Study on aluminium-based single films.
PubMed
Vinod Kumar, G S; GarcÃa-Moreno, F; BabcsÃ¡n, N; Brothers, A H; Murty, B S; Banhart, J
2007-12-28
In the present paper the authors studied isolated metallic films made from the same material used for
making metallic foams, and then characterised their properties. Metal films were made from a liquid
aluminium alloy reinforced with ceramic particles of known concentration. Melts without such particles
were also investigated. It is shown that stable films could not be made from Al-Si alloy having no
particles, and just extremely thin and fragile films could be made from commercially-pure Al. In contrast,
aluminium alloys containing particles such as SiC and TiB(2) allowed pulling thin, stable films, which did
not rupture. Significant thinning of films was observed when the particle concentration in the melt
decreased. By in situ X-ray monitoring of liquid films during pulling, film thickness and drainage effects
within the liquid film could be studied. The morphology and microstructure of films was characterised
after solidification. Our work shows that the question of how foams are stabilised can be studied using a
simplified system such as a film, instead of having to deal with the multitude of different structural
elements present in a foam.
89. Hearing conservation in the primary aluminium industry
PubMed Central
Frisch, N.; Dixon-Ernst, C.; Chesson, B. J.; Cullen, M. R.
2016-01-01
Background Noise-induced hearing loss has been an intractable problem for heavy industry. Aims To
report our experience in reducing the incidence of age-corrected confirmed 10 dB hearing shifts (averaged
over 2, 3 and 4kHz) in employees in the primary aluminium industry in Australia over the period
2006â€“13. Methods We analysed annual audiometric data to determine the number of permanent hearing
shifts that occurred in employees in two bauxite mines, three alumina refineries and two aluminium
smelters. Annual hearing shift rates were calculated based on the number of employees tested per year.
Hearing conservation initiatives undertaken during the study period are described. An assessment of
similar exposure group noise exposures was also undertaken to determine the magnitude of noise exposure
reduction during the study period. Results Across all operations, hearing shift rates declined from 5.5%
per year in 2006 to 1.3% per year in 2013 (P < 0.001). The decline in shift rates was greater in mines and
refineries, where baseline shift rates were higher, than in smelter workers. Modest reductions in noise
exposure occurred during the study period. Conclusions We observed a substantial decline in hearing shift
rates during the study period. We describe the hearing conservation initiatives that were collectively
associated with this decline. We suspect these initiatives could be deployed relatively easily and at modest
cost in other industries with noise-exposed employees. PMID:26470945
90. Hearing conservation in the primary aluminium industry.
PubMed
Donoghue, A M; Frisch, N; Dixon-Ernst, C; Chesson, B J; Cullen, M R
2016-04-01
Noise-induced hearing loss has been an intractable problem for heavy industry. To report our experience in
reducing the incidence of age-corrected confirmed 10 dB hearing shifts (averaged over 2, 3 and 4 kHz) in
employees in the primary aluminium industry in Australia over the period 2006-13. We analysed annual
audiometric data to determine the number of permanent hearing shifts that occurred in employees in two
bauxite mines, three alumina refineries and two aluminium smelters. Annual hearing shift rates were
calculated based on the number of employees tested per year. Hearing conservation initiatives undertaken
during the study period are described. An assessment of similar exposure group noise exposures was also
undertaken to determine the magnitude of noise exposure reduction during the study period. Across all
operations, hearing shift rates declined from 5.5% per year in 2006 to 1.3% per year in 2013 (P < 0.001).
The decline in shift rates was greater in mines and refineries, where baseline shift rates were higher, than
in smelter workers. Modest reductions in noise exposure occurred during the study period. We observed a
substantial decline in hearing shift rates during the study period. We describe the hearing conservation
initiatives that were collectively associated with this decline. We suspect these initiatives could be
deployed relatively easily and at modest cost in other industries with noise-exposed employees. Â© The
Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Occupational Medicine.
91. Precipitate strengthening of nanostructured aluminium alloy.
PubMed
Wawer, Kinga; Lewandowska, Malgorzata; Kurzydlowski, Krzysztof J
2012-11-01
Grain boundaries and precipitates are the major microstructural features influencing the mechanical
properties of metals and alloys. Refinement of the grain size to the nanometre scale brings about a
significant increase in the mechanical strength of the materials because of the increased number of grain
boundaries which act as obstacles to sliding dislocations. A similar effect is obtained if nanoscale
precipitates are uniformly distributed in coarse grained matrix. The development of nanograin sized alloys
raises the important question of whether or not these two mechanisms are "additive" and precipitate
strengthening is effective in nanostructured materials. In the reported work, hydrostatic extrusion (HE)
was used to obtain nanostructured 7475 aluminium alloy. Nanosized precipitates were obtained by post-
HE annealing. It was found that such annealing at the low temperatures (100 degrees C) results in a
significant increase in the microhardness (HV0.2) and strength of the nanostructured 7475 aluminium
alloy. These results are discussed in terms of the interplay between the precipitation and deformation of
nanocrystalline metals.
92. The varied functions of aluminium-activated malate transporters-much more than aluminium resistance.
PubMed
Palmer, Antony J; Baker, Alison; Muench, Stephen P
2016-06-15
The ALMT (aluminium-activated malate transporter) family comprises a functionally diverse but
structurally similar group of ion channels. They are found ubiquitously in plant species, expressed
throughout different tissues, and located in either the plasma membrane or tonoplast. The first family
member identified was TaALMT1, discovered in wheat root tips, which was found to be involved in
aluminium resistance by means of malate exudation into the soil. However, since this discovery other
family members have been shown to have many other functions such as roles in stomatal opening, general
anionic homoeostasis, and in economically valuable traits such as fruit flavour. Recent evidence has also
shown that ALMT proteins can act as key molecular actors in GABA (Î³-aminobutyric acid) signalling,
the first evidence that GABA can act as a signal transducer in plants. Â© 2016 The Author(s). Published
by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society.
93. The varied functions of aluminium-activated malate transportersâ€“much more than aluminium resistance
PubMed Central
Palmer, AntonyÂ J.; Baker, Alison; Muench, StephenÂ P.
2016-01-01
The ALMT (aluminium-activated malate transporter) family comprises a functionally diverse but
structurally similar group of ion channels. They are found ubiquitously in plant species, expressed
throughout different tissues, and located in either the plasma membrane or tonoplast. The first family
member identified was TaALMT1, discovered in wheat root tips, which was found to be involved in
aluminium resistance by means of malate exudation into the soil. However, since this discovery other
family members have been shown to have many other functions such as roles in stomatal opening, general
anionic homoeostasis, and in economically valuable traits such as fruit flavour. Recent evidence has also
shown that ALMT proteins can act as key molecular actors in GABA (Î³-aminobutyric acid) signalling,
the first evidence that GABA can act as a signal transducer in plants. PMID:27284052
94. Structural analysis of aluminium substituted nickel ferrite nanoparticles
Singh, H. S.; Sangwa, Neha
2018-05-01
Aluminium substituted nickel ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized by High Energy Ball milling (HEBM)
of the mixture of Î±-NiO, Î±-Al2O3 and Î±-Fe2O3 followed by annealing at 1000ËšC. X-ray diffraction
(XRD) and Energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis (EDS) characterization was done for Aluminium
substituted nickel ferrite. The structural analysis reveals the formation of the single phase compound. The
average grain size was estimated by X-ray diffraction technique ranges from 30 to 10 nm with the
increasing concentration of Aluminium. EDS spectra conforms the homogeneous mixing and purity of
ferrite.
95. Experimental Realisation of Elusive Multiple-bonded Aluminium Compounds: A New Horizon in the
Aluminium Chemistry.
PubMed
Inoue, Shigeyoshi; Bag, Prasenjit; Weetman, Catherine
2018-05-23
Synthesis and isolation of stable main group compounds featuring multiple bonds has been of keen
interest for the last several decades. Multiply bonded complexes were obtained using sterically demanding
substituents that provide kinetic and thermodynamic stability. Many of these compounds have unusual
structural and electronic properties that challenges the classical concept of covalent multiple bonding. In
contrast, analogous aluminium compounds are scarce in spite of its high natural abundance. The parent
dialumene (Al2H2) has been calculated to be extremely weak, thus making Al multiple bonds a
challenging synthetic target. This review provides an overview of these recent advances in the cutting
edge synthetic approaches used to obtain aluminium homo- and heterodiatomic multiply bonded
complexes. Additionally, the reactivity of these novel compounds towards various small molecules and
reagents will be discussed herein. This review provides an overview on the current progress in aluminium
multiple bond chemistry and the careful ligand design required to stabilise these reactive species. Â©
2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
96. Hydrogenated vacancies lock dislocations in aluminium
DOE PAGES
Xie, Degang; Li, Suzhi; Li, Meng; ...
2016-11-03
Due to its high diffusivity, hydrogen is often considered a weak inhibitor or even a promoter of dislocation
movements in metals and alloys. By quantitative mechanical tests in an environmental transmission
electron microscope, here we demonstrate that after exposing aluminium to hydrogen, mobile dislocations
can lose mobility, with activating stress more than doubled. On degassing, the locked dislocations can be
reactivated under cyclic loading to move in a stick-slip manner. However, relocking the dislocations
thereafter requires a surprisingly long waiting time of ~10 3 s, much longer than that expected from
hydrogen interstitial diffusion. Both the observed slow relocking andmoreÂ Â» strong locking strength
can be attributed to superabundant hydrogenated vacancies, verified by our atomistic calculations. In
conclusion, vacancies therefore could be a key plastic flow localization agent as well as damage agent in
hydrogen environment.Â«Â less
PubMed Central
Xie, Degang; Li, Suzhi; Li, Meng; Wang, Zhangjie; Gumbsch, Peter; Sun, Jun; Ma, Evan; Li, Ju; Shan,
Zhiwei
2016-01-01
thereafter requires a surprisingly long waiting time of âˆ¼103â€‰s, much longer than that expected from
hydrogen interstitial diffusion. Both the observed slow relocking and strong locking strength can be
attributed to superabundant hydrogenated vacancies, verified by our atomistic calculations. Vacancies
therefore could be a key plastic flow localization agent as well as damage agent in hydrogen environment.
PMID:27808099
98. Hot Tearing in Aluminium â€” Copper Alloys
Viano, David; StJohn, David; Grandfield, John; CÃ¡ceres, Carlos
For many aluminium alloys, hot tearing susceptibility follows a lambda curve relationship when hot
tearing severity is plotted as a function of solute content. In the past, there has been some difficulty
quantifying hot tearing. Traditional methods rely upon measuring electrical resistivity or the number
and/or length of cracks in tests such as the ring test. In this experimental program, a hot tear test rig was
used to investigate a series of binary Al-Cu alloys. This device measures the load imposed on the mushy
zone during solidification. Hot tearing susceptibility was quantified in two ways. The first method
involved measuring the load at the solidus temperature (548Â°C). The second method was to radiograph
the hot spot and measure the image density of the cracks. Both methods had advantages and
disadvantages. It was found that the results from the hot tear rig correlates with other published data using
different experimental methods.
SciTech Connect
Xie, Degang; Li, Suzhi; Li, Meng
thereafter requires a surprisingly long waiting time of ~10 3 s, much longer than that expected from
hydrogen interstitial diffusion. Both the observed slow relocking andmoreÂ Â» strong locking strength
can be attributed to superabundant hydrogenated vacancies, verified by our atomistic calculations. In
conclusion, vacancies therefore could be a key plastic flow localization agent as well as damage agent in
hydrogen environment.Â«Â less
100. Aluminium leaching from red mud by filamentous fungi.
PubMed
UrÃk, Martin; BujdoÅ¡, Marek; MilovÃ¡-Å½iakovÃ¡, Barbora; MikuÅ¡ovÃ¡, Petra; SlovÃ¡k, Marek;
MatÃºÅ¡, Peter
2015-11-01
This contribution investigates the efficient and environmentally friendly aluminium leaching from red
mud (bauxite residue) by 17 species of filamentous fungi. Bioleaching experiments were examined in
batch cultures with the red mud in static, 7-day cultivation. The most efficient fungal strains in aluminium
bioleaching were Penicillium crustosum G-140 and Aspergillus niger G-10. The A. niger G-10 strain was
capable to extract up to approximately 141 mgÂ·L(-1) of aluminium from 0.2 g dry weight red mud.
Chemical leaching with organic acids mixture, prepared according to A. niger G-10 strain's respective
fungal excretion during cultivation, proved that organic acids significantly contribute to aluminium
solubilization from red mud. Copyright Â© 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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101. Sulfone-based electrolytes for aluminium rechargeable batteries.
PubMed
Nakayama, Yuri; Senda, Yui; Kawasaki, Hideki; Koshitani, Naoki; Hosoi, Shizuka; Kudo, Yoshihiro;
Morioka, Hiroyuki; Nagamine, Masayuki
2015-02-28
Electrolyte is a key material for success in the research and development of next-generation rechargeable
batteries. Aluminium rechargeable batteries that use aluminium (Al) metals as anode materials are
attractive candidates for next-generation batteries, though they have not been developed yet due to the
lack of practically useful electrolytes. Here we present, for the first time, non-corrosive reversible Al
electrolytes working at room temperature. The electrolytes are composed of aluminium chlorides,
dialkylsulfones, and dilutants, which are realized by the identification of electrochemically active Al
species, the study of sulfone dependences, the effects of aluminium chloride concentrations, dilutions and
their optimizations. The characteristic feature of these materials is the lower chloride concentrations in the
solutions than those in the conventional Al electrolytes, which allows us to use the Al metal anodes
without corrosions. We anticipate that the sulfone-based electrolytes will open the doors for the research
and development of Al rechargeable batteries.
102. Manufacturing and Machining Challenges of Hybrid Aluminium Metal Matix Composites
Baburaja, Kammuluri; Sainadh Teja, S.; Karthik Sri, D.; Kuldeep, J.; Gowtham, V.
2017-08-01
Manufacturing which involves material removal processes or material addition processes or material
transformation processes. One or all the processes to obtain the final desired properties for a material with
desired shape which meets the required precision and accuracy values for the expected service life of a
material in working conditions. Researchers found the utility of aluminium to be the second largest after
steel. Aluminium and its metal matrix composite possess wide applications in various applications in
aerospace industry, automobile industry, Constructions and even in kitchen utensils. Hybrid Al-
MMCconsist of two different materials, and one will be from organic origin along with the base material.
In this paper an attempt is made to bring out the importance of utilization of aluminium and the challenges
concerned in manufacturing and machining of hybrid aluminium MMC.
103. Compressive Behaviour and Energy Absorption of Aluminium Foam Sandwich

Endut, N. A.; Hazza, M. H. F. Al; Sidek, A. A.; Adesta, E. T. Y.; Ibrahim, N. A.
2018-01-01
Development of materials in automotive industries plays an important role in order to retain the safety,
performance and cost. Metal foams are one of the idea to evolve new material in automotive industries
since it can absorb energy when it deformed and good for crash management. Recently, new technology
had been introduced to replace metallic foam by using aluminium foam sandwich (AFS) due to
lightweight and high energy absorption behaviour. Therefore, this paper provides reliable data that can be
used to analyze the energy absorption behaviour of aluminium foam sandwich by conducting experimental
work which is compression test. Six experiments of the compression test were carried out to analyze the
stress-strain relationship in terms of energy absorption behavior. The effects of input variables include
varying the thickness of aluminium foam core and aluminium sheets on energy absorption behavior were
evaluated comprehensively. Stress-strain relationship curves was used for energy absorption of aluminium
foam sandwich calculation. The result highlights that the energy absorption of aluminium foam sandwich
increases from 12.74 J to 64.42 J respectively with increasing the foam and skin thickness.
104. Synthesis of nanowires and nanoparticles of cubic aluminium nitride
Balasubramanian, C.; Godbole, V. P.; Rohatgi, V. K.; Das, A. K.; Bhoraskar, S. V.
2004-03-01
Nanostructures of cubic aluminium nitride were synthesized by DC arc-plasma-induced melting of

aluminium in a nitrogen-argon ambient. The material flux ejected from the molten aluminium surface was
found to react with nitrogen under highly non-equilibrium conditions and subsequently condense on a
water-cooled surface to yield a mixture of nanowires and nanoparticles of crystalline cubic aluminium
nitride. Both x-ray diffraction and electron diffraction measurements revealed that the as-synthesized
nitrides adopted the cubic phase. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to understand the
bonding configuration. Microstructural features of the synthesized material were best studied by
transmission electron microscopy. From these analyses cubic aluminium nitride was found to be the
dominating phase for both nanowires and nanoparticles synthesized at low currents. The typical particle
size distribution was found to range over 15-80 nm, whereas the wires varied from 30 to 100 nm in
diameter and 500 to 700 nm in length, depending upon the process parameters such as arc current and the
nitrogen pressure. The reaction products inside the plasma zone were also obtained theoretically by
minimization of free energy and the favourable zone temperature necessary for the formation of
aluminium nitride was found to be {\\sim } 6000 K. Results are discussed in view of the highly non-
equilibrium conditions that prevail during the arc-plasma synthesis.
105. Investigation of different anode materials for aluminium rechargeable batteries
MuÃ±oz-Torrero, David; Leung, Puiki; GarcÃa-Quismondo, Enrique; Ventosa, Edgar; Anderson, Marc;
Palma, JesÃºs; Marcilla, Rebeca
2018-01-01
In order to shed some light into the importance of the anodic reaction in reversible aluminium batteries,
we investigate here the electrodeposition of aluminium in an ionic liquid electrolyte (BMImCl-AlCl3)
using different substrates. We explore the influence of the type of anodic material (aluminium, stainless
steel and carbon) and its 3D geometry on the reversibility of the anodic reaction by cyclic voltammetry
(CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge. The shape of the CVs confirms that electrodeposition of
aluminium was feasible in the three materials but the highest peak currents and smallest peak separation in
the CV of the aluminium anode suggested that this material was the most promising. Interestingly, carbon-
based substrates appeared as an interesting alternative due to the high peak currents in CV, moderate
overpotentials and dual role as anode and cathode. 3D substrates such as fiber-based carbon paper and
aluminium mesh showed significantly smaller overpotentials and higher efficiencies for Al reaction
suggesting that the use of 3D substrates in full batteries might result in enhanced power. This is
corroborated by polarization testing of full Al-batteries.
106. The binding, transport and fate of aluminium in biological cells.
PubMed
Exley, Christopher; Mold, Matthew J
2015-04-01
Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust and yet, paradoxically, it has no known
biological function. Aluminium is biochemically reactive, it is simply that it is not required for any
essential process in extant biota. There is evidence neither of element-specific nor evolutionarily
conserved aluminium biochemistry. This means that there are no ligands or chaperones which are specific
to its transport, there are no transporters or channels to selectively facilitate its passage across membranes,
there are no intracellular storage proteins to aid its cellular homeostasis and there are no pathways which
evolved to enable the metabolism and excretion of aluminium. Of course, aluminium is found in every
compartment of every cell of every organism, from virus through to Man. Herein we have investigated
each of the 'silent' pathways and metabolic events which together constitute a form of aluminium
homeostasis in biota, identifying and evaluating as far as is possible what is known and, equally
importantly, what is unknown about its uptake, transport, storage and excretion. Copyright Â© 2014
Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
107. Fuzzy Multicriteria Ranking of Aluminium Coating Methods
Batzias, A. F.
2007-12-01
This work deals with multicriteria ranking of aluminium coating methods. The alternatives used are:
sulfuric acid anodization, A1; oxalic acid anodization, A2; chromic acid anodization, A3; phosphoric acid
anodization, A4; integral color anodizing, A5; chemical conversion coating, A6; electrostatic powder
deposition, A7. The criteria used are: cost of production, f1; environmental friendliness of production
process, f2; appearance (texture), f3; reflectivity, f4; response to coloring, f5; corrosion resistance, f6;
abrasion resistance, f7; fatigue resistance, f8. Five experts coming from relevant industrial units set grades
to the criteria vector and the preference matrix according to a properly modified Delphi method.
Sensitivity analysis of the ranked first alternative A1 against the `second best', which was A3 at low and
A7 at high resolution levels proved that the solution is robust. The dependence of anodized products
quality on upstream processes is presented and the impact of energy price increase on industrial cost is
discussed.
108. Tensile strength of aluminium nitride films
Zong, Deng Gang; Ong, Chung Wo; Aravind, Manju; Tsang, Mei Po; Loong Choy, Chung; Lu, Deren;
Ma, Dejun
2004-11-01
Two-layered aluminium nitride (AlN)/silicon nitride microbridges were fabricated for microbridge tests to
evaluate the elastic modulus, residual stress and tensile strength of the AlN films. The silicon nitride layer
was added to increase the robustness of the structure. In a microbridge test, load was applied to the centre
of a microbridge and was gradually increased by a nano-indenter equipped with a wedge tip until the
sample was broken, while displacement was recorded coherently. Measurements were performed on
single-layered silicon nitride microbridges and two-layered AlN/silicon nitride microbridges respectively.
The data were fitted to a theory to derive the elastic modulus, residual stress and tensile strength of the
silicon nitride films and AlN films. For the AlN films, the three parameters were determined to be 200,
0.06 and 0.3 GPa, respectively. The values of elastic modulus obtained were consistent with those
measured by conventional nano-indentation method. The tensile strength value can be used as a reference
to reflect the maximum tolerable tensile stress of AlN films when they are used in micro-
electromechanical devices.
109. Corrosion of aluminium in soft drinks.
PubMed
Seruga, M; Hasenay, D
1996-04-01
The corrosion of aluminium (Al) in several brands of soft drinks (cola- and citrate-based drinks) has been
studied, using an electrochemical method, namely potentiodynamic polarization. The results show that the
corrosion of Al in soft drinks is a very slow, time-dependent and complex process, strongly influenced by
the passivation, complexation and adsorption processes. The corrosion of Al in these drinks occurs
principally due to the presence of acids: citric acid in citrate-based drinks and orthophosphoric acid in
cola-based drinks. The corrosion rate of Al rose with an increase in the acidity of soft drinks, i.e. with
increase of the content of total acids. The corrosion rates are much higher in the cola-based drinks than
those in citrate-based drinks, due to the facts that: (1) orthophosphoric acid is more corrosive to Al than is
citric acid, (2) a quite different passive oxide layer (with different properties) is formed on Al, depending
on whether the drink is cola or citrate based. The method of potentiodynamic polarization was shown as
being very suitable for the study of corrosion of Al in soft drinks, especially if it is combined with some
non-electrochemical method, e.g. graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS).
110. Asthma due to aluminium soldering flux
PubMed Central
Sterling, G. M.
1967-01-01
Two patients have been studied who complained of dyspnoea after the inhalation of fumes from a new
soldering flux recently developed for use in jointing aluminium which has been replacing copper as a
material for electric cables. A previous survey of respiratory complaints after the use of this particular flux
had failed to show any objective change in lung function, and the present cases are the first to be reported.
Both subjects have been investigated by means of serial spirometry, peak flow rates, and body
plethysmography following inhalation of small amounts of flux fumes; delayed and prolonged
bronchoconstriction has been demonstrated. Similar results have been obtained after the inhalation of one
of the main constituents of the flux, namely amino-ethyl ethanolamine, which is presumably the active
allergic agent. The bronchial response is unusual in being delayed in onset but otherwise resembles pollen-
sensitivity asthma rather than the infiltrative process seen in farmer's lung. The type of immune
mechanism involved is speculative, but it is possible that some alteration of the amino-ethyl ethanolamine
is needed before it can react with reaginic antibody fixed in the bronchial tissues. PMID:6076508
111. [Association between serum aluminium level and methylation of amyloid precursor protein gene in
workers engaged in aluminium electrolysis].
PubMed
Yang, X J; Yuan, Y Z; Niu, Q
2016-04-20
To investigate the association between serum aluminium level and methylation of the promoter region of
amyloid precursor protein (APP)gene in workers engaged in aluminium electrolysis. In 2012, 366
electrolysis workers in an aluminium factory were enrolled as exposure group (working years >10 and age
>40 years)and divided into low-exposure group and high-exposure group based on the median serum
aluminium level. Meanwhile, 102 workers in a cement plant not exposed to aluminium were enrolled as
control group. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was used to measure serum aluminium
level, methylation specific PCR was used to measure the methylation rate of the promoter region of APP
gene, and ELI-SA was used to measure the protein expression of APP in lymphocytes in peripheral blood.
The exposure group had a significantly higher serum aluminium level than the control group (45.07 Î¼g/L
vs 30.51 Î¼g/L, P< 0.01). The exposure group had a significantly lower methylation rate of the promoter
region of APP gene than the control group (18.85% vs 25.49%, P=0.025), and the high-exposure group
had a significantly lower methylation rate of the promoter region of APP gene than the low-exposure
group (15.84% vs 21.85%, P<0.05). The exposure group had a significantly higher protein expression of
APP in lymphocytes in peripheral blood than the control group (66.73 ng/ml vs 54.17 ng/ml, P<0.05);
compared with the low-exposure group (65.39 ng/ml), the high-exposure group showed an increase in the
protein expression of APP in lymphocytes in peripheral blood (67.22 ng/ml), but there was no significant
difference between these two groups (P>0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that
with reference to the control group, low aluminium exposure (OR=1.86, 95% CI 1.67~3.52)and high
aluminium exposure (OR=2.98, 95% CI 1.97~4.15)were risk factors for a reduced methylation rate of the
promoter region of APP gene. Reduced methylation of the promoter region of APP
112. Foamed lightweight materials made from mixed scrap metal waste powder and sewage sludge ash.
PubMed
Wang, Kuen-Sheng; Chiou, Ing-Jia
2004-10-01
The porous properties and pozzolanic effects of sewage sludge ash (SSA) make it possible to produce
lightweight materials. This study explored the effects of different metallic foaming agents, made from
waste aluminium products, on the foaming behaviours and engineering characteristics, as well as the
microstructure of sewage sludge ash foamed lightweight materials. The results indicated that aluminium
powder and mixed scrap metal waste powder possessed similar chemical compositions. After proper pre-
treatment, waste aluminium products proved to be ideal substitutes for metallic foaming agents. Increasing
the amount of mixed scrap metal waste by 10-15% compared with aluminium powder would produce a
similar foaming ratio and compressive strength. The reaction of the metallic foaming agents mainly
produced pores larger than 10 microm, different from the hydration reaction of cement that produced
pores smaller than 1 microm mostly. To meet the requirements of the lightweight materials characteristics
and the compressive strength, the amount of SSA could be up to 60-80% of the total solids. An adequate
amount of aluminium powder is 0.5-0.9% of the total solids. Increasing the fineness of the mixed scrap
metal waste powder could effectively reduce the amount required and improve the foaming ratio.
113. Microstructure and properties of aluminium-aluminium oxide graded composite materials
Kamaruzaman, F. F.; Nuruzzaman, D. M.; Ismail, N. M.; Hamedon, Z.; Iqbal, A. K. M. A.; Azhari, A.
2018-03-01
In this research works, four-layered aluminium-aluminium oxide (Al-Al2O3) graded composite materials
were fabricated using powder metallurgy (PM) method. In processing, metal-ceramic graded composite
materials of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% weight percentage of ceramic concentration were prepared under 30
ton compaction load using a cylindrical die-punch set made of steel. After that, two-step pressureless
sintering was carried out at sintering temperature and time 600Â°C and 3 hours respectively. It was
observed that the sintered cylindrical specimens of 30 mm diameter were prepared successfully. The
graded composite specimens were analysed and the properties such as density, microstructure and
hardness were measured. It was found that after sintering process, the diameter of the graded cylindrical
structure was decreased. Using both Archimedes method and rule of mixture (ROM), he density of
structure was measured. The obtained results revealed that the microvickers hardness was increased as the
ceramic component increases in the graded layer. Moreover, it was observed that the interface of the
graded structure is clearly distinguished within the multilayer stack and the ceramic particles are almost
uniformly distributed in the Al matrix.
114. MOCVD of aluminium oxide films using aluminium Î²-diketonates as precursors
Devi, A.; Shivashankar, S. A.; Samuelson, A. G.
2002-06-01
Deposition of Al203 coatings by CVD is of importance because they are often used as abrading material
in cemented carbide cutting tools. The conventionally used CVD process for Al203 involves the corrosive
reactant AICl3. In this paper, we report on the thermal characterisation of the metalorganic precursors
namely aluminium tris-tetramethyl-heptanedionate [ Al(thd)3] and aluminium tris-acetylacetonate [
Al(acac)3] and their application to the CVD of Al203 films. Crystalline A1203 films were deposited by
MOCVD at low temperatures by the pyrolysis of Al(thd)3 and AI(acac)3. The films were deposited on a
TiN-coated tungsten carbide (TiN/WC) and Si(100) substrates in the temperature range 500-1100 Â°C.
The as-deposited films were characterised by x-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning and
transmission electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy. The observed crystallinity of films grown
at low temperatures, their microstructure, and composition may be interpreted in terms of a growth
process that involves the melting of the metalorganic precursor on the hot growth surface.
115. Microstructure and hardness performance of AA6061 aluminium composite using friction stir processing
Marini, C. D.; Fatchurrohman, N.
2018-04-01
Rice husk ash (RHA) is an industrial waste that has become a potential reinforced material for aluminium
matrix composite (AMCs) due to low cost and abundantly available resources. Friction stir processing
(FSP) has been introduced as a method to modify surface properties of the metal and alloy including theirs
composite as well. The present work reports the production and characterization of AA6061 and
AA6061/5 vol% RHA using FSP using parameters rotation speed 1000 rpm and traversed speed 25
mm/min. The microstructure was studied using optical microscopy (OM). A homogenous dispersion of
RHA particles was obtained in the composite. No agglomeration or segregation was observed. The
produced composite exhibited a fine grain structure. An improvement in hardness profile was observed as
AA6061/5 vol% RHA improves in hardness compared to FSPed of AA6061 without reinforcement.
116. AE Monitoring of Diamond Turned Rapidly Soldified Aluminium 443
Onwuka, G.; Abou-El-Hossein, K.; Mkoko, Z.
2017-05-01
The fast replacement of conventional aluminium with rapidly solidified aluminium alloys has become a
noticeable trend in the current manufacturing industries involved in the production of optics and optical
molding inserts. This is as a result of the improved performance and durability of rapidly solidified
aluminium alloys when compared to conventional aluminium. Melt spinning process is vital for
manufacturing rapidly solidified aluminium alloys like RSA 905, RSA 6061 and RSA 443 which are
common in the industries today. RSA 443 is a newly developed alloy with few research findings and huge
research potential. There is no available literature focused on monitoring the machining of RSA 443
alloys. In this research, Acoustic Emission sensing technique was applied to monitor the single point
diamond turning of RSA 443 on an ultrahigh precision lathe machine. The machining process was carried
out after careful selection of feed, speed and depths of cut. The monitoring process was achieved with a
high sampling data acquisition system using different tools while concurrent measurement of the surface
roughness and tool wear were initiated after covering a total feed distance of 13km. An increasing trend of
raw AE spikes and peak to peak signal were observed with an increase in the surface roughness and tool
wear values. Hence, acoustic emission sensing technique proves to be an effective monitoring method for
the machining of RSA 443 alloy.
117. Improving Efficiency of Aluminium Sacrificial Anode Using Cold Work Process
Asmara, Y. P.; Siregar, J. P.; Tezara, C.; Ann, Chang Tai
2016-02-01
Aluminium is one of the preferred materials to be used as sacrificial anode for carbon steel protection. The
efficiency of these can be low due to the formation of oxide layer which passivate the anodes. Currently,
to improve its efficiency, there are efforts using a new technique called surface modifications. The
objective of this research is to study corrosion mechanism of aluminium sacrificial anode which has been
processed by cold work. The cold works are applied by reducing the thickness of aluminium sacrificial
anodes at 20% and 40% of thickness reduction. The cathodic protection experiments were performed by
immersion of aluminium connected to carbon steel cylinder in 3% NaCl solutions. Visual inspections
using SEM had been conducted during the experiments and corrosion rate data were taken in every week
for 8 weeks of immersion time. Corrosion rate data were measured using weight loss and linear
polarization technique (LPR). From the results, it is observed that cold worked aluminium sacrificial
anode have a better corrosion performance. It shows higher corrosion rate and lower corrosion potential.
The anodes also provided a long functional for sacrificial anode before it stop working. From SEM
investigation, it is shown that cold works have changed the microstructure of anodes which is suspected in
increasing corrosion rate and cause de-passivate of the surface anodes.
118. Cancer risk among workers of a secondary aluminium smelter.
PubMed
Maltseva, A; Serra, C; Kogevinas, M
2016-07-01
Cancer risk in secondary aluminium production is not well described. Workers in this industry are exposed
to potentially carcinogenic agents from secondary smelters that reprocess aluminium scrap. To evaluate
cancer risk in workers in a secondary aluminium plant in Spain. Retrospective cohort study of male
workers employed at an aluminium secondary smelter (1960-92). Exposure histories and vital status
through 2011 were obtained through personal interviews and hospital records, respectively. Standardized
mortality (SMRs) and incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated. The study group consisted of 98 workers.
We found increased incidence and mortality from bladder cancer [SIR = 2.85, 95% confidence interval
(CI) 1.23-5.62; SMR = 5.90, 95% CI 1.58-15.11]. Increased incidence was also observed for prostate
cancer and all other cancers but neither were statistically significant. No increased risk was observed for
lung cancer. Results of this study suggest that work at secondary aluminium smelters is associated with
bladder cancer risk. Identification of occupational carcinogens in this industry is needed. Â© The Author
2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Occupational Medicine. All rights
reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.
119. Aluminium Electroplating on Steel from a Fused Bromide Electrolyte
SciTech Connect
Prabhat Tripathy; Laura Wurth; Eric Dufek
A quaternary bromide bath (LiBr-KBr-CsBr-AlBr3) was used to electro-coat aluminium on steel

substrates. The electrolyte was prepared by the addition of AlBr3 into the eutectic LiBr-KBr-CsBr melt. A
smooth, thick, adherent and shiny aluminium coating could be obtained with 80 wt.% AlBr3 in the ternary
melt. The SEM photographs of the coated surfaces suggest the formation of thick and dense coatings with
good aluminium coverage. Both salt immersion and open circuit potential measurement suggest that the
coatings did display good corrosion-resistance behavior. Annealing of the coated surfaces, prior to
corrosion tests, suggested the robustness of the metallic aluminium coating inmoreÂ Â» preventing the
corrosion of the steel surfaces. Studies also indicated that the quaternary bromide plating bath can
potentially provide a better aluminium coating on both ferrous and non-ferrous metals, including complex
surfaces/geometries.Â«Â less
120. Comparison of different methods to include recycling in LCAs of aluminium cans and disposable
polystyrene cups.
PubMed
van der Harst, Eugenie; Potting, JosÃ©; Kroeze, Carolien
2016-02-01
Many methods have been reported and used to include recycling in life cycle assessments (LCAs). This
paper evaluates six widely used methods: three substitution methods (i.e. substitution based on equal
quality, a correction factor, and alternative material), allocation based on the number of recycling loops,
the recycled-content method, and the equal-share method. These six methods were first compared, with an
assumed hypothetical 100% recycling rate, for an aluminium can and a disposable polystyrene (PS) cup.
The substitution and recycled-content method were next applied with actual rates for recycling,
incineration and landfilling for both product systems in selected countries. The six methods differ in their
approaches to credit recycling. The three substitution methods stimulate the recyclability of the product
and assign credits for the obtained recycled material. The choice to either apply a correction factor, or to
account for alternative substituted material has a considerable influence on the LCA results, and is
debatable. Nevertheless, we prefer incorporating quality reduction of the recycled material by either a
correction factor or an alternative substituted material over simply ignoring quality loss. The allocation-
on-number-of-recycling-loops method focusses on the life expectancy of material itself, rather than on a
specific separate product. The recycled-content method stimulates the use of recycled material, i.e. credits
the use of recycled material in products and ignores the recyclability of the products. The equal-share
method is a compromise between the substitution methods and the recycled-content method. The results
for the aluminium can follow the underlying philosophies of the methods. The results for the PS cup are
additionally influenced by the correction factor or credits for the alternative material accounting for the
drop in PS quality, the waste treatment management (recycling rate, incineration rate, landfilling rate), and
the
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121. Stimulation of eryptosis by aluminium ions
SciTech Connect
Niemoeller, Olivier M.; Kiedaisch, Valentin; Dreischer, Peter
2006-12-01
Aluminium salts are utilized to impede intestinal phosphate absorption in chronic renal failure. Toxic side
effects include anemia, which could result from impaired formation or accelerated clearance of circulating
erythrocytes. Erythrocytes may be cleared secondary to suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, which is
characterized by cell shrinkage and exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) at the erythrocyte surface. As
macrophages are equipped with PS receptors, they bind, engulf and degrade PS-exposing cells. The
present experiments have been performed to explore whether Al{sup 3+} ions trigger eryptosis. The PS
exposure was estimated from annexin binding and cell volume from forward scatter in FACSmoreÂ Â»
analysis. Exposure to Al{sup 3+} ions ({>=} 10 {mu}M Al{sup 3+} for 24 h) indeed significantly
increased annexin binding, an effect paralleled by decrease of forward scatter at higher concentrations
({>=} 30 {mu}M Al{sup 3+}). According to Fluo3 fluorescence Al{sup 3+} ions ({>=} 30 {mu}M for 3
h) increased cytosolic Ca{sup 2+} activity. Al{sup 3+} ions ({>=} 10 {mu}M for 24 h) further decreased
cytosolic ATP concentrations. Energy depletion by removal of glucose similarly triggered annexin
binding, an effect not further enhanced by Al{sup 3+} ions. The eryptosis was paralleled by release of
hemoglobin, pointing to loss of cell membrane integrity. In conclusion, Al{sup 3+} ions decrease
cytosolic ATP leading to activation of Ca{sup 2+}-permeable cation channels, Ca{sup 2+} entry,
stimulation of cell membrane scrambling and cell shrinkage. Moreover, Al{sup 3+} ions lead to loss of
cellular hemoglobin, a feature of hemolysis. Both effects are expected to decrease the life span of
circulating erythrocytes and presumably contribute to the development of anemia during Al{sup 3+}
intoxication.Â«Â less
122. Does antiperspirant use increase the risk of aluminium-related disease, including Alzheimer's disease?
PubMed
Exley, C
1998-03-01
Aluminium salts are the major constituent of many widely used antiperspirant products. The use of such
antiperspirants has been linked with the systemic accumulation of aluminium and an increased risk of
Alzheimer's disease. But can the frequent use of aluminium-based antiperspirants lead to the accumulation
of toxic levels of aluminium? And are there measures that we can take to reduce such accumulation
without reducing the effectiveness of antiperspirants?
123. IEC 61267: Feasibility of type 1100 aluminium and a copper/aluminium combination for RQA beam
qualities.
PubMed
Leong, David L; Rainford, Louise; Zhao, Wei; Brennan, Patrick C
2016-01-01
In the course of performance acceptance testing, benchmarking or quality control of X-ray imaging
systems, it is sometimes necessary to harden the X-ray beam spectrum. IEC 61267 specifies materials and
methods to accomplish beam hardening and, unfortunately, requires the use of 99.9% pure aluminium
(Alloy 1190) for the RQA beam quality, which is expensive and difficult to obtain. Less expensive and
more readily available filters, such as Alloy 1100 (99.0% pure) aluminium and copper/aluminium
combinations, have been used clinically to produce RQA series without rigorous scientific investigation to
support their use. In this paper, simulation and experimental methods are developed to determine the
differences in beam quality using Alloy 1190 and Alloy 1100. Additional simulation investigated
copper/aluminium combinations to produce RQA5 and outputs from this simulation are verified with
laboratory tests using different filter samples. The results of the study demonstrate that although Alloy
1100 produces a harder beam spectrum compared to Alloy 1190, it is a reasonable substitute. A
combination filter of 0.5â€‰mm copper and 2â€‰mm aluminium produced a spectrum closer to that of
Alloy 1190 than Alloy 1100 with the added benefits of lower exposures and lower batch variability.
Copyright Â© 2015 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.
124. Determination of aluminium in groundwater samples by GF-AAS, ICP-AES, ICP-MS and modelling of
inorganic aluminium complexes.
PubMed
Frankowski, Marcin; ZioÅ‚a-Frankowska, Anetta; Kurzyca, Iwona; NovotnÃ½, Karel; VaculoviÄ,

Tomas; KanickÃ½, Viktor; Siepak, Marcin; Siepak, Jerzy
2011-11-01
The paper presents the results of aluminium determinations in ground water samples of the Miocene
aquifer from the area of the city of PoznaÅ„ (Poland). The determined aluminium content amounted from
<0.0001 to 752.7 Î¼g L(-1). The aluminium determinations were performed using three analytical
techniques: graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS), inductively coupled plasma
atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
The results of aluminium determinations in groundwater samples for particular analytical techniques were
compared. The results were used to identify the ascent of ground water from the Mesozoic aquifer to the
Miocene aquifer in the area of the fault graben. Using the Mineql+ program, the modelling of the
occurrence of aluminium and the following aluminium complexes: hydroxy, with fluorides and sulphates
was performed. The paper presents the results of aluminium determinations in ground water using
different analytical techniques as well as the chemical modelling in the Mineql+ program, which was
performed for the first time and which enabled the identification of aluminium complexes in the
investigated samples. The study confirms the occurrence of aluminium hydroxy complexes and aluminium
fluoride complexes in the analysed groundwater samples. Despite the dominance of sulphates and organic
matter in the sample, major participation of the complexes with these ligands was not stated based on the
modelling.
125. Effect of exposure of miners to aluminium powder.
PubMed
Rifat, S L; Eastwood, M R; McLachlan, D R; Corey, P N
1990-11-10
'McIntyre Powder' (finely ground aluminium and aluminium oxide) was used as a prophylactic agent
against silicotic lung disease between 1944 and 1979 in mines in northern Ontario. To find out whether the
practice produced neurotoxic effects a morbidity prevalence study was conducted between 1988 and 1989.
There were no significant differences between exposed and non-exposed miners in reported diagnoses of
neurological disorder; however, exposed miners performed less well than did unexposed workers on
cognitive state examinations; also, the proportion of men with scores in the impaired range was greater in
the exposed than non-exposed group. Likelihood of scores in the impaired range increased with duration
of exposure. The findings are consistent with putative neurotoxicity of chronic aluminium exposure.
126. [Photophysical properties and photodynamic activity of nanostructured aluminium phthalocyanines].
PubMed
Udartseva, O O; Lobanov, A V; Andeeva, E R; Dmitrieva, G S; Mel'nikov, M Ia; Buravkova, L B
2014-01-01
We developed water-soluble supramolecular complexes of aluminium phthalocyanine based on

mesoporous silica nanoparticles and polyvinylpirrolidone containing rare photoactive nanoaggregates.
Radiative lifetimes, extinction coefficients and energy of electronic transitions of isolated and associated
metal phthalocyanine complexes were calculated. Nontoxic concentrations of synthesized nanocomposite
photosensibilizers were in vitro determined. In present study we compared photodynamic treatment
efficacy using different modifications of aluminium phthalocyanine (PhotosensÂ®, AlPc-nSiO2 and
AlPc-PVP). Mesenchymal stromal cells were used as a model for photodynamic treatment. Intracellular
accumulation of aluminium phthalocyanine based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles AlPc-nSiO2 was the
most efficient. Illumination of phthalocyanine-loaded cells led to reactive oxygen species generation and
subsequent apoptotic cell death. Silica nanoparticles provided a significant decrease of effective
phthalocyanine concentration and enhanced cytotoxicity of photodynamic treatment.
127. Characterisation of Ga-coated and Ga-brazed aluminium
SciTech Connect
Ferchaud, E.; Christien, F., E-mail: frederic.christien@univ-nantes.fr; Barnier, V.
This work is devoted to the brazing of aluminium using liquid gallium. Gallium was deposited on
aluminium samples at {approx} 50 Degree-Sign C using a liquid gallium 'polishing' technique. Brazing
was undertaken for 30 min at 500 Degree-Sign C in air. EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) and
AES (Auger Electron Spectroscopy) characterisation of Ga-coated samples has shown that the Ga surface
layer thickness is of ten (or a few tens of) nanometres. Furthermore, aluminium oxide layer (Al{sub
2}O{sub 3}) was shown to be 'descaled' during Ga deposition, which ensures good conditions for further
brazing. Cross-section examination of Ga-coated samples showsmoreÂ Â» that liquid gallium penetrates
into the aluminium grain boundaries during deposition. The thickness of the grain boundary gallium film
was measured using an original EDS technique and is found to be of a few tens of nanometres. The depth
of gallium grain boundary penetration is about 300 {mu}m at the deposition temperature. The fracture
stress of the brazed joints was measured from tensile tests and was determined to be 33 MPa. Cross-
section examination of brazed joints shows that gallium has fully dissolved into the bulk and that the joint
is really autogenous. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Aluminium can be brazed using liquid
gallium deposited by a 'polishing' technique. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The aluminium oxide layer is
'descaled' during liquid Ga 'polishing' deposition. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer EDS can be used for
determination of surface and grain boundary Ga film thickness. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The surface
and grain boundary Ga film thickness is of a few tens of nm. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Surface and
grain boundary gallium dissolves in the bulk during brazing.Â«Â less
128. Silver coated aluminium microrods as highly colloidal stable SERS platforms.
PubMed
Pazos-Perez, Nicolas; Borke, Tina; Andreeva, Daria V; Alvarez-Puebla, Ramon A
2011-08-01
We report on the fabrication of a novel material with the ability to remain in solution even under the very
demanding conditions required for structural and dynamic characterization of biomacromolecule assays.
This stability is provided by the increase in surface area of a low density material (aluminium) natively
coated with a very hydrophilic surface composed of aluminium oxide (Al(2)O(3)) and metallic silver
nanoparticles. Additionally, due to the dense collection of active hot spots on their surface, this material
offers higher levels of SERS intensity as compared with the same free and aggregated silver nanoparticles.
This journal is Â© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011
129. Transmittance jump in a thin aluminium layer during laser ablation
SciTech Connect
Bykovsky, N E; Senatsky, Yu V; Pershin, S M
A jump in the transmittance (from âˆ¼0.1% to âˆ¼50% for âˆ¼1 ns) of an optical gate on a Mylar film (a
thin aluminium layer on a Lavsan substrate) irradiated by nanosecond (10{sup -7} â€“ 10{sup -8} s)
pulses of a neodymium laser with an intensity up to 0.1 GW cm{sup -2} has been recorded. The
mechanism of a fast (10{sup -10} â€“ 10{sup -11} s) increase in the transmittance of the aluminium layer
upon its overheating (without boiling) to the metal â€“ insulator phase-transition temperature is discussed.
(interaction of laser radiation with matter. laser plasma)
130. Towards an understanding of the adjuvant action of aluminium
PubMed Central
Marrack, Philippa; McKee, Amy S.; Munks, Michael W.
2011-01-01
The efficacy of vaccines depends on the presence of an adjuvant in conjunction with the antigen. Of these
adjuvants, the ones that contain aluminium, which were first discovered empirically in 1926, are currently
the most widely used. However, a detailed understanding of their mechanism of action has only started to
be revealed. In this Timeline article, we briefly describe the initial discovery of aluminium adjuvants and
discuss historically important advances. We also summarize recent progress in the field and discuss their
implications and the remaining questions on how these adjuvants work. PMID:19247370
131. Carbon treated commercial aluminium alloys as anodes for aluminium-air batteries in sodium chloride
electrolyte
Pino, M.; Herranz, D.; ChacÃ³n, J.; FatÃ¡s, E.; OcÃ³n, P.
2016-09-01
An easy treatment based in carbon layer deposition into aluminium alloys is presented to enhance the
performance of Al-air primary batteries with neutral pH electrolyte. The jellification of aluminate in the
anode surface is described and avoided by the carbon covering. Treated commercial Al alloys namely
Al1085 and Al7475 are tested as anodes achieving specific capacities above 1.2 Ah g-1vs 0.5 Ah g-1
without carbon covering. The influence of the binder proportion in the treatment as well as different
carbonaceous materials, Carbon Black, Graphene and Pyrolytic Graphite are evaluated as candidates for
the covering. Current densities of 1-10 mA cm-2 are measured and the influence of the alloy explored. A
final battery design of 4 cells in series is presented for discharges with a voltage plateau of 2 V and 1 Wh
g-1 energy density.
132. Do oral aluminium phosphate binders cause accumulation of aluminium to toxic levels?
PubMed Central
2011-01-01
Background Aluminium (Al) toxicity was frequent in the 1980s in patients ingesting Al containing
phosphate binders (Alucaps) whilst having HD using water potentially contaminated with Al. The aim of
this study was to determine the risk of Al toxicity in HD patients receiving Alucaps but never exposed to
contaminated dialysate water. Methods HD patients only treated with Reverse Osmosis(RO) treated
dialysis water with either current or past exposure to Alucaps were given standardised DFO tests. Post-
DFO serum Al level > 3.0 Î¼mol/L was defined to indicate toxic loads based on previous bone biopsy
studies. Results 39 patients (34 anuric) were studied. Mean dose of Alucap was 3.5 capsules/d over 23.0
months. Pre-DFO Al levels were > 1.0 Î¼mol/L in only 2 patients and none were > 3.0 Î¼mol/L. No
patients had a post DFO Al levels > 3.0 Î¼mol/L. There were no correlations between the serum Al
concentrations (pre-, post- or the incremental rise after DFO administration) and the total amount of Al
ingested. No patients had unexplained EPO resistance or biochemical evidence of adynamic bone.
Conclusions Although this is a small study, oral aluminium exposure was considerable. Yet no patients
undergoing HD with RO treated water had evidence of Al toxicity despite doses equivalent to 3.5 capsules
of Alucap for 2 years. The relationship between the DFO-Al results and the total amount of Al ingested
was weak (R2 = 0.07) and not statistically significant. In an era of financial prudence, and in view of the
recognised risk of excess calcium loading in dialysis patients, perhaps we should re-evaluate the risk of
using Al-based phosphate binders in HD patients who remain uric. PMID:21992770
133. Accumulation of Aluminium and Physiological Status of Tree Foliage in the Vicinity of a Large
Aluminium Smelter
PubMed Central
Wannaz, E. D.; Rodriguez, J. H.; Wolfsberger, T.; Carreras, H. A.; Pignata, M. L.; Fangmeier, A.;
Franzaring, J.
2012-01-01
A pollution gradient was observed in tree foliage sampled in the vicinity of a large aluminium production
facility in Patagonia (Argentina). Leaves of Eucalyptus rostrata, and Populus hybridus and different needle
ages of Pinus spec. were collected and concentrations of aluminium (Al) and sulphur (S) as well as
physiological parameters (chlorophyll and lipid oxidation products) were analyzed. Al and S
concentrations indicate a steep pollution gradient in the study showing a relationship with the
physiological parameters in particular membrane lipid oxidation products. The present study confirms that
aluminium smelting results in high Al and sulphur deposition in the study area, and therefore further
studies should be carried out taking into account potentially adverse effects of these compounds on human
and ecosystem health. PMID:22654642
134. [Plant physiological and molecular biological mechanism in response to aluminium toxicity].
PubMed
Liu, Qiang; Zheng, Shaojian; Lin, Xianyong
2004-09-01
Aluminium toxicity is the major factor limiting crop growth on acid soils, which greatly affects the crop
productivity on about 40% cultivated soils of the world and 21% of China. In the past decades, a lot of
researches on aluminium toxicity and resistant mechanisms have been doing, and great progress was
achieved. This paper dealt with the genetic differences in aluminium tolerance among plants, screening
and selecting methods and technologies for identifying aluminium resistance in plants, and physiological
and molecular mechanism resistance to aluminium toxicity. Some aspects needed to be further studied
were also briefly discussed.
135. Aluminium in food and daily dietary intake estimate in Greece.
PubMed
Bratakos, Sotirios M; Lazou, Andriana E; Bratakos, Michael S; Lazos, Evangelos S
2012-01-01
Aluminium content of foods, as well as dietary aluminium intake of the Greek adult population, was
determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy after microwave sample digestion and
food consumption data. Al content ranged from 0.02 to 741.2 mg kgâ»Â¹, with spices, high-spice foods,
cereal products, vegetables and pulses found to be high in Al. Differences in aluminium content were
found between different food classes from Greece and those from some other countries. Aluminium intake
of Greeks is 3.7 mg/day based on DAFNE Food Availability Databank, which uses data from the
Household Budget Surveys. On the other hand, according to the per capita food consumption data
collected by both national and international organisations, Al intake is 6.4 mg dayâ»Â¹. Greek adult
population has an Al intake lower than the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake of 7 mg kgâ»Â¹ body
weight established by EFSA. Cereals and vegetables are the main Al contributors, providing 72.4% of
daily intake.
136. Porphyry copper enrichment linked to excess aluminium in plagioclase
Williamson, B. J.; Herrington, R. J.; Morris, A.
2016-03-01
Porphyry copper deposits provide around 75%, 50% and 20% of world copper, molybdenum and gold,
respectively. The deposits are mainly centred on calc-alkaline porphyry magmatic systems in subduction
zone settings. Although calc-alkaline magmas are relatively common, large porphyry copper deposits are
extremely rare and increasingly difficult to discover. Here, we compile existing geochemical data for
magmatic plagioclase, a dominant mineral in calc-alkaline rocks, from fertile (porphyry-associated) and
barren magmatic systems worldwide, barren examples having no associated porphyry deposit. We show
that plagioclase from fertile systems is distinct in containing `excessâ€™ aluminium. This signature is
clearly demonstrated in a case study carried out on plagioclase from the fertile La Paloma and Los
Sulfatos copper porphyry systems in Chile. Further, the presence of concentric zones of high excess
aluminium suggests its incorporation as a result of magmatic processes. As excess aluminium has been
linked to high melt water contents, the concentric zones may record injections of hydrous fluid or fluid-
rich melts into the sub-porphyry magma chamber. We propose that excess aluminium may exclude copper
from plagioclase, so enriching the remaining melts. Furthermore, this chemical signature can be used as an
exploration indicator for copper porphyry deposits.
137. LASERS IN MEDICINE: Two-photon excitation of aluminium phthalocyanines
Meshalkin, Yu P.; Alfimov, E. E.; Vasil'ev, N. E.; Denisov, A. N.; Makukha, V. K.; Ogirenko, A. P.
1999-12-01
A demonstration is given of the feasibility of two-photon excitation of aluminium phthalocyanine and of

the pharmaceutical preparation 'Fotosens', used in photodynamic therapy. The excitation source was an
Nd:YAG laser emitting at the 1064 nm wavelength. The spectra of the two-photon-excited luminescence
were obtained and the two-photon absorption cross sections were determined.
138. Mechanochemical route to the synthesis of nanostructured Aluminium nitride
PubMed Central
Rounaghi, S. A.; Eshghi, H.; Scudino, S.; Vyalikh, A.; Vanpoucke, D. E. P.; Gruner, W.; Oswald, S.; Kiani
Rashid, A. R.; Samadi Khoshkhoo, M.; Scheler, U.; Eckert, J.
2016-01-01
Hexagonal Aluminium nitride (h-AlN) is an important wide-bandgap semiconductor material which is

conventionally fabricated by high temperature carbothermal reduction of alumina under toxic ammonia
atmosphere. Here we report a simple, low cost and potentially scalable mechanochemical procedure for
the green synthesis of nanostructured h-AlN from a powder mixture of Aluminium and melamine
precursors. A combination of experimental and theoretical techniques has been employed to provide
comprehensive mechanistic insights on the reactivity of melamine, solid state metal-organic interactions
and the structural transformation of Al to h-AlN under non-equilibrium ball milling conditions. The results
reveal that melamine is adsorbed through the amine groups on the Aluminium surface due to the long-
range van der Waals forces. The high energy provided by milling leads to the deammoniation of melamine
at the initial stages followed by the polymerization and formation of a carbon nitride network, by the
decomposition of the amine groups and, finally, by the subsequent diffusion of nitrogen into the
Aluminium structure to form h-AlN. PMID:27650956
139. Treatment of dairy effluents by electrocoagulation using aluminium electrodes.
PubMed
Tchamango, Serge; Nanseu-Njiki, Charles P; Ngameni, Emmanuel; Hadjiev, Dimiter; Darchen, AndrÃ©
2010-01-15
This work sets out to examine the efficiency of an electrolytic treatment: electrocoagulation, applied to
dairy effluents. The experiments were carried out using a soluble aluminium anode on artificial
wastewater derived from solutions of milk powder. The flocks generated during this treatment were
separated by filtration. The analysis of the filtrates showed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was
reduced by up to 61% while the removal of phosphorus, nitrogen contents, and turbidity were 89, 81 and
100%, respectively. An analogous treatment applied to phosphate and lactose solutions revealed that
lactose was not eliminated, a fact that could account for the rather poor lowering of the COD. Compared
to the chemical coagulation treatment with aluminium sulphate, the efficiency of the electrocoagulation
technique was almost identical. However the wastewaters treated by electrocoagulation differed by the
fact that they exhibited a lower conductivity and a neutral pH value (by contrast to the acid nature of the
solution treated by the chemical coagulation). This result (low conductivity, neutral pH) tends to show that
it may be possible to recycle the treated water for some industrial uses. Moreover, the electrocoagulation
process uses fewer reagents: the mass of the aluminium anode dissolved during the treatment is lower
compared to the quantity of the aluminium salt used in chemical coagulation. These two observations
clearly show that the electrocoagulation technique is more performing. Copyright 2009 Elsevier B.V. All
rights reserved.
140. Municipal solid waste composition determination supporting the integrated solid waste management
system in the island of Crete.
PubMed
Gidarakos, E; Havas, G; Ntzamilis, P
2006-01-01
A one-year survey was conducted in the greater region of Crete (located at the lower region of the Aegean
Sea) for the purpose of identifying waste composition (including chemical and physical characterization),
as well as any seasonal variation. The investigation was carried out repeatedly at seven landfills and one
transfer station in Crete, in four phases. Each sampling phase corresponded to a season (autumn, winter,
spring, summer). ASTM D5231-92(2003) standard method and RCRA Waste Sampling Draft Technical
Guidance were used. Hand sorting was used for classifying the collected wastes into the following
categories: plastics, paper, metals, aluminium, leather-wood-textiles-rubbers, organic wastes, non-
combustibles and miscellaneous. Further analysis included proximate and ultimate analysis of combustible
materials. Metals such as lead, cadmium and mercury were also investigated. The results show that there
has been a significant decrease of organic wastes during the last decade due to the increase of packaging
materials, as a result of a change in consumption patterns. Three main waste categories were determined:
organic wastes, paper and plastics, which combined represent 76% of the total waste in Crete.
Furthermore, a high fraction of glass and a seasonal variation of aluminium indicate a strong correlation of
waste composition with certain human activities, such as tourism. There is also a variation between the
municipal solid waste (MSW) composition in the region of Crete (2003-2004) and MSW composition
suggested in the National Solid Waste Planning (2000) [National Solid Waste Planning, 2000. Completion
and particularization of Common Ministerial Act 113944//1944/1997: National Solid Waste Planning,
June 2000]. The results of this survey are to be utilized by the regional solid waste authorities in order to
establish an integrated waste treatment site, capable of fulfilling the regional waste management demands.
«
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6
7
8
9
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6
7
8
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141. Municipal solid waste composition determination supporting the integrated solid waste management
system in the island of Crete
SciTech Connect
Gidarakos, E.; Havas, G.; Ntzamilis, P.
A one-year survey was conducted in the greater region of Crete (located at the lower region of the Aegean
Sea) for the purpose of identifying waste composition (including chemical and physical characterization),
as well as any seasonal variation. The investigation was carried out repeatedly at seven landfills and one
transfer station in Crete, in four phases. Each sampling phase corresponded to a season (autumn, winter,
spring, summer). ASTM D5231-92(2003) standard method and RCRA Waste Sampling Draft Technical
Guidance were used. Hand sorting was used for classifying the collected wastes into the following
categories: plastics, paper, metals, aluminium, leather-wood-textiles-rubbers, organic wastes,moreÂ Â»
non-combustibles and miscellaneous. Further analysis included proximate and ultimate analysis of
combustible materials. Metals such as lead, cadmium and mercury were also investigated. The results
show that there has been a significant decrease of organic wastes during the last decade due to the increase
of packaging materials, as a result of a change in consumption patterns. Three main waste categories were
determined: organic wastes, paper and plastics, which combined represent 76% of the total waste in Crete.
Furthermore, a high fraction of glass and a seasonal variation of aluminium indicate a strong correlation of
waste composition with certain human activities, such as tourism. There is also a variation between the
municipal solid waste (MSW) composition in the region of Crete (2003-2004) and MSW composition
suggested in the National Solid Waste Planning (2000) [National Solid Waste Planning, 2000. Completion
and particularization of Common Ministerial Act 113944//1944/1997: National Solid Waste Planning,
June 2000]. The results of this survey are to be utilized by the regional solid waste authorities in order to
establish an integrated waste treatment site, capable of fulfilling the regional waste management
demands.Â«Â less
142. Interfacial morphology of low-voltage anodic aluminium oxide
SciTech Connect
Hu, Naiping; Dongcinn, Xuecheng; He, Xueying
X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and neutron reflectivity (NR), as well as ultra-smallangle X-ray scattering
(USAXS), are used to examine the in-plane and surfacenormal structure of anodic films formed on
aluminium alloy AA2024 and pure aluminium. Aluminium and alloy films up to 3500 A thick were
deposited on Si wafers by electron beam evaporation of ingots. Porous anodic aluminium oxide (AAO)
films are formed by polarizing at constant voltage up to 20 V noble to the open circuit potential. The
voltage sweet spot (5 V) appropriate for constant-voltage anodization of such thin films was determined
for both alloy and pure Al. InmoreÂ Â» addition, a new concurrent voltage- and current-control protocol
was developed to prepare films with larger pores (voltages higher than 5 V), but formed at a controlled
current so that pore growth is slow enough to avoid stripping the aluminium substrate layer. USAXS
shows that the pore size and interpore spacing are fixed in the first 10 s after initiation of anodization.
Pores then grow linearly in time, at constant radius and interpore spacing. Using a combination of XRR
and NR, the film density and degree of hydration of the films were determined from the ratio of scattering
length densities. Assuming a chemical formula Al2O3xH2O, it was found that x varies from 0.29 for the
native oxide to 1.29 for AAO grown at 20 V under concurrent voltage and current control. The average
AAO film density of the porous film at the air surface is 2.45 (20) g cm3. The density of the barrier layer
at the metal interface is 2.9 (4) g cm3, which indicates that this layer is also quite porousÂ«Â less
143. Aluminium - Cobalt-Pillared Clay for Dye Filtration Membrane
Darmawan, A.; Widiarsih
2018-04-01
The manufacture of membrane support from cobalt aluminium pillared clay has been conducted. This
research was conducted by mixing a clay suspension with pillared solution prepared from the mixture of
Co(NO3)2.6H2O and AlCl3.6H2O. The molar ratio between Al and Co was 75:25 and the ratio of
[OH-]/[metal] was 2. The clay suspension was stirred for 24 hours at room temperature, filtered and dried.
The dried clay was then calcined at 200Â°C, 300Â°C and 400Â°C with a ramp rate of 2Â°C/min.
Aluminium-cobalt-pillared clay was then characterized by XRD and GSA and moulded become a
membrane support for subsequent tests on dye filtration. The XRD analysis showed that basal spacing (d
001) value of aluminium cobalt was 19.49 Ã…, which was higher than the natural clay of 15.08Ã…
however, the basal spacing decreased with increasing calcination temperature. The result of the GSA
analysis showed that the pore diameter of the aluminium cobalt pillared clay membrane was almost the
same as that of natural clay that were 34.5Ã… and 34.2Ã…, respectively. Nevertheless, the pillared clay
has a more uniform pore size distribution. The results of methylene blue filtration measurements
demonstrated that the membrane filter support could well which shown by a clear filtrate at all
concentrations tested. The value of rejection and flux decreased with the increasing concentration of
methylene blue. The values of dye rejection and water flux reached 99.89% and 5. 80 x 10-6 kg min-1,
respectively but they decreased with increasing concentration of methylene blue. The results of this study
indicates that the aluminium-pillared clay cobalt could be used as membrane materials especially for
ultrafiltration.
144. Performance of commercial aluminium alloys as anodes in gelled electrolyte aluminium-air batteries
Pino, M.; ChacÃ³n, J.; FatÃ¡s, E.; OcÃ³n, P.
2015-12-01
The evaluation of commercial aluminium alloys, namely, Al2024, Al7475 and Al1085, for Al-air batteries
is performed. Pure Al cladded Al2024 and Al7475 are also evaluated. Current rates from 0.8 mA cm-2 to
8.6 mA cm-2 are measured in a gel Al-air cell composed of the commercial alloy sample, a commercial
air-cathode and an easily synthesizable gelled alkaline electrolyte. The influence of the alloying elements
and the addition to the electrolyte of ZnO and ZnCl2, as corrosion inhibitors is studied and analysed via
EDX/SEM. Specific capacities of up to 426 mAh/g are obtained with notably flat potential discharges of
1.3-1.4 V. The competition between self-corrosion and oxidation reactions is also discussed, as well as the
influence of the current applied on that process. Al7475 is determined to have the best behaviour as anode
in Al-air primary batteries, and cladding process is found to be an extra protection against corrosion at low
current discharges. Conversely, Al1085 provided worse results because of an unfavourable metallic
composition.
145. Aluminium content of foods originating from aluminium-containing food additives.
PubMed
Ogimoto, Mami; Suzuki, Kumi; Haneishi, Nahoko; Kikuchi, Yuu; Takanashi, Mayu; Tomioka, Naoko;
Uematsu, Yoko; Monma, Kimio
2016-09-01
Aluminium (Al) levels of 90 food samples were investigated. Nineteen samples contained Al levels
exceeding the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) for young children [body weight (bw): 16Â kg] when
consuming two servings/week. These samples were purchased multiple times at specific intervals and
were evaluated for Al levels. Al was detected in 27 of the 90 samples at levels ranging from 0.01 (limit of
quantitation) to 1.06Â mg/g. Of these, the Al intake levels in two samples (cookie and scone mix, 1.3 and
2Â mg/kg bw/week, respectively) exceeded the TWI as established by European Food Safety Authority,
although the level in the scone mix was equivalent to the provisional TWI (PTWI) as established by Joint
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee
on Food Additives. The Al levels markedly decreased in 14 of the 19 samples with initially high Al levels.
These results indicated reductions in the Al levels to below the PTWI limits in all but two previously
identified food samples.
146. Protective effect of curcumin (Curcuma longa), against aluminium toxicity: Possible behavioral and
biochemical alterations in rats.
PubMed
Kumar, Anil; Dogra, Samrita; Prakash, Atish
2009-12-28
Aluminium is a potent neurotoxin and has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) causality for
decades. Prolonged aluminium exposure induces oxidative stress and increases amyloid beta levels in
vivo. Current treatment modalities for AD provide only symptomatic relief thus necessitating the
development of new drugs with fewer side effects. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the protective
effect of chronic curcumin administration against aluminium-induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative
damage in rats. Aluminium chloride (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered to rats daily for 6 weeks. Rats
were concomitantly treated with curcumin (per se; 30 and 60 mg/kg, p.o.) daily for a period of 6 weeks.
On the 21st and 42nd day of the study behavioral studies to evaluate memory (Morris water maze and
elevated plus maze task paradigms) and locomotion (photoactometer) were done. The rats were sacrificed
on 43rd day following the last behavioral test and various biochemical tests were performed to assess the
extent of oxidative damage. Chronic aluminium chloride administration resulted in poor retention of
memory in Morris water maze, elevated plus maze task paradigms and caused marked oxidative damage.
It also caused a significant increase in the acetylcholinesterase activity and aluminium concentration in
aluminium treated rats. Chronic administration of curcumin significantly improved memory retention in
both tasks, attenuated oxidative damage, acetylcholinesterase activity and aluminium concentration in
aluminium treated rats (P<0.05). Curcumin has neuroprotective effects against aluminium-induced
cognitive dysfunction and oxidative damage.
147. Aluminium tolerance in rice is antagonistic with nitrate preference and synergistic with ammonium
preference.
PubMed
Zhao, Xue Qiang; Guo, Shi Wei; Shinmachi, Fumie; Sunairi, Michio; Noguchi, Akira; Hasegawa, Isao;
Shen, Ren Fang
2013-01-01
Acidic soils are dominated chemically by more ammonium and more available, so more potentially toxic,
aluminium compared with neutral to calcareous soils, which are characterized by more nitrate and less
available, so less toxic, aluminium. However, it is not known whether aluminium tolerance and nitrogen
source preference are linked in plants. This question was investigated by comparing the responses of 30
rice (Oryza sativa) varieties (15 subsp. japonica cultivars and 15 subsp. indica cultivars) to aluminium,
various ammonium/nitrate ratios and their combinations under acidic solution conditions. indica rice
plants were generally found to be aluminium-sensitive and nitrate-preferring, while japonica cultivars
were aluminium-tolerant and relatively ammonium-preferring. Aluminium tolerance of different rice
varieties was significantly negatively correlated with their nitrate preference. Furthermore, aluminium
enhanced ammonium-fed rice growth but inhibited nitrate-fed rice growth. The results suggest that
aluminium tolerance in rice is antagonistic with nitrate preference and synergistic with ammonium
preference under acidic solution conditions. A schematic diagram summarizing the interactions of
aluminium and nitrogen in soil-plant ecosystems is presented and provides a new basis for the integrated
management of acidic soils.
148. Pseudoplasticity of Propellant Slurry with Varied Aluminium Content for Castability Development
Restasari, A.; Budi, R. S.; Hartaya, K.
2018-04-01
The modification of the percentage of aluminium is necessary to obtain certain specific impulse. But, it
affects the pseudoplasticity of propellant in elapsed time that is important in casting. Therefore, this
research attempts to investigate the pseudoplasticity of propellant slurry with varied aluminium contents
and as time elapsed, the range of percentage of aluminium and time that allows propellant slurry to be well
processed. The methods include measuring the viscosity of propellant slurries that contain 6, 8, 10, 12, 14,
16 and 18% of aluminium at varied shear rates until 40 minutes after mixing by using Brookfield
viscometer. The graphs of viscosity versus shear rate were made to determine pseudoplasticity index.
After that, the graph volume fraction versus pseudoplasticity index were made to be investigated. It is
concluded that the more aluminium contents, the slurries with 6 to 12% aluminium contents exhibit more
pseudoplastic behaviour, but the slurries with 12 to 16% aluminium exhibit less pseudoplastic. While,
slurry of 18% aluminium exhibit high pseudoplasticity. In the correlation with the time, the slurry
compositions of 6, 8, 14, 16% aluminium become more pseudoplastic as time elapsed. While, for
compositions of 10, 12 and 18% aluminium, the trend becomes contrary. Based on the pseudoplasticity
index, propellant slurries that contain 10 and 14% of aluminium are suitable for pressure casting. While
for slurries with 6, 8 and 16% of aluminium are also suitable for vacuum casting. All of those suitability
are possesed until 40 minutes after mixing. While, the composition of slurries that contain 12 and 18% of
aluminium need to be modified to enhanced its castability.
149. Spall behaviour of single crystal aluminium at three principal orientations
Owen, G. D.; Chapman, D. J.; Whiteman, G.; Stirk, S. M.; Millett, J. C. F.; Johnson, S.
2017-10-01
A series of plate impact experiments have been conducted to study the spall strength of the three principal
crystallographic orientations of single crystal aluminium ([100], [110] and, [111]) and ultra-pure
polycrystalline aluminium. The samples have been shock loaded at two impact stresses (4 GPa and 10
GPa). Significant differences have been observed in the elastic behaviour, the pullback velocities, and the
general shape of the wave profiles, which can be accounted for by considerations of the microscale
homogeneity, the dislocation density, and the absence of grain boundaries in the single crystal materials.
The data have shown that there is a consistent order of spall strength measured for the four sample
materials. The [111] orientation has the largest spall strength and elastic limit, followed closely by [110],
[100], and then the polycrystalline material. This order is consistent with both quasi-static data and
geometrical consideration of Schmid factors.
150. Persistent Skin Reactions and Aluminium Hypersensitivity Induced by Childhood Vaccines.
PubMed
Salik, Elaha; LÃ¸vik, Ida; Andersen, Klaus E; Bygum, Anette
2016-11-02
There is increasing awareness of reactions to vaccination that include persistent skin reactions. We present
here a retrospective investigation of long-lasting skin reactions and aluminium hypersensitivity in
children, based on medical records and questionnaires sent to the parents. In the 10-year period 2003 to
2013 we identified 47 children with persistent skin reactions caused by childhood vaccinations. Most
patients had a typical presentation of persisting pruritic subcutaneous nodules. Five children had a
complex diagnostic process involving paediatricians, orthopaedics and plastic surgeons. Two patients had
skin biopsies performed from their skin lesions, and 2 patients had the nodules surgically removed. Forty-
two children had a patch-test performed with 2% aluminium chloride hexahydrate in petrolatum and 39 of
them (92%) had a positive reaction. The persistent skin reactions were treated with potent topical
corticosteroids and disappeared slowly. Although we advised families to continue vaccination of their
children, one-third of parents omitted or postponed further vaccinations.
151. Fabrication of anodic aluminium oxide templates on curved surfaces.
PubMed
Yin, Aijun; Guico, Rodney S; Xu, Jimmy
2007-01-24
Aluminium anodization provides a simple and inexpensive way to obtain nanoporous templates with
uniform and controllable pore diameters and periods over a wide range. Moreover, one of the interesting
possibilities afforded by the anodization process is that the anodization can take place on arbitrary
surfaces, such as curved surfaces, which has not yet been well studied or applied in nanofabrication. In
this paper, we characterize the anodization of Al films on silicon substrates with a curved top surface. The
structures of the resultant anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) films are examined by scanning electron
microscopy. Unique features including cessation, bending, and branching of pore channels are observed in
the curved area. Possible growth mechanisms are proposed, which can also contribute to the
understanding of the self-organization mechanism in the formation of porous AAO membranes. The new
structures may open new opportunities in optical, electronic and electrochemical applications.
152. Results of the Experiment: Welding of Aluminium Alloy in Microgravity
Ferretti, S.; Amadori, K.; Boccalatte, A.; Alessandrini, M.; Freddi, A.; Persiani, F.; Poli, G.
2002-01-01
An experiment on "dendritic growth in aluminium alloy welding" was performed by the UNIBO team
during the 3rd Student Parabolic Flight Campaign and the 30th Professional Parabolic Flight Campaign
organised by ESA. Its purpose was to achieve a better understanding of crystal growth during tungsten
inert gas (TIG) welding of an aluminium alloy to define the main parameters affecting the process under
microgravity condition. The experiment had 4 phases : The paper discusses different aspects of the
research, paying particularly attention not only to the influence of gravity, but also to other factors
influencing welding microstructure, such as the Marangoni effect and the thermal transfer from the
electrode to the material. The paper conclude the dissertation of the results offering new perspectives for
welding studies and proposing a new approach to the scientific community to investigate this materials
processes for manufacturing.
153. [The study of aluminium diffuser calibration in the UV].
PubMed
Li, Cong; Wang, Yong-Mei; Zhang, Zhong-Mou
2008-04-01
A bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) measurement setup in the ultraviolet spectral
range was established. The BRDF of the aluminium diffusers at a given orientation was measured. The
relative accuracy of the BRDF measurement is better than 2.5%. The hemispheric reflectance of the
aluminium diffusers was measured in the wavelength range from 250 to 650 nm. It increases with the
wavelength, and changes about 6% from 300 to 360 nm. It decreases with the time. Since the diffuser was
made (about one year ago), from 250 to 300 nm, the peak decrease in the hemispheric reflectance can
reach 2.6%, and the average decrease is 1.5%. From 300 to 360 nm, it has an average decrease of 0.9%
decrease, and 0.8% when wavelength is longer than 360 nm.
154. Corrosion behaviour of laser-cleaned AA7024 aluminium alloy
Zhang, F. D.; Liu, H.; Suebka, C.; Liu, Y. X.; Liu, Z.; Guo, W.; Cheng, Y. M.; Zhang, S. L.; Li, L.
2018-03-01
Laser cleaning has been considered as a promising technique for the preparation of aluminium alloy
surfaces prior to joining and welding and has been practically used in the automotive industry. The process
is based on laser ablation to remove surface contaminations and aluminium oxides. However the change
of surface chemistry and oxide status may affect corrosion behaviour of aluminium alloys. Until now, no
work has been reported on the corrosion characteristics of laser cleaned metallic surfaces. In this study, we
investigated the corrosion behaviour of laser-cleaned AA7024-T4 aluminium alloy using potentiodynamic
polarisation, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning vibrating electrode technique
(SVET). The results showed that the laser-cleaned surface exhibited higher corrosion resistance in 3.5
wt.% NaCl solution than as-received hot-rolled alloy, with significant increase in impedance and decrease
in capacitance, while SVET revealed that the active anodic points appeared on the as-received surface
were not presented on the laser-cleaned surfaces. Such corrosion behaviours were correlated to the change
of surface oxide status measured by glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GDOES) and X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was suggested that the removal of the original less protective oxide
layer consisting of MgO and MgAl2O4 on the as-received surfaces and the newly formed more protective
oxide layer containing mainly Al2O3 and MgO by laser cleaning were responsible for the improvement of
the corrosion performance.
155. Non-LTE aluminium abundances in late-type stars
Nordlander, T.; Lind, K.
2017-11-01
Aims: Aluminium plays a key role in studies of the chemical enrichment of the Galaxy and of globular
clusters. However, strong deviations from LTE (non-LTE) are known to significantly affect the inferred
abundances in giant and metal-poor stars. Methods: We present non-local thermodynamic equilibrium
(NLTE) modeling of aluminium using recent and accurate atomic data, in particular utilizing new
transition rates for collisions with hydrogen atoms, without the need for any astrophysically calibrated
parameters. For the first time, we perform 3D NLTE modeling of aluminium lines in the solar spectrum.
We also compute and make available extensive grids of abundance corrections for lines in the optical and
near-infrared using one-dimensional model atmospheres, and apply grids of precomputed departure
coefficients to direct line synthesis for a set of benchmark stars with accurately known stellar parameters.
Results: Our 3D NLTE modeling of the solar spectrum reproduces observed center-to-limb variations in
the solar spectrum of the 7835 Ã… line as well as the mid-infrared photospheric emission line at 12.33
Î¼m. We infer a 3D NLTE solar photospheric abundance of A(Al) = 6.43 Â± 0.03, in exact agreement
with the meteoritic abundance. We find that abundance corrections vary rapidly with stellar parameters;
for the 3961 Ã… resonance line, corrections are positive and may be as large as +1 dex, while corrections
for subordinate lines generally have positive sign for warm stars but negative for cool stars. Our modeling
reproduces the observed line profiles of benchmark K-giants, and we find abundance corrections as large
as -0.3 dex for Arcturus. Our analyses of four metal-poor benchmark stars yield consistent abundances
between the 3961 Ã… resonance line and lines in the UV, optical and near-infrared regions. Finally, we
discuss implications for the galactic chemical evolution of aluminium.
156. Modelling the strength of an aluminium-steel nailed joint
Goldspiegel, Fabien; Mocellin, Katia; Michel, Philippe
2018-05-01
For multi-material applications in automotive industry, a cast aluminium (upper layer) and dual-phase
steel (lower layer) superposition joined with High-Speed Nailing process is investigated through an
experimental vs numerical framework. Using FORGEÂ® finite-element software, results from joining
simulations have been inserted into models in charge of nailed-joint mechanical testings. Numerical Shear
and Cross-tensile tests are compared to experimental ones to discuss discrepancy and possible
improvements.
157. Axillary hyperhidrosis - topical treatment with aluminium chloride hexahydrate
PubMed Central
Ellis, Harold; Scurr, John H.
1979-01-01
Forty-two patients with axillary hyperhidrosis on the waiting list for surgery were treated with topical
saturated solution of aluminium chloride hexahydrate in absolute alcohol. There have been 7 failures.
Three patients were unable to cope with the treatment and 4 more experienced severe local irritation or
soreness; these 4 were submitted to local surgery. This is a simple and effective treatment for the majority
of cases of severe axillary sweating. PMID:548949
158. Monomolecular Silane Coatings on Magnesium/Aluminium Fuels
DTIC Science & Technology
1991-07-01
iii SUMMARY The aim of this project was to investigate the curing reaction between CTBN and
magnesium/aluminium ailoy surfaces. A dispersion of...performing rheoloqacai experiments with these
coated magnesium particles and CTBN . Surface analysis ot the alloys show a nigh percentage of
magnesium...Rheoloq’cai analysis of these alloys dispersed 40% w/w in CTBN show increasing rates of
change in viscosity with time for each alloy with increasing nominal
159. Aluminium in food and daily dietary intake assessment from 15 food groups in Zhejiang Province, China.
PubMed
Zhang, Hexiang; Tang, Jun; Huang, Lichun; Shen, Xianghong; Zhang, Ronghua; Chen, Jiang
2016-06-01
Aluminium was measured in 2580 samples of 15 food groups and dietary exposure was estimated.
Samples were purchased and analysed during 2010 to 2014. High aluminium levels were found in jellyfish
(mean 4862Â mg/kg), laver (mean 455.2Â mg/kg) and fried twisted cruller (mean 392.4Â mg/kg). Dietary
exposure to aluminium was estimated for Zhejiang residents. The average dietary exposure to aluminium
via 15 food groups in Zhejiang Province was 1.15Â mg/kg bw/week, which is below the provisional
tolerable weekly intake of 2Â mg/kg bw /week. Jellyfish is the main Al contributor, providing 37.6% of
the daily intake via these 15 food groups. This study provided new information on aluminium levels and
assessment of aluminium (Al) dietary exposure in Zhejiang Province of China.
160. RESPONSE OF PHENOLIC METABOLISM INDUCED BY ALUMINIUM TOXICITY IN

FAGOPYRUM ESCULENTUM MOENCH. PLANTS.
PubMed
Smirnov, O E; Kosyan, A M; Kosyk, O I; Taran, N Yu
2015-01-01
Buckwheat genus (Fagopyrum Mill.) is one of the aluminium tolerant taxonomic units of plants. The aim
of the study was an evaluation of the aluminium (50 Î¼M effect on phenolic accumulation in various parts
of buckwheat plants (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Detection of increasing of total phenolic content,
changes in flavonoid and anthocyanin content and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity (PAL) were
revealed over a period of 10 days of exposure to aluminium. The most significant effects of aluminium
treatment on phenolic compounds accumulation were total phenolic content increasing (by 27.2%) and
PAL activity rising by 2.5 times observed in leaves tissues. Received data could be helpful to understand
the aluminium tolerance principles and relationships of phenolic compounds to aluminium phytotoxicity.
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7
8
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10
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7
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9
10
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161. Aluminium localization in root tips of the aluminium-accumulating plant species buckwheat (Fagopyrum
esculentum Moench)
PubMed Central
Klug, Benjamin; Specht, AndrÃ©; Horst, Walter J.
2011-01-01
Aluminium (Al) uptake and transport in the root tip of buckwheat is not yet completely understood. For
localization of Al in root tips, fluorescent dyes and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) were compared. The staining of Al with morin is an appropriate means to
study qualitatively the radial distribution along the root tip axis of Al which is complexed by oxalate and
citrate in buckwheat roots. The results compare well with the distribution of total Al determined by LA-
ICP-MS which could be reliably calibrated to compare with Al contents by conventional total Al
determination using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The Al localization in root cross-
sections along the root tip showed that in buckwheat Al is highly mobile in the radial direction. The root
apex predominantly accumulated Al in the cortex. The subapical root section showed a homogenous Al
distribution across the whole section. In the following root section Al was located particularly in the
pericycle and the xylem parenchyma cells. With further increasing distance from the root apex Al could be
detected only in individual xylem vessels. The results support the view that the 10â€‰mm apical root tip
is the main site of Al uptake into the symplast of the cortex, while the subapical 10â€“20â€‰mm zone is
the main site of xylem loading through the pericycle and xylem parenchyma cells. Progress in the better
molecular understanding of Al transport in buckwheat will depend on the consideration of the tissue
specificity of Al transport and complexation. PMID:21831842
162. Simulation of thin aluminium-foil in the packaging industry
Eskil, Andreasson; LindstrÃ¶m, Tommy; KÃ¤ck, Britta; Malmberg, Christoffer; Asp, Ann-Magret
2017-10-01
This work present an approach of how to account for the anisotropic mechanical material behaviour in the
simulation models of the thin aluminium foil layer (â‰ˆ10 Âµm) used in the Packaging Industry.
Furthermore, the experimental results from uniaxial tensile tests are parameterised into an analytical
expression and the slope of the hardening subsequently extended way beyond the experimental data
points. This in order to accommodate the locally high stresses present in the experiments at the neck
formation. An analytical expression, denominated Ramberg-Osgood, is used to describe the non-linear
mechanical behaviour. Moreover it is possible with a direct method to translate the experimental uniaxial
tensile test results into useful numerical material model parameters in Abaqusâ„¢. In addition to this the
extended material behaviour including the plastic flow i.e. hardening, valid after onset of localisation, the
described procedure can also capture the microscopic events, i.e. geometrical thinning, ongoing in the
deformation of the aluminium foil. This method has earlier successfully been applied by Petri MÃ¤kelÃ¤
for paperboard material [1]. The engineering sound and parameterised description of the mechanical
material behaviour facilitates an efficient categorisation of different aluminium foil alloys and aid the
identification of the correct anisotropic (RD/TD/45Â°) mechanical material behaviour derived from the
physical testing.
163. Spectroscopic diagnostics of plasma during laser processing of aluminium

Lober, R.; Mazumder, J.
2007-10-01
The role of the plasma in laser-metal interaction is of considerable interest due to its influence in the
energy transfer mechanism in industrial laser materials processing. A 10 kW CO2 laser was used to study
its interaction with aluminium under an argon environment. The objective was to determine the absorption
and refraction of the laser beam through the plasma during the processing of aluminium. Laser processing
of aluminium is becoming an important topic for many industries, including the automobile industry. The
spectroscopic relative line to continuum method was used to determine the electron temperature
distribution within the plasma by investigating the 4158 Ã… Ar I line emission and the continuum
adjacent to it. The plasmas are induced in 1.0 atm pure Ar environment over a translating Al target, using
f/7 and 10 kW CO2 laser. Spectroscopic data indicated that the plasma composition and behaviour were
Ar-dominated. Experimental results indicated the plasma core temperature to be 14 000-15 300 K over the
incident range of laser powers investigated from 5 to 7 kW. It was found that 7.5-29% of the incident laser
power was absorbed by the plasma. Cross-section analysis of the melt pools from the Al samples revealed
the absence of any key-hole formation and confirmed that the energy transfer mechanism in the targets
was conduction dominated for the reported range of experimental data.
164. Recovering obliterated engraved marks on aluminium surfaces by etching technique.
PubMed
Baharum, Mohd Izhar Mohd; Kuppuswamy, R; Rahman, Azari Abd
2008-05-20
A study has been made of the characteristics of restoration of obliterated engraved marks on aluminium
surfaces by etching technique. By etching different reagents on 0.61mm thick sheets of aluminium
(99wt%) on which some engraved marks had been erased to different depths it was found that the reagent
60% hydrochloric acid and 40% sodium hydroxide on alternate swabbing on the surfaces was found to be
the most sensitive one for these metal surfaces. This reagent was able to restore marks in the above plates
erased down to 0.04mm below the bottom of the engraving. The marks also presented excellent contrast
with the background. This reagent was further experimented with similar aluminium surfaces, but of
relatively greater thickness of 1.5mm. It was noticed that the recovery depth increased slightly to 0.06mm;
this suggested the dependence of recovery depth on the thickness of the sheet metal. Further, the depth of
restoration decreased in cases where the original number was erased and over which a new number was
engraved; the latter results are similar to those of steel surfaces reported earlier [M.A.M. Zaili, R.
Kuppuswamy, H. Harun, Restoration of engraved marks on steel surfaces by etching technique, Forensic
Sci. Int. 171 (2007) 27-32].
165. Recycling of aluminium scrap for secondary Al-Si alloys.
PubMed
Velasco, Eulogio; Nino, Jose
2011-07-01
An increasing amount of recycled aluminium is going into the production of aluminium alloy used for
automotive applications. In these applications, it is necessary to control and remove alloy impurities and
inclusions. Cleaning and fluxing processes are widely used during processing of the alloys for removal of
inclusions, hydrogen and excess of magnesium. These processes use salt fluxes based in the system NaCl-
KCl, injection of chlorine or mixture of chlorine with an inert gas. The new systems include a graphite
wand and a circulation device to force convection in the melt and permit the bubbling and dispersion of
reactive and cleaning agents. This paper discusses the recycling of aluminium alloys in rotary and
reverberatory industrial furnaces. It focuses on the removal of magnesium during the melting process. In
rotary furnaces, the magnesium lost is mainly due to the oxidation process at high temperatures. The
magnesium removal is carried out by the reaction between chlorine and magnesium, with its efficiency
associated to kinetic factors such as concentration of magnesium, mixing, and temperature. These factors
are also related to emissions generated during the demagging process. Improvements in the metallic yield
can be reached in rotary furnaces if the process starts with a proper salt, with limits of addition, and
avoiding long holding times. To improve throughput in reverberatories, start the charging with high
magnesium content material and inject chlorine gas if the molten metal is at the right temperature.
Removal of magnesium through modern technologies can be efficiently performed to prevent
environmental problems.
166. Laser synthesis of aluminium nanoparticles in biocompatible polymer solutions
Singh, Rina; Soni, R. K.
2014-08-01
Pulsed laser ablation of Aluminium (Al) in pure water rapidly forms a thin alumina (Al2O3) layer which
drastically modifies surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption characteristics in deep-UV region.
Initially, pure aluminium nanoparticles (NPs) are generated in water without any stabilizers or surfactants
at low laser fluence which gradually transform to stable Al-Al2O3 core-shell nanostructure with
increasing either residency time or fluence. The role of laser wavelength and fluence on the SPR
properties and oxidation characteristics of Al NPs has been investigated in detail. We also present a one-
step in situ synthesis of oxide-free stable Al NPs in biocompatible polymer solutions using laser ablation
in liquid method. We have used nonionic polymers (PVP, PVA and PEG) and anionic surfactant (SDS)
stabilizer to suppress the Al2O3 formation and studied the effect of polymer functional group, polymeric
chain length, polymer concentration and anionic surfactant on the incipient embryonic aluminium particles
and their sizes. The different functional groups of polymers resulted in different oxidation states of Al.
PVP and PVA polymers resulted in pure Al NPs; however, PEG and SDS resulted in alumina-modified Al
NPs. The Al nanoparticles capped with PVP, PVA, and PEG show a good correlation between nanoparticle
stability and monomeric length of the polymer chain.
167. High rate constitutive modeling of aluminium alloy tube
Salisbury, C. P.; Worswick, M. J.; Mayer, R.
2006-08-01
As the need for fuel efficient automobiles increases, car designers are investigating light-weight materials
for automotive bodies that will reduce the overall automobile weight. Aluminium alloy tube is a desirable
material to use in automotive bodies due to its light weight. However, aluminium suffers from lower
formability than steel and its energy absorption ability in a crash event after a forming operation is largely
unknown. As part of a larger study on the relationship between crashworthiness and forming processes,
constitutive models for 3mm AA5754 aluminium tube were developed. A nominal strain rate of 100/s is
often used to characterize overall automobile crash events, whereas strain rates on the order of 1000/s can
occur locally. Therefore, tests were performed at quasi-static rates using an Instron test fixture and at
strain rates of 500/s to 1500/s using a tensile split Hopkinson bar. High rate testing was then conducted at
rates of 500/s, 1000/s and 1500/s at 21circC, 150circC and 300circC. The generated data was then used to
determine the constitutive parameters for the Johnson-Cook and Zerilli-Armstrong material models.
168. Effect of oxide particles on the stabilization and final microstructure in aluminium
PubMed Central
Bachmaier, Andrea; Pippan, Reinhard
2011-01-01
Bulk aluminium samples containing alumina particles have been produced by different severe plastic
deformation methods. Aluminium foils with different initial foil thicknesses were cold rolled to different
amounts of strain and aluminium powders were consolidated and deformed by high pressure torsion
(HPT). During processing, alumina particles from the foil or particle surface are easily incorporated and
dispersed in the bulk material. The influence of these alumina particles on the developing microstructures
and the mechanical properties has been studied. PMID:21976787
169. Solid waste from aluminum recycling process: characterization and reuse of its economically valuable
constituents.
PubMed
Shinzato, M C; Hypolito, R
2005-01-01
Due to economic advantages, many companies in Brazil recover Al from the process of crushing and
water-leaching of secondary aluminum dross. Wastes from this process (non-metallic products and salts)
are usually landfilled or disposed without treatment, causing many environmental damages. The purpose
of this work is to investigate, in a recycling company sited in Sao Paulo metropolitan area (Brazil), the
potential use of the non-metallic product (NMP) in the production of concrete blocks and to evaluate the
presence of important chemical compounds that may be useful for other applications. Chemical and
mineralogical analyses revealed that NMP is composed of refractory and abrasive oxides (alpha-Al2O3,
MgAl2O4, SiO2) and an important source of transition alumina: alpha-Al(OH)3. Concrete blocks were
made by adding two parts of NMP to one part of cement and four parts of sand. The blocks were tested
according to the Brazilian standard (NBR7173/1982) and they passed dimension, humidity and absorption
tests but not compressive strength tests. However, particular NMP constituents have accelerated the
strength rate development of the blocks, thus decreasing working time. The commercial use of NMP can
reduce the amount of discarded wastes contributing to environmental preservation.
170. Do aluminium-based phosphate binders continue to have a role in contemporary nephrology practice?
PubMed
Mudge, David W; Johnson, David W; Hawley, Carmel M; Campbell, Scott B; Isbel, Nicole M; van Eps,
Carolyn L; Petrie, James J B
2011-05-13
Aluminium-containing phosphate binders have long been used for treatment of hyperphosphatemia in
dialysis patients. Their safety became controversial in the early 1980's after reports of aluminium related
neurological and bone disease began to appear. Available historical evidence however, suggests that
neurological toxicity may have primarily been caused by excessive exposure to aluminium in dialysis
fluid, rather than aluminium-containing oral phosphate binders. Limited evidence suggests that aluminium
bone disease may also be on the decline in the era of aluminium removal from dialysis fluid, even with
continued use of aluminium binders. The K/DOQI and KDIGO guidelines both suggest avoiding
aluminium-containing binders. These guidelines will tend to promote the use of the newer, more
expensive binders (lanthanum, sevelamer), which have limited evidence for benefit and, like aluminium,
limited long-term safety data. Treating hyperphosphatemia in dialysis patients continues to represent a
major challenge, and there is a large body of evidence linking serum phosphate concentrations with
mortality. Most nephrologists agree that phosphate binders have the potential to meaningfully reduce
mortality in dialysis patients. Aluminium is one of the cheapest, most effective and well tolerated of the
class, however there are no prospective or randomised trials examining the efficacy and safety of
aluminium as a binder. Aluminium continues to be used as a binder in Australia as well as some other
countries, despite concern about the potential for toxicity. There are some data from selected case series
that aluminium bone disease may be declining in the era of reduced aluminium content in dialysis fluid,
due to rigorous water testing. This paper seeks to revisit the contemporary evidence for the safety record
of aluminium-containing binders in dialysis patients. It puts their use into the context of the newer, more
expensive binders and increasing concerns about the risks of
171. Dietary Exposure to Aluminium and Health Risk Assessment in the Residents of Shenzhen, China
PubMed Central
Yang, Mei; Jiang, Lixin; Huang, Huiping; Zeng, Shengbo; Qiu, Fen; Yu, Miao; Li, Xiaorong; Wei, Sheng
2014-01-01
Although there are great changes of dietary in the past few decades in China, few are known about the
aluminium exposure in Chinese diet. The aim of this study is to systematically evaluate the dietary
aluminium intake level in residents of Shenzhen, China. A total of 853 persons from 244 household were
investigated their diet by three days food records. Finally, 149 kinds of foods in 17 food groups were
selected to be the most consumed foods. From them, 1399 food samples were collected from market to
test aluminium concentration. High aluminium levels were found in jellyfish (median, 527.5 mg/kg), fried
twisted cruller (median, 466.0 mg/kg), shell (median, 107.1 mg/kg). The Shenzhen residents' average
dietary aluminium exposure was estimated at 1.263 mg/kg bw/week which is lower than the PTWI
(provisional tolerable weekly intake). But 0â€“2 and 3â€“13 age groups have the highest aluminium
intake exceeding the PTWI (3.356 mg/kg bw/week and 3.248 mg/kg bw/week) than other age groups. And
the main dietary aluminium exposure sources are fried twisted cruller, leaf vegetables and bean products.
Our study suggested that even three decades rapid economy development, children in Shenzhen still have
high dietary aluminium exposure risk. How to control high dietary aluminium exposure still is a great
public health challenge in Shenzhen, China. PMID:24594670
172. Do aluminium-based phosphate binders continue to have a role in contemporary nephrology practice?
PubMed Central
2011-01-01
Background Aluminium-containing phosphate binders have long been used for treatment of
hyperphosphatemia in dialysis patients. Their safety became controversial in the early 1980's after reports
of aluminium related neurological and bone disease began to appear. Available historical evidence
however, suggests that neurological toxicity may have primarily been caused by excessive exposure to
aluminium in dialysis fluid, rather than aluminium-containing oral phosphate binders. Limited evidence
suggests that aluminium bone disease may also be on the decline in the era of aluminium removal from
dialysis fluid, even with continued use of aluminium binders. Discussion The K/DOQI and KDIGO
guidelines both suggest avoiding aluminium-containing binders. These guidelines will tend to promote the
use of the newer, more expensive binders (lanthanum, sevelamer), which have limited evidence for benefit
and, like aluminium, limited long-term safety data. Treating hyperphosphatemia in dialysis patients
continues to represent a major challenge, and there is a large body of evidence linking serum phosphate
concentrations with mortality. Most nephrologists agree that phosphate binders have the potential to
meaningfully reduce mortality in dialysis patients. Aluminium is one of the cheapest, most effective and
well tolerated of the class, however there are no prospective or randomised trials examining the efficacy
and safety of aluminium as a binder. Aluminium continues to be used as a binder in Australia as well as
some other countries, despite concern about the potential for toxicity. There are some data from selected
case series that aluminium bone disease may be declining in the era of reduced aluminium content in
dialysis fluid, due to rigorous water testing. Summary This paper seeks to revisit the contemporary
evidence for the safety record of aluminium-containing binders in dialysis patients. It puts their use into
the context of the newer, more expensive binders and increasing
173. Comparison of the x-ray attenuation properties of breast calcifications, aluminium, hydroxyapatite and
calcium oxalate.
PubMed
Warren, L M; Mackenzie, A; Dance, D R; Young, K C
2013-04-07
Aluminium is often used as a substitute material for calcifications in phantom measurements in

mammography. Additionally, calcium oxalate, hydroxyapatite and aluminium are used in simulation
studies. This assumes that these materials have similar attenuation properties to calcification, and this
assumption is examined in this work. Sliced mastectomy samples containing calcification were imaged
atÂ Ã—5 magnification using a digital specimen cabinet. Images of the individual calcifications were
extracted, and the diameter and contrast of each calculated. The thicknesses of aluminium required to
achieve the same contrast as each calcification when imaged under the same conditions were calculated
using measurements of the contrast of aluminium foils. As hydroxyapatite and calcium oxalate are also
used to simulate calcifications, the equivalent aluminium thicknesses of these materials were also
calculated using tabulated attenuation coefficients. On average the equivalent aluminium thickness was
0.85Â times the calcification diameter. For calcium oxalate and hydroxyapatite, the equivalent aluminium
thicknesses were 1.01 and 2.19Â times the thickness of these materials respectively. Aluminium and
calcium oxalate are suitable substitute materials for calcifications. Hydroxyapatite is much more
attenuating than the calcifications and aluminium. Using solid hydroxyapatite as a substitute for
calcification of the same size would lead to excessive contrast in the mammographic image.
174. Dietary exposure to aluminium and health risk assessment in the residents of Shenzhen, China.
PubMed
Yang, Mei; Jiang, Lixin; Huang, Huiping; Zeng, Shengbo; Qiu, Fen; Yu, Miao; Li, Xiaorong; Wei, Sheng
2014-01-01
Although there are great changes of dietary in the past few decades in China, few are known about the
aluminium exposure in Chinese diet. The aim of this study is to systematically evaluate the dietary
aluminium intake level in residents of Shenzhen, China. A total of 853 persons from 244 household were
investigated their diet by three days food records. Finally, 149 kinds of foods in 17 food groups were
selected to be the most consumed foods. From them, 1399 food samples were collected from market to
test aluminium concentration. High aluminium levels were found in jellyfish (median, 527.5 mg/kg), fried
twisted cruller (median, 466.0 mg/kg), shell (median, 107.1 mg/kg). The Shenzhen residents' average
dietary aluminium exposure was estimated at 1.263 mg/kg bw/week which is lower than the PTWI
(provisional tolerable weekly intake). But 0-2 and 3-13 age groups have the highest aluminium intake
exceeding the PTWI (3.356 mg/kg bw/week and 3.248 mg/kg bw/week) than other age groups. And the
main dietary aluminium exposure sources are fried twisted cruller, leaf vegetables and bean products. Our
study suggested that even three decades rapid economy development, children in Shenzhen still have high
dietary aluminium exposure risk. How to control high dietary aluminium exposure still is a great public
health challenge in Shenzhen, China.
175. Comparison of reactivity to a metallic disc and 2% aluminium salt in 366 children, and reproducibility
over time for 241 young adults with childhood vaccine-related aluminium contact allergy.
PubMed
Gente Lidholm, Anette; Inerot, Annica; Gillstedt, Martin; Bergfors, Elisabet; Trollfors, Birger
2018-07-01
An aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed pertussis toxoid vaccine was studied in 76â€‰000 children in the
1990s in Gothenburg, Sweden. Long-lasting itchy subcutaneous nodules at the vaccination site were seen
in 745 participants. Of 495 children with itchy nodules who were patch tested for aluminium allergy, 377
were positive. In 2007-2008, 241 of the positive children were retested. Only in one third were earlier
positive results reproduced. To further describe patch test reactions to different aluminium compounds in
children with vaccine-induced aluminium allergy. Positive patch test results for metallic aluminium
(empty Finn Chamber) and aluminium chloride hexahydrate 2% petrolatum (pet.) were analysed in 366
children with vaccine-induced persistent itching nodules tested in 1998-2002. Of those, 241 were tested a
second time (2007-2008), and the patch test results of the two aluminium preparations were analysed.
Patch testing with aluminium chloride hexahydrate 2% pet. is a more sensitive way to diagnose aluminium
contact allergy than patch testing with metallic aluminium. A general decrease in the strength of reactions
to both aluminium preparations in 241 children tested twice was observed. Aluminium contact allergy can
be diagnosed by patch testing without using metallic aluminium. Â© 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S.
Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
176. Human biomonitoring of aluminium after a single, controlled manual metal arc inert gas welding process
of an aluminium-containing worksheet in nonwelders.
PubMed
Bertram, Jens; Brand, Peter; Hartmann, Laura; Schettgen, Thomas; Kossack, Veronika; Lenz, Klaus;
Purrio, Ellwyn; Reisgen, Uwe; Kraus, Thomas
2015-10-01
Several existing field studies evaluate aluminium welding works but no thoroughly controlled exposure
scenario for welding fume has been described yet. This study provides information about the uptake and
elimination of aluminium from welding fumes under controlled conditions. In the Aachen Workplace
Simulation Laboratory, we are able to generate welding fumes of a defined particle mass concentration.
We exposed 12, until then occupationally unexposed participants with aluminium-containing welding
fumes of a metal inert gas (MIG) welding process of a total dust mass concentration of 2.5 mg/m(3) for 6
h. Room air filter samples were collected, and the aluminium concentration in air derived. Urine and
plasma samples were collected directly before and after the 6-h lasting exposure, as well as after 1 and 7
days. Human biomonitoring methods were used to determine the aluminium content of the samples with
high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry. Urinary aluminium concentrations
showed significant changes after exposure compared to preexposure levels (mean t(1) (0 h) 13.5 Âµg/L;
mean t(2) (6 h) 23.5 Âµg/L). Plasma results showed the same pattern but pre-post comparison did not
reach significance. We were able to detect a significant increase of the internal aluminium burden of a
single MIG aluminium welding process in urine, while plasma failed significance. Biphasic elimination
kinetic can be observed. The German BAT of 60 Âµg/g creatinine was not exceeded, and urinary
aluminium returned nearly to baseline concentrations after 7 days.
177. Effect of Microbial inoculation in combating the aluminium toxicity effect on growth of Zea mays.
PubMed
Arora, P; Singh, G; Tiwari, A
2017-07-31
The present study is aimed at improving the aluminium tolerance in maize crop employing the potential of
microbial inoculants in conferring resistance to these toxicities via production of certain chelating
compounds like siderophores, exopolysachharides and organic acids. Acid soils have now-a-days become
one of the key factors for limiting growth of many agriculturally important crops. AluminiumÂ is one of
the major elements present in acid soils and is mainly responsible for toxicity in the soil. This aluminium
is rapidly soluble in soil water and hence absorbed by plant roots under conditions where soil pH is below
5. This toxicity leads to severe root growth inhibition, thereby limiting the production of maize crops. It
was observed that use of microbial inoculums can be helpful in elimination of these toxic compounds and
prevent the inhibition of root growth . It was found that the soils contaminated with aluminium toxicity
decreased the root length of maize plant significantly by 65% but Bacillus and Burkholderia inoculation
increased this root length significantly by 1.4- folds and 2- folds respectively thereby combating the effect
of aluminium toxicity. Aluminium concentration was found maximum in roots of plants which were
grown under aluminium stress condition. But this aluminium accumulation decreased Ì´ 2-folds when
Burkholderia was used as seed inoculants under aluminium stress conditions. Also, at 60mM aluminium
accumulation, phosphorus solubilisation in roots was found to be increased upto 30% on Burkholderia
inoculation. However, Bacillus inoculation didn't show any significant difference in either of the case.
Thus, the inoculation of seeds with Burkholderia isolates could prove to be a boon in sequestering
aluminium toxicity in Zea mays.
178. Insight into the cellular fate and toxicity of aluminium adjuvants used in clinically approved human
vaccinations
Mold, Matthew; Shardlow, Emma; Exley, Christopher
2016-08-01
Aluminium adjuvants remain the most widely used and effective adjuvants in vaccination and
immunotherapy. Herein, the particle size distribution (PSD) of aluminium oxyhydroxide and aluminium
hydroxyphosphate adjuvants was elucidated in attempt to correlate these properties with the biological
responses observed post vaccination. Heightened solubility and potentially the generation of Al3+ in the
lysosomal environment were positively correlated with an increase in cell mortality in vitro, potentially
generating a greater inflammatory response at the site of simulated injection. The cellular uptake of
aluminium based adjuvants (ABAs) used in clinically approved vaccinations are compared to a commonly
used experimental ABA, in an in vitro THP-1 cell model. Using lumogallion as a direct-fluorescent
molecular probe for aluminium, complemented with transmission electron microscopy provides further
insight into the morphology of internalised particulates, driven by the physicochemical variations of the
ABAs investigated. We demonstrate that not all aluminium adjuvants are equal neither in terms of their
physical properties nor their biological reactivity and potential toxicities both at the injection site and
beyond. High loading of aluminium oxyhydroxide in the cytoplasm of THP-1 cells without immediate
cytotoxicity might predispose this form of aluminium adjuvant to its subsequent transport throughout the
body including access to the brain.
vaccinations.
PubMed

2016-08-12
responses observed post vaccination. Heightened solubility and potentially the generation of Al(3+) in the
body including access to the brain.
180. Aluminium based adjuvants and their effects on mitochondria and lysosomes of phagocytosing cells.
PubMed
Ohlsson, Lars; Exley, Christopher; Darabi, Anna; SandÃ©n, Emma; SiesjÃ¶, Peter; Eriksson, HÃ¥kan
2013-11-01
Aluminium oxyhydroxide, Al(OH)3 is one of few compounds approved as an adjuvant in human vaccines.
However, the mechanism behind its immune stimulating properties is still poorly understood. In vitro co-
culture of an aluminium adjuvant and the human monocytic cell line THP-1 resulted in reduced cell
proliferation. Inhibition occurred at concentrations of adjuvant several times lower than would be found at
the injection site using a vaccine formulation containing an aluminium adjuvant. Based on evaluation of
the mitochondrial membrane potential, THP-1 cells showed no mitochondrial rupture after co-culture with
the aluminium adjuvant, instead an increase in mitochondrial activity was seen. The THP-1 cells are
phagocytosing cells and after co-culture with the aluminium adjuvant the phagosomal pathway was
obstructed. Primary or early phagosomes mature into phagolysosomes with an internal pH of 4.5 - 5 and
carry a wide variety of hydrolysing enzymes. Co-culture with the aluminium adjuvant yielded a reduced
level of acidic vesicles and cathepsin L activity, a proteolytic enzyme of the phagolysosomes, was almost
completely inhibited. THP-1 cells are an appropriate in vitro model in order to investigate the mechanism
behind the induction of a phagocytosing antigen presenting cell into an inflammatory cell by aluminium
adjuvants. Much information will be gained by investigating the phagosomal pathway and what occurs
inside the phagosomes and to elucidate the ultimate fate of phagocytosed aluminium particles. Â© 2013.
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vaccinations
PubMed Central
2016-01-01
responses observed post vaccination. Heightened solubility and potentially the generation of Al3+ in the
body including access to the brain. PMID:27515230
182. Dietary exposure to aluminium of urban residents from cities in South China.
PubMed
Jiang, Qi; Wang, Jing; Li, Min; Liang, Xuxia; Dai, Guangwei; Hu, Zhikun; Wen, Jian; Huang, Qiong;
Zhang, Yonghui
2013-01-01
A dietary survey was conducted over three consecutive days by using 24-hour dietary recall in the Pearl
River Delta of South China to investigate the dietary consumption status. A total of 1702 food samples, 22
food groups, were collected, and aluminium concentrations of foods were determined by using ICP-MS.
Weekly dietary exposure to aluminium of the average urban residents of South China was estimated to be
1.5 mg kgâ»Â¹ body weight, which amounted to 76% of the provisional tolerable weekly intake. Wheat-
made products (53.5%) contributed most to the dietary exposure, followed by vegetables (12.2%). The
high-level consumers' weekly exposure to aluminium was 11.1 mg kgâ»Â¹ body weight, which amounted
to 407% of the provisional tolerable weekly intake. The results indicated that the general urban residents
in South China might be safe from aluminium exposure, but the high-level consumers might be at some
risk of aluminium exposure. The foods contributing to aluminium exposure were processed food with
aluminium-containing food additives. It is necessary to take effective measures to control the overuse of
aluminium-containing food additives.
183. Deviatoric Response of AN Armour-Grade Aluminium Alloy
Appleby-Thomas, G. J.; Hazell, P. J.; Millett, J.; Bourne, N. K.

2009-12-01
Aluminium alloys such as 5083 H32 are established light-weight armour materials. As such, the shock
response of these materials is of great importance. The shear strength of a material under shock loading
provides an insight into its ballistic performance. In this investigation embedded manganin stress gauges
have been employed to measure both the longitudinal and lateral components of stress during plate-impact
experiments over a range of impact stresses. In turn, these results were used to determine the shear
strength and to investigate the time dependence of lateral stress behind the shock front to give an
indication of material response.
184. The fracture of boron fibre-reinforced 6061 aluminium alloy
Wright, M. A.; Welch, D.; Jollay, J.
1979-01-01
The fracture of 6061 aluminium alloy reinforced with unidirectional and cross-plied 0/90 deg, 0/90/+ or -
45 deg boron fibres has been investigated. The results have been described in terms of a critical stress
intensity, K(Q). Critical stress intensity factors were obtained by substituting the failure stress and the
initial crack length into the appropriate expression for K(Q). Values were obtained that depended on the
dimensions of the specimens. It was therefore concluded that, for the size of specimen tested, the values of
K(Q) did not reflect any basic materials property.
185. Aluminium in allergen-specific subcutaneous immunotherapy--a German perspective.
PubMed
Kramer, Matthias F; Heath, Matthew D
2014-07-16
We are living in an "aluminium age" with increasing bioavailability of the metal for approximately 125
years, contributing significantly to the aluminium body burden of humans. Over the course of life,
aluminium accumulates and is stored predominantly in the lungs, bones, liver, kidneys and brain. The
toxicity of aluminium in humans is briefly summarised, highlighting links and possible causal
relationships between a high aluminium body burden and a number of neurological disorders and disease
states. Aluminium salts have been used as depot-adjuvants successfully in essential prophylactic
vaccinations for almost 100 years, with a convincing positive benefit-risk assessment which remains
unchanged. However, allergen-specific immunotherapy commonly consists of administering a long-course
programme of subcutaneous injections using preparations of relevant allergens. Regulatory authorities
currently set aluminium limits for vaccines per dose, rather than per treatment course. Unlike prophylactic
vaccinations, numerous injections with higher proportions of aluminium-adjuvant per injection are applied
in subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) and will significantly contribute to a higher cumulative life dose
of aluminium. While the human body may cope robustly with a daily aluminium overload from the
environment, regulatory cumulative threshold values in immunotherapy need further addressing. Based on
the current literature, predisposing an individual to an unusually high level of aluminium, such as through
subcutaneous immunotherapy, has the potential to form focal accumulations in the body with the
propensity to exert forms of toxicity. Particularly in relation to longer-term health effects, the safety of
aluminium adjuvants in immunotherapy remains unchallenged by health authorities - evoking the need for
more consideration, guidance, andÂ transparency on what is known and not known about its safety in
long-course therapy and what measures can be taken to prevent or
186. Acoustic barriers obtained from industrial wastes.

PubMed
Garcia-Valles, M; Avila, G; Martinez, S; Terradas, R; NoguÃ©s, J M
2008-07-01
Acoustic pollution is an environmental problem that is becoming increasingly more important in our
society. Likewise, the accumulation of generated waste and the need for waste management are also
becoming more and more pressing. In this study we describe a new material--called PROUSO--obtained
from industrial wastes. PROUSO has a variety of commercial and engineering, as well as building,
applications. The main raw materials used for this environmentally friendly material come from slag from
the aluminium recycling process, dust from the marble industry, foundry sands, and recycled expanded
polystyrene from recycled packaging. Some natural materials, such as plastic clays, are also used. To
obtain PROUSO we used a conventional ceramic process, forming new mineral phases and incorporating
polluted elements into the structure. Its physical properties make PROUSO an excellent acoustic and
thermal insulation material. It absorbs 95% of the sound in the frequency band of the 500 Hz. Its
compressive strength makes it ideal for use in ceramic wall building.
187. Study of Surface Roughness and Cutting force in machining for 6068 Aluminium alloy
Purushothaman, D.; Kaushik Yanamundra, Krishna; Krishnan, Gokul; Perisamy, C.
2018-04-01
Metal matrix composites, in particular, Aluminium Hybrid Composites are gaining increasing attention for
applications in air and land because of their superior strength to weight ratio, density and high temperature
resistance. Aluminium alloys are being used for a wide range of applications in Aerospace and
Automobile industries, to name a few. The Aluminium Alloy 6068 has been used as the specimen. It is
mainly composed of Aluminium (93.22 - 97.6 %), Magnesium (0.60 - 1.2 %), Silicon (0.60 - 1.4 %) and
Bismuth (0.60 - 1.1 %). Aluminium 6068 is widely used for manufacturing aircraft structures, fuselages
and wings. It is also extensively used in fabricating automobile parts such as wheel spacers. In this study,
tests for the measurement of surface roughness and cutting force has been carried out on the specimen, the
results evaluated and conclusions are drawn. Also the simulation of the same is carried out in a
commercial FE software â€“ ABAQUS.
188. High-velocity projectile impact induced 9R phase in ultrafine-grained aluminium.
PubMed
Xue, Sichuang; Fan, Zhe; Lawal, Olawale B; Thevamaran, Ramathasan; Li, Qiang; Liu, Yue; Yu, K Y;
Wang, Jian; Thomas, Edwin L; Wang, Haiyan; Zhang, Xinghang
2017-11-21
Aluminium typically deforms via full dislocations due to its high stacking fault energy. Twinning in
aluminium, although difficult, may occur at low temperature and high strain rate. However, the 9R phase
rarely occurs in aluminium simply because of its giant stacking fault energy. Here, by using a laser-
induced projectile impact testing technique, we discover a deformation-induced 9R phase with tens of nm
in width in ultrafine-grained aluminium with an average grain size of 140â€‰nm, as confirmed by
extensive post-impact microscopy analyses. The stability of the 9R phase is related to the existence of
sessile Frank loops. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the formation mechanisms of the 9R phase in
aluminium. This study sheds lights on a deformation mechanism in metals with high stacking fault
energies.
189. Absorbed aluminium is found with two cytosolic protein fractions, other than ferritin, in the rat
duodenum.
PubMed Central
Cochran, M; Goddard, G; Ramm, G; Ludwigson, N; Marshall, J; Halliday, J
1993-01-01
After in vivo perfusion of the upper intestine of the rat with a range of concentrations of aluminium
chloride, entry of the metal into the portal system was only detected when the perfusate exceeded 400
mumol/l, suggesting a mucosal block. Using gel filtration of a mucosal cytosol extract, two consistently
appearing aluminium peaks were identified which may represent aluminium binding proteins. Both were
heat stable at 60 degrees C and had molecular sizes of about 700 (kilo daltons) (kD) and 17 kD
respectively. The larger molecule was distinct from ferritin. Neither molecule associated with 59Fe nor
45Ca. It is suggested that the aluminium peaks are relatively specific aluminium binding proteins that
have a scavenging role, reducing entry of the metal from the intestinal contents into the portal blood.
PMID:8504964
190. Concentration of aluminium in breast cyst fluids collected from women affected by gross cystic breast
disease.
PubMed
Mannello, Ferdinando; Tonti, Gaetana A; Darbre, Philippa D
2009-01-01
Gross cystic breast disease (GCBD) is the most common benign breast disorder, but the molecular basis of
cyst formation remains to be identified. If the use of aluminium-based antiperspirant salts is involved in
the etiology of gross breast cyst formation, it might be expected that aluminium would be at elevated
levels in human breast cyst fluid (BCF). Aluminium was measured by ICP-MS in 48 samples of BCF, 30
samples of human blood serum and 45 samples of human breast milk at different stages of lactation
(colostrum, intermediate, mature). The median level of aluminium in apocrine type I BCF (n = 27, 150
microg l(-1)) was significantly higher than in transudative type II BCF (n = 21, 32 microg l(-1); P <
0.0001). By comparison, aluminium measurements gave a median concentration of 6 microg l(-1) in
human serum and 25 microg l(-1) in human breast milk, with no difference between colostrum,
intermediate and mature milk. Levels of aluminium were significantly higher in both types of BCF than in
human serum (P < 0.0001). However when compared with human breast milk, aluminium levels were
only significantly higher in apocrine type I BCF (P < 0.0001) and not in transudative type II BCF (P =
0.152). It remains to be identified why such high levels of aluminium were found in the apocrine type I
BCF and from where the aluminium originated. However, if aluminium-based antiperspirants are found to
be the source and to play any causal role in development of breast cysts, then it might become possible to
prevent this common breast disorder. Copyright (c) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
191. Aluminium surface treatment with ceramic phases using diode laser
Labisz, K.; TaÅ„ski, T.; Brytan, Z.; PakieÅ‚a, W.; WiÅ›niowski, M.
2016-07-01
Ceramic particles powder feeding into surface layer of engineering metal alloy is a well-known and
widely used technique. New approach into the topic is to obtain finely distributed nano-sized particles
involved in the aluminium matrix using the traditional laser technology. In this paper are presented results
of microstructure investigation of cast aluminium-silicon-copper alloys surface layer after heat treatment
and alloying with ceramic carbides of WC and ZrO2 using high-power diode laser. The surface layer was
specially prepared for the reason of reducing the reflectivity, which is the main problem in the up-to-date
metal matrix composites production. With scanning electron microscopy, it was possible to determine the
deformation process and distribution of WC and ZrO2 ceramic powder phase. Structure of the surface
after laser treatment changes, revealing three zonesâ€”remelting zone, heat-affected zone and transition
zone placed over the Al substrate. The structural changes of ceramic powder, its distribution and
morphology as well as microstructure of the matrix material influence on functional properties, especially
wear resistance and hardness of the achieved layer, were investigated.
192. A 3D printed superconducting aluminium microwave cavity
SciTech Connect
Creedon, Daniel L.; Goryachev, Maxim; Kostylev, Nikita
3D printing of plastics, ceramics, and metals has existed for several decades and has revolutionized many
areas of manufacturing and science. Printing of metals, in particular, has found a number of applications in
fields as diverse as customized medical implants, jet engine bearings, and rapid prototyping in the
automotive industry. Although many techniques are used for 3D printing metals, they commonly rely on
computer controlled melting or sintering of a metal alloy powder using a laser or electron beam. The
mechanical properties of parts produced in such a way have been well studied, but little attention has been
paid tomoreÂ Â» their electrical properties. Here we show that a microwave cavity (resonant frequencies
9.9 and 11.2â€‰GHz) 3D printed using an Al-12Si alloy exhibits superconductivity when cooled below
the critical temperature of aluminium (1.2â€‰K), with a performance comparable with the common 6061
alloy of aluminium. Superconducting cavities find application in numerous areas of physics, from particle
accelerators to cavity quantum electrodynamics experiments. The result is achieved even with a very large
concentration of non-superconducting silicon in the alloy of 12.18%, compared with Al-6061, which has
between 0.4% and 0.8%. Our results may pave the way for the possibility of 3D printing superconducting
cavity configurations that are otherwise impossible to machine.Â«Â less
193. A 3D printed superconducting aluminium microwave cavity
Creedon, Daniel L.; Goryachev, Maxim; Kostylev, Nikita; Sercombe, Timothy B.; Tobar, Michael E.
2016-07-01
3D printing of plastics, ceramics, and metals has existed for several decades and has revolutionized many
areas of manufacturing and science. Printing of metals, in particular, has found a number of applications in
fields as diverse as customized medical implants, jet engine bearings, and rapid prototyping in the
automotive industry. Although many techniques are used for 3D printing metals, they commonly rely on
computer controlled melting or sintering of a metal alloy powder using a laser or electron beam. The
mechanical properties of parts produced in such a way have been well studied, but little attention has been
paid to their electrical properties. Here we show that a microwave cavity (resonant frequencies 9.9 and
11.2 GHz) 3D printed using an Al-12Si alloy exhibits superconductivity when cooled below the critical
temperature of aluminium (1.2 K), with a performance comparable with the common 6061 alloy of
aluminium. Superconducting cavities find application in numerous areas of physics, from particle
accelerators to cavity quantum electrodynamics experiments. The result is achieved even with a very large
concentration of non-superconducting silicon in the alloy of 12.18%, compared with Al-6061, which has
between 0.4% and 0.8%. Our results may pave the way for the possibility of 3D printing superconducting
cavity configurations that are otherwise impossible to machine.
194. Fatigue in a heat treatable high silicon containing aluminium alloy

GonzÃ¡lez, J. A.; Talamantes-Silva, J.; Valtierra, S.; ColÃ¡s, Rafael
2017-05-01
The use of cast aluminium alloys in automobiles contributes to reductions in weight and fuel consumption
without impairing the safety for the occupants or the performance of the car. Most of the alloys used are
heat treatable hypoeutectic Al-Si alloys, which have the drawback of exhibiting low wear resistance. So
industry relies in wear resistant alloys, such as grey iron, for the liners of the combustion chambers in
engine blocks, which increase the weight of the engine. Therefore, it is of interest to cast high silicon
containing alloys into engine components that are able to resist wear while maintaining the mechanical
properties required by the components. This work presents the result of the work carried out in a high
silicon containing heat treatable aluminium alloy as it is subjected to high cycle fatigue. The alloy was
prepared and cast in ingots designed to promote one dimensional solidification gradient to obtain samples
to study the high cycle fatigue. The material was machined into hour-glass specimens that were tested at
room temperature in a servohydraulic machine under load control following the stair case method. The
results show that the resistance to fatigue depends on the microstructure of the sample, as the fatigue
cracks originate in pores close to the surface of the sample and propagate through the eutectic aggregate.
The results from this work are compared with those from previously obtained with hypoeutectic alloys.
195. Synthesis of transparent dispersions of aluminium hydroxide nanoparticles
Chen, Bo; Wang, Jie-Xin; Wang, Dan; Zeng, Xiao-Fei; Clarke, Stuart M.; Chen, Jian-Feng
2018-07-01
Transparent dispersions of inorganic nanoparticles are attractive materials in many fields. However, a
facile method for preparing such dispersions of aluminium hydroxide nanoparticles is yet to be realized.
Here, we report a direct reactive method to prepare transparent dispersions of pseudo-boehmite
nanoparticles (1 wt%) without any surface modification, and with an average particle size of 80 nm in
length and 10 nm in width, as well as excellent optical transparency over 94% in the visible range.
Furthermore, transparent dispersions of boehmite nanoparticles (1.5 wt%) were also achieved after an
additional hydrothermal treatment. However, the optical transparency of dispersions decreased with the
rise of hydrothermal temperature and the shape of particles changed from rhombs to hexagons. In
particular, monodisperse hexagonal boehmite nanoplates with an average lateral size of 58 nm and a
thickness of 12.5 nm were obtained at a hydrothermal temperature of 220 Â°C. The selectivity of crystal
growth direction was speculated as the possible formation mechanism of these as-prepared aluminium
hydroxide nanoparticles. Besides, two values of 19.6 wt% and 14.64 wt% were separately measured for
the weight loss of pseudo-boehmite and boehmite nanoparticles after a continuous heating, indicating their
potential flame-resistant applications in the fabrication of plastic electronics and optical devices with high
transparency.
196. Atmospheric pressure plasma-assisted femtosecond laser engraving of aluminium
Gerhard, Christoph; Gimpel, Thomas; Tasche, Daniel; Koch nÃ©e Hoffmeister, Jennifer; BrÃ¼ckner,
Stephan; Flachenecker, GÃ¼nter; Wieneke, Stephan; Schade, Wolfgang; ViÃ¶l, Wolfgang
2018-05-01
In this contribution, we report on the impact of direct dielectric barrier discharge argon plasma at
atmospheric pressure on femtosecond laser engraving of aluminium. It is shown that the assisting plasma
strongly affects the surface geometry and formation of spikes of both laser-engraved single lines and
patterns of adjacent lines with an appropriate overlap. Further, it was observed that the overall ablation
depth is significantly increased in case of large-scale patterning whereas no notable differences in ablation
depth are found for single lines. Several possible mechanisms and underlying effects of this behaviour are
suggested. The increase in ablation depth is supposed to be due to a plasma-induced removal of debris
particles from the cutting point via charging and oxidation as supported by EDX analysis of the re-
solidified debris. Furthermore, the impact of a higher degree of surface wrinkling as well as direct
interactions of plasma species with the aluminium surface on the ablation process are discussed.
197. Atomistic calculations of dislocation core energy in aluminium
DOE PAGES
Zhou, X. W.; Sills, R. B.; Ward, D. K.; ...
2017-02-16
A robust molecular dynamics simulation method for calculating dislocation core energies has been
developed. This method has unique advantages: it does not require artificial boundary conditions, is
applicable for mixed dislocations, and can yield highly converged results regardless of the atomistic
system size. Utilizing a high-fidelity bond order potential, we have applied this method in aluminium to
calculate the dislocation core energy as a function of the angle Î² between the dislocation line and Burgers
vector. These calculations show that, for the face-centred-cubic aluminium explored, the dislocation core
energy follows the same functional dependence on Î² as the dislocation elasticmoreÂ Â» energy: Ec =
AÂ·sin 2Î² + BÂ·cos 2Î², and this dependence is independent of temperature between 100 and 300 K. By
further analysing the energetics of an extended dislocation core, we elucidate the relationship between the
core energy and radius of a perfect versus extended dislocation. With our methodology, the dislocation
core energy can be accurately accounted for in models of plastic deformation.Â«Â less
198. Atomistic calculations of dislocation core energy in aluminium
SciTech Connect
Zhou, X. W.; Sills, R. B.; Ward, D. K.
A robust molecular dynamics simulation method for calculating dislocation core energies has been
developed. This method has unique advantages: it does not require artificial boundary conditions, is
applicable for mixed dislocations, and can yield highly converged results regardless of the atomistic
system size. Utilizing a high-fidelity bond order potential, we have applied this method in aluminium to
calculate the dislocation core energy as a function of the angle Î² between the dislocation line and Burgers
vector. These calculations show that, for the face-centred-cubic aluminium explored, the dislocation core
energy follows the same functional dependence on Î² as the dislocation elasticmoreÂ Â» energy: Ec =
AÂ·sin 2Î² + BÂ·cos 2Î², and this dependence is independent of temperature between 100 and 300 K. By
further analysing the energetics of an extended dislocation core, we elucidate the relationship between the
core energy and radius of a perfect versus extended dislocation. With our methodology, the dislocation
core energy can be accurately accounted for in models of plastic deformation.Â«Â less
199. Controlling interferometric properties of nanoporous anodic aluminium oxide
PubMed Central
2012-01-01
A study of reflective interference spectroscopy [RIfS] properties of nanoporous anodic aluminium oxide
[AAO] with the aim to develop a reliable substrate for label-free optical biosensing is presented. The
influence of structural parameters of AAO including pore diameters, inter-pore distance, pore length, and
surface modification by deposition of Au, Ag, Cr, Pt, Ni, and TiO2 on the RIfS signal (Fabry-Perot fringe)
was explored. AAO with controlled pore dimensions was prepared by electrochemical anodization of
aluminium using 0.3 M oxalic acid at different voltages (30 to 70 V) and anodization times (10 to 60 min).
Results show the strong influence of pore structures and surface modifications on the interference signal
and indicate the importance of optimisation of AAO pore structures for RIfS sensing. The pore
length/pore diameter aspect ratio of AAO was identified as a suitable parameter to tune interferometric
properties of AAO. Finally, the application of AAO with optimised pore structures for sensing of a surface
binding reaction of alkanethiols (mercaptoundecanoic acid) on gold surface is demonstrated.
PMID:22280884
200. Synthesis of transparent dispersions of aluminium hydroxide nanoparticles.
PubMed
Chen, Bo; Wang, Jie-Xin; Wang, Dan; Zeng, Xiao-Fei; Clarke, Stuart M; Chen, Jian-Feng
2018-07-27
Transparent dispersions of inorganic nanoparticles are attractive materials in many fields. However, a
facile method for preparing such dispersions of aluminium hydroxide nanoparticles is yet to be realized.
Here, we report a direct reactive method to prepare transparent dispersions of pseudo-boehmite
nanoparticles (1 wt%) without any surface modification, and with an average particle size of 80 nm in
length and 10 nm in width, as well as excellent optical transparency over 94% in the visible range.
Furthermore, transparent dispersions of boehmite nanoparticles (1.5 wt%) were also achieved after an
additional hydrothermal treatment. However, the optical transparency of dispersions decreased with the
rise of hydrothermal temperature and the shape of particles changed from rhombs to hexagons. In
particular, monodisperse hexagonal boehmite nanoplates with an average lateral size of 58 nm and a
thickness of 12.5 nm were obtained at a hydrothermal temperature of 220 Â°C. The selectivity of crystal
growth direction was speculated as the possible formation mechanism of these as-prepared aluminium
hydroxide nanoparticles. Besides, two values of 19.6 wt% and 14.64 wt% were separately measured for
the weight loss of pseudo-boehmite and boehmite nanoparticles after a continuous heating, indicating their
potential flame-resistant applications in the fabrication of plastic electronics and optical devices with high
transparency.
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201. Monitoring of Surface Roughness in Aluminium Turning Process

Chaijareenont, Atitaya; Tangjitsitcharoen, Somkiat
2018-01-01
As the turning process is one of the most necessary process. The surface roughness has been considered
for the quality of workpiece. There are many factors which affect the surface roughness. Hence, the
objective of this research is to monitor the relation between the surface roughness and the cutting forces in
aluminium turning process with a wide range of cutting conditions. The coated carbide tool and
aluminium alloy (Al 6063) are used for this experiment. The cutting parameters are investigated to
analyze the effects of them on the surface roughness which are the cutting speed, the feed rate, the tool
nose radius and the depth of cut. In the case of this research, the dynamometer is installed in the turret of
CNC turning machine to generate a signal while turning. The relation between dynamic cutting forces and
the surface roughness profile is examined by applying the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The
experimentally obtained results showed that the cutting force depends on the cutting condition. The
surface roughness can be improved when increasing the cutting speed and the tool nose radius in contrast
to the feed rate and the depth of cut. The relation between the cutting parameters and the surface
roughness can be explained by the in-process cutting forces. It is understood that the in-process cutting
forces are able to predict the surface roughness in the further research.
202. Concentration of cadmium, nickel and aluminium in female breast cancer.
PubMed
Romanowicz-Makowska, Hanna; Forma, Ewa; BryÅ›, Magdalena; Krajewska, Wanda M; Smolarz, Beata
2011-12-01
The aim of this study was to investigate the cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and aluminium (Al) concentrations
in female breast cancer and normal tissue. The concentration of metals in 16 non-cancerous breast tissues
and 67 breast cancer samples was measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. In the case of
normal breast tissue the concentrations were 0.61 Â± 0.24 Î¼g Cd/g dry tissue, 1.84 Â± 0.67 Î¼g Ni/g dry
tissue, and 3.63 Â± 1.00 Î¼g Al/g dry tissue, whereas in breast cancer concentrations of metals were 0.76
Â± 0.38 Î¼g/g dry tissue, 2.26 Â± 0.79 Î¼g/g dry tissue, and 4.40 Â± 1.82 Î¼g/g dry tissue, respectively.
The concentration of Cd and Al in normal breast tissue was significantly lower than in breast cancer. In
the case of Ni concentration, we did not observe statistically significant differences between normal and
cancerous tissue. There were no significant differences in concentration of studied metals, in breast cancer,
in the context of age, menopausal status, and cancer histological grading. The data obtained show higher
concentration of cadmium and aluminium and support a possible relationship between those metals and
breast cancer.
203. Dietary exposure to aluminium in the popular Chinese fried bread youtiao.
PubMed
Li, Ge; Zhao, Xue; Wu, Shimin; Hua, Hongying; Wang, Qiang; Zhang, Zhiheng
2017-06-01
Youtiao is a typical, traditional and widely consumed fried food in China. Fermentation of youtiao
involves the use of aluminium potassium sulphate (alum). There are health concerns related to the levels
of aluminium in food; therefore, we aimed to determine the aluminium concentrations of youtiao from
various locations, and to estimate the dietary exposure by different age groups in southern and northern
China. The aluminium content of youtiao samples varied considerably (range = 4.46-852.69Â mgÂ kg -1
). Both the mean and median aluminium contents of youtiao exceeded 100Â mgÂ kg -1 , which is the
China National Standard (GB) 2760-2014 National Food Safety for Standards for food additives.
However, the median and 97.5th percentile of weekly dietary exposure to aluminium from youtiao,
estimated using Monte Carlo simulation, did not exceed the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI)
set by the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) for children, adolescents,
adults and seniors. The weekly dietary exposure to aluminium would exceed the PTWI if children,
adolescents, adults and seniors consumed 134.47, 260.98, 327.10 or 320.41Â g of youtiao per week,
respectively.
204. Towards toxicokinetic modelling of aluminium exposure from adjuvants in medicinal products.
PubMed
Weisser, Karin; StÃ¼bler, Sabine; Matheis, Walter; Huisinga, Wilhelm
2017-08-01
As a potentially toxic agent on nervous system and bone, the safety of aluminium exposure from adjuvants
in vaccines and subcutaneous immune therapy (SCIT) products has to be continuously re-evaluated,
especially regarding concomitant administrations. For this purpose, knowledge on absorption and
disposition of aluminium in plasma and tissues is essential. Pharmacokinetic data after vaccination in
humans, however, are not available, and for methodological and ethical reasons difficult to obtain. To
overcome these limitations, we discuss the possibility of an inÂ vitro-in silico approach combining a
toxicokinetic model for aluminium disposition with biorelevant kinetic absorption parameters from
adjuvants. We critically review available kinetic aluminium-26 data for model building and, on the basis
of a reparameterized toxicokinetic model (Nolte etÂ al., 2001), we identify main modelling gaps. The
potential of inÂ vitro dissolution experiments for the prediction of intramuscular absorption kinetics of
aluminium after vaccination is explored. It becomes apparent that there is need for detailed inÂ vitro
dissolution and inÂ vivo absorption data to establish an inÂ vitro-inÂ vivo correlation (IVIVC) for
aluminium adjuvants. We conclude that a combination of new experimental data and further refinement of
the Nolte model has the potential to fill a gap in aluminium risk assessment. Copyright Â© 2017 Elsevier
Inc. All rights reserved.
205. Factors affecting the aluminium content of human femoral head and neck.
PubMed
ZioÅ‚a-Frankowska, Anetta; DÄ…browski, MikoÅ‚aj; Kubaszewski, Åukasz; Rogala, Piotr; Frankowski,

Marcin
2015-11-01
Tissues for the study were obtained intraoperatively during hip replacement procedures from 96 patients.
In all the cases, the indication for this treatment was primary or secondary degenerative changes in the hip
joint. The subject of the study was the head and neck of the femur, resected in situ. Aluminium
concentrations measured in femoral head and neck samples from patients aged between 25 and 91 were
varied. Statistical methods were applied to determine the variations in relation to the parameters from the
background survey. Significant differences in the aluminium content of femoral head samples were
observed between patients under and over 60 years of age. Based on the results, it was confirmed that the
aluminium accumulates in bones over a lifetime. The study showed that the content of aluminium in the
head and neck of the femur depends on the factors such as: type of medicines taken, contact with
chemicals at work, differences in body anatomy and sex. The study on the levels of aluminium in bones
and the factors affecting its concentration is a valuable source of information for further research on the
role of aluminium in bone diseases. Based on the investigations, it was found that the GF-AAS technique
is the best analytical tool for routine analysis of aluminium in complex matrix samples. The use of femoral
heads in the investigations was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the University of Medical
Sciences in PoznaÅ„ (Poland). Copyright Â© 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
206. Serum aluminium levels in glue-sniffer adolescent and in glue containers.
PubMed
Akay, Cemal; Kalman, SÃ¼leyman; DÃ¼ndarÃ¶z, RuÅŸen; Sayal, Ahmet; Aydin, Ahmet; Ozkan,
YalÃ§in; GÃ¼l, HÃ¼samettin
2008-05-01
Glue sniffing is a serious medical problem among teenagers. Various chemical substances such as toluene
and benzene containing glues have been reported to be toxic. It has been demonstrated that some toxic
metals such as lead are elevated in the blood of solvent-addicted patients. Whereas aluminium is an
element that has toxic effects on neurological, hematopoetic system and bone metabolism. We want to
determine the serum levels of aluminium in glue-sniffer adolescents in comparison with healthy subjects.
In addition, we compared aluminium levels of different commercial glue preparations (i.e. metal and
plastic containers), to determine which type of container is better for less aluminium toxicity. We
measured serum levels of aluminium in 37 glue-sniffer and 37 healthy subjects using atomic absorption
spectrophotometry. The average duration of glue-sniffer was 3.8 +/- 0.8 years. We also measured
aluminium levels of 10 commercial glue preparations that seven of them with metal and three with plastic
containers. We found that serum levels of aluminium were 63.29 +/- 13.20 ng/ml and 36.7 +/- 8.60 ng/ml
in glue-sniffer and in control subjects, respectively (P < 0.001). The average aluminium level in the glues
was 8.6 +/- 3.24 ng/g in the preparations with metal containers, whereas 3.03 +/- 0.76 ng/g with plastic
containers (P < 0.001). Therefore, to decrease the incidence of aluminium toxicity in glue-sniffers, it may
be a good step to market of glue preparations in plastic instead of metal containers.
207. Chemical mimicking of bio-assisted aluminium extraction by Aspergillus niger's exometabolites.
PubMed
BoriovÃ¡, KatarÃna; UrÃk, Martin; BujdoÅ¡, Marek; PifkovÃ¡, Ivana; MatÃºÅ¡, Peter
2016-11-01
Presence of microorganisms in soils strongly affects mobility of metals. This fact is often excluded when
mobile metal fraction in soil is studied using extraction procedures. Thus, the first objective of this paper
was to evaluate strain Aspergillus niger's exometabolites contribution on aluminium mobilization. Fungal
exudates collected in various time intervals during cultivation were analyzed and used for two-step bio-
assisted extraction of alumina and gibbsite. Oxalic, citric and gluconic acids were identified in collected
culture media with concentrations up to 68.4, 2.0 and 16.5Â mmolÂ L -1 , respectively. These
exometabolites proved to be the most efficient agents in mobile aluminium fraction extraction with
aluminium extraction efficiency reaching almost 2.2%. However, fungal cultivation is time demanding
process. Therefore, the second objective was to simplify acquisition of equally efficient extracting agent
by chemically mimicking composition of main organic acid components of fungal exudates. This was
successfully achieved with organic acids mixture prepared according to medium composition collected on
the 12th day of Aspergillus niger cultivation. This mixture extracted similar amounts of aluminium from
alumina compared to culture medium. The aluminium extraction efficiency from gibbsite by organic acids
mixture was lesser than 0.09% which is most likely because of more rigid mineral structure of gibbsite
compared to alumina. The prepared organic acid mixture was then successfully applied for aluminium
extraction from soil samples and compared to standard single step extraction techniques. This showed
there is at least 2.9 times higher content of mobile aluminium fraction in soils than it was previously
considered, if contribution of microbial metabolites is considered in extraction procedures. Thus, our
contribution highlights the significance of fungal metabolites in aluminium extraction from environmental
samples, but it also simplifies the
208. The aluminium content of breast tissue taken from women with breast cancer.
PubMed
House, Emily; Polwart, Anthony; Darbre, Philippa; Barr, Lester; Metaxas, George; Exley, Christopher
2013-10-01
The aetiology of breast cancer is multifactorial. While there are known genetic predispositions to the
disease it is probable that environmental factors are also involved. Recent research has demonstrated a
regionally specific distribution of aluminium in breast tissue mastectomies while other work has suggested
mechanisms whereby breast tissue aluminium might contribute towards the aetiology of breast cancer. We
have looked to develop microwave digestion combined with a new form of graphite furnace atomic
absorption spectrometry as a precise, accurate and reproducible method for the measurement of
aluminium in breast tissue biopsies. We have used this method to test the thesis that there is a regional
distribution of aluminium across the breast in women with breast cancer. Microwave digestion of whole
breast tissue samples resulted in clear homogenous digests perfectly suitable for the determination of
aluminium by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The instrument detection limit for the
method was 0.48 Î¼g/L. Method blanks were used to estimate background levels of contamination of
14.80 Î¼g/L. The mean concentration of aluminium across all tissues was 0.39 Î¼g Al/g tissue dry wt.
There were no statistically significant regionally specific differences in the content of aluminium. We have
developed a robust method for the precise and accurate measurement of aluminium in human breast tissue.
There are very few such data currently available in the scientific literature and they will add substantially
to our understanding of any putative role of aluminium in breast cancer. While we did not observe any
statistically significant differences in aluminium content across the breast it has to be emphasised that
herein we measured whole breast tissue and not defatted tissue where such a distribution was previously
noted. We are very confident that the method developed herein could now be used to provide accurate and
reproducible data on the aluminium content
209. Foaming of aluminium-silicon alloy using concentrated solar energy
SciTech Connect
Cambronero, L.E.G.; Ruiz-Roman, J.M.; Canadas, I.
2010-06-15
Solar energy is used for the work reported here as a nonconventional heating system to produce
aluminium foam from Al-Si alloy precursors produced by powder metallurgy. A commercial precursor in
cylindrical bars enclosed in a stainless-steel mould was heated under concentrated solar radiation in a solar
furnace with varied heating conditions (heating rate, time, and temperature). Concentrated solar energy
close to 300 W/cm{sup 2} on the mould is high enough to achieve complete foaming after heating for
only 200 s. Under these conditions, the density and pore distribution in the foam change depending on the
solar heating parameters and mouldmoreÂ Â» design. (author)Â«Â less
210. Microstructure characterization of hypereutectoid aluminium bronze composite coating
Kucita, P.; Wang, S. C.; Li, W. S.; Cook, R. B.; Starink, M. J.
2015-10-01
Hypereutectoid aluminium bronze coating was deposited onto an E.N. 10503 steel substrate using plasma
transferred arc welding (PTA). Microstructure characterisation of the coating and a section near the steel
substrate joint was carried out using SEM, EBSD, EDS in conjunction with XRD and depth-sensing nano-
indentation. The constituent phases in the coating were identified as: martensitic Cu3Al Î²1' phase, solid
solution of Al in Cu Î± phase and the intermetallic Fe3Al Îº1 phase. The region near the steel substrate
was characterised by high hardness, large grains and presence of Cu precipitates. No cracks were observed
in this region. The coating has high hardness of 4.9GPa and Young's modulus of 121.7GPa. This is
attributed to homogeneous distribution of sub microns size Fe3Al intermetallic phase. The implications of
the coating to the engineering application of sheet metal forming are discussed.
211. Optimization of Aluminium-to-Magnesium Ultrasonic Spot Welding
Panteli, A.; Chen, Y.-C.; Strong, D.; Zhang, Xiaoyun; Prangnell, P. B.
2012-03-01
The ability to join dissimilar materials in the automotive industry will result in more efficient
multimaterial structures. However, welding of aluminium (Al) to magnesium (Mg) alloys is problematic
because of the rapid formation of brittle intermetallic phases at the weld interface. Ultrasonic welding
(USW) is a solid-state joining technology that may offer a potential solution, but USW of Al to Mg is
currently not well understood. Here, we have investigated the effect of process variables and energy input
on joint formation between Al-6111 and Mg-AZ31 alloys, and we report on the optimum welding
conditions, heat generation, and the formation of a significant intermetallic reaction layer. Furthermore,
the factors influencing the interface reaction rate and the advantages of precoating the Mg with Al are
discussed.
212. Synthesis and characterization of luminescent aluminium selenide nanocrystals
SciTech Connect
Balitskii, O.A., E-mail: balitskii@electronics.wups.lviv.ua; Demchenko, P.Yu.; Mijowska, E.
Highlights: â–º Synthesis procedure of size and sharp controlled Al{sub 2}Se{sub 3} nanocrystals is
introduced. â–º Obtained nanoparticles are highly crystalline of hexagonal wurtzite type. â–º Colloidal
Al{sub 2}Se{sub 3} nanocrystals are highly luminescent in the near UV spectral region. â–º They can be
implemented in light emitters/collectors, concurring with IIâ€“VI nanodots. -- Abstract: We propose the
synthesis and characterization of colloidal aluminium selenide nanocrystals using trioctylphosphine as a
solvent. The nanoparticles have several absorption bands in the spectral region 330â€“410 nm and are
bright UV-blue luminescent, which is well demanded in light collecting and emitting devices, e.g. for
tuningmoreÂ Â» their spectral characteristics to higher energy solar photons.Â«Â less
213. Natural gas anodes for aluminium electrolysis in molten fluorides.
PubMed
Haarberg, Geir Martin; Khalaghi, Babak; Mokkelbost, Tommy
2016-08-15
Industrial primary production of aluminium has been developed and improved over more than 100 years.
The molten salt electrolysis process is still suffering from low energy efficiency and considerable
emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2 and PFC). A new concept has been suggested where methane is
supplied through the anode so that the CO2 emissions may be reduced significantly, the PFC emissions
may be eliminated and the energy consumption may decrease significantly. Porous carbon anodes made
from different graphite grades were studied in controlled laboratory experiments. The anode potential, the
anode carbon consumption and the level of HF gas above the electrolyte were measured during
electrolysis. In some cases it was found that the methane oxidation was effectively participating in the
anode process.
214. Delamination properity of 2060 aluminium lithium alloy laminate
Guo, Xiang; Huang, Yi; Tong, Dihua; Ma, Shaojun
2018-03-01
Delamination is an significant property of aluminium lithium alloy laminate for damage tolerance design.
Double Crack Lap Shear specimens of "2/1" structure are used for testing delamination properity.
Experiments of 2 stress ratio conditions R=0.06, 0.5 are conducted, and 5 stress levels for each stress ratio.
Delamination growth data b-N are obtained from 4 crack tipsâ€™ locations. The energy release rate, Gd,
of the "2/1" structure laminate are calculated. Alderliesten modelis used for describing delamination
growth db/dN and energy release rate Gd. Parameters Cd and nd in Alderliesten model are determined for
R=0.06 and R=0.5 by linear fitting. An analysis is made by comparing the results of different stress ratio
conditons.
215. Nanostructural hierarchy increases the strength of aluminium alloys.
PubMed
Liddicoat, Peter V; Liao, Xiao-Zhou; Zhao, Yonghao; Zhu, Yuntian; Murashkin, Maxim Y; Lavernia,
Enrique J; Valiev, Ruslan Z; Ringer, Simon P
2010-09-07
Increasing the strength of metallic alloys while maintaining formability is an interesting challenge for
enabling new generations of lightweight structures and technologies. In this paper, we engineer aluminium
alloys to contain a hierarchy of nanostructures and possess mechanical properties that expand known
performance boundaries-an aerospace-grade 7075 alloy exhibits a yield strength and uniform elongation
approaching 1 GPa and 5%, respectively. The nanostructural architecture was observed using novel high-
resolution microscopy techniques and comprises a solid solution, free of precipitation, featuring (i) a high
density of dislocations, (ii) subnanometre intragranular solute clusters, (iii) two geometries of nanometre-
scale intergranular solute structures and (iv) grain sizes tens of nanometres in diameter. Our results
demonstrate that this novel architecture offers a design pathway towards a new generation of super-strong
materials with new regimes of property-performance space.
216. Quasiparticle spin resonance and coherence in superconducting aluminium
Quay, C. H. L.; Weideneder, M.; Chiffaudel, Y.; Strunk, C.; Aprili, M.
2015-10-01
Conventional superconductors were long thought to be spin inert; however, there is now increasing
interest in both (the manipulation of) the internal spin structure of the ground-state condensate, as well as
recently observed long-lived, spin-polarized excitations (quasiparticles). We demonstrate spin resonance
in the quasiparticle population of a mesoscopic superconductor (aluminium) using novel on-chip
microwave detection techniques. The spin decoherence time obtained (~100 ps), and its dependence on the
sample thickness are consistent with Elliott-Yafet spin-orbit scattering as the main decoherence
mechanism. The striking divergence between the spin coherence time and the previously measured spin
imbalance relaxation time (~10 ns) suggests that the latter is limited instead by inelastic processes. This
work stakes out new ground for the nascent field of spin-based electronics with superconductors or
superconducting spintronics.
217. Quasiparticle spin resonance and coherence in superconducting aluminium.
PubMed
Quay, C H L; Weideneder, M; Chiffaudel, Y; Strunk, C; Aprili, M
2015-10-26
microwave detection techniques. The spin decoherence time obtained (âˆ¼100â€‰ps), and its dependence
on the sample thickness are consistent with Elliott-Yafet spin-orbit scattering as the main decoherence
mechanism. The striking divergence between the spin coherence time and the previously measured spin
imbalance relaxation time (âˆ¼10â€‰ns) suggests that the latter is limited instead by inelastic processes.
This work stakes out new ground for the nascent field of spin-based electronics with superconductors or
superconducting spintronics.
218. Quasiparticle spin resonance and coherence in superconducting aluminium
PubMed Central
Quay, C. H. L.; Weideneder, M.; Chiffaudel, Y.; Strunk, C.; Aprili, M.
2015-01-01
microwave detection techniques. The spin decoherence time obtained (âˆ¼100â€‰ps), and its dependence
on the sample thickness are consistent with Elliottâ€“Yafet spinâ€“orbit scattering as the main
decoherence mechanism. The striking divergence between the spin coherence time and the previously
measured spin imbalance relaxation time (âˆ¼10â€‰ns) suggests that the latter is limited instead by
inelastic processes. This work stakes out new ground for the nascent field of spin-based electronics with
superconductors or superconducting spintronics. PMID:26497744
219. Characterization and processing of heat treated aluminium matrix composite
Doifode, Yogesh; Kulkarni, S. G.
2018-05-01
The present study is carried out to determine density and porosity of Aluminium bagasse ash reinforced
composite produced by powder metallurgy method. Bagasse ash is used as reinforcement material having
high silica and alumina contents and varied from 5 weight % to 40 weight%. The manufactured composite
is heat treated, the main objective of heat treatment is to prepare the material structurally and physically fit
for engineering application. The results showed that the density decreases with percentage increase in
reinforcement of bagasse ash from 2.6618 gm/cm3 to 1.9830 gm/cm3 with the minimum value at 40
weight% bagasse ash without heat treatment whereas after heat treatment density of composite increases
due filling up of voids and porous holes. Heat treatment processing is the key to this improvement, with
the T6 heat treated composite to convene the reduced porosity of composite. Consequently aluminium
metal matrix composite combines the strength of the reinforcement to achieve a combination of desirable
properties not available in any single material. It may observe that porosity in case of powder metallurgy
samples showed more porosity portions compare to the casting samples. In order to achieve optimality in
structure and properties of Bagasse ash-reinforcement heat treatment techniques have evolved. Generally,
the ceramic reinforcements increase the density of the base alloy during fabrication of composites.
However, the addition of lightweight reinforcements reduces the density of the hybrid composites. The
results also showed that, the density varies from to with minimum value at 40 wt. % BA. The results of the
statistical analysis showed that there are significant differences among the means of each property of the
composites at various levels of BA replacement .It was concluded that bagasse ash can be used as
reinforcement and the produced composites have low density and heat treatment reduces porosity which
could be used in automobile industry for
220. Study on erosion behaviour of hybrid aluminium composite
Vishwas, D. K.; Chandrappa, C. N.; Venkatesh, Shreyas
2018-04-01
The origin of the light metals, as compared to other metals in this century, is noticeable and an exciting
area of expansion for innovation. Light metals, are need of the day in engineering, among them
application of aluminium and its alloys is enormous. we observe that these metals tend to have a
progressive loss of metal from having contact surface with other metals. Erosion is one such wear process,
where damage occurs by the repeated application of high localised stresses. Erosion due to impact of solid
particle, is a significant problem. In the present work, the erosion behaviour of hybrid aluminium
composite is studied. AL 6061 is used as the base alloy. AL 6061 alloy has excellent corrosion resistance
but poor wear resistance. So, in order to have improved properties, it is reinforced with Tungsten
Chromium Nickel powder in varied proportions by the method of stir casting. The results are compared
with the as-cast Al-alloy to determine the improvement in mechanical properties. The tests were
conducted in ASTM G76 setup, to determine solid particle erosion behaviour and the results of the hybrid
composite were compared with that of as-cast AL 6061 alloy. It was evident that mass loss was maximum
at 300 inclinations, which is a characteristic of ductile materials. It was observed that upon increasing the
percentages of reinforcement (wt.%), the wear resistance of the hybrid composite increased significantly.
It was also observed that the inclusion of tungsten-chromium-nickel powder increased the hardness of the
hybrid composite significantly.
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221. Nanostructure of aluminium (Al) - Doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films
Hussin, Rosniza; Husin, M. Asri
2017-12-01
Aluminium (Al)-doped Zinc Oxide (ZnO) was deposited on glass substrates by using the sol-gel dip
coating technique. Next, AZO sol-gel solution was produced via sol-gel method. Al was used as doped
element with molar ratios of 1%, 2%, and 3%, while the calcination temperatures were set at 400Â°C,
500Â°C, and 600Â°C for 2 hours. In fact, characterization was carried out in order to determine the effect
of calcination temperature and molar ratio of doping by using several techniques, such as X-Ray
Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy
(FESEM), and Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). XRD was performed to investigate the crystal
structure in which the ZnO was in wurtzite hexagonal form. Next, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS)
was used to determine the composition of thin films where the result revealed the existence of zinc,
oxygen, and aluminium. The roughness of the deposited film was later measured by using the AFM
approach where the findings indicated increment in RMS from 8.496 nm to 35.883 nm as the temperature
was increased. Additionally, FESEM was carried out to look into the microstructure surfaces of the
deposited AZO thin film for increased temperature caused the particle to grow bigger for all molar ratio of
dopant. Lastly, UV-Vis was conducted to study the optical properties of AZO, in which the result
demonstrated that AZO thin film possessed the highest transmittance percentage among all samples above
90% with band gap value that ranged from 3.25 eV to 3.32 eV.
222. 3D printing of high-strength aluminium alloys
Martin, John H.; Yahata, Brennan D.; Hundley, Jacob M.; Mayer, Justin A.; Schaedler, Tobias A.; Pollock,
Tresa M.
2017-09-01
Metal-based additive manufacturing, or three-dimensional (3D) printing, is a potentially disruptive

technology across multiple industries, including the aerospace, biomedical and automotive industries.
Building up metal components layer by layer increases design freedom and manufacturing flexibility,
thereby enabling complex geometries, increased product customization and shorter time to market, while
eliminating traditional economy-of-scale constraints. However, currently only a few alloys, the most
relevant being AlSi10Mg, TiAl6V4, CoCr and Inconel 718, can be reliably printed; the vast majority of
the more than 5,500 alloys in use today cannot be additively manufactured because the melting and
solidification dynamics during the printing process lead to intolerable microstructures with large columnar
grains and periodic cracks. Here we demonstrate that these issues can be resolved by introducing
nanoparticles of nucleants that control solidification during additive manufacturing. We selected the
nucleants on the basis of crystallographic information and assembled them onto 7075 and 6061 series
aluminium alloy powders. After functionalization with the nucleants, we found that these high-strength
aluminium alloys, which were previously incompatible with additive manufacturing, could be processed
successfully using selective laser melting. Crack-free, equiaxed (that is, with grains roughly equal in
length, width and height), fine-grained microstructures were achieved, resulting in material strengths
comparable to that of wrought material. Our approach to metal-based additive manufacturing is applicable
to a wide range of alloys and can be implemented using a range of additive machines. It thus provides a
foundation for broad industrial applicability, including where electron-beam melting or directed-energy-
deposition techniques are used instead of selective laser melting, and will enable additive manufacturing
of other alloy systems, such as non-weldable nickel
223. 3D printing of high-strength aluminium alloys.
PubMed
Martin, John H; Yahata, Brennan D; Hundley, Jacob M; Mayer, Justin A; Schaedler, Tobias A; Pollock,
Tresa M
2017-09-20
Metal-based additive manufacturing, or three-dimensional (3D) printing, is a potentially disruptive

technology across multiple industries, including the aerospace, biomedical and automotive industries.
Building up metal components layer by layer increases design freedom and manufacturing flexibility,
thereby enabling complex geometries, increased product customization and shorter time to market, while
eliminating traditional economy-of-scale constraints. However, currently only a few alloys, the most
relevant being AlSi10Mg, TiAl6V4, CoCr and Inconel 718, can be reliably printed; the vast majority of
the more than 5,500 alloys in use today cannot be additively manufactured because the melting and
solidification dynamics during the printing process lead to intolerable microstructures with large columnar
grains and periodic cracks. Here we demonstrate that these issues can be resolved by introducing
nanoparticles of nucleants that control solidification during additive manufacturing. We selected the
nucleants on the basis of crystallographic information and assembled them onto 7075 and 6061 series
aluminium alloy powders. After functionalization with the nucleants, we found that these high-strength
aluminium alloys, which were previously incompatible with additive manufacturing, could be processed
successfully using selective laser melting. Crack-free, equiaxed (that is, with grains roughly equal in
length, width and height), fine-grained microstructures were achieved, resulting in material strengths
comparable to that of wrought material. Our approach to metal-based additive manufacturing is applicable
to a wide range of alloys and can be implemented using a range of additive machines. It thus provides a
foundation for broad industrial applicability, including where electron-beam melting or directed-energy-
deposition techniques are used instead of selective laser melting, and will enable additive manufacturing
of other alloy systems, such as non-weldable nickel
224. The influences of calcia silica contents to the compressive strength of the Al-7000 aluminium foam
Sutarno; Soepriyanto, S.; Korda, A. A.; Dirgantara, T.
2016-08-01
This experiment evaluated the effect of calcia alumina and alumina silica that formed as side products
involved in metal mixture of aluminium foam. These compounds are formed from additional calcium
carbonate and silica in the mixture. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) roles as a blowing agent source of carbon
dioxide (CO2). The formation of calcia alumina (CaO.Al2O3) is desired to improve the viscosity and to
strengthen of cell wall of aluminium foam. However, Al-7000 aluminium foam showed a decrease
tendency of compressive strength probably due to existence of alumina silica (3Al2O3.SiO2) in the metal
mixture. In this case, the silica that thermally combines with alumina compound may degrade the metal
mixture of aluminium foam structure.
225. Analysis of compressive strength in flatwise and edgewise direction to characterize Al-7000 aluminium
foam

Sutarno, Soepriyanto, Syoni; Korda, Akhmad A.; Dirgantara, Tatacipta
2015-09-01
The physical mechanical properties of Al-7000 aluminium foam product and processing has been
evaluated in this study. The characterization through the compressive testing refers to flatwise direction
provided more confident result than edgewise direction. This experiment may correlate with formation of
side products of calcia alumina and alumina silica that involved in metal mixture of aluminium foam.
These compounds are formed from additional calcium carbonate and silica in the mixture. Calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) roles as a blowing agent source of carbon dioxide (CO2). The formation of calcia
alumina (CaO.Al2O3) may role to strengthen of cell wall of aluminium foam and to improve the viscosity
of melting metal. The Al-7000 aluminium foam indicated a decrease of compressive strength probably due
to existence of alumina silica (3Al2O3.SiO2) in the metal mixture.
226. Synthesis of Aluminium Nanoparticles in A Water/Polyethylene Glycol Mixed Solvent using Î¼-EDM
Sahu, R. K.; Hiremath, Somashekhar S.
2017-08-01
Nanoparticles present a practical way of retaining the results of the property at the atomic or molecular
level. Due to the recent use of nanoparticles in scientific, industrial and medical applications, synthesis of
nanoparticles and their characterization have become considerably important. Currently, aluminium
nanoparticles have attracted significant research attention because of their reasonable cost, unique
properties and interdisciplinary emerging applications. The present paper reports the synthesis of
aluminium nanoparticles in the mixture of Deionized water (DI water) and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)
using a developed micro-Electrical Discharge Machining (Î¼-EDM) method. PEG was used as a stabilizer
to prevent nanoparticles from agglomeration produced during the Î¼ -EDM process. The synthesized
aluminium nanoparticles were examined by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive
Analysis by X-rays (EDAX) and Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) pattern to determine their
size, shape, chemical nature and crystal structure. The average size of the polyhedral aluminium
nanoparticles is found to be 196 nm.
227. Numerical modelling of closed-cell aluminium foam under dynamic loading
Hazell, Paul; Kader, M. A.; Islam, M. A.; Escobedo, J. P.; Saadatfar, M.
2015-06-01
Closed-cell aluminium foams are extensively used in aerospace and automobile industries. The
understanding of their behaviour under impact loading conditions is extremely important since impact
problems are directly related to design of these engineering structures. This research investigates the
response of a closed-cell aluminium foam (CYMAT) subjected to dynamic loading using the finite
element software ABAQUS/explicit. The aim of this research is to numerically investigate the material
and structural properties of closed-cell aluminium foam under impact loading conditions with interest in
shock propagation and its effects on cell wall deformation. A Î¼-CT based 3D foam geometry is
developed to simulate the local cell collapse behaviours. A number of numerical techniques are applied
for modelling the crush behaviour of aluminium foam to obtain the more accurate results. The simulation
results are compared with experimental data. Comparison of the results shows a good correlation between
the experimental results and numerical predictions.
228. Non-aqueous aluminium-air battery based on ionic liquid electrolyte
Revel, Renaud; Audichon, Thomas; Gonzalez, Serge
2014-12-01
A promising metal-air secondary battery based on aluminium-oxygen couple is described. In this paper,
we observed that an aluminium-air battery employing EMImCl, AlCl3 room temperature ionic liquid
(RTIL) as electrolyte and aluminium as negative electrode, has an exceptional reduced self-discharged
rate. Due to its new and innovative type of electrolyte, this aluminium-air battery can support relatively
high current densities (up to 0.6 mA cm-2) and an average voltage of 0.6-0.8 V. Such batteries may find
immediate applications, as they can provide an internal, built-in autonomous and self-sustained energy
source.
229. Effects of aluminium on electrical and mechanical properties of frog atrial muscle.
PubMed Central
Meiri, H.; Shimoni, Y.
1991-01-01
1. The effects of aluminium on membrane ionic currents were studied in single cardiac myocytes. Most of
the work was done on frog atrial cells, but some experiments were also carried out on single cells isolated
from rabbit ventricles and atria. 2. The effects of aluminium on the force of contraction of frog atrial
trabeculae were also investigated. 3. Aluminium was prepared from AlCl3 as a stock 0.5 M solution which
has a pH of 3.5. Before each experiment, this solution was added to the control solution, to give a final
concentration of 20-100 micrograms ml-1 aluminium (0.75-3.75 mM AlCl3). The solutions were brought
to a pH of 7.4 or 7.6. at which they consist of a mixture of amorphous aluminium hydroxides and a very
small amount of soluble ionic aluminium complexes: free aluminium cations (less than 10 pM),
aluminohydroxide anions (less than 8 microM). The addition of this suspension reduced the peak inward
calcium currents in single rabbit atrial and ventricular cells and in frog atrial cells. In the latter, the peak
current was reduced (at + 10 mV) to 45% of control (mean of 9 cells). This effect was reversible upon
washout, and was obtained at all membrane potentials, with no shift of the calcium current voltage
relationship along the voltage axis. 4. Aluminium also reduced the time-dependent potassium current IK.
This reduction was observed at all membrane potentials. For example, at + 10 mV, the mean reduction of
IK (n = 9) was to 69% of the control amplitude. This effect, which was very difficult to reverse, was not
due to IK rundown.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID:2015425
230. Aluminium concentrations in Swedish forest streams and co-variations with catchment characteristics.
PubMed
LÃ¶fgren, Stefan; Cory, Neil; Zetterberg, Therese
2010-07-01
The negative effects of elevated concentrations of inorganic aluminium on aquatic organisms are well
documented. Acid deposition is often cited as a main driver behind the mobilisation and speciation of
aluminium in soils and surface waters. In the study, we tested the hypothesis that sulphur deposition is the
main driver for elevated concentrations of inorganic aluminium in 114 base poor, boreal Swedish streams.
However, the deposition of anthropogenic sulphate has decreased substantially since it peaked in the
1970s, and at the current deposition levels, we hypothesise that local site parameters play an important
role in determining vulnerability to elevated concentrations of inorganic aluminium in boreal stream
waters. Presented here are the results of a principal components analysis of stream water chemistry, acid
deposition data and local site variables, including forest composition and stem volume. It is shown that the
concentrations of both organic and inorganic aluminium are not explained by either historical or current
acid deposition, but are instead explained by a combination of local site characteristics. Sites with elevated
concentrations of inorganic aluminium were characterised by small catchments (<500 ha) dominated by
mature stands of Norway spruce with high stem volume. Using data from the Swedish National Forest
Inventory the area of productive forest land in Sweden with a higher vulnerability for elevated inorganic
aluminium concentrations in forests streams is approximately 1.5 million hectares or 7% of the total
productive forest area; this is higher in the south of Sweden (10%) and lower in the north (2%). A better
understanding of the effects of natural processes and forest management in controlling aquatic inorganic
aluminium concentrations is therefore important in future discussions about measures against surface
water acidification.
231. Electrical burn injuries of workers using portable aluminium ladders near overhead power lines.
PubMed
Moghtader, J C; Himel, H N; Demun, E M; Bellian, K T; Edlich, R F
1993-10-01
The use of aluminium ladders around high voltage power lines has resulted in a significant number of
electrical injuries and electrocutions. Workers often misjudge wire distances or lose control of fully
extended ladders, thereby exposing themselves to electrocution hazard. High-voltage electrical burns of
two workers using an aluminium ladder that contacted a high voltage power line are reported. The
circumstances surrounding the injury, the clinical management of the case, and the methods of prevention
are presented and discussed.
232. Tribologic analyses of a self-mated aluminium contact used for overhead transmission lines
Steier, V. Franco
2017-05-01
The lifetime of aluminium components is often limited to their poor wear resistance. One example for
such aluminium applications are overhead transmission lines. The sore points of these lines are the
segments where the aluminium conductors are fixed to the line supports. The fixation is commonly
realized via aluminium suspension clamps. Here, a superposition of different loads like traction and
bending stresses, clamping forces and different types of wear occurs. To investigate the wear behaviour in
these peculiar points, tribologic model tests were carried out. Within the tests, overhead conductor wires
and aluminium plates, extracted from suspension clamps were reciprocally slid against aluminium plates
(cylinder-on-plate test). The COF and a wear related parameter were recorded constantly. Subsequently,
the loaded surfaces were analysed using confocal laser and electron scanning microscopy as well as
energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The investigation detected the formation of an oxidized tribologic
layer between both components. The tribolayer, which mayor part adhered on the suspension clamps, was
mostly formed from material removed from the conductor wires.
233. Effects of Aluminium on Rat Brain Mitochondria Bioenergetics: an In vitro and In vivo Study.
PubMed
Iglesias-GonzÃ¡lez, Javier; SÃ¡nchez-Iglesias, SofÃa; Beiras-Iglesias, AndrÃ©s; MÃ©ndez-Ãlvarez,

EstefanÃa; Soto-Otero, RamÃ³n
2017-01-01
Numerous studies have highlighted the potential of aluminium as an aetiological factor for some
neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Our previous
studies have shown that aluminium can cause oxidative stress, reduce the activity of some antioxidant
enzymes, and enhance the dopaminergic neurodegeneration induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in an
experimental model of Parkinson's disease in rats. We now report a study on the effects caused by
aluminium on mitochondrial bioenergetics following aluminium addition and after its chronic
administration to rats. To develop our study, we used a high-resolution respirometry to test the
mitochondrial respiratory capacities under the conditions of coupling, uncoupling, and non-coupling. Our
study showed alterations in leakiness, a reduction in the maximum capacity of complex II-linked
respiratory pathway, a decline in the respiration efficiency, and a decrease in the activities of complexes III
and V in both models studied. The observed effects also included both an alteration in mitochondrial
transmembrane potential and a decrease in oxidative phosphorylation capacity when relatively high
concentrations of aluminium were added to the isolated mitochondria. These findings contribute to explain
both the ability of aluminium to generate oxidative stress and its suggested potential to act as an
etiological factor by promoting the progression of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's
disease.
234. Surface mechanical behaviour of composite Ni-P-fly ash/zincate coated aluminium alloy
Panagopoulos, C. N.; Georgiou, E. P.
2009-04-01
Ni-P-fly ash coatings were produced on zincate coated 5083 wrought aluminium alloy substrates with the
aid of an electroless deposition technique. Structural and chemical characterization of the produced
coatings was performed with the aid of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
and electron dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) techniques. The Ni-P-fly ash coating was found to consist of
an amorphous Ni-P matrix with dispersed fly ash particles. The wear resistance of the Ni-P-fly ash coating
on zincate treated aluminium alloy was observed to be higher than that of the bare aluminium alloy, when
sliding against a stainless steel counterface. In addition, the adhesion between the Ni-P-fly ash/zincate
coating and the aluminium alloy substrate was also studied with a scratch testing apparatus. The adhesion
strength of Ni-P-fly ash/zincate coating on the aluminium alloy substrate was observed to be higher in
comparison to the Ni-P/zincate coating on the same aluminium alloy.
235. Aluminium(III) amidinates formed from reactions of `AlCl' with lithium amidinates.
PubMed
Mayo, Dennis H; Peng, Yang; Zavalij, Peter; Bowen, Kit H; Eichhorn, Bryan W
2013-10-01
The disproportionation of AlCl(THF)n (THF is tetrahydrofuran) in the presence of lithium amidinate

species gives aluminium(III) amidinate complexes with partial or full chloride substitution. Three
aluminium amidinate complexes formed during the reaction between aluminium monochloride and
lithium amidinates are presented. The homoleptic complex tris(N,N'-
diisopropylbenzimidamido)aluminium(III), [Al(C13H19N2)3] or Al{PhC[N(i-Pr)]2}3, (I), crystallizes
from the same solution as the heteroleptic complex chloridobis(N,N'-
diisopropylbenzimidamido)aluminium(III), [Al(C13H19N2)2Cl] or Al{PhC[N(i-Pr)]2}2Cl, (II). Both
have two crystallographically independent molecules per asymmetric unit (Z' = 2) and (I) shows disorder
in four of its N(i-Pr) groups. Changing the ligand substituent to the bulkier cyclohexyl allows the isolation
of the partial THF solvate chloridobis(N,N'-dicyclohexylbenzimidamido)aluminium(III) tetrahydrofuran
0.675-solvate, [Al(C19H27N2)2Cl]Â·0.675C4H8O or Al[PhC(NCy)2]2ClÂ·0.675THF, (III). Despite
having a twofold rotation axis running through its Al and Cl atoms, (III) has a similar molecular structure
to that of (II).
236. Hazardous Waste
MedlinePlus
... use them properly, many chemicals can still harm human health and the environment. When you throw
these substances away, they become hazardous waste. Some hazardous wastes come from products in our
...
237. Textile Wastes.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Talbot, R. S.
1978-01-01
Presents a literature review of wastes from textile industry, covering publications of 1977. This review
covers studies such as removing heavy metals in textile wastes, and the biodegradability of six dyes. A list
of references is also presented. (HM)
238. Aluminium content of some processed foods, raw materials and food additives in China by inductively
coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.
PubMed
Deng, Gui-Fang; Li, Ke; Ma, Jing; Liu, Fen; Dai, Jing-Jing; Li, Hua-Bin
2011-01-01
The level of aluminium in 178 processed food samples from Shenzhen city in China was evaluated using
inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Some processed foods contained a concentration of up to
1226 mg/kg, which is about 12 times the Chinese food standard. To establish the main source in these
foods, Al levels in the raw materials were determined. However, aluminium concentrations in raw
materials were low (0.10-451.5 mg/kg). Therefore, aluminium levels in food additives used in these foods
was determined and it was found that some food additives contained a high concentration of aluminium
(0.005-57.4 g/kg). The results suggested that, in the interest of public health, food additives containing
high concentrations of aluminium should be replaced by those containing less. This study has provided
new information on aluminium levels in Chinese processed foods, raw materials and a selection of food
additives.
239. Agricultural Wastes.
Jewell, W. J.; Switzenbaum, M. S.
1978-01-01
Presents a literature review of agricultural wastes, covering publications of 1976-77. Some of the areas
covered are: (1) water characteristics and impacts; (2) waste treatment; (3) reuse of agricultural wastes;
and (4) nonpoint pollution sources. A list of 150 references is also presented. (HM)
240. Radioactive Waste.
Blaylock, B. G.
1978-01-01
Presents a literature review of radioactive waste disposal, covering publications of 1976-77. Some of the
studies included are: (1) high-level and long-lived wastes, and (2) release and burial of low-level wastes.
A list of 42 references is also presented. (HM)
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241. Water defluoridation by aluminium oxide-manganese oxide composite material.
PubMed
Alemu, Sheta; Mulugeta, Eyobel; Zewge, Feleke; Chandravanshi, Bhagwan Singh
2014-08-01
In this study, aluminium oxide-manganese oxide (AOMO) composite material was synthesized,
characterized, and tested for fluoride removal in batch experiments. AOMO was prepared from
manganese(II) chloride and aluminium hydroxide. The surface area of AOMO was found to be 30.7m2/g
and its specific density was determined as 2.78 g/cm3. Detailed investigation of the adsorbent by
inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry,
and ion chromatography (for sulphate only) showed that it is composed of Al, Mn, SO4, and Na as major
components and Fe, Si, Ca, and Mg as minor components. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to study
the thermal behaviour of AOMO. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the adsorbent is poorly
crystalline. The point of zero charge was determined as 9.54. Batch experiments (by varying the
proportion of MnO, adsorbent dose, contact time, initial F concentration, and raw water pH) showed that
fluoride removal efficiency ofAOMO varied significantly with percentage of MnO with an optimum value
of about I11% of manganese oxide in the adsorbent. The optimum dose of the adsorbent was 4 g/L which
corresponds to the equilibrium adsorption capacity of 4.8 mg F-/g. Both the removal efficiency and
adsorption capacity showed an increasing trend with an increase in initial fluoride concentration of the
water. The pH for optimum fluoride removal was found to be in the range between 5 and 7. The
adsorption data were analysed using the Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubinirn-Radushkevich models. The
minimum adsorption capacity obtained from the non-linear Freundlich isotherm model was 4.94 mg F-/g
and the maximum capacity from the Langmuir isotherm method was 19.2mg F-/g. The experimental data
of fluoride adsorption on AOMO fitted well to the Freundlich isotherm model. Kinetic studies showed that
the adsorption is well described by a non-linear pseudo-second-order reaction model with an average rate
constant of 3
242. Design of an innovative, ecological portable waste compressor for in-house recycling of paper, plastic and
metal packaging waste.
PubMed
Xevgenos, D; Athanasopoulos, N; Kostazos, P K; Manolakos, D E; Moustakas, K; Malamis, D; Loizidou,

M
2015-05-01
Waste management in Greece relies heavily on unsustainable waste practices (mainly landfills and in
certain cases uncontrolled dumping of untreated waste). Even though major improvements have been
achieved in the recycling of municipal solid waste during recent years, there are some barriers that hinder
the achievement of high recycling rates. Source separation of municipal solid waste has been recognised
as a promising solution to produce high-quality recycled materials that can be easily directed to secondary
materials markets. This article presents an innovative miniature waste separator/compressor that has been
designed and developed for the source separation of municipal solid waste at a household level. The
design of the system is in line with the Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC), since it allows for the
separate collection (and compression) of municipal solid waste, namely: plastic (polyethylene
terephthalate and high-density polyethylene), paper (cardboard and Tetrapak) and metal (aluminium and
tin cans). It has been designed through the use of suitable software tools (LS-DYNA, INVENTROR and
COMSOL). The results from the simulations, as well as the whole design process and philosophy, are
discussed in this article. Â© The Author(s) 2015.
243. Effect of aluminium on migratory and invasive properties of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in culture.
PubMed
Darbre, Philippa D; Bakir, Ayse; Iskakova, Elzira
2013-11-01
Aluminium (Al) has been measured in human breast tissue, nipple aspirate fluid and breast cyst fluid, and
recent studies have shown that at tissue concentrations, aluminium can induce DNA damage and
suspension growth in human breast epithelial cells. This paper demonstrates for the first time that
exposure to aluminium can also increase migratory and invasive properties of MCF-7 human breast cancer
cells. Long-term (32 weeks) but not short-term (1 week) exposure of MCF-7 cells to 10(-4) M aluminium
chloride or 10(-4) M aluminium chlorohydrate increased motility of the cells as measured by live cell
imaging (cumulative length moved by individual cells), by a wound healing assay and by migration in real
time through 8 Î¼m pores of a membrane using xCELLigence technology. Long-term exposure (37
weeks) to 10(-4) M aluminium chloride or 10(-4) M aluminium chlorohydrate also increased the ability of
MCF-7 cells to invade through a matrigel layer as measured in real time using the xCELLigence system.
Although molecular mechanisms remain to be characterized, the ability of aluminium salts to increase
migratory and invasive properties of MCF-7 cells suggests that the presence of aluminium in the human
breast could influence metastatic processes. This is important because mortality from breast cancer arises
mainly from tumour spread rather than from the presence of a primary tumour in the breast. Â© 2013.
244. Electronic wastes
Regel-Rosocka, Magdalena
2018-03-01
E-waste amount is growing at about 4% annually, and has become the fastest growing waste stream in the
industrialized world. Over 50 million tons of e-waste are produced globally each year, and some of them
end up in landfills causing danger of toxic chemicals leakage over time. E-waste is also sent to developing
countries where informal processing of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) causes serious
health and pollution problems. A huge interest in recovery of valuable metals from WEEE is clearly
visible in a great number of scientific, popular scientific publications or government and industrial reports.
245. Aspects of fabrication aluminium matrix heterophase composites by suspension method
Dolata, A. J.; Dyzia, M.
2012-05-01
Composites with an aluminium alloy matrix (AlMMC) exhibit several advantageous properties such as
good strength, stiffness, low density, resistance and dimensional stability to elevated temperatures, good
thermal expansion coefficient and particularly high resistance to friction wear. Therefore such composites
are more and more used in modern engineering constructions. Composites reinforced with hard ceramic
particles (Al2O3, SiC) are gradually being implemented into production in automotive or aircraft
industries. Another application of AlMMC is in the electronics industry, where the dimensional stability
and capacity to absorb and remove heat is used in radiators. However the main problems are still: a
reduction of production costs, developing methods of composite material tests and final product quality
assessment, standardisation, development of recycling and mechanical processing methods. AlMMC
production technologies, based on liquid-phase methods, and the shaping of products by casting methods,
belong to the cheapest production methods. Application of a suspension method for the production of
composites with heterophase reinforcement may turn out to be a new material and technological solution.
The article presents the material and technological aspects of the transfer procedures for the production of
composite suspensions from laboratory scale to a semi-industrial scale.
246. Frictional conditions between alloy AA6060 aluminium and tool steel
SciTech Connect
Wideroee, Fredrik; Welo, Torgeir
The frictional conditions in the new process of screw extrusion of aluminium have been investigated. The
contact behaviour between the aluminum alloy and the tool steel in the extruder is vital for understanding
the extrusion process. Using a compressive-rotational method for frictional measurements the conditions
for unlubricated sticking friction between aluminum alloy AA6060 and tool steel at different combinations
of temperatures and pressures have been investigated. In this method the samples in the form of disks are
put under hydrostatic pressure while simultaneously being rotated at one end. Pins made from contrast
material have been inserted into the samples tomoreÂ Â» measure the deformation introduced. This
approach along with 3D simulations form a method for determining the frictional conditions. The paper
describes the test method and the results. It was found that the necessary pressure for sticking to occur
between the aluminum AA6060 and the different parts of the extruder is heavily influenced by the
temperature.Â«Â less
247. Spall fracture in aluminium alloy at high strain rates
Joshi, K. D.; Rav, Amit; Sur, Amit; Kaushik, T. C.; Gupta, Satish C.
2016-05-01
Spall fracture strength and dynamic yield strength has been measured in 8mm thick target plates of
aluminium alloy Al2024-T4 at high strain rates generated in three plate impact experiments carried out at
impact velocities of 180 m/s, 370 m/s and 560m/s, respectively, using single stage gas gun facility. In each
experiment, the free surface velocity history of the Al2024-T4 sample plate measured employing velocity
interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR) is used to determine the spall strength and dynamic yield
strength of this material. The spall strength of 1.11 GPa, 1.16 GPa and 1.43 GPa, determined from
measured free surface velocity history of sample material in three experiments performed at impact
velocity of 180 m/s, 370 m/s and 560 m/s, respectively, are higher than the quasi static value of 0.469 GPa
and display almost linearly increasing trend with increasing impact velocity or equivalently with
increasing strain rates. The average strain rates just ahead of the spall fracture are determined to be 1.9Ã—
10 4/s, 2.0Ã—104/s and 2.5Ã—104/s, respectively. The dynamic yield strength determined in the three
experiments range from 0.383 GPa to 0.407 GPa, which is higher than the quasi static value of 0.324GPa.
248. Quantitative prediction of solute strengthening in aluminium alloys.
PubMed
Leyson, Gerard Paul M; Curtin, William A; Hector, Louis G; Woodward, Christopher F
2010-09-01
Despite significant advances in computational materials science, a quantitative, parameter-free prediction

of the mechanical properties of alloys has been difficult to achieve from first principles. Here, we present
a new analytic theory that, with input from first-principles calculations, is able to predict the strengthening
of aluminium by substitutional solute atoms. Solute-dislocation interaction energies in and around the
dislocation core are first calculated using density functional theory and a flexible-boundary-condition
method. An analytic model for the strength, or stress to move a dislocation, owing to the random field of
solutes, is then presented. The theory, which has no adjustable parameters and is extendable to other
metallic alloys, predicts both the energy barriers to dislocation motion and the zero-temperature flow
stress, allowing for predictions of finite-temperature flow stresses. Quantitative comparisons with
experimental flow stresses at temperature T=78 K are made for Al-X alloys (X=Mg, Si, Cu, Cr) and good
agreement is obtained.
249. Dimensional accuracy of aluminium extrusions in mechanical calibration
Raknes, Christian Arne; Welo, Torgeir; Paulsen, Frode
2018-05-01
Reducing dimensional variations in the extrusion process without increasing cost is challenging due to the
nature of the process itself. An alternative approachâ€”also from a cost perspectiveâ€”is using extruded
profiles with standard tolerances and utilize downstream processes, and thus calibrate the part within
tolerance limits that are not achievable directly from the extrusion process. In this paper, two mechanical
calibration strategies for the extruded product are investigated, utilizing the forming lines of the
manufacturer. The first calibration strategy is based on global, longitudinal stretching in combination with
local bending, while the second strategy utilizes the principle of transversal stretching and local bending
of the cross-section. An extruded U-profile is used to make a comparison between the two methods using
numerical analyses. To provide response surfaces with the FEA program, ABAQUS is used in
combination with Design of Experiment (DOE). DOE is conducted with a two-level fractional factorial
design to collect the appropriate data. The aim is to find the main factors affecting the dimension accuracy
of the final part obtained by the two calibration methods. The results show that both calibration strategies
have proven to reduce cross-sectional variations effectively form standard extrusion tolerances. It is
concluded that mechanical calibration is a viable, low-cost alternative for aluminium parts that demand
high dimensional accuracy, e.g. due to fit-up or welding requirements.
250. Preparation and characterization of aluminium-silica metal matrix composite
Mallikarjuna, G. B.; Basavaraj, E.
2018-04-01
Aluminum alloys are widely used in aerospace and automobile industries due to their low density and
good mechanical properties, better corrosion resistance and wear, low thermal coefficient of expansion as
compared to conventional metals and alloys. The excellent properties of these materials and relatively low
production cost make them a very attractive for a variety of applications. In this present work, Al alloy
LM13-SiO2 composites were produced by stir casting method. The reinforcement SiO2 particle size used
for preparation of composites are 106 Âµm, 150 Âµm, 250 Âµm and 355 Âµm with varying amount of 3
to 12 wt% in steps of 3. The prepared composite specimens were machined as per test standards. Effects
of weight percentage of SiO2 particles on wear, tensile strength of Al alloy LM13-SiO2 composites have
been investigated. The microstructures of the composites were studied to know the dispersion of the SiO2
particles in matrix. Experimental results shows that there is enhanced mechanical properties, when silica
weighing 9% was added to the base aluminium alloy and also similar trend exists in all four different
micron size of silica and also it has been observed that addition of SiO2 particles significantly improves
wear resistance properties as compared with that of unreinforced matrix.
251. Optical diagnostics of laser-produced aluminium plasmas under water
Walsh, N.; Costello, J. T.; Kelly, T. J.
2017-06-01
We report on the findings of double-pulse studies performed on an aluminium target submerged in water
using Nd:YAG laser pulses. Shadowgraphy measurements were performed to examine the dynamic
behaviour of the cavitation bubble that eventually forms some considerable time post-plasma ignition.
These measurements were used to inform subsequent investigations designed to probe the bubble
environment. The results of time-resolved imaging from within the cavitation bubble following irradiation
by a second laser pulse reveal the full dynamic evolution of a plasma formed in such an environment.
Rapid displacement of the plasma plume in a direction normal to the target surface followed by a diffusive
outwards expansion is observed and a qualitative model is proposed to explain the observed behaviour.
Line profiles of several ionic and atomic species were observed within the irradiated cavitation bubble.
Electron densities were determined using the Stark broadening of the Al II line at 466.3 nm and electron
temperatures inferred using the ratio of the Al II (466.3 nm) and Al I (396.15 nm) lines. Evidence of self-
reversal of neutral emission lines was observed at times corresponding to growth and collapse phases of
the cavitation bubble suggesting high population density for ground state atoms during these times.
252. Molecular markers associated with aluminium tolerance in Sorghum bicolor.
PubMed
Too, Emily Jepkosgei; Onkware, Augustino Osoro; Were, Beatrice Ang'iyo; Gudu, Samuel; Carlsson,
Anders; Geleta, Mulatu
2018-01-01
Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor , L. Moench) production in many agro-ecologies is constrained by a variety of
stresses, including high levels of aluminium (Al) commonly found in acid soils. Therefore, for such soils,
growing Al tolerant cultivars is imperative for high productivity. In this study, molecular markers
associated with Al tolerance were identified using a mapping population developed by crossing two
contrasting genotypes for this trait. Four SSR ( Xtxp34 , Sb5_236 , Sb6_34 , and Sb6_342 ), one STS (
CTG29_3b ) and three ISSR ( 811_1400 , 835_200 and 884_200 ) markers produced alleles that showed
significant association with Al tolerance. CTG29_3b, 811_1400 , Xtxp34 and Sb5_ 236 are located on
chromosome 3 with the first two markers located close to Alt SB , a locus that underlie the Al tolerance
gene ( SbMATE ) implying that their association with Al tolerance is due to their linkage to this gene.
Although CTG29_3b and 811_ 1400 are located closer to Alt SB , Xtxp34 and Sb5_236 explained higher
phenotypic variance of Al tolerance indices. Markers 835_200 , 884_200 , Sb6_34 and Sb6_342 are
located on different chromosomes, which implies the presence of several genes involved in Al tolerance in
addition to S bMATE in sorghum. These molecular markers have a high potential for use in breeding for
Al tolerance in sorghum.
253. Aluminium exposure disrupts elemental homeostasis in Caenorhabditis elegansâ€
PubMed Central
Page, Kathryn E.; White, Keith N.; McCrohan, Catherine R.
2013-01-01
Aluminium (Al) is highly abundant in the environment and can elicit a variety of toxic responses in
biological systems. Here we characterize the effects of Al on Caenorhabditis elegans by identifying
phenotypic abnormalities and disruption in whole-body metal homeostasis (metallostasis) following Al
exposure in food. Widespread changes to the elemental content of adult nematodes were observed when
chronically exposed to Al from the first larval stage (L1). Specifically, we saw increased barium,
chromium, copper and iron content, and a reduction in calcium levels. Lifespan was decreased in worms
exposed to low levels of Al, but unexpectedly increased when the Al concentration reached higher levels
(4.8 mM). This bi-phasic phenotype was only observed when Al exposure occurred during development,
as lifespan was unaffected by Al exposure during adulthood. Lower levels of Al slowed C. elegans
developmental progression, and reduced hermaphrodite self-fertility and adult body size. Significant
developmental delay was observed even when Al exposure was restricted to embryogenesis. Similar
changes in Al have been noted in association with Al toxicity in humans and other mammals, suggesting
that C. elegans may be of use as a model for understanding the mechanisms of Al toxicity in mammalian
systems. PMID:22534883
254. Welding current and melting rate in GMAW of aluminium
SciTech Connect
Pandey, S.; Rao, U.R.K.; Aghakhani, M.
1996-12-31
Studies on GMAW of aluminium and its alloy 5083, revealed that the welding current and melting rate
were affected by any change in wire feed rate, arc voltage, nozzle to plate distance, welding speed and
torch angle. Empirical models have been presented to determine accurately the welding current and
melting rate for any set of these parameters. These results can be utilized for determining accurately the
heat input into the workpiece from which reliable predictions can be made about the mechanical and the
metallurgical properties of a welded joint. The analysis of the model also helps in providing a
vitalmoreÂ Â» information about the static V-I characteristics of the welding power source. The models
were developed using a two-level fractional factorial design. The adequacy of the model was tested by the
use of analysis of variance technique and the significance of the coefficients was tested by the student`s t
test. The estimated and observed values of the welding current and melting rate have been shown on a
scatter diagram and the interaction effects of different parameters involved have been presented in
graphical forms.Â«Â less
255. Asthma caused by potassium aluminium tetrafluoride: a case series.
PubMed
LaÅ¡tovkovÃ¡, Andrea; KlusÃ¡ÄkovÃ¡, Pavlina; FenclovÃ¡, Zdenka; Bonneterre, Vincent; PelclovÃ¡,

Daniela
2015-01-01
The objective of this study is to describe a case-series of potassium aluminium tetrafluoride (KAlF(4))-
induced occupational asthma (OA) and/or occupational rhinitis (OR). The study involves five patients
from a heat-exchanger production line who were examined (including specific inhalation challenge tests)
for suspected OA and/or OR caused by a flux containing almost 100% KAlF(4) - with fluorides'
workplace air concentrations ranging between 1.7 and 2.8â€…mg/m(3). No subject had a previous history
of asthma. All five patients had a positive specific challenge test (three patients were diagnosed with OA
alone, one with OR and one with both OR and OA). At the follow-up visit, after three years on average,
all patients needed permanent corticosteroid therapy (four topical, one oral). After elimination from the
exposure, only one of the observed subjects gave an indication of an improvement, two subjects stabilized
and two worsened. Our case series focuses on the correlation between patients' exposure to fluorides in
air-conditioner production and the subsequent occurrence of OR/OA. Currently, it is uncertain whether
these OR/OA were caused by hypersensitivity or irritation.
256. Asthma caused by potassium aluminium tetrafluoride: a case series
PubMed Central
LAÅ TOVKOVÃ, Andrea; KLUSÃÄŒKOVÃ, Pavlina; FENCLOVÃ, Zdenka; BONNETERRE,

Vincent; PELCLOVÃ, Daniela
2015-01-01
The objective of this study is to describe a case-series of potassium aluminium tetrafluoride (KAlF4)-
induced occupational asthma (OA) and/or occupational rhinitis (OR). The study involves five patients
from a heat-exchanger production line who were examined (including specific inhalation challenge tests)
for suspected OA and/or OR caused by a flux containing almost 100% KAlF4 âˆ’ with fluoridesâ€™
workplace air concentrations ranging between 1.7 and 2.8â€…mg/m3. No subject had a previous history
of asthma. All five patients had a positive specific challenge test (three patients were diagnosed with OA
alone, one with OR and one with both OR and OA). At the follow-up visit, after three years on average,
all patients needed permanent corticosteroid therapy (four topical, one oral). After elimination from the
exposure, only one of the observed subjects gave an indication of an improvement, two subjects stabilized
and two worsened. Our case series focuses on the correlation between patientsâ€™ exposure to fluorides
in air-conditioner production and the subsequent occurrence of OR/OA. Currently, it is uncertain whether
these OR/OA were caused by hypersensitivity or irritation. PMID:26212411
257. Fabrication of MEMS components using ultrafine-grained aluminium alloys
Qiao, Xiao Guang; Gao, Nong; Moktadir, Zakaria; Kraft, Michael; Starink, Marco J.
2010-04-01
A novel process for the fabrication of a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) metallic component
with features smaller than 10 Âµm and high thermal conductivity was investigated. This may be applied
to new or improved microscale components, such as (micro-) heat exchangers. In the first stage of
processing, equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) was employed to refine the grain size of commercial
purity aluminium (Al-1050) to the ultrafine-grained (UFG) material. Embossing was conducted using a
micro silicon mould fabricated by deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). Both cold embossing and hot
embossing were performed on the coarse-grained and UFG Al-1050. Cold embossing on UFG Al-1050
led to a partially transferred pattern from the micro silicon mould and high failure rate of the mould. Hot
embossing on UFG Al-1050 provided a smooth embossed surface with a fully transferred pattern and a
low failure rate of the mould, while hot embossing on the coarse-grained Al-1050 resulted in a rougher
surface with shear bands.
258. Repassivation Investigations on Aluminium: Physical Chemistry of the Passive State
Nagy, Tristan Oliver; Weimerskirch, Morris JhÃ¤ngi Joseph; Pacher, Ulrich; Kautek, Wolfgang
2016-09-01
We show the temporal change in repassivation mechanism as a time-dependent linear combination of a

high-field model of oxide growth (HFM) and the point defect model (PDM). The observed switch in
transient repassivation current-decrease under potentiostatic control occurs independently of the active
electrode size and effective repassivation time for all applied overpotentials. For that, in situ depassivation
of plasma electrolytically oxidized (PEO) coatings on aluminium was performed with nanosecond laser
pulses at 266 nm and the repassivation current transients were recorded as a function of pulse number. A
mathematical model combines the well established theories of oxide-film formation and growth kinetics,
giving insight in the non linear transient behaviour of micro-defect passivation. According to our findings,
the repassivation process can be described as a charge consumption via two concurrent channels. While
the major current-decay at the very beginning of the fast healing oxide follows a point-defect type
exponential damping, the HFM mechanism supersedes gradually, the longer the repassivation evolves.
Furthermore, the material seems to reminisce former laser treatments via defects built-in during
depassivation, leading to a higher charge contribution of the PDM mechanism at higher pulse numbers.
259. Small airways function in aluminium and stainless steel welders.
PubMed
Nielsen, J; Dahlqvist, M; Welinder, H; Thomassen, Y; Alexandersson, R; Skerfving, S
1993-01-01
The effect of welding fumes on small airways was studied in 25 male subjects who welded in aluminium
(Al) and to some extent also in stainless steel (SS). Despite a low exposure to welding fumes as compared
to the permissible exposure limits, excretion of Al in urine was found to be increased in all subjects
(median value: 0.29 mmol/mol creatinine on Friday afternoon, as compared to an upper reference level of
0.10 mmol/mol creatinine). In addition, the welders displayed increased prevalences of work-related eye
and airways (pharyngitis and non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity) symptoms, as compared to 25
matched controls. Short-term welders (< or = 2.5 years) had more symptoms related to the upper airways
than did long-term welders, which may indicate a selection. Spirometry, closing volume and volume of
trapped gas (VTG) did not deviate. However, after methacholine inhalation, the long-term welders had a
significantly steeper slope of the alveolar plateau on the single-breath nitrogen wash-out test, and a slight
increase in VTG, as compared to the short-term welders and the controls. These findings may indicate a
welding fume-induced increase in the reactivity of the small airways. Because Al welding was far more
frequent than SS welding, an association with the former seems likely.
260. The interpretation of polycrystalline coherent inelastic neutron scattering from aluminium
PubMed Central
Roach, Daniel L.; Ross, D. Keith; Gale, Julian D.; Taylor, Jon W.
2013-01-01
A new approach to the interpretation and analysis of coherent inelastic neutron scattering from
polycrystals (poly-CINS) is presented. This article describes a simulation of the one-phonon coherent
inelastic scattering from a lattice model of an arbitrary crystal system. The one-phonon component is
characterized by sharp features, determined, for example, by boundaries of the (Q, Ï‰) regions where
one-phonon scattering is allowed. These features may be identified with the same features apparent in the
measured total coherent inelastic cross section, the other components of which (multiphonon or multiple
scattering) show no sharp features. The parameters of the model can then be relaxed to improve the fit
between model and experiment. This method is of particular interest where no single crystals are
available. To test the approach, the poly-CINS has been measured for polycrystalline aluminium using the
MARI spectrometer (ISIS), because both lattice dynamical models and measured dispersion curves are
available for this material. The models used include a simple Lennard-Jones model fitted to the elastic
constants of this material plus a number of embedded atom method force fields. The agreement obtained
suggests that the method demonstrated should be effective in developing models for other materials where
single-crystal dispersion curves are not available. PMID:24282332
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13
14
15
»
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12
13
14
15
16
»
261. Lithium/aluminium alloys. A problem material for biological monitoring.
PubMed
Bencze, K; Pelikan, C; Bahemann-Hoffmeister, A; Kronseder, A
1991-01-01
Investigations on aqueous and nonaqueous media have shown that the dust particles of lithium/aluminium
alloy are readily soluble in blood serum. Concentration of 10 mg A1 and 3 mg Li in 1 l serum constitute
the saturation values in human blood serum at 20 degrees C. Further observations are intended to clarify
the danger at the workplace. With a short-term exposure, the change in concentration of Li and Al was
followed in the working environment and in the staff. Both elements (Li and Al) were determined in the
working air, in the urine, the blood serum and on human skin with electrothermal AAS. On human skin,
microerosions arise owing to hydrolytic destruction of the epidermis after long-term contact. The intensive
irritant action of Li/Al dust is most relevant for preventive measures. It must also be considered that the Al
values in the blood serum are raised by up to 50% in the presence of Li. The resorption and/or the
bioavailability of Al is altered by Li. In the presence of Li up to a Li content of 2.5% in Al dust, a MAK
(biological tolerance value, threshold limit value) of 1 mg Al/m3 room air (for the total dust) is
recommended.
262. Aluminium stress disrupts metabolic performance of Plantago almogravensis plantlets transiently.
PubMed
Grevenstuk, TomÃ¡s; Moing, Annick; Maucourt, MickaÃ«l; Deborde, Catherine; Romano, Anabela
2015-12-01
Little is known about how tolerant plants cope with internalized aluminium (Al). Tolerant plants are
known to deploy efficient detoxification mechanisms, however it is not known to what extent the primary
and secondary metabolism is affected by Al. The aim of this work was to study the metabolic
repercussions of Al stress in the tolerant plant Plantago almogravensis. P. almogravensis is well adapted to
acid soils where high concentrations of free Al are found and has been classified as a hyperaccumulator. In
vitro reared plantlets were used for this purpose in order to control Al exposure rigorously. The
metabolome of P. almogravensis plantlets as well as its metabolic response to the supply of sucrose was
characterized. The supply of sucrose leads to an accumulation of amino acids and secondary metabolites
and consumption of carbohydrates that result from increased metabolic activity. In Al-treated plantlets the
synthesis of amino acids and secondary metabolites is transiently impaired, suggesting that P.
almogravensis is able to recover from the Al treatment within the duration of the trials. In the presence of
Al the consumption of carbohydrate resources is accelerated. The content of some metabolic stress
markers also demonstrates that P. almogravensis is highly adapted to Al stress.
263. Electrocoagulation efficiency of the tannery effluent treatment using aluminium electrodes.
PubMed
Espinoza-QuiÃ±ones, Fernando R; Fornari, Marilda M T; MÃ³denes, Aparecido N; PalÃ¡cio, Soraya M;

Trigueros, Daniela E G; Borba, Fernando H; Kroumov, Alexander D
2009-01-01
An electro-coagulation laboratory scale system using aluminium plates electrodes was studied for the
removal of organic and inorganic pollutants as a by-product from leather finishing industrial process. A
fractional factorial 2(3) experimental design was applied in order to obtain optimal values of the system
state variables. The electro-coagulation (EC) process efficiency was based on the chemical oxygen
demand (COD), turbidity, total suspended solid, total fixed solid, total volatile solid, and chemical element
concentration values. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for final pH, total fixed solid (TFS), turbidity and Ca
concentration have confirmed the predicted models by the experimental design within a 95% confidence
level. The reactor working conditions close to real effluent pH (7.6) and electrolysis time in the range 30-
45 min were enough to achieve the cost effective reduction factors of organic and inorganic pollutants'
concentrations. An appreciable improvement in COD removal efficiency was obtained for electro-
coagulation treatment. Finally, the technical-economical analysis results have clearly shown that the
electro-coagulation method is very promising for industrial application.
264. Dietary exposure to aluminium from wheat flour and puffed products of residents in Shanghai, China.
PubMed
Guo, Junfei; Peng, Shaojie; Tian, Mingsheng; Wang, Liwei; Chen, Bo; Wu, Min; He, Gengsheng
2015-01-01
A dietary survey of 3431 residents was conducted by a 24-h dietary recall method in Shanghai, China,
quarterly from September 2013 to September 2014. A total of 400 food samples were tested for
aluminium concentration, including wheat flour and puffed products from 2011 to 2013. Probabilistic
analysis was used to estimate the dietary exposure to aluminium from wheat and puffed products. The
means of dietary aluminium exposure for children (2-6 years old), juveniles (7-17 years old), adults (18-65
years old) and seniors (over 65 years old) were 1.88, 0.94, 0.44 and 0.42 mg kg(-1) body weight (bw)
week(-1) respectively, with a population average of 0.51 mg kg(-1) bw week(-1). The proportions of those
who had aluminium exposure from wheat and puffed products lower than the provisional tolerable weekly
intake (PTWI) were 77%, 90%, 97%, and 97% respectively from children to seniors. We estimated that
the proportions of people at risk would decrease by 13%, 6%, 2% and 2% respectively under the new
China National Standards - GB 2760-2014 National Food Safety for Standards for using food additives.
The results indicated that aluminium from wheat flour and puffed products is unlikely to cause adverse
health effects in the general population in Shanghai; however, children were at a higher risk of excess
aluminium exposure. Significant improvements in reducing the dietary exposure to aluminium are
expected in the population, especially for children after the implementation of GB 2760-2014.
265. Derivation of a water quality guideline for aluminium in marine waters.
PubMed
Golding, Lisa A; Angel, Brad M; Batley, Graeme E; Apte, Simon C; Krassoi, Rick; Doyle, Chris J
2015-01-01
Metal risk assessment of industrialized harbors and coastal marine waters requires the application of
robust water quality guidelines to determine the likelihood of biological impacts. Currently there is no
such guideline available for aluminium in marine waters. A water quality guideline of 24â€‰Âµg total
Al/L has been developed for aluminium in marine waters based on chronic 10% inhibition or effect
concentrations (IC10 or EC10) and no-observed-effect concentrations (NOECs) from 11 species (2
literature values and 9 species tested including temperate and tropical species) representing 6 taxonomic
groups. The 3 most sensitive species tested were a diatom Ceratoneis closterium (formerly Nitzschia
closterium; IC10â€‰=â€‰18â€‰Âµg Al/L, 72-h growth rate inhibition) < mussel Mytilus edulis
plannulatus (EC10â€‰=â€‰250â€‰Âµg Al/L, 72-h embryo development) < oyster Saccostrea echinata
(EC10â€‰=â€‰410â€‰Âµg Al/L, 48-h embryo development). Toxicity to these species was the result
of the dissolved aluminium forms of aluminate (Al(OH4 (-) ) and aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3 (0) )
although both dissolved, and particulate aluminium contributed to toxicity in the diatom Minutocellus
polymorphus and green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta. In contrast, aluminium toxicity to the green flagellate
alga Tetraselmis sp. was the result of particulate aluminium only. Four species, a brown macroalga
(Hormosira banksii), sea urchin embryo (Heliocidaris tuberculata), and 2 juvenile fish species (Lates
calcarifer and Acanthochromis polyacanthus), were not adversely affected at the highest test concentration
used. Â© 2014 SETAC.
266. Hatchability and survival of oncomiracidia of Paradiplozoon ichthyoxanthon (Monogenea: Diplozoidae)

exposed to aqueous aluminium.
PubMed
Gilbert, Beric M; Avenant-Oldewage, AnnemariÃ¨
2016-07-28
Monogenea is a diverse group of ectoparasites showing great potential as sentinel organisms for
monitoring environmental health. Exposure to metals negatively affects infrapopulations of monogeneans
and exposure to aluminium has been found to negatively impact the survival of gyrodactylids. Samples of
infected host fish, the smallmouth yellowfish Labeobarbus aeneus (Cyprinidae), were collected from the
Vaal Dam, South Africa and transported back to the laboratory in dark 160 l containers. Eggs of the
monogenean Paradiplozoon ichthyoxanthon infecting L. aeneus were collected and exposed to varying
concentrations of aluminium along with a control group in static tanks. The eggs were checked every 24 h
and hatching commenced 13-14 days after exposure. Water samples were taken from exposure tanks and
acidified for analysis of Al levels with inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Hatching of eggs
was variable between exposures, and in 30 Î¼g Al/l and 60 Î¼g Al/l was found to occur before eggs in
control beakers, whereas, exposure to 120 Î¼g Al/l delayed hatching and reduced hatchability. Survival of
hatched oncomiracidia was concentration dependent and negatively correlated with aluminium
concentrations. Lowest survival was recorded for 60 Î¼g Al/l and 120 Î¼g Al/l where all larvae died
shortly after or during hatching. Normal development of embryos of P. ichthyoxanthon within eggs
exposed to all doses of aluminium indicates that the egg shell is moderately impermeable to metals and
inhibits movement of aluminium across the shell and interacting with developing embryos. Higher larval
mortality rate in 120 Î¼g/l exposure can be related to aluminium crossing the egg shell in the late stages
and causing death of unhatched yet fully developed embryos, possibly due to changes in the permeability
of the egg shell as embryos neared developmental completion. Accelerated death of oncomiracidia after
hatching indicates sensitivity toward high concentrations of aluminium.
267. Determination of aluminium induced metabolic changes in mice liver: a Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy study.
PubMed
Sivakumar, S; Sivasubramanian, J; Khatiwada, Chandra Prasad; Manivannan, J; Raja, B
2013-06-01
In this study, we made a new approach to evaluate aluminium induced metabolic changes in liver tissue of
mice using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis taking one step further in correlation with
strong biochemical evidence. This finding reveals the alterations on the major biochemical constituents,
such as lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and glycogen of the liver tissues of mice. The peak area value of
amide A significantly decrease from 288.278Â±3.121 to 189.872Â±2.012 between control and aluminium
treated liver tissue respectively. Amide I and amide II peak area value also decrease from 40.749Â±2.052
to 21.170Â±1.311 and 13.167Â±1.441 to 8.953Â±0.548 in aluminium treated liver tissue respectively.
This result suggests an alteration in the protein profile. The absence of olefinicCH stretching band and CO
stretching of triglycerides in aluminium treated liver suggests an altered lipid levels due to aluminium
exposure. Significant shift in the peak position of glycogen may be the interruption of aluminium in the
calcium metabolism and the reduced level of calcium. The overall findings exhibit that the liver metabolic
program is altered through increasing the structural modification in proteins, triglycerides and quantitative
alteration in proteins, lipids, and glycogen. All the above mentioned modifications were protected in
desferrioxamine treated mice. Histopathological results also revealed impairment of aluminium induced
alterations in liver tissue. The results of the FTIR study were found to be in agreement with biochemical
studies and which demonstrate FTIR can be used successfully to indicate the molecular level changes.
Copyright Â© 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
268. Determination of aluminium induced metabolic changes in mice liver: A Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy study
Sivakumar, S.; Sivasubramanian, J.; Khatiwada, Chandra Prasad; Manivannan, J.; Raja, B.
2013-06-01
In this study, we made a new approach to evaluate aluminium induced metabolic changes in liver tissue of
mice using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis taking one step further in correlation with
strong biochemical evidence. This finding reveals the alterations on the major biochemical constituents,
such as lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and glycogen of the liver tissues of mice. The peak area value of
amide A significantly decrease from 288.278 Â± 3.121 to 189.872 Â± 2.012 between control and
aluminium treated liver tissue respectively. Amide I and amide II peak area value also decrease from
40.749 Â± 2.052 to 21.170 Â± 1.311 and 13.167 Â± 1.441 to 8.953 Â± 0.548 in aluminium treated liver
tissue respectively. This result suggests an alteration in the protein profile. The absence of olefinicdbnd
CH stretching band and Cdbnd O stretching of triglycerides in aluminium treated liver suggests an altered
lipid levels due to aluminium exposure. Significant shift in the peak position of glycogen may be the
interruption of aluminium in the calcium metabolism and the reduced level of calcium. The overall
findings exhibit that the liver metabolic program is altered through increasing the structural modification
in proteins, triglycerides and quantitative alteration in proteins, lipids, and glycogen. All the above
mentioned modifications were protected in desferrioxamine treated mice. Histopathological results also
revealed impairment of aluminium induced alterations in liver tissue. The results of the FTIR study were
found to be in agreement with biochemical studies and which demonstrate FTIR can be used successfully
to indicate the molecular level changes.
269. The quality of our drinking water: aluminium determination with an acoustic wave sensor.
PubMed
VerÃssimo, Marta I S; Gomes, M Teresa S R
2008-06-09
A new methodology based on an inexpensive aluminium acoustic wave sensor is presented. Although the
aluminium sensor has already been reported, and the composition of the selective membrane is known, the
low detection limits required for the analysis of drinking water, demanded the inclusion of a
preconcentration stage, as well as an optimization of the sensor. The necessary coating amount was
established, as well as the best preconcentration protocol, in terms of oxidation of organic matter and
aluminium elution from the Chelex-100. The methodology developed with the acoustic wave sensor
allowed aluminium quantitation above 0.07 mg L(-1). Several water samples from Portugal were analysed
using the acoustic wave sensor, as well as by UV-vis spectrophotometry. Results obtained with both
methodologies were not statistically different (alpha=0.05), both in terms of accuracy and precision. This
new methodology proved to be adequate for aluminium quantitation in drinking water and showed to be
faster and less reagent consuming than the UV spectrophotometric methodology.
270. Scanning the welded joints of aluminium alloys using subminiature eddy-current transducers
Dmitriev, Sergey; Ishkov, Alexey; Malikov, Vladimir; Sagalakov, Anatoly
2018-03-01
Aluminium has a reputation for ease of use, strength and durability. In addition to its exceptional aesthetic
properties, solid aluminium does not burn. As architects, contractors, consultants and real estate owners
look to meet stringent safety requirements in the construction and refurbishment of high-rise constructions
for both residential and commercial uses, aluminium cladding provides an alternative that is not only safe
but that is also durable and attractive. One of the ways to connect elements into a aluminium construction
is welding. friction stir welding is one of the most efficient. The authors developed a measuring system
based on subminiaturized eddy-current transducers aimed at examining locally the defects of welded joints
in aluminium-magnesium alloy plates connected by means of friction stir welding. The authors made a
modification of the Delyann filter, which allowed them to increase considerably the signal-noise relations.
The dependency of the eddy-current transducer response on defects was provided, i.e. concealed cuts and
openings inside the welded joint, at the frequencies of 100-10000 Hz of the exciting winding.
271. Severe cerebral congophilic angiopathy coincident with increased brain aluminium in a resident of
Camelford, Cornwall, UK.
PubMed
Exley, C; Esiri, M M
2006-07-01
In July 1988, 20 tonnes of aluminium sulphate was discharged by the South West Water Authority into the
drinking water supplied to a large region of North Cornwall. Up to 20,000 people were exposed to
concentrations of aluminium which were 500-3000 times the acceptable limit under European Union
legislation (0.200 mg/l). Although this incident is currently the topic of a government inquiry, nothing is
known about its longer-term repercussions on human health. The first neuropathological examination of a
person who was exposed and died of an unspecified neurological condition was carried out. A rare form of
sporadic early-onset beta amyloid angiopathy in cerebral cortical and leptomeningeal vessels, and in
leptomeningeal vessels over the cerebellum was identified. In addition, high concentrations of aluminium
were found coincident with the severely affected regions of the cortex. Although the presence of
aluminium is highly unlikely to be adventitious, determining its role in the observed neuropathology is
impossible. A clearer understanding of aluminium's role in this rare form of Alzheimer's related disease
should be provided by future research on other people from the exposed population as well as similar
neuropathologies in people within or outside this group.
272. Assessment of the cytotoxicity of aluminium oxide nanoparticles on selected mammalian cells.
PubMed
Radziun, E; Dudkiewicz WilczyÅ„ska, J; KsiÄ…Å¼ek, I; Nowak, K; Anuszewska, E L; Kunicki, A;

Olszyna, A; ZÄ…bkowski, T
2011-12-01
The rapid development of nanotechnology raises both enthusiasm and anxiety among researchers, which
is related to the safety use of the manufactured materials. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the
effect of aluminium oxide nanoparticles on the viability of selected mammalian cells in vitro. The
aluminium oxide nanoparticles were characterised using SEM and BET analyses. Based on Zeta (Î¶)
potential measurements and particle size distribution, the tested suspensions of aluminium oxide
nanoparticles in water and nutrient solutions with or without FBS were classified as unstable. Cell
viability, the degree of apoptosis induction and nanoparticles internalization into the cells were assessed
after 24 h of cell exposure to Al2O3 nanoparticles. Our results confirm the ability of aluminium oxide
nanoparticles to penetrate through the membranes of L929 and BJ cells. Despite this, there was no
significant increase in apoptosis or decrease in cell viability observed, suggesting that aluminium oxide
nanoparticles in the tested range of concentrations has no cytotoxic effects on the selected mammalian
cells. Copyright Â© 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
273. Searching for new aluminium chelating agents: a family of hydroxypyrone ligands.
PubMed
Toso, Leonardo; Crisponi, Guido; Nurchi, Valeria M; Crespo-Alonso, Miriam; Lachowicz, Joanna I;
Mansoori, Delara; Arca, Massimiliano; Santos, M AmÃ©lia; Marques, SÃ©rgio M; Gano, Lurdes;
NiclÃ³s-GutÃerrez, Juan; GonzÃ¡lez-PÃ©rez, Josefa M; DomÃnguez-MartÃn, Alicia; Choquesillo-
Lazarte, Duane; Szewczuk, Zbigniew
2014-01-01
Attention is devoted to the role of chelating agents in the treatment of aluminium related diseases. In fact,
in spite of the efforts that have drastically reduced the occurrence of aluminium dialysis diseases, they so
far constitute a cause of great medical concern. The use of chelating agents for iron and aluminium in
different clinical applications has found increasing attention in the last thirty years. With the aim of
designing new chelators, we synthesized a series of kojic acid derivatives containing two kojic units
joined by different linkers. A huge advantage of these molecules is that they are cheap and easy to
produce. Previous works on complex formation equilibria of a first group of these ligands with iron and
aluminium highlighted extremely good pMe values and gave evidence of the ability to scavenge iron from
inside cells. On these bases a second set of bis-kojic ligands, whose linkers between the kojic chelating
moieties are differentiated both in terms of type and size, has been designed, synthesized and
characterized. The aluminium(III) complex formation equilibria studied by potentiometry, electrospray
ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS), quantum-mechanical calculations and (1)H NMR spectroscopy
are here described and discussed, and the structural characterization of one of these new ligands is
presented. The in vivo studies show that these new bis-kojic derivatives induce faster clearance from main
organs as compared with the monomeric analog. Â© 2013.
274. The protection of meloxicam against chronic aluminium overload-induced liver injury in rats.
PubMed
Yang, Yang; He, Qin; Wang, Hong; Hu, Xinyue; Luo, Ying; Liang, Guojuan; Kuang, Shengnan; Mai,
Shaoshan; Ma, Jie; Tian, Xiaoyan; Chen, Qi; Yang, Junqing
2017-04-04
The present study was designed to observe the protective effect and mechanisms of meloxicam on liver
injury caused by chronic aluminium exposure in rats. The histopathology was detected by hematoxylin-
eosin staining. The levels of prostaglandin E2, cyclic adenosine monophosphate and inflammatory
cytokines were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The expressions of cyclooxygenases-2,
prostaglandin E2 receptors and protein kinase A were measured by western blotting and
immunohistochemistry. Our experimental results showed that aluminium overload significantly damaged
the liver. Aluminium also significantly increased the expressions of cyclooxygenases-2, prostaglandin E2,
cyclic adenosine monophosphate, protein kinase A and the prostaglandin E2 receptors (EP1,2,4) and the
levels of inflammation and oxidative stress, while significantly decreased the EP3 expression in liver. The
administration of meloxicam significantly improved the impairment of liver. The contents of prostaglandin
E2 and cyclic adenosine monophosphate were significantly decreased by administration of meloxicam.
The administration of meloxicam also significantly decreased the expressions of cyclooxygenases-2 and
protein kinase A and the levels of inflammation and oxidative stress, while significantly increased the
EP1,2,3,4 expressions in rat liver. Our results suggested that the imbalance of cyclooxygenases-2 and
downstream prostaglandin E2 signaling pathway is involved in the injury of chronic aluminium-overload
rat liver. The protective mechanism of meloxicam on aluminium-overload liver injury is attributed to
reconstruct the balance of cyclooxygenases-2 and downstream prostaglandin E2 signaling pathway.
275. Speciation analysis of aluminium in plant parts of Betula pendula and in soil.
PubMed
ZioÅ‚a-Frankowska, Anetta; Frankowski, Marcin
2018-03-01
The research presents the first results of aluminium speciation analysis in aqueous extracts of individual
plant parts of Betula pendula and soil samples, using High Performance Ion Chromatography with Diode
Array Detection (HPIC-DAD). The applied method allowed us to carry out a full speciation analysis of
aluminium in the form of predominant aluminium-fluoride complexes: AlF (x=2,3,4) (3-x) (first analytical
signal), AlF 2+ (second analytical signal) and Al 3+ (third analytical signal) in samples of lateral roots, tap
roots, twigs, stem, leaf and soil collected under roots of B. pendula. Concentrations of aluminium and its
complexes were determined for two types of environment characterised by different degree of human
impact: contaminated site of the Chemical Plant in LuboÅ„ and protected area of the Wielkopolski
National Park. For all the analysed samples of B. pendula and soil, AlF (x=2,3,4) (3-x) had the largest
contribution, followed by Al 3+ and AlF 2+ . Significant differences in concentration and contribution of
Al-F complexes and Al 3+ form, depending on the place of sampling (different anthropogenic pressure)
and plant part of B. pendula were observed. Based on the obtained results, it was found that transport of
aluminium is "blocked" by lateral roots, and is closely related to Al content of soil. Copyright Â© 2017.
Published by Elsevier B.V.
276. Reduction of Defects on Microstructure Aluminium Nitride Using High Temperature Annealing Heat
Treatment
Tanasta, Z.; Muhamad, P.; Kuwano, N.; Norfazrina, H. M. Y.; Unuh, M. H.
2018-03-01
Aluminium Nitride (AlN) is a ceramic 111-nitride material that is used widely as components in functional
devices. Besides good thermal conductivity, it also has a high band gap in emitting light which is 6 eV.
AlN thin film is grown on the sapphire substrate (0001). However, lattice mismatch between both
materials has caused defects to exist along the microstructure of AlN thin films. The defects have affected
the properties of Aluminium Nitride. Annealing heat treatment has been proved by the previous researcher
to be the best method to improve the microstructure of Aluminium Nitride thin films. Hence, this method
is applied at four different temperatures for two hour. The changes of Aluminium Nitride microstructures
before and after annealing is observed using Transmission Electron Microscope. It is observed that
inversion domains start to occur at temperature of 1500 Â°C. Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction
pattern simulation has confirmed the defects as inversion domain. Therefore, this paper is about to extract
the matters occurred during the process of producing high quality Aluminium Nitride thin films and the
ways to overcome this problem.
277. Tensile Strength and Hardness Correlations with Microscopy in Friction welded Aluminium to Copper
Satish, Rengarajan; Seshagiri Rao, Vaddi; Ananthapadmanaban, Dattaguru; Ravi, Balappa
2016-01-01
Aluminium and copper are good conductors of heat and electricity, copper being the better conductor, is a
costly metal indeed. On the other hand, aluminium is cheap, easily available and also has a lower density
than copper. Hence, worldwide efforts are being made to partially replace copper wire. Solid state welding
should be used to join aluminium to copper. This is because the use of fusion welding results in brittle
phases formed in the weld interface. One of the solid state welding techniques used for joining aluminium
to copper is friction welding. In this paper, an attempt has been made to join aluminium to copper by
friction welding by varying the friction welding parameters, namely friction pressure, upset pressure,
burn-off length and speed of rotation of the workpiece. Nine different friction welding parameter
combinations were used during welding in accordance with ASTM standards and results have been
reported. Tensile strength and hardness tests were carried out for each parameter combination. Optimum
friction welding parameter combination was identified with respect to tensile strength. Scanning Electron
Microscopy and Electron dispersive spectroanalysis were obtained to identify modes of fracture and
presence of intermetallic phases for each friction welding combination with the aim to narrow down
friction welding parameters that give good properties on the whole.
278. Effect of atomic parameters on determination of aluminium abundance in atmospheres of late-type stars
Menzhevitski, V. S.; Shimanskaya, N. N.; Shimansky, V. V.; Kudryavtsev, D. O.
2014-04-01
We study the effect of the photoionization cross sections for the ground state of Al I on the inferred
aluminium abundance in stellar atmospheres. We match the theoretical and observed line profiles of the
resonance Î»Î» 3944.01, 3961.52 Ã… and subordinate Î»Î» 6696.03, 6698.68 Ã… doublets in high-
resolution spectra of the metal-poor solar-type stars HD22879 and HD201889. We determine the
parameters of these stars from their photometric and spectroscopic data. Our computations show that the
profiles can be matched and a single aluminium abundance inferred simultaneously from both groups of
spectral lines only with low photoionization cross sections (about 10-12 Mb). Larger cross sections (about
58-65 Mb) make such fits impossible. We therefore conclude that small photoionization cross sections
should be preferred for the determination of aluminium abundances in metal-poor stars. We redetermine
the aluminium abundances in the atmospheres of halo stars. The resulting abundances prove to be lower
by 0.1-0.15 dex than our earlier determinations which does not affect the conclusions based on our earlier
estimates. In particular, the NLTE [Al/Fe]-[Fe/H] dependence, on the whole, agrees only qualitatively with
the results of theoretical predictions. Therefore further refinement of the theory of nuclear synthesis of
aluminium in the process of the chemical evolution of the Galaxy remains a task of current importance.
279. Solid waste management in Asian countries: a review of solid waste minimisation (3'r) towards low
carbon
Ali, N. E.; Sion, H. C.
2014-02-01
The amount of solid-waste generated in Asian countries has increased tremendously, mainly due to the
improvement in living standards, rapid developments in technology, growth in economy and population in
the cities. Solid waste management is a global issue and major challenge facing Asian countries and
neglecting its management may have negative consequences on the environment. Waste composition data
proves the developed countries to have generated more recyclable materials while developing countries
produce more organic and less recyclable waste such as paper, plastic and aluminium. In this regard,
increase in number of landfills and disposal sites, will have an impact on GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions
and pollutants to air and water. Alternative methods should therefore be taken to reduce the volume of
waste. Most Asian countries have adopted the 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) concept in order to reduce solid
waste and their governments have implemented laws and regulations in order to support this.
Implementation of 3R is the major contributor to the solid waste minimization and it can improve the
quality of environmental sustainability and reduction of carbon dioxide emission in to the atmosphere.
Based on our review, most of the countries practicing the 3R concept in tandem with laws and regulations
perform better than those that just practice the 3R concept without any laws and regulations. The paper
suggests that every country must focus on the laws and regulations relating to solid waste minimization so
that it could be easily implemented as outlined.
280. Effect of aluminium on the compressibility of silicate perovskite
Daniel, Isabelle; Bass, Jay D.; Fiquet, Guillaume; Cardon, HervÃ©; Zhang, Jianzhong; Hanfland, Michael
2004-08-01
Volume measurements for aluminous MgSiO3 perovskite containing 5 mol% Al2O3 were carried out up
to pressures of 40 GPa at ambient temperature, using monochromatic synchrotron X-ray diffraction. A
least-squares refinement of the data to the Birch-Murnaghan equation of state yields the following
parameters V0 = 163.234(8) Ã…3, KT0 = 251.5(13) GPa, K'0 = 4. Within uncertainties, the presence of 5
mol% Al2O3 in MgSiO3 perovskite induces a decrease of the bulk modulus in the range of 0% to 1.8%.
Thus, KT of perovskite is affected little if at all by the presence of Al3+. This result is in excellent
agreement with the values deduced from sound velocity measurements on the same sample [Jackson et al.,
2004]. We discuss the possible origin of discrepancies among the different bulk moduli reported to date
for aluminous perovskite. In light of recent calculations, our results are consistent with aluminium being
dissolved in MgSiO3 perovskite through a coupled substitution mechanism involving the replacement of
both Mg2+ and Si4+ in the dodecahedral and octahedral sites by 2 Al3+. Moreover, any slight reduction in
the bulk modulus of MgSiO3 perovskite induced by the dissolution of 5 mol% Al2O3, indicates that the
relative proportions of the minerals characteristic of the lower mantle, as inferred from seismological
models, should not be significantly altered by the introduction of Al in the system.
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281. Peak exposures in aluminium potrooms: instrument development and field calibration.
PubMed
Carter, Stephanie R; Seixas, Noah S; Thompson, Mary Lou; Yost, Michael G
2004-11-01
Aluminium smelter potrooms are unique in that workplace exposures to hydrogen fluoride (HF), sulfur
dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter occur simultaneously for some tasks. The peak exposures to these
contaminants are of increasing interest in discovering the etiology of respiratory health effects. While a
variety of direct-reading instruments are available for sulfur dioxide and particulate matter, only a few
exist for hydrogen fluoride. The sensors in these HF instruments have a cross-sensitivity to sulfur dioxide
making it difficult to monitor HF in an environment that also contains SO2. To overcome this problem, we
assessed the simultaneous use of two electrochemical instruments: one with a SO2 sensor that does not
respond to HF and the second with a hydrogen fluoride sensor that responds to both HF and SO2 in a 1 : 1
ratio, termed 'total acid gas'. The difference in the response between the two instruments should indicate
the HF concentration: [HF + SO2] minus SO2 equals HF. The performance characteristics of this
sampling train were evaluated in the laboratory through the generation of both HF and SO2 with
permeation tubes. The response and recovery times for the SO2 only instrument were acceptable (6 and 15
s, respectively), but the "total acid gas" instrument exhibited both slow response and slow recovery
approaching three and six min. The association between the traditional integrated filter sampling method
and the direct-reading instrument for SO2 is 0.80 (Spearman's rho). The use of the digital filter strengthens
the association between the HF direct-reading instrument and the integrated samples from 0.41 to 0.68.
282. Modelling of Local Necking and Fracture in Aluminium Alloys
SciTech Connect
Achani, D.; Eriksson, M.; Hopperstad, O. S.
2007-05-17
Non-linear Finite Element simulations are extensively used in forming and crashworthiness studies of
automotive components and structures in which fracture need to be controlled. For thin-walled ductile
materials, the fracture-related phenomena that must be properly represented are thinning instability,
ductile fracture and through-thickness shear instability. Proper representation of the fracture process relies
on the accuracy of constitutive and fracture models and their parameters that need to be calibrated through
well defined experiments. The present study focuses on local necking and fracture which is of high
industrial importance, and uses a phenomenological criterion for modelling fracture in aluminium alloys.
As anmoreÂ Â» accurate description of plastic anisotropy is important, advanced phenomenological
constitutive equations based on the yield criterion YLD2000/YLD2003 are used. Uniaxial tensile tests and
disc compression tests are performed for identification of the constitutive model parameters. Ductile
fracture is described by the Cockcroft-Latham fracture criterion and an in-plane shear tests is performed to
identify the fracture parameter. The reason is that in a well designed in-plane shear test no thinning
instability should occur and it thus gives more direct information about the phenomenon of ductile
fracture. Numerical simulations have been performed using a user-defined material model implemented in
the general-purpose non-linear FE code LS-DYNA. The applicability of the model is demonstrated by
correlating the predicted and experimental response in the in-plane shear tests and additional plane strain
tension tests.Â«Â less
283. Efficacy of chelation therapy to remove aluminium intoxication.
PubMed
Fulgenzi, Alessandro; De Giuseppe, Rachele; Bamonti, Fabrizia; Vietti, Daniele; Ferrero, Maria Elena
2015-11-01
There is a distinct correlation between aluminium (Al) intoxication and neurodegenerative diseases (ND).
We demonstrated how patients affected by ND showing Al intoxication benefit from short-term treatment
with calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) (chelation therapy). Such therapy further
improved through daily treatment with the antioxidant Cellfood. In the present study we examined the
efficacy of long-term treatment, using both EDTA and Cellfood. Slow intravenous treatment with the
chelating agent EDTA (2 g/10 mL diluted in 500 mL physiological saline administered in 2 h) (chelation
test) removed Al, which was detected (using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) in urine
samples collected from patients over 12 h. Patients that revealed Al intoxication (expressed in Î¼g per g
creatinine) underwent EDTA chelation therapy once a week for ten weeks, then once every two weeks for
a further six or twelve months. At the end of treatment (a total of 22 or 34 chelation therapies,
respectively), associated with daily assumption of Cellfood, Al levels in the urine samples were analysed.
In addition, the following blood parameters were determined: homocysteine, vitamin B12, and folate, as
well as the oxidative status e.g. reactive oxygen species (ROS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), oxidized
LDL (oxLDL), and glutathione. Our results showed that Al intoxication reduced significantly following
EDTA and Cellfood treatment, and clinical symptoms improved. After treatment, ROS, oxLDL, and
homocysteine decreased significantly, whereas vitamin B12, folate and TAC improved significantly. In
conclusion, our data show the efficacy of chelation therapy associated with Cellfood in subjects affected
by Al intoxication who have developed ND.
284. Radioactive Wastes.
PubMed
Choudri, B S; Charabi, Yassine; Baawain, Mahad; Ahmed, Mushtaque
2017-10-01
Papers reviewed herein present a general overview of radioactive waste related activities around the world
in 2016. The current reveiw include studies related to safety assessments, decommission and
decontamination of nuclear facilities, fusion facilities, transportation. Further, the review highlights on
management solutions for the final disposal of low and high level radioactive wastes (LLW and HLW),
interim storage and final disposal options for spent fuel (SF), and tritiated wastes, with a focus on
environmental impacts due to the mobility of radionuclides in ecosystem, water and soil alongwith other
progress made in the management of radioactive wastes.
285. Arsenic, Zinc, and Aluminium Removal from Gold Mine Wastewater Effluents and Accumulation by
Submerged Aquatic Plants (Cabomba piauhyensis, Egeria densa, and Hydrilla verticillata)
PubMed Central
Yusoff, Ismail; Fatt, Ng Tham; Othman, Faridah; Ashraf, Muhammad Aqeel
2013-01-01
The potential of three submerged aquatic plant species (Cabomba piauhyensis, Egeria densa, and Hydrilla
verticillata) to be used for As, Al, and Zn phytoremediation was tested. The plants were exposed for 14
days under hydroponic conditions to mine waste water effluents in order to assess the suitability of the
aquatic plants to remediate elevated multi-metals concentrations in mine waste water. The results show
that the E. densa and H. verticillata are able to accumulate high amount of arsenic (95.2%) and zinc
(93.7%) and resulted in a decrease of arsenic and zinc in the ambient water. On the other hand, C.
piauhyensis shows remarkable aluminium accumulation in plant biomass (83.8%) compared to the other
tested plants. The ability of these plants to accumulate the studied metals and survive throughout the
experiment demonstrates the potential of these plants to remediate metal enriched water especially for
mine drainage effluent. Among the three tested aquatic plants, H. verticillata was found to be the most
applicable (84.5%) and suitable plant species to phytoremediate elevated metals and metalloid in mine
related waste water. PMID:24102060
286. Benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxybenzoyl hydrazone derivatives as inhibitors of the corrosion of aluminium in

hydrochloric acid.
PubMed
Fouda, A S; Gouda, M M; El-Rahman, S I
2000-05-01
The effect of benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxybenzoyl hydrazone derivatives on the corrosion of aluminium in

hydrochloric acid has been investigated using thermometric and polarization techniques. The inhibitive
efficiency ranking of these compounds from both techniques was found to be: 2>3>1>4. The inhibitors
acted as mixed-type inhibitors but the cathode is more polarized. The relative inhibitive efficiency of these
compounds has been explained on the basis of structure of the inhibitors and their mode of interaction at
the surface. Results show that these additives are adsorbed on an aluminium surface according to the
Langmuir isotherm. Polarization measurements indicated that the rate of corrosion of aluminium rapidly
increases with temperature over the range 30-55 degrees C both in the absence and in the presence of
inhibitors. Some thermodynamic data of the adsorption process are calculated and discussed.
287. In situ nanoindentation study on plasticity and work hardening in aluminium with incoherent twin
boundaries.
PubMed
Bufford, D; Liu, Y; Wang, J; Wang, H; Zhang, X
2014-09-10
Nanotwinned metals have been the focus of intense research recently, as twin boundaries may greatly
enhance mechanical strength, while maintaining good ductility, electrical conductivity and thermal
stability. Most prior studies have focused on low stacking-fault energy nanotwinned metals with coherent
twin boundaries. In contrast, the plasticity of twinned high stacking-fault energy metals, such as
aluminium with incoherent twin boundaries, has not been investigated. Here we report high work
hardening capacity and plasticity in highly twinned aluminium containing abundant Î£3{112} incoherent
twin boundaries based on in situ nanoindentation studies in a transmission electron microscope and
corresponding molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations also reveal drastic differences in
deformation mechanisms between nanotwinned copper and twinned aluminium ascribed to stacking-fault
energy controlled dislocation-incoherent twin boundary interactions. This study provides new insight into
incoherent twin boundary-dominated plasticity in high stacking-fault energy twinned metals.
288. Evaluation Of Four Welding Arc Processes Applied To 6061 Aluminium Alloy
SciTech Connect
Benoit, A.; Laboratoire de Genie des Materiaux et Procedes Associes; Paillard, P.
At a time when greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced, the use of the aluminium alloys is expanding,
in particular in the transportation industry. In order to extend the possibilities of aluminium assembly
design, new Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding processes have been conceived. They work at lower
temperatures than usual arc processes (classic MIG or Tungsten Inert Gas). This study compares four arc
welding processes, applied to the 6061 aluminium alloy. These four weld processes have been studied
through the metallurgical analysis of the weld beads. Metallography, micro-hardness testings, X Ray
radiography have been carried out on the producedmoreÂ Â» weld beads. The processes are classified
according to the quality of the beads like geometry of beads, size of the heat affected zone and presence of
defects.Â«Â less
289. Self-Pierce Riveting of Three Aluminium Alloy and Mild Steel Sheets
SciTech Connect
Mori, K.; Abe, Y.; Sakai, S.
2010-06-15
Three aluminium alloy and steel sheets were joined with a self-piercing rivet. Self-pierce riveting has the
function of joining steel and aluminium alloys having very different melting points due to plastic joining.
The requisites for joining the three sheets are the driving of the rivet leg through the middle sheet, the
flaring of the rivet leg in the lower sheet and the prevention of the fracture of the lower sheet. The
joinability for various combinations of the three sheets was determined. When the rivet leg is small, no
driving through the middle sheet occurs, the lower sheet ruptures for amoreÂ Â» large rivet leg. In
addition, 980 MPa high strength steel, mild steel and aluminium alloy sheets were joined by the self-
pierce riveting.Â«Â less
290. Steam assisted oxide growth on aluminium alloys using oxidative chemistries: Part I Microstructural
investigation
Din, Rameez Ud; Piotrowska, Kamila; Gudla, Visweswara Chakravarthy; Jellesen, Morten Stendahl;
Ambat, Rajan
2015-11-01
The surface treatment of aluminium alloys under steam containing KMnO4 and HNO3 resulted in the
formation of an oxide layer having a thickness of up to 825 nm. The use of KMnO4 and HNO3 in the
steam resulted in incorporation of the respective chemical species into the oxide layer. Steam treatment
with solution containing HNO3 caused dissolution of Cu and Si from the intermetallic particles in the
aluminium substrate. The growth rate of oxide layer was observed to be a function of MnO4- and NO3-
ions present in the aqueous solution. The NO3- ions exhibit higher affinity towards the intermetallic
particles resulting in poor coverage by the steam generated oxide layer compared to the coating formed
using MnO4- ions. Further, increase in the concentration of NO3- ions in the solution retards precipitation
of the steam generated aluminium hydroxide layer.
291. Joining of Aluminium Alloy and Steel by Laser Assisted Reactive Wetting
Liedl, Gerhard; VÃ¡zquez, Rodrigo GÃ³mez; Murzin, Serguei P.
2018-03-01
Compounds of dissimilar materials, like aluminium and steel offer an interesting opportunity for the
automotive industry to reduce the weight of a car body. Thermal joining of aluminium and steel leads to
the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds, which negatively affects the properties of the welded
joint. Amongst others, growth of such intermetallic compounds depends on maximum temperature and on
the time at certain temperatures. Laser welding with its narrow well seam and its fast heating and cooling
cycles provides an excellent opportunity to obtain an ultrathin diffusion zone. Joining of sheet metal DC01
with aluminium alloy AW6016 has been chosen for research. The performed experimental studies showed
that by a variation of the beam power and scanning speed it is possible to obtain an ultrathin diffusion
zone with narrow intermetallic interlayers. With the aim of supporting further investigation of laser
welding of the respective and other dissimilar pairings a multi-physical simulation model has been
developed.
292. Comparative study on life cycle environmental impact assessment of copper and aluminium cables
Bao, Wei; Lin, Ling; Song, Dan; Guo, Huiting; Chen, Liang; Sun, Liang; Liu, Mei; Chen, Jianhua
2017-11-01
With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in China, domestic demands for copper
and aluminium resources increase continuously and the output of copper and aluminium minerals rises
steadily. The output of copper in China increased from 0.6 million tons (metal quantity) in 2003 to 1.74
million tons (metal quantity) in 2014, and the output of bauxite increased from 21 million tons in 2006 to
59.21 million tons in 2014. In the meantime, the import of copper and aluminium minerals of China is also
on a rise. The import of copper concentrate and bauxite increased from 4.94 million tons and 9.68 million
tons in 2006 to 10.08 million tons and 70.75 million tons in 2013 respectively. Copper and aluminium
resources are widely applied in fields such as construction, electrical and electronics, machinery
manufacturing, and transportation, and serve as important material basis for the national economic and
social development of China. Cable industry is a typical industry where copper and aluminium resources
are widely used. In this paper, a product assessment model is built from the perspective of product life
cycle. Based on CNLCD database, differences in environmental impacts of copper and aluminium cables
are analyzed from aspects such as resource acquisition, product production, transportation, utilization, and
resource recycling. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of products at different stages with
different types of environmental impact are analyzed, so as to provide data support for cable industry in
terms of product design and production, etc.
293. Protective role of Cynodon dactylon in ameliorating the aluminium-induced neurotoxicity in rat brain
regions.
PubMed
Sumathi, Thangarajan; Shobana, Chandrasekar; Kumari, Balasubramanian Rathina; Nandhini, Devarajulu

Nisha
2011-12-01
Cynodon dactylon (Poaceae) is a creeping grass used as a traditional ayurvedic medicine in India.
Aluminium-induced neurotoxicity is well known and different salts of aluminium have been reported to
accelerate damage to biomolecules like lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. The objective of the present
study was to investigate whether the aqueous extract of C. dactylon (AECD) could potentially prevent
aluminium-induced neurotoxicity in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of the rat brain.
Male albino rats were administered with AlCl(3) at a dose of 4.2Â mg/kg/day i.p. for 4Â weeks.
Experimental rats were given C. dactylon extract in two different doses of 300Â mg and 750Â mg/keg/day
orally 1Â h prior to the AlCl(3) administration for 4Â weeks. At the end of the experiments, antioxidant
status and activities of ATPases in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of rat brain were
measured. Aluminium administration significantly decreased the level of GSH and the activities of SOD,
GPx, GST, Na(+)/K(+) ATPase, and Mg(2+) ATPase and increased the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO)
in all the brain regions when compared with control rats. Pre-treatment with AECD at a dose of
750Â mg/kg b.w increased the antioxidant status and activities of membrane-bound enzymes (Na(+)/K(+)
ATPase and Mg(2+) ATPase) and also decreased the level of LPO significantly, when compared with
aluminium-induced rats. The results of this study indicated that AECD has potential to protect the various
brain regions from aluminium-induced neurotoxicity.
294. Aluminium induced oxidative stress results in decreased mitochondrial biogenesis via modulation of
PGC-1Î± expression.
PubMed
Sharma, Deep Raj; Sunkaria, Aditya; Wani, Willayat Yousuf; Sharma, Reeta Kumari; Kandimalla,
Ramesh J L; Bal, Amanjit; Gill, Kiran Dip
2013-12-01
The present investigation was carried out to elucidate a possible molecular mechanism related to the
effects of aluminium-induced oxidative stress on various mitochondrial respiratory complex subunits with
special emphasis on the role of Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma co-activator 1Î± (PGC-
1Î±) and its downstream targets i.e. Nuclear respiratory factor-1(NRF-1), Nuclear respiratory factor-
2(NRF-2) and Mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) in mitochondrial biogenesis. Aluminium
lactate (10mg/kgb.wt./day) was administered intragastrically to rats for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks of
exposure, we found an increase in ROS levels, mitochondrial DNA oxidation and decrease in citrate
synthase activity in the Hippocampus (HC) and Corpus striatum (CS) regions of rat brain. On the other
hand, there was a decrease in the mRNA levels of the mitochondrial encoded subunits-NADH
dehydrogenase (ND) subunits i.e. ND1, ND2, ND3, Cytochrome b (Cytb), Cytochrome oxidase (COX)
subunits i.e. COX1, COX3, ATP synthase (ATPase) subunit 6 along with reduced expression of nuclear
encoded subunits COX4, COX5A, COX5B of Electron transport chain (ETC). Besides, a decrease in
mitochondrial DNA copy number and mitochondrial content in both regions of rat brain was observed.
The PGC-1Î± was down-regulated in aluminium treated rats along with NRF-1, NRF-2 and Tfam, which
act downstream from PGC-1Î± in aluminium treated rats. Electron microscopy results revealed a
significant increase in the mitochondrial swelling, loss of cristae, chromatin condensation and decreases in
mitochondrial number in case of aluminium treated rats as compared to control. So, PGC-1Î± seems to be
a potent target for aluminium neurotoxicity, which makes it an almost ideal target to control or limit the
damage that has been associated with the defective mitochondrial function seen in neurodegenerative
diseases. Â© 2013.
295. A methodology for the assessment of inhalation exposure to aluminium from antiperspirant sprays.
PubMed
Schwarz, Katharina; Pappa, Gerlinde; Miertsch, Heike; Scheel, Julia; Koch, Wolfgang
2018-04-01
Inhalative exposure can occur accidentally when using cosmetic spray products. Usually, a tiered approach
is applied for exposure assessment, starting with rather conservative, simplistic calculation models that
may be improved with measured data and more refined modelling. Here we report on an advanced
methodology to mimic in-use conditions for antiperspirant spray products to provide a more accurate
estimate of the amount of aluminium possibly inhaled and taken up systemically, thus contributing to the
overall body burden. Four typical products were sprayed onto a skin surrogate in defined rooms. For
aluminium, size-related aerosol release fractions, i.e. inhalable, thoracic and respirable, were determined
by a mass balance method taking droplet maturation into account. These data were included into a simple
two-box exposure model, allowing calculation of the inhaled aluminium dose over 12Â min. Systemic
exposure doses were calculated for exposure of the deep lung and the upper respiratory tract using the
Multiple Path Particle Deposition Model (MPPD) model. The total systemically available dose of
aluminium was in all cases found to be less than 0.5Â Âµg per application. With this study it could be
demonstrated that refinement of the input data of the two-box exposure model with measured data of
released airborne aluminium is a valuable approach to analyse the contribution of antiperspirant spray
inhalation to total aluminium exposure as part of the overall risk assessment. We suggest the methodology
which can also be applied to other exposure modelling approaches for spray products, and further is
adapted to other similar use scenarios.
296. Exposure and inhalation risk assessment in an aluminium cast-house.
PubMed
Godderis, L; Vanderheyden, W; Van Geel, J; Moens, G; Masschelein, R; Veulemans, H
2005-12-01
To date the exposure, absorption and respiratory health effects of cast-house workers have not been
described since most studies performed in the aluminium industry are focused on exposure and health
effects of potroom personnel. In the present study, we assessed the external exposure and the absorbed
dose of metals in personnel from the aluminium cast house. This was combined with an evaluation of
respiratory complaints and the lung function of the personnel. 30 workers from an aluminium casting plant
participated and 17 individuals of the packaging and distribution departments were selected as controls.
The exposure was assessed by the quantification of total inhalable fume with metal fraction and by the
determination of urinary aluminium, chromium, beryllium, manganese and lead concentration. Carbon
monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), aldehydes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons and man-made mineral
fibres concentration were assessed as well. In order to evaluate their respiratory status each participant
filled out a questionnaire and their lung function was tested by forced spirometry. Total inhalable fume
exposure was maximum 4.37 mg m(-3). Exposure to the combustion gases, man-made mineral fibres and
metal fume was well below the exposure limits. Beryllium could not be detected in the urine. The values
of aluminium, manganese and lead in the urine were all under the respective reference value. One
individual had a urinary chromium excretion above the ACGIH defined biological exposure index (BEI)
of 30 microg g(-1) creatinine. There was no significant difference in any of the categories of the
respiratory questionnaire and in the results of the spirometry between cast house personnel and referents
(Chi-square, all p > 0.05). Exposure in cast houses seem to be acceptable under these conditions.
However, peak exposure to fumes cannot be excluded and the potential risk of chromium and beryllium
exposure due to the recycling of aluminium requires further attention.
297. Screening of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) accessions to acidity and aluminium stresses
PubMed Central
Stoddard, Frederick L.
2017-01-01
Background Faba bean is an important starch-based protein crop produced worldwide. Soil acidity and
aluminium toxicity are major abiotic stresses affecting its production, so in regions where soil acidity is a
problem, there is a gap between the potential and actual productivity of the crop. Hence, we set out to
evaluate acidity and aluminium tolerance in a range of faba bean germplasm using solution culture and pot
experiments. Methods A set of 30 accessions was collected from regions where acidity and aluminium are
or are not problems. The accessions were grown in solution culture and a subset of 10 was grown first in
peat and later in perlite potting media. In solution culture, morphological parameters including taproot
length, root regrowth and root tolerance index were measured, and in the pot experiments the key
measurements were taproot length, plant biomass, chlorophyll concentration and stomatal conductance.
Result Responses to acidity and aluminium were apparently independent. Accessions Dosha and NC 58
were tolerant to both stress. Kassa and GLA 1103 were tolerant to acidity showing less than 3% reduction
in taproot length. Aurora and Messay were tolerant to aluminium. Babylon was sensitive to both, with up
to 40% reduction in taproot length from acidity and no detectable recovery from Al3+ challenge.
Discussion The apparent independence of the responses to acidity and aluminium is in agreement with the
previous research findings, suggesting that crop accessions separately adapt to H+ and Al3+ toxicity as a
result of the difference in the nature of soil parent materials where the accession originated. Differences in
rankings between experiments were minor and attributable to heterogeneity of seed materials and the
specific responses of accessions to the rooting media. Use of perlite as a potting medium offers an ideal
combination of throughput, inertness of support medium, access to leaves for detection of their stress
responses, and harvest of clean
298. Screening of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) accessions to acidity and aluminium stresses.
PubMed
Belachew, Kiflemariam Y; Stoddard, Frederick L
2017-01-01
Faba bean is an important starch-based protein crop produced worldwide. Soil acidity and aluminium
toxicity are major abiotic stresses affecting its production, so in regions where soil acidity is a problem,
there is a gap between the potential and actual productivity of the crop. Hence, we set out to evaluate
acidity and aluminium tolerance in a range of faba bean germplasm using solution culture and pot
experiments. A set of 30 accessions was collected from regions where acidity and aluminium are or are
not problems. The accessions were grown in solution culture and a subset of 10 was grown first in peat
and later in perlite potting media. In solution culture, morphological parameters including taproot length,
root regrowth and root tolerance index were measured, and in the pot experiments the key measurements
were taproot length, plant biomass, chlorophyll concentration and stomatal conductance. Responses to
acidity and aluminium were apparently independent. Accessions Dosha and NC 58 were tolerant to both
stress. Kassa and GLA 1103 were tolerant to acidity showing less than 3% reduction in taproot length.
Aurora and Messay were tolerant to aluminium. Babylon was sensitive to both, with up to 40% reduction
in taproot length from acidity and no detectable recovery from Al 3+ challenge. The apparent
independence of the responses to acidity and aluminium is in agreement with the previous research
findings, suggesting that crop accessions separately adapt to H + and Al 3+ toxicity as a result of the
difference in the nature of soil parent materials where the accession originated. Differences in rankings
between experiments were minor and attributable to heterogeneity of seed materials and the specific
responses of accessions to the rooting media. Use of perlite as a potting medium offers an ideal
combination of throughput, inertness of support medium, access to leaves for detection of their stress
responses, and harvest of clean roots for evaluation of their growth.
299. Performance of AA5052 alloy anode in alkaline ethylene glycol electrolyte with dicarboxylic acids
additives for aluminium-air batteries
Wang, DaPeng; Zhang, DaQuan; Lee, KangYong; Gao, LiXin
2015-11-01
Dicarboxylic acid compounds, i.e. succinic acid (SUA), adipic acid (ADA) and sebacic acid (SEA), are
used as electrolyte additives in the alkaline ethylene glycol solution for AA5052 aluminium-air batteries.
It shows that the addition of dicarboxylic acids lowers the hydrogen gas evolution rate of commercial
AA5052 aluminium alloy anode. AA5052 aluminium alloy has wide potential window for electrochemical
activity and better discharge performance in alkaline ethylene glycol solution containing dicarboxylic acid
additives. ADA has the best inhibition effect for the self-corrosion of AA5052 anode among the three
dicarboxylic acid additives. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) reveals that dicarboxylic
acids and aluminium ions can form coordination complexes. Quantum chemical calculations shows that
ADA has a smaller energy gap (Î”E, the energy difference between the lowest unoccupied orbital and the
highest occupied orbital), indicating that ADA has the strongest interaction with aluminium ions.
300. The effect of aluminium nanocoating and water pH value on the wettability behavior of an aluminium
surface
Ali, Naser; Teixeira, Joao A.; Addali, Abdulmajid; Al-Zubi, Feras; Shaban, Ehab; Behbehani, Ismail
2018-06-01
Experimental investigation was performed to highlight the influence of ionic bounding and surface
roughness effects on the surface wettability. Nanocoating technique via e-beam physical vapor deposition
process was used to fabricate aluminium (Al) film of 50, 100, and 150 nm on the surface of an Al
substrate. Microstructures of the samples before and after deposition were observed using an atomic force
microscopy. A goniometer device was later on used to examine the influence of surface topography on
deionised water of pH 4, 7 and 9 droplets at a temperature ranging from 10 Â°C to 60 Â°C through their
contact angles with the substrate surface, for both coated and uncoated samples. It was found that,
although the coated layer has reduced the mean surface roughness of the sample from 10.7 nm to 4.23 nm,
by filling part of the microstructure gaps with Al nanoparticles, the wettability is believed to be effected
by the ionic bounds between the surface and the free anions in the fluid. As the deionised water of pH 4,
and 9 gave an increase in the average contact angles with the increase of the coated layer thickness. On the
other hand, the deionised water of pH 7 has showed a negative relation with the film thickness, where the
contact angle reduced as the thickness of the coated layer was increased. The results from the
aforementioned approach had showed that nanocoating can endorse the hydrophobicity (unwitting) nature
of the surface when associated with free ions hosted by the liquid.
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301. Band gap and conductivity variations of ZnO thin films by doping with Aluminium
Vattappalam, Sunil C.; Thomas, Deepu; T, Raju Mathew; Augustine, Simon; Mathew, Sunny
2015-02-01
Zinc Oxide thin films were prepared by Successive Ionic layer adsorption and reaction technique(SILAR).
Aluminium was doped for different doping concentrations from 3 at.% to 12 at.% in steps of 3 at.%.
Conductivity of the samples were taken at different temperatures. UV Spectrograph of the samples were
taken and the band gap of each sample was found from the data. It was observed that as the doping
concentration of Aluminium increases, the band gap of the samples decreases and concequently
conductivity of the samples increases.
302. Mathematical modeling of the MHD stability dependence on the interpole distance in the multianode
aluminium electrolyser
Kuzmin, R. N.; Savenkova, N. P.; Shobukhov, A. V.; Kalmykov, A. V.
2018-03-01
The paper deals with investigation of the MHD-stability dependence on the depth of the anode immersion
in the process of aluminium electrolysis. The proposed 3D three-phase mathematical model is based on
the Navier-Stokes and Maxwell equation systems. This model makes it possible to simulate the
distributions of the main physical fields both in horizontal and vertical planes. The suggested approach
also allows to study the dynamics of the border between aluminium and electrolyte and the shape of the
back oxidation zone.
303. Thermal ablation of an aluminium film upon absorption of a femtosecond laser pulse
SciTech Connect
Bezhanov, S G; Kanavin, A P; Uryupin, S A

We have found the time dependence of the ablation depth of aluminium irradiated by a femtosecond laser
pulse. It is shown to what extent an increase in the radiation energy flux density leads to an increase in the
quasi-stationary value of the ablation depth. By reducing the aluminium film thickness down to one
hundred nanometres and less, the ablation depth significantly increases. At the same time, the quasi-
stationary value of the ablation depth of a thin film is obtained due to the removal of heat from the focal
spot region. (interaction of laser radiation with matter. laser plasma)
304. Sawmill "Waste"
Treesearch
Fred C. Simmons; Adna R. Bond
1955-01-01
Sawmills have the reputation of being very wasteful in converting logs and bolts into lumber and timbers.
Almost everyone has seen the great heaps of sawdust and slabs that collect at sawmills. Frequently the
question is asked, "Why doesn't somebody do something about this terrible waste of wood?"
305. Incorporating waste into an experimental school prototype: lessons regarding materials reclamation
opportunities.
PubMed
Yeap, Kong Seng; Mohd Yaacob, Naziaty; Rao, Sreenivasaiah Purushothama; Hashim, Nor Rasidah
2012-12-01
This article presents lessons learned from a design project that explored the possibility of incorporating
waste into the design of a school prototype. The authors worked with professional architects, a waste
artist, environmental scientists and local waste operators to uncover new uses and applications for
discarded items. As a result, bottles, aluminium cans, reclaimed doors, crushed concrete and second-hand
bricks, etc. were identified, explored and integrated into the architectural design. This article serves as a
catalyst that advocates the use of reclaimed materials in the field of design and planning. In particular, it
highlights the challenges and issues that need to be addressed in carrying out design work with waste.
Designers and practitioners interested in minimizing waste generation by proposing the use of reclaimed
materials will find this article useful.
306. E-waste management and resources recovery in France.
PubMed
Vadoudi, Kiyan; Kim, Junbeum; Laratte, Bertrand; Lee, Seung-Jin; Troussier, NadÃ¨ge
2015-10-01
There are various issues of concern regarding electronic waste management, such as the toxicity of
hazardous materials and the collection, recycling and recovery of useful resources. To understand the fate
of electronic waste after collection and recycling, a products and materials flow analysis should be
performed. This is a critical need, as material resources are becoming increasingly scarce and recycling
may be able to provide secondary sources for new materials in the future. In this study, we investigate
electronic waste systems, specifically the resource recovery or recycling aspects, as well as mapping
electronic waste flows based on collection data in France. Approximately 1,588,453â€‰t of new
electrical and electronic equipment were sold in the French market in 2010. Of this amount, 430,000â€‰t
of electronic waste were collected, with the remaining 1,128,444â€‰t remaining in stock. Furthermore,
the total recycled amounts were 354,106â€‰t and 11,396â€‰t, respectively. The main electronic waste
materials were ferrous metals (37%), plastic (22%), aluminium (12%), copper (11%) and glass (7%). This
study will contribute to developing sustainable electronic waste and resource recycling systems in France.
Â© The Author(s) 2015.
307. Root adaptations to soils with low fertility and aluminium toxicity
PubMed Central
Rao, Idupulapati M.; Miles, John W.; Beebe, Stephen E.; Horst, Walter J.
2016-01-01
Background Plants depend on their root systems to acquire the water and nutrients necessary for their
survival in nature, and for their yield and nutritional quality in agriculture. Root systems are complex and
a variety of root phenes have been identified as contributors to adaptation to soils with low fertility and
aluminium (Al) toxicity. Phenotypic characterization of root adaptations to infertile soils is enabling plant
breeders to develop improved cultivars that not only yield more, but also contribute to yield stability and
nutritional security in the face of climate variability. Scope In this review the adaptive responses of root
systems to soils with low fertility and Al toxicity are described. After a brief introduction, the purpose and
focus of the review are outlined. This is followed by a description of the adaptive responses of roots to
low supply of mineral nutrients [with an emphasis on low availability of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)
and on toxic levels of Al]. We describe progress in developing germplasm adapted to soils with low
fertility or Al toxicity using selected examples from ongoing breeding programmes on food (maize,
common bean) and forage/feed (Brachiaria spp.) crops. A number of root architectural, morphological,
anatomical and metabolic phenes contribute to the superior performance and yield on soils with low
fertility and Al toxicity. Major advances have been made in identifying root phenes in improving
adaptation to low N (maize), low P (common bean) or high Al [maize, common bean, species and hybrids
of brachiariagrass, bulbous canarygrass (Phalaris aquatica) and lucerne (Medicago sativa)]. Conclusions
Advanced root phenotyping tools will allow dissection of root responses into specific root phenes that will
aid both conventional and molecular breeders to develop superior cultivars. These new cultivars will play
a key role in sustainable intensification of cropâ€“livestock systems, particularly in smallholder systems
of the
308. Root adaptations to soils with low fertility and aluminium toxicity.
PubMed
Rao, Idupulapati M; Miles, John W; Beebe, Stephen E; Horst, Walter J
2016-06-01
Plants depend on their root systems to acquire the water and nutrients necessary for their survival in
nature, and for their yield and nutritional quality in agriculture. Root systems are complex and a variety of
root phenes have been identified as contributors to adaptation to soils with low fertility and aluminium
(Al) toxicity. Phenotypic characterization of root adaptations to infertile soils is enabling plant breeders to
develop improved cultivars that not only yield more, but also contribute to yield stability and nutritional
security in the face of climate variability. In this review the adaptive responses of root systems to soils
with low fertility and Al toxicity are described. After a brief introduction, the purpose and focus of the
review are outlined. This is followed by a description of the adaptive responses of roots to low supply of
mineral nutrients [with an emphasis on low availability of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and on toxic
levels of Al]. We describe progress in developing germplasm adapted to soils with low fertility or Al
toxicity using selected examples from ongoing breeding programmes on food (maize, common bean) and
forage/feed (Brachiaria spp.) crops. A number of root architectural, morphological, anatomical and
metabolic phenes contribute to the superior performance and yield on soils with low fertility and Al
toxicity. Major advances have been made in identifying root phenes in improving adaptation to low N
(maize), low P (common bean) or high Al [maize, common bean, species and hybrids of brachiariagrass,
bulbous canarygrass (Phalaris aquatica) and lucerne (Medicago sativa)]. Advanced root phenotyping tools
will allow dissection of root responses into specific root phenes that will aid both conventional and
molecular breeders to develop superior cultivars. These new cultivars will play a key role in sustainable
intensification of crop-livestock systems, particularly in smallholder systems of the tropics. Development
of these new
309. Encapsulation of aluminium in geopolymers produced from metakaolin
Kuenzel, C.; Neville, T. P.; Omakowski, T.; Vandeperre, L.; Boccaccini, A. R.; Bensted, J.; Simons, S. J.
R.; Cheeseman, C. R.
2014-04-01
Magnox swarf contaminated with trace levels of Al metal is an important UK legacy waste originated
from the fuel rod cladding system used in Magnox nuclear power stations. Composite cements made from
Portland cement and blast furnace slag form a potential encapsulation matrix. However the high pH of this
system causes the Al metal to corrode causing durability issues. Geopolymers derived from metakaolin are
being investigated as an alternative encapsulation matrix for Magnox swarf waste and the corrosion
kinetics and surface interactions of Al with metakaolin geopolymer are reported in this paper. It is shown
that the pH of the geopolymer paste can be controlled by the selection of metakaolin and the sodium
silicate solution used to form the geopolymer. A decrease in pH of the activation solution reduces
corrosion of the Al metal and increases the stability of bayerite and gibbsite layers formed on the Al
surface. The bayerite and gibbsite act as a passivation layer which inhibits further corrosion and mitigates
H2 generation. The research shows that optimised metakaolin geopolymers have potential to be used to
encapsulate legacy Magnox swarf wastes.
310. Nuclear waste
SciTech Connect
Not Available
1991-09-01
Radioactive waste is mounting at U.S. nuclear power plants at a rate of more than 2,000 metric tons a year.
Pursuant to statute and anticipating that a geologic repository would be available in 1998, the Department
of Energy (DOE) entered into disposal contracts with nuclear utilities. Now, however, DOE does not
expect the repository to be ready before 2010. For this reason, DOE does not want to develop a facility for
monitored retrievable storage (MRS) by 1998. This book is concerned about how best to store the waste
until a repository is available, congressional requesters asked GAO to review themoreÂ Â» alternatives of
continued storage at utilities' reactor sites or transferring waste to an MRS facility, GAO assessed the
likelihood of an MRSA facility operating by 1998, legal implications if DOE is not able to take delivery of
wastes in 1998, propriety of using the Nuclear Waste Fund-from which DOE's waste program costs are
paid-to pay utilities for on-site storage capacity added after 1998, ability of utilities to store their waste on-
site until a repository is operating, and relative costs and safety of the two storage alternatives.Â«Â less
311. Porous 'Ouzo-effect' silica-ceria composite colloids and their application to aluminium corrosion
protection.
PubMed
Hollamby, Martin J; Borisova, Dimitriya; MÃ¶hwald, Helmuth; Shchukin, Dmitry

2012-01-04
By exploiting spontaneous emulsification to prepare porous SiO(2) particles, we report the formation of
porous CeO(2)@SiO(2) hybrid colloids and their incorporation into a silica-zirconia coating to improve
the corrosion protection of aluminium. This journal is Â© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012
312. Friction stir lap joining of automotive aluminium alloy and carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic
Bang, H. S.; Das, A.; Lee, S.; Bang, H. S.
2018-05-01
Multi-material combination such as aluminium alloys and carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) are
increasingly used in the aircraft and automobile industries to enhance strength-to-weight ratio of the
respective parts and components. Various processes such as adhesive bonding, mechanical fasteners and
laser beam joining were employed to join metal alloy and CFRP sheets. However, long processing time of
adhesive bonding, extra weight induced by mechanical fasteners and high operating cost of the laser is
major limitations of these processes. Therefore, friction stir welding is an alternative choice to overcome
those limitations in joining of CFRP and aluminium alloys. In the present work, an attempt is undertaken
to join AA5052 alloy and polyamide 66 CFRP sheets by friction stir lap joining technique using pinned
and pin-less tools. The joint qualities are investigated extensively at different joining conditions using two
different types of tools and surface ground aluminium sheets. The results show that pin-less tool and
surface ground aluminium alloy can provide the suitable joint with maximum joint strength around 8 MPa.
313. Piezoelectric Behaviour of Sputtered Aluminium Nitride Thin Film for High Frequency Ultrasonic
Sensors
Herzog, T.; Walter, S.; Bartzsch, H.; Gittner, M.; Gloess, D.; Heuer, H.
2011-06-01
Many new materials and processes require non destructive evaluation in higher resolutions by phased
array ultrasonic techniques in a frequency range up to 250 MHz. This paper presents aluminium nitride, a
promising material for the use as a piezoelectric sensor material in the considered frequency range, which
contains the potential for high frequency phased array application in the future. This work represents the
fundamental development of piezoelectric aluminium nitride films with a thickness of up to 10 Î¼m. We
have investigated and optimized the deposition process of the aluminium nitride thin film layers regarding
their piezoelectric behavior. Therefore a specific test setup and a measuring station were created to
determine the piezoelectric charge constant (d33) and the electro acoustic behavior of the sensor. Single
element transducers were deposited on silicon substrates with aluminium electrodes for top and bottom,
using different parameters for the magnetron sputter process, like pressure and bias voltage. Afterwards
acoustical measurements up to 500 MHz in pulse echo mode have been carried out and the electrical and
electromechanical properties were qualified. In two different parameter sets for the sputtering process
excellent piezoelectric charge constant of about 8.0 pC/N maximum were obtained.
314. A systematic investigation of aluminium ion speciation at high temperature. Part 1. Solution studies.
PubMed
Shafran, Kirill L; Perry, Carole C
2005-06-21
Speciation diagrams of aluminium ions in aqueous solution (0.2 M) at high temperature (90 degrees C)
have been obtained from 48 h time-resolved multi-batch titration experiments monitored by 27Al NMR
spectroscopy, potentiometry and dynamic light scattering. The quantitative speciation patterns and kinetic
data obtained offer a dynamic picture of the distribution of soluble and insoluble Al species as a function
of hydrolysis ratio h(h=[OH-]/[Al3+]) over a very broad range of conditions (-1.0 < or =h < or = 4.0).
Monomeric, small oligomeric, tridecameric (the 'Al13-mer') and the recently characterised 30-meric
aluminium species (the 'Al30-mer') as well as aluminium hydroxide have been identified and quantified.
The Al13-mer species dominates over a relatively broad range of hydrolysis ratios (1.5 < or =h< or = 2.7)
during the first 6 h of experiment, but are gradually replaced by Al30-mers at longer reaction times.
Kinetic profiles indicate that the formation of the Al30-mer is limited by the disappearance of the Al13
species at mildly acidic conditions. The estimated rate constants of both hydrolytic processes show good
internal correlation at h> or = 1.5. The effect of local perturbations leading to the formation of aluminium
hydroxide below the electroneutrality point (h= 3.0) has been estimated quantitatively.
315. Application of laser in seam welding of dissimilar steel to aluminium joints for thick structural
components
Meco, S.; Pardal, G.; Ganguly, S.; Williams, S.; McPherson, N.
2015-04-01
Laser welding-brazing technique, using a continuous wave (CW) fibre laser with 8000 W of maximum
power, was applied in conduction mode to join 2 mm thick steel (XF350) to 6 mm thick aluminium
(AA5083-H22), in a lap joint configuration with steel on the top. The steel surface was irradiated by the
laser and the heat was conducted through the steel plate to the steel-aluminium interface, where the
aluminium melts and wets the steel surface. The welded samples were defect free and the weld
micrographs revealed presence of a brittle intermetallic compounds (IMC) layer resulting from reaction of
Fe and Al atoms. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis indicated the stoichiometry of the IMC
as Fe2Al5 and FeAl3, the former with maximum microhardness measured of 1145 HV 0.025/10. The IMC
layer thickness varied between 4 to 21 Î¼m depending upon the laser processing parameters. The IMC
layer showed an exponential growth pattern with the applied specific point energy (Esp) at a constant
power density (PD). Higher PD values accelerate the IMC layer growth. The mechanical shear strength
showed a narrow band of variation in all the samples (with the maximum value registered at 31.3 kN),
with a marginal increase in the applied Esp. This could be explained by the fact that increasing the Esp
results into an increase in the wetting and thereby the bonded area in the steel-aluminium interface.
316. Determining the location and nearest neighbours of aluminium in zeolites with atom probe tomography
DOE PAGES
Perea, Daniel E.; Arslan, Ilke; Liu, Jia; ...
2015-07-02
Zeolite catalysis is determined by a combination of pore architecture and BrÃ¸nsted acidity. As BrÃ¸nsted
acid sites are formed by the substitution of AlO4 for SiO4 tetrahedra, it is of utmost importance to have
information on the number as well as the location and neighbouring sites of framework aluminium.
Unfortunately, such detailed information has not yet been obtained, mainly due to the lack of suitable
characterization methods. Here we report, using the powerful atomic-scale analysis technique known as
atom probe tomography, the quantitative spatial distribution of individual aluminium atoms, including
their three-dimensional extent of segregation. Ultimately, using a nearest-neighbour statisticalmoreÂ Â»
analysis, we precisely determine the short-range distribution of aluminium over the different T-sites and
determine the most probable Alâ€“Al neighbouring distance within parent and steamed ZSM-5 crystals, as
well as assess the long-range redistribution of aluminium upon zeolite steaming.Â«Â less
317. Visual detection and sequential injection determination of aluminium using a cinnamoyl derivative.
PubMed
EleÄkovÃ¡, Lenka; AlexoviÄ, Michal; KuchÃ¡r, Juraj; Balogh, Ioseph S; Andruch, Vasil
2015-02-01
A cinnamoyl derivative, 3-[4-(dimethylamino)cinnamoyl]-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4-2H-pyran-2-one, was

used as a ligand for the determination of aluminium. Upon the addition of an acetonitrile solution of the
ligand to an aqueous solution containing Al(III) and a buffer solution at pH 8, a marked change in colour
from yellow to orange is observed. The colour intensity is proportional to the concentration of Al(III);
thus, the 'naked-eye' detection of aluminium is possible. The reaction is also applied for sequential
injection determination of aluminium. Beer×³s law is obeyed in the range from 0.055 to 0.66 mg L(-1) of
Al(III). The limit of detection, calculated as three times the standard deviation of the blank test (n=10),
was found to be 4 Î¼g L(-1) for Al(III). The method was applied for the determination of aluminium in
spiked water samples and pharmaceutical preparations. Copyright Â© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights
reserved.
318. Determining the location and nearest neighbours of aluminium in zeolites with atom probe tomography
SciTech Connect
Perea, Daniel E.; Arslan, Ilke; Liu, Jia
Zeolite catalysis is determined by a combination of pore architecture and BrÃ¸nsted acidity. As BrÃ¸nsted
acid sites are formed by the substitution of AlO4 for SiO4 tetrahedra, it is of utmost importance to have
information on the number as well as the location and neighbouring sites of framework aluminium.
Unfortunately, such detailed information has not yet been obtained, mainly due to the lack of suitable
characterization methods. Here we report, using the powerful atomic-scale analysis technique known as
atom probe tomography, the quantitative spatial distribution of individual aluminium atoms, including
their three-dimensional extent of segregation. Ultimately, using a nearest-neighbour statisticalmoreÂ Â»
analysis, we precisely determine the short-range distribution of aluminium over the different T-sites and
determine the most probable Alâ€“Al neighbouring distance within parent and steamed ZSM-5 crystals, as
well as assess the long-range redistribution of aluminium upon zeolite steaming.Â«Â less
319. Process Simulation of Aluminium Sheet Metal Deep Drawing at Elevated Temperatures
SciTech Connect
Winklhofer, Johannes; Trattnig, Gernot; Lind, Christoph
Lightweight design is essential for an economic and environmentally friendly vehicle. Aluminium sheet
metal is well known for its ability to improve the strength to weight ratio of lightweight structures. One
disadvantage of aluminium is that it is less formable than steel. Therefore complex part geometries can
only be realized by expensive multi-step production processes. One method for overcoming this
disadvantage is deep drawing at elevated temperatures. In this way the formability of aluminium sheet
metal can be improved significantly, and the number of necessary production steps can thereby be
reduced. This paper introduces deep drawing of aluminium sheet metalmoreÂ Â» at elevated
temperatures, a corresponding simulation method, a characteristic process and its optimization. The
temperature and strain rate dependent material properties of a 5xxx series alloy and their modelling are
discussed. A three dimensional thermomechanically coupled finite element deep drawing simulation
model and its validation are presented. Based on the validated simulation model an optimised process
strategy regarding formability, time and cost is introduced.Â«Â less
320. Fractal dimension values of cerebral and cerebellar activity in rats loaded with aluminium.
PubMed
Kekovic, Goran; Culic, Milka; Martac, Ljiljana; Stojadinovic, Gordana; Capo, Ivan; Lalosevic, Dusan;
Sekulic, Slobodan
2010-07-01
Aluminium interferes with a variety of cellular metabolic processes in the mammalian nervous system and
its intake might increase a risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). While cerebral involvement even
at the early stages of intoxication is well known, the role of cerebellum is underestimated. Our aim was to
investigate cerebral and cerebellar electrocortical activity in adult male rats exposed to chronic aluminium
treatment by nonlinear analytic tools. The adult rats in an aluminium-treated group were injected by
AlCl(3), intraperitoneally (2 mg Al/kg, daily for 4 weeks). Fractal analysis of brain activity was performed
off-line using Higuchi's algorithm. The average fractal dimension of electrocortical activity in aluminium-
treated animals was lower than the average fractal dimension of electrocortical activity in the control rats,
at cerebral but not at cerebellar level. The changes in the stationary and nonlinear properties of time series
were more expressed in cerebral electrocortical activity than in cerebellar activity. This can be useful for
developing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases.
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321. Predicting the thermal conductivity of aluminium alloys in the cryogenic to room temperature range
Woodcraft, Adam L.
2005-06-01
Aluminium alloys are being used increasingly in cryogenic systems. However, cryogenic thermal
conductivity measurements have been made on only a few of the many types in general use. This paper
describes a method of predicting the thermal conductivity of any aluminium alloy between the
superconducting transition temperature (approximately 1 K) and room temperature, based on a
measurement of the thermal conductivity or electrical resistivity at a single temperature. Where
predictions are based on low temperature measurements (approximately 4 K and below), the accuracy is
generally better than 10%. Useful predictions can also be made from room temperature measurements for
most alloys, but with reduced accuracy. This method permits aluminium alloys to be used in situations
where the thermal conductivity is important without having to make (or find) direct measurements over
the entire temperature range of interest. There is therefore greater scope to choose alloys based on
mechanical properties and availability, rather than on whether cryogenic thermal conductivity
measurements have been made. Recommended thermal conductivity values are presented for aluminium
6082 (based on a new measurement), and for 1000 series, and types 2014, 2024, 2219, 3003, 5052, 5083,
5086, 5154, 6061, 6063, 6082, 7039 and 7075 (based on low temperature measurements in the literature).
322. Aspects of ultra-high-precision diamond machining of RSA 443 optical aluminium
Mkoko, Z.; Abou-El-Hossein, K.
2015-08-01
Optical aluminium alloys such as 6061-T6 are traditionally used in ultra-high precision manufacturing for
making optical mirrors for aerospace and other applications. However, the optics industry has recently
witnessed the development of more advanced optical aluminium grades that are capable of addressing
some of the issues encountered when turning with single-point natural monocrystalline diamond cutters.
The advent of rapidly solidified aluminium (RSA) grades has generally opened up new possibilities for
ultra-high precision manufacturing of optical components. In this study, experiments were conducted with
single-point diamond cutters on rapidly solidified aluminium RSA 443 material. The objective of this
study is to observe the effects of depth of cut and feed rate at a fixed rotational speed on the tool wear rate
and resulting surface roughness of diamond turned specimens. This is done to gain further understanding
of the rate of wear on the diamond cutters versus the surface texture generated on the RSA 443 material.
The diamond machining experiments yielded machined surfaces which are less reflective but with
consistent surface roughness values. Cutting tools were observed for wear through scanning microscopy;
relatively low wear pattern was evident on the diamond tool edge. The highest tool wear were obtained at
higher depth of cut and increased feed rate.
323. Localised anodic oxidation of aluminium material using a continuous electrolyte jet
Kuhn, D.; Martin, A.; Eckart, C.; Sieber, M.; Morgenstern, R.; Hackert-OschÃ¤tzchen, M.; Lampke, T.;
Schubert, A.
2017-03-01
Anodic oxidation of aluminium and its alloys is often used as protection against material wearout and
corrosion. Therefore, anodic oxidation of aluminium is applied to produce functional oxide layers. The
structure and properties of the oxide layers can be influenced by various factors. These factors include for
example the properties of the substrate material, like alloy elements and heat treatment or process
parameters, like operating temperature, electric parameters or the type of the used electrolyte. In order to
avoid damage to the work-piece surface caused by covering materials in masking applications, to
minimize the use of resources and to modify the surface in a targeted manner, the anodic oxidation has to
be localised to partial areas. Within this study a proper alternative without preparing the substrate by a
mask is investigated for generating locally limited anodic oxidation by using a continuous electrolyte jet.
Therefore aluminium material EN AW 7075 is machined by applying a continuous electrolyte jet of oxalic
acid. Experiments were carried out by varying process parameters like voltage or processing time. The
realised oxide spots on the aluminium surface were investigated by optical microscopy, SEM and EDX
line scanning. Furthermore, the dependencies of the oxide layer properties from the process parameters are
shown.
324. Aluminium induced oxidative stress results in decreased mitochondrial biogenesis via modulation of
PGC-1Î± expression
SciTech Connect
Sharma, Deep Raj; Sunkaria, Aditya; Wani, Willayat Yousuf
The present investigation was carried out to elucidate a possible molecular mechanism related to the
effects of aluminium-induced oxidative stress on various mitochondrial respiratory complex subunits with
special emphasis on the role of Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma co-activator 1Î± (PGC-
1Î±) and its downstream targets i.e. Nuclear respiratory factor-1(NRF-1), Nuclear respiratory factor-
2(NRF-2) and Mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) in mitochondrial biogenesis. Aluminium
lactate (10 mg/kg b.wt./day) was administered intragastrically to rats for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks of
exposure, we found an increase in ROS levels, mitochondrial DNA oxidation and decrease in citrate
synthase activity in the Hippocampus (HC) andmoreÂ Â» Corpus striatum (CS) regions of rat brain. On
the other hand, there was a decrease in the mRNA levels of the mitochondrial encoded subunitsâ€“NADH
dehydrogenase (ND) subunits i.e. ND1, ND2, ND3, Cytochrome b (Cytb), Cytochrome oxidase (COX)
subunits i.e. COX1, COX3, ATP synthase (ATPase) subunit 6 along with reduced expression of nuclear
encoded subunits COX4, COX5A, COX5B of Electron transport chain (ETC). Besides, a decrease in
mitochondrial DNA copy number and mitochondrial content in both regions of rat brain was observed.
The PGC-1Î± was down-regulated in aluminium treated rats along with NRF-1, NRF-2 and Tfam, which
act downstream from PGC-1Î± in aluminium treated rats. Electron microscopy results revealed a
significant increase in the mitochondrial swelling, loss of cristae, chromatin condensation and decreases in
mitochondrial number in case of aluminium treated rats as compared to control. So, PGC-1Î± seems to be
a potent target for aluminium neurotoxicity, which makes it an almost ideal target to control or limit the
damage that has been associated with the defective mitochondrial function seen in neurodegenerative
diseases. - Highlights: â€¢ Aluminium decreases the mRNA levels of mitochondrial and nuclear
325. Content and bioaccessibility of aluminium in duplicate diets from southern Spain.
PubMed
Cabrera-Vique, Carmen; MesÃas, Marta
2013-08-01
Aluminium is found naturally in foods and beverages, but levels increase notably during processing,
packaging, storage, and cooking, as a consequence of its presence in food additives and the wide use of
aluminium utensils and vessels. Dietary intake of Al was estimated in 2 population groups in southern
Spain (families and university students) in a duplicate diet sampling study. Diets were sampled for 7
consecutive days, and Al was determined in acid-mineralized samples with electrothermal atomization-
atomic absorption spectrometry (ETA-AAS). Mean values for Al intake were 2.93 and 1.01 mg/d in
families and students, respectively, ranging from 0.12 to 10.00 mg/d. Assuming an average adult weight of
60 kg, the mean dietary exposures to aluminium were 0.34 and 0.12 mg/kg body weight/week in these
groups, which amounted to 17% and 6% of the 2 mg/kg body weight estimated as the tolerable weekly
intake by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Bioaccessibility of dietary Al tested
with in vitro studies ranged from 0.30 to 17.26% (absorbable fraction). The highest aluminium intakes
were observed in subjects consuming diets with a low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, which were
associated to high consumption of processed and canned food. On the contrary, subjects consuming diets
with a high adherence to the Mediterranean diet patterns showed the lowest Al intakes. The present
findings are useful for giving both a reliable estimate of total aluminium dietary intake and tolerable
intake levels according to usual dietary habits. Â© 2013 Institute of Food TechnologistsÂ®
326. Alteration of aluminium inhibition of synaptosomal (Na(+)/K(+))ATPase by colestipol administration.

PubMed
Silva, V S; Oliveira, L; GonÃ§alves, P P
2013-11-01
The ability of aluminium to inhibit the (Na(+)/K(+))ATPase activity has been observed by several authors.
During chronic dietary exposure to AlCl3, brain (Na(+)/K(+))ATPase activity drops, even if no alterations
of catalytic subunit protein expression and of energy charge potential are observed. The aluminium effect
on (Na(+)/K(+))ATPase activity seems to implicate the reduction of interacting protomers within the
oligomeric ensemble of the membrane-bound (Na(+)/K(+))ATPase. The activity of (Na(+)/K(+))ATPase is
altered by the microviscosity of lipid environment. We studied if aluminium inhibitory effect on
(Na(+)/K(+))ATPase is modified by alterations in synaptosomal membrane cholesterol content. Adult
male Wistar rats were submitted to chronic dietary AlCl3 exposure (0.03 g/day of AlCl3) and/or to
colestipol, a hypolidaemic drug (0.31 g/day) during 4 months. The activity of (Na(+)/K(+))ATPase was
studied in brain cortex synaptosomes with different cholesterol contents. Additionally, we incubate
synaptosomes with methyl-Î²-cyclodextrin for both enrichment and depletion of membrane cholesterol
content, with or without 300 Î¼M AlCl3. This enzyme activity was significantly reduced by micromolar
AlCl3 added in vitro and when aluminium was orally administered to rats. The oral administration of
colestipol reduced the cholesterol content and concomitantly inhibited the (Na(+)/K(+))ATPase. The
aluminium inhibitory effect on synaptosomal (Na(+)/K(+))ATPase was reduced by cholesterol depletion
both in vitro and in vivo. Copyright Â© 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
327. Aluminium chloride promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis in normal murine mammary gland epithelial
cells
PubMed Central
Tenan, Mirna; Ferrari, Paolo; Sappino, AndrÃ©â€Pascal
2016-01-01
Aluminium salts, present in many industrial products of frequent use like antiperspirants, antiâ€acid drugs,
food additives and vaccines, have been incriminated in contributing to the rise in breast cancer incidence
in Western societies. However, current experimental evidence supporting this hypothesis is limited. For
example, no experimental evidence that aluminium promotes tumorigenesis in cultured mammary
epithelial cells exists. We report here that longâ€term exposure to concentrations of aluminiumâ€”in the
form of aluminium chloride (AlCl3)â€”in the range of those measured in the human breast, transform
normal murine mammary gland (NMuMG) epithelial cells in vitro as revealed by the soft agar assay.
Subcutaneous injections into three different mouse strains with decreasing immunodeficiency, namely,
NOD SCID gamma (NSG), NOD SCID or nude mice, revealed that untreated NMuMG cells form tumors
and metastasize, to a limited extent, in the highly immunodeficient and natural killer (NK) cell deficient
NSG strain, but not in the less permissive and NK cell competent NOD SCID or nude strains. In contrast,
NMuMG cells transformed in vitro by AlCl3 form large tumors and metastasize in all three mouse
models. These effects correlate with a mutagenic activity of AlCl3. Our findings demonstrate for the first
time that concentrations of aluminium in the range of those measured in the human breast fully transform
cultured mammary epithelial cells, thus enabling them to form tumors and metastasize in
wellâ€established mouse cancer models. Our observations provide experimental evidence that aluminium
salts could be environmental breast carcinogens. PMID:27541736
328. Comparative studies of thin film growth on aluminium by AFM, TEM and GDOES characterization
Qi, Jiantao; Thompson, George E.

2016-07-01
In this present study, comparative studies of trivalent chromium conversion coating formation, associated
with aluminium dissolution process, have been investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM),
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES).
High-resolution electron micrographs revealed the evident and uniform coating initiation on the whole
surface after conversion treatment for only 30 s, although a network of metal ridges was created by HF
etching pre-treatment. In terms of conversion treatment process on electropolished aluminium, constant
kinetics of coating growth, âˆ¼0.30 Â± 0.2 nm/s, were found after the prolonged conversion treatment for
600 s. The availability of electrolyte anions for coating deposition determined the growth process.
Simultaneously, a proceeding process of aluminium dissolution during conversion treatment, of âˆ¼0.11
Â± 0.02 nm/s, was found for the first time, indicating constant kinetics of anodic reactions. The distinct
process of aluminium consumption was assigned with loss of corrosion protection of the deposited coating
material as evidenced in the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Based on the present data, a new
mechanism of coating growth on aluminium was proposed, and it consisted of an activation period (0-30
s), a linear growth period (0.30 nm/s, up for 600 s) and limited growth period (0.17 nm/s, 600-1200 s). In
addition, the air-drying post-treatment and a high-vacuum environment in the microscope revealed a
coating shrinkage, especially in the coatings after conversion treatments for longer time.
329. Global perspectives on e-waste
SciTech Connect
Widmer, Rolf; Oswald-Krapf, Heidi; Sinha-Khetriwal, Deepali
2005-07-15
Electronic waste, or e-waste, is an emerging problem as well as a business opportunity of increasing

significance, given the volumes of e-waste being generated and the content of both toxic and valuable
materials in them. The fraction including iron, copper, aluminium, gold and other metals in e-waste is over
60%, while pollutants comprise 2.70%. Given the high toxicity of these pollutants especially when burned
or recycled in uncontrolled environments, the Basel Convention has identified e-waste as hazardous, and
developed a framework for controls on transboundary movement of such waste. The Basel Ban, an
amendment to the Basel Convention that hasmoreÂ Â» not yet come into force, would go one step further
by prohibiting the export of e-waste from developed to industrializing countries. Section 1 of this paper
gives readers an overview on the e-waste topic-how e-waste is defined, what it is composed of and which
methods can be applied to estimate the quantity of e-waste generated. Considering only PCs in use, by one
estimate, at least 100 million PCs became obsolete in 2004. Not surprisingly, waste electrical and
electronic equipment (WEEE) today already constitutes 8% of municipal waste and is one of the fastest
growing waste fractions. Section 2 provides insight into the legislation and initiatives intended to help
manage these growing quantities of e-waste. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is being propagated
as a new paradigm in waste management. The European Union's WEEE Directive, which came into force
in August of 2004, makes it incumbent on manufacturers and importers in EU states to take back their
products from consumers and ensure environmentally sound disposal. WEEE management in
industrializing countries has its own characteristics and problems, and therefore this paper identifies some
problems specific to such countries. The risky process of extracting copper from printed wiring boards is
discussed as an example to illustrate the hazards of the
330. Tribal Waste Management Program
EPA Pesticide Factsheets
The EPAâ€™s Tribal Waste Management Program encourages environmentally sound waste management
practices that promote resource conservation through recycling, recovery, reduction, clean up, and
elimination of waste.
331. MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTION ASSESSMENT: WASTE CO- FIRING
EPA Science Inventory
The report is an overview of waste co-firing and auxiliary fuel fired technology and identifies the extent to
which co-firing and auxiliary fuel firing are practised. Waste co-firing is defined as the combustion of
wastes (e. g., sewage sludge, medical waste, wood waste, and agri...
332. AL(0) in municipal waste incinerator ash
Stipp, S. L.; Ronsbo, J. G.; Zunic, T. B.; Christensen, T. H.
2003-04-01
Disposal of municipal waste is a challenge to society. Waste volume is substantially decreased by

incineration but residual ash usually contains a number of toxic components which must be immobilised
to insure environmental protection. One element, chromium, is mobile and toxic in its oxidised state as
Cr(VI) but it can be reduced to Cr(III) and immobilised. Reduction can be promoted by ash treatment with
Fe(0) or Fe(II), but recent evidence shows that at least some Cr(VI) is reduced spontaneously in the ash.
Aspects of ash behaviour suggest metallic aluminium as the reducing agent, but no direct evidence of
Al(0) has been found until now. We examined filter ash from an energy-producing, municipal-waste
incinerator (Vest-forbrÃ¦nding) near Copenhagen. X-ray diffraction (XRD) identified expected salts of Na,
K and Ca such as halite, sylvite, calcite, anhydrite and gypsum as well as quartz, feldspar and some
hematite. Wave-dispersive electron microprobe produced elemen-tal maps of the ash; Al-rich areas were
analysed quantitatively by comparison with standards. We identified metallic Al particles, averaging 50 to
100 micrometers in di-ameter, often with a fractured, glassy border of aluminum oxide. The particles were
porous, explaining fast Cr(VI) reduction and they contained thin exsolution lamellae of Al-alloys of Pb
and Cu or Mn, Fe and Ag, which provide clues of the Al(0) origin in the waste. Sometimes Al(0) occurred
inside glassy globes of Al2O3. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) and X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) proved that surface Al concentrations on ash particles were below
detection, confirming reactivity of the Al(0) bulk. The persistence of reduced Al through the highly
oxidising combustion procedure comes as a surprise and is a benefit in the immobilisation of Cr(VI) from
municipal-waste incineration residues.
333. Use of high metal-containing biogas digestates in cereal productionÂ -Â Mobility of chromium and
aluminium.
PubMed
Dragicevic, Ivan; Eich-Greatorex, Susanne; Sogn, Trine A; Horn, Svein J; Krogstad, Tore
2018-07-01
Biogas digestate use as organic fertilizer has been widely promoted in recent years as a part of the global
agenda on recycling waste and new sustainable energy production. Although many studies have confirmed
positive effects of digestates on soil fertility, there is still lack of information on the potential adverse
effects of digestates on natural soil heavy metal content, metal leaching and leaching of other pollutants.
We have investigated the release of aluminium (Al) and chromium (Cr) from different soils treated with
commercial digestates high in mentioned potentially problematic metals in a field experiment, while a
greenhouse and a laboratory column experiment were used to address mobility of these metals in two
other scenarios. Results obtained from the field experiment showed an increase in total concentrations for
both investigated metals on plots treated with digestates as well as a significant increase of water-soluble
Al concentrations. Factors that were found to be mostly affecting the metal mobility were dissolved
organic carbon (DOC), pH and type of soil. Metal binding and free metal concentrations were modelled
using the WHAM 7.0 software. Results indicated that the use of digestates with high metal content are
comparable to use of animal manure with respect to metal leaching. Data obtained through chemical
modelling for the samples from the field experiment suggested that an environmental risk from higher
metal mobility has to be considered for Al. In the greenhouse experiment, measured concentrations of
leached Cr at the end of the growing season were low for all treatments, while the concentration of
leached Al from digestates was higher. The high irrigation column leaching experiment showed an
increased leaching rate of Cr with addition of digestates. Copyright Â© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.
334. Synergistic Effect of Quercetin and Î±-Lipoic Acid on Aluminium Chloride Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats
PubMed Central
Al-Otaibi, Sooad Saud
2018-01-01
Objectives The present study was carried out to study the protective effects of quercetin and Î±-lipoic acid
alone and in combination against aluminum chloride induced neurotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods
The study consisted of eight groups, namely, Group 1: control rats, Group 2: rats receiving aluminium
chloride 7â€‰mg/kg body weight intraperitoneal route (i.p) for two weeks, Group 3: rats receiving
quercetin 50â€‰mg/kg body weight i.p. for two weeks, Group 4: rats receiving quercetin 50â€‰mg/kg
body weight followed by aluminium chloride 7â€‰mg/kg body weight i.p. for two weeks, Group 5: rats
receiving Î±-lipoic acid 20â€‰mg/kg body weight i.p. for two weeks, Group 6: rats receiving lipoic acid
20â€‰mg/kg body weight followed by aluminium chloride 7â€‰mg/kg body weight i.p. for two weeks,
Group 7: rats receiving Î±-lipoic acid 20â€‰mg/kg body weight and quercetin 50â€‰mg/kg body weight
i.p. for two weeks, and Group 8: rats receiving Î±-lipoic acid 20â€‰mg/kg body weight and quercetin
50â€‰mg/kg body weight followed by aluminium chloride 7â€‰mg/kg body weight i.p. for two weeks.
The animals were killed after 24 hours of the last dose by cervical dislocation. Results Aluminium
chloride treatment of rats resulted in significant increases in lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl levels,
and acetylcholine esterase activity in the brain. This was accompanied with significant decreases in
reduced glutathione, activities of the glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase. Pretreatment of
AlCl3 exposed rats to either quercetin or Î±-lipoic acid also restored altered lipid peroxidation and
superoxide dismutase to near normal levels. Quercetin or Î±-lipoic acid pretreatment of AlCl3 exposed
rats improved the protein carbonyl and reduced glutathione, glutathione reductase, and acetylcholine
esterase activities in rat brains towards normal levels. Combined pretreatment of AlCl3 exposed rats with
quercetin and Î±-lipoic acid resulted in a tendency towards
335. Synergistic Effect of Quercetin and Î±-Lipoic Acid on Aluminium Chloride Induced Neurotoxicity in
Rats.
PubMed
Al-Otaibi, Sooad Saud; Arafah, Maha Mohamad; Sharma, Bechan; Alhomida, Abdullah Salih; Siddiqi,
Nikhat Jamal
2018-01-01
The present study was carried out to study the protective effects of quercetin and Î± -lipoic acid alone and
in combination against aluminum chloride induced neurotoxicity in rats. The study consisted of eight
groups, namely, Group 1: control rats, Group 2: rats receiving aluminium chloride 7â€‰mg/kg body
weight intraperitoneal route (i.p) for two weeks, Group 3: rats receiving quercetin 50â€‰mg/kg body
weight i.p. for two weeks, Group 4: rats receiving quercetin 50â€‰mg/kg body weight followed by
aluminium chloride 7â€‰mg/kg body weight i.p. for two weeks, Group 5: rats receiving Î± -lipoic acid
20â€‰mg/kg body weight i.p. for two weeks, Group 6: rats receiving lipoic acid 20â€‰mg/kg body
weight followed by aluminium chloride 7â€‰mg/kg body weight i.p. for two weeks, Group 7: rats
receiving Î± -lipoic acid 20â€‰mg/kg body weight and quercetin 50â€‰mg/kg body weight i.p. for two
weeks, and Group 8: rats receiving Î± -lipoic acid 20â€‰mg/kg body weight and quercetin 50â€‰mg/kg
body weight followed by aluminium chloride 7â€‰mg/kg body weight i.p. for two weeks. The animals
were killed after 24 hours of the last dose by cervical dislocation. Aluminium chloride treatment of rats
resulted in significant increases in lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl levels, and acetylcholine esterase
activity in the brain. This was accompanied with significant decreases in reduced glutathione, activities of
the glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase. Pretreatment of AlCl 3 exposed rats to either
quercetin or Î± -lipoic acid also restored altered lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase to near
normal levels. Quercetin or Î± -lipoic acid pretreatment of AlCl 3 exposed rats improved the protein
carbonyl and reduced glutathione, glutathione reductase, and acetylcholine esterase activities in rat brains
towards normal levels. Combined pretreatment of AlCl3 exposed rats with quercetin and Î± -lipoic acid
resulted in a tendency towards normalization of most of the parameters
336. Incident Waste Decision Support Tool - Waste Materials ...
Report This is the technical documentation to the waste materials estimator module of I-WASTE. This
document outlines the methodology and data used to develop the Waste Materials Estimator (WME)
contained in the Incident Waste Decision Support Tool (I-WASTE DST). Specifically, this document
reflects version 6.4 of the I-WASTE DST. The WME is one of four primary features of the I-WASTE
DST. The WME is both a standalone calculator that generates waste estimates in terms of broad waste
categories, and is also integrated into the Incident Planning and Response section of the tool where default
inventories of specific waste items are provided in addition to the estimates for the broader waste
categories. The WME can generate waste estimates for both common materials found in open spaces (soil,
vegetation, concrete, and asphalt) and for a vast array of items and materials found in common structures.
337. Aluminium, carbonyls and cytokines in human nipple aspirate fluids: Possible relationship between
inflammation, oxidative stress and breast cancer microenvironment.
PubMed
Mannello, F; Ligi, D; Canale, M
2013-11-01
The human breast is likely exposed to Al (aluminium) from many sources including diet and personal care
products. Underarm applications of aluminium salt-based antiperspirant provide a possible long-term
source of exposure, especially after underarm applications to shaved and abraded skin. Al research in
breast fluids likely reflects the intraductal microenvironment. We found increased levels of aluminium in
noninvasively collected nipple aspirate fluids (NAF) from 19 breast cancer patients compared with 16
healthy control subjects (268 vs 131 Î¼g/l, respectively; p < 0.0001). In the same NAF samples we found
significantly increased levels of protein oxidative carbonyls in cancer patients compared to healthy women
(2.35 vs 0.41 nmol/mg prot, respectively; p < 0.0001). Aluminium content and carbonyl levels showed a
significant positive linear correlation (r(2) 0.6628, p < 0.0001). In cancer NAF samples (containing higher
amounts of aluminium salts) we also found a significantly increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines
(IL-1Î², IL-6, IL-12 p70, and TNF-Î±) and chemoattractant CC and CXC chemokines (IL-8, MIP-1Î± and
MCP-1). In 12 invasive cancer NAF samples we found a significant positive linear correlation among
aluminium, carbonyls and pro-inflammatory IL-6 cytokine (Y = 64.79x-39.63, r(2) 0.8192, p < 0.0005), as
well as pro-inflammatory monocyte chemoattractant MCP-1 cytokine (Y = 2026x-866, r(2) 0.9495, p <
0.0001). In addition to emerging evidence, our results support the possible involvement of aluminium ions
in oxidative and inflammatory status perturbations of breast cancer microenvironment, suggesting
aluminium accumulation in breast microenvironment as a possible risk factor for oxidative/inflammatory
phenotype of breast cells. Â© 2013.
338. A Fundamental Approach to Developing Aluminium based Bulk Amorphous Alloys based on Stable
Liquid Metal Structures and Electronic Equilibrium - 154041
2017-03-28
AFRL-AFOSR-JP-TR-2017-0027 A Fundamental Approach to Developing Aluminium-based Bulk

Amorphous Alloys based on Stable Liquid -Metal Structures and...to 16 Dec 2016 4. Â TITLE AND
SUBTITLE A Fundamental Approach to Developing Aluminium-based Bulk Amorphous Alloys based on
Stable Liquid -Metal...including Al, Cu, Ni, Zr, Mg, Pd, Ga , Ca. Many new Al-based amorphous alloys
were found within the numerous alloy systems studied in this project, and
339. A comparative ecotoxicity analysis of Î±- and Î³-phase aluminium oxide nanoparticles towards a
freshwater bacterial isolate Bacillus licheniformis.
PubMed
Pakrashi, Sunandan; Kumar, Deepak; Iswarya, V; Bhuvaneshwari, M; Chandrasekaran, N; Mukherjee,

Amitava
2014-12-01
Crystalline structure of nanoparticles may influence their physicochemical behaviour as well as their
toxicological impact on biota. The differences in orientation of the atoms result in the variations in
chemical stability. Thus, toxicological impacts of different crystalline phases of aluminium oxide
nanoparticles are expected to vary. The present study brings out a comparative toxicity analysis of Î³-phase
and Î±-phase aluminium oxide nanoparticles of comparable hydrodynamic size range towards a freshwater
bacterial isolate Bacillus licheniformis at low exposure concentrations (5, 1, 0.5 and 0.05Â Âµg/mL).
Upon 2-h exposure, the Î±-aluminium oxide particles showed lower toxicity than the Î³-phase aluminium
oxide. The lower level of oxidative stress generation and cell membrane damage in case of the Î±-phase
aluminium oxide nanoparticles substantiated the toxicity results. The involvement of protein,
lipopolysaccharides in nanoparticle-cell surface interaction, was noted in both the cases. To conclude, the
crystallinity of aluminium oxide nanoparticles played an important role in the interaction and the toxicity
response.
340. Does aluminium bind to histidine? An NMR investigation of amyloid Î²12 and amyloid Î²16 fragments.
PubMed
Narayan, Priya; Krishnarjuna, Bankala; Vishwanathan, Vinaya; Jagadeesh Kumar, Dasappa; Babu, Sudhir;
Ramanathan, Krishna Venkatachala; Easwaran, Kalpathy Ramaier Katchap; Nagendra, Holenarasipur
Gundurao; Raghothama, Srinivasarao
2013-07-01
Aluminium and zinc are known to be the major triggering agents for aggregation of amyloid peptides
leading to plaque formation in Alzheimer's disease. While zinc binding to histidine in AÎ² (amyloid Î²)
fragments has been implicated as responsible for aggregation, not much information is available on the
interaction of aluminium with histidine. In the NMR study of the N-terminal AÎ² fragments,
DAEFRHDSGYEV (AÎ²12) and DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQK (AÎ²16) presented here, the interactions of the
fragments with aluminium have been investigated. Significant chemical shifts were observed for few
residues near the C-terminus when aluminium chloride was titrated with AÎ²12 and AÎ²16 peptides.
Surprisingly, it is nonhistidine residues which seem to be involved in aluminium binding. Based on NMR
constrained structure obtained by molecular modelling, aluminium-binding pockets in AÎ²12 were around
charged residues such as Asp, Glu. The results are discussed in terms of native structure propagation, and
the relevance of histidine residues in the sequences for metal-binding interactions. We expect that the
study of such short amyloid peptide fragments will not only provide clues for plaque formation in
aggregated conditions but also facilitate design of potential drugs for these targets. Â© 2013 John Wiley
& Sons A/S.
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341. Aluminium and breast cancer: Sources of exposure, tissue measurements and mechanisms of toxicological
actions on breast biology.
PubMed
Darbre, Philippa D; Mannello, Ferdinando; Exley, Christopher
2013-11-01
This review examines recent evidence linking exposure to aluminium with the aetiology of breast cancer.
The human population is exposed to aluminium throughout daily life including through diet, application of
antiperspirants, use of antacids and vaccination. Aluminium has now been measured in a range of human
breast structures at higher levels than in blood serum and experimental evidence suggests that the tissue
concentrations measured have the potential to adversely influence breast epithelial cells including
generation of genomic instability, induction of anchorage-independent proliferation and interference in
oestrogen action. The presence of aluminium in the human breast may also alter the breast
microenvironment causing disruption to iron metabolism, oxidative damage to cellular components,
inflammatory responses and alterations to the motility of cells. The main research need is now to
investigate whether the concentrations of aluminium measured in the human breast can lead in vivo to any
of the effects observed in cells in vitro and this would be aided by the identification of biomarkers specific
for aluminium action. Â© 2013.
342. Impact of nanoparticles and butanol on properties and spray characteristics of waste cooking oil biodiesel
and pure rapeseed oil
Ahmad, K. H.; Hossain, A. K.
2017-11-01
Renewable biofuels can offset greenhouse gases by replacing fossil fuels destined for internal combustion
engines. However, biofuels have their own setbacks and may lead to poor combustion inside the engine
cylinder. In this study, nanoparticles and butanol were blended either separately or together with waste
cooking oil biodiesel and neat rape seed oil to investigate the impact of these additives on the properties
and spray characteristics. The investigation comprised of three stages, with each having an effect on how
the next stage of the investigation was conducted. Initially, the physicochemical characteristics of 25ppm,
50ppm, 75ppm and 100ppm concentrations of aluminium oxide and copper oxide nanoparticle blends with
fossil diesel, waste cooking oil biodiesel and rapeseed oil were investigated. The results from first stage
investigation showed that, in general, blends containing aluminium oxide nanoparticles gave better results
for almost all the concentrations when compared with copper oxide nanoparticle blends with the same
nanoparticle concentrations. Overall, waste cooking oil biodiesel blended with 100ppm aluminium oxide
nanoparticle showed most promising results like the flash point of 159.3Â°C, kinematic viscosity
@40Â°C of 4.66 cSt, and gross calorific value of 44.43 MJ/kg. These values were 61.6% higher, 51.3%
higher and 3.2% lower than that of corresponding fossil diesel values. Subsequently, in the second stage of
the study, the addition of butanol was investigated to assess its ability to enhance the emulsion of biofuel-
nanoparticles blends. Four blends containing 90% biodiesel & 10% butanol, and 90% rapeseed oil & 10%
butanol, with and without 100ppm Al2O3 were prepared. Results showed that the kinematic viscosity of
the fuel blends containing 100ppm aluminium oxide nanoparticles were decreased by 0.4% and 3.3%, for
90% biodiesel & 10% butanol and 90% rapeseed oil & 10% butanol blends respectively, when compared
to without the nanoparticles. The
343. Vibrational response and mechanical properties characterization of aluminium alloy 6061/Sic composite
Kumbhar, A. P.; Vyavahare, R. T.; Kulkarni, S. G.
2018-05-01
Aluminium alloy based metal matrix composites (AAMMC) are mainly used in sliding wear application,
automobile, Aircraft and aerospace components, Marine fittings, Transport and other industry are
becoming highly advantageous due to their excellent wear resistance, lighter weight, higher strength and
durability. In this paper the effect of reinforcement percentage on vibration response and mechanical
properties of metal matrix composite has been investigated. Composite material was prepared by varying
Sic (0, 3, 6, and 9 wt. %) by stir casting method. Natural frequency, tensile strength, rockwell hardness
and compressive strength were analyzed. The result shows that, addition of sic in aluminium matrix
increases natural frequency, hardness, tensile strength, compressive strength and 9 wt. % showed
maximum natural frequency, hardness, tensile strength, compressive strength.
344. Influence of Sulphur Impurities on the Interfacial Tension between Aluminium and Cryolite Alumina
Melts
Korenko, Michal
2007-06-01
The interfacial tension (IFT) between aluminium and cryolite melts containing different salt additions
(AlF3, NaF,Na2SO4) has been measured during electrolysis by the capillary depression method. The
technique is based on the measurement of the capillary depression occurring when a capillary, which is
moved vertically down through the molten salt layer, passes through the metal/salt interface. The
depression is measured by simultaneous video recording of the immersion height of the alumina capillary.
The interfacial tension is strongly dependent on the n(NaF)/n(AlF3) ratio. The addition of Na2SO4
decreases the IFT of the aluminium/electrolyte interface. We also found the different influence of the
conditions of electrolysis on the IFT in systems with and without Na2SO4. In systems without Na2SO4
the IFT decreases with increasing current density, and in systems with Na2SO4 it increases.
345. Cold pressure welding of aluminium-steel blanks: Manufacturing process and electrochemical surface
preparation
Schmidt, Hans Christian; Homberg, Werner; Orive, Alejandro Gonzalez; Grundmeier, Guido; Hordych,
Illia; Maier, Hans JÃ¼rgen
2018-05-01
In this study the manufacture of aluminium-steel blanks by cold pressure welding and their preparation for
a welding process through electrochemical surface treatment are investigated and discussed. The cold
pressure welding process was done with an incremental rolling tool that allows for the partial pressure
welding of two blanks along a prepared path. The influence of the surface preparation by electrochemical
deposition of bond promoting organosilane-based agents and roughening on a nano-scale is investigated
and compared to conventional surface treatments. Coating the surfaces with a thin organosilane-based film
incorporating specific functional groups should promote additional bonding between the mating oxide
layers; its influence on the total weld strength is studied. Pressure welding requires suitable process
strategies, and the current advances in the proposed incremental rolling process for the combination of
mild steel and aluminium are presented.
346. Stabilization of tetanus toxoid formulation containing aluminium hydroxide adjuvant against freeze-
thawing.
PubMed
Solanki, Vipul A; Jain, Nishant K; Roy, Ipsita
2011-07-29
Exposure to subzero temperature leads to loss of vaccine potency. This can happen due to degradation of
adjuvant surface and/or inactivation of the antigen. When adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide and subjected
to freeze-thawing, tetanus toxoid was desorbed from the gel matrix and the preparation was found to lose
its antigenicity. Analyses showed that the gel particles were denatured after freezing. When freeze-
thawing was carried out in the presence of glucose, sorbitol and arginine, the degradation of gel particles
was inhibited. A higher fraction of the protein could be retained on the gel. However, the antigenicity of
these preparations was quite low. In the presence of trehalose, the protein could be partially retained on
aluminium hydroxide. Being a cryoprotectant, trehalose was also able to inhibit the freezing-induced
denaturation of tetanus toxoid, which resulted in retention of antigenicity of the adjuvanted toxoid.
347. Dynamic Crushing Response of Closed-cell Aluminium Foam at Variable Strain Rates
Islam, M. A.; Kader, M. A.; Escobedo, J. P.; Hazell, P. J.; Appleby-Thomas, G. J.; Quadir, M. Z.
2015-06-01
The impact response of aluminium foams is essential for assessing their crashworthiness and energy
absorption capacity for potential applications. The dynamic compactions of closed-cell aluminium foams
(CYMAT) have been tested at variable strain rates. Microstructural characterization has also been carried
out. The low strain rate impact test has been carried out using drop weight experiments while the high
strain compaction test has been carried out via plate impact experiments. The post impacted samples have
been examined using optical and electron microscopy to observe the microstructural changes during
dynamic loading. This combination of dynamic deformation during impact and post impact
microstructural analysis helped to evaluate the pore collapse mechanism and impact energy absorption
characteristics.
348. Fabrication of self-healing super-hydrophobic surfaces on aluminium alloy substrates
SciTech Connect
Wang, Yang; Wei Liu, Xiao; Zhang, Hai Feng, E-mail: wy3121685@163.com
We present a method to fabricate a super-hydrophobic surface with a self-healing ability on an aluminium

alloy substrate. The coatings are obtained by combining a two-step process (first, the substrate is
immersed in a solution of HCl, HF and H{sub 2}O, and then in boiling water) and succeeding surface
fluorination with a solution of poly(vinylidene-fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) and a fluoroalkyl silane.
The morphological features and chemical composition were studied by scanning electron micrometry and
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The prepared super-hydrophobic aluminium surfaces showed
hierarchical structures forming pores, petals and particles with a contact angle of 161Â° and a sliding
angle of 3Â°.
349. Dosimetric response for crystalline and nanostructured aluminium oxide to a high-current pulse electron
beam.
PubMed
Nikiforov, S V; Kortov, V S
2014-11-01
The main thermoluminescent (TL) and dosimetric properties of the detectors based on anion-defective
crystalline and nanostructured aluminium oxide after exposure to a high-current pulse electron beam are
studied. TL peaks associated with deep-trapping centres are registered. It is shown that the use of deep-
trap TL at 200-600Â°Ð¡ allows registering absorbed doses up to 750 kGy for single-crystalline detectors
and those up to 6 kGy for nanostructured ones. A wide range of the doses registered, high reproducibility
of the TL signal and low fading contribute to a possibility of using single-crystalline and nanostructured
aluminium oxide for the dosimetry of high-current pulse electron beams. Â© The Author 2014. Published
by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email:
journals.permissions@oup.com.
350. Numerical modelling in friction lap joining of aluminium alloy and carbon-fiber-reinforced-plastic sheets
Das, A.; Bang, H. S.; Bang, H. S.
2018-05-01
Multi-material combinations of aluminium alloy and carbon-fiber-reinforced-plastics (CFRP) have gained

attention in automotive and aerospace industries to enhance fuel efficiency and strength-to-weight ratio of
components. Various limitations of laser beam welding, adhesive bonding and mechanical fasteners make
these processes inefficient to join metal and CFRP sheets. Friction lap joining is an alternative choice for
the same. Comprehensive studies in friction lap joining of aluminium to CFRP sheets are essential and
scare in the literature. The present work reports a combined theoretical and experimental study in joining
of AA5052 and CFRP sheets using friction lap joining process. A three-dimensional finite element based
heat transfer model is developed to compute the temperature fields and thermal cycles. The computed
results are validated extensively with the corresponding experimentally measured results.
351. Microstructure heterogeneity after the ECAP process and its influence on recrystallization in aluminium
SciTech Connect
Wronski, S., E-mail: wronski@fis.agh.edu.pl; Tarasiuk, J., E-mail: tarasiuk@ftj.agh.edu.pl; Bacroix, B.,
E-mail: brigitte.bacroix@univ-paris13.fr
The main purpose of the present work is to describe the qualitative and quantitative behaviours of
aluminium during high strain plastic deformation and the effect of deformation on the subsequent
recrystallization process. An Electron Backscatter Diffraction analysis of aluminium after the Equal
channel angular pressing (ECAP) and recrystallization process is presented. In order to do this, several
topological maps are measured for samples processed by 4 and 8 passes and recrystallized. The processing
was conducted with route C. For all samples, distributions of grain size, misorientation, image quality
factor (IQ) and texture were preceded and then analysed in some detail.moreÂ Â» - Highlights: â–º
Describe the microstructure fragmentation in aluminum. â–º High strain plastic deformation and effect of
deformation on recrystallization. â–º The microstructure fragmentation and its influence on
recrystallization. â–º Image quality factor and misorientation characteristics are examined using
EBSD.Â«Â less
352. One-step aluminium-assisted crystallization of Ge epitaxy on Si by magnetron sputtering
SciTech Connect
Liu, Ziheng, E-mail: ziheng.liu@unsw.edu.au; Hao, Xiaojing; Ho-Baillie, Anita
In this work, one-step aluminium-assisted crystallization of Ge on Si is achieved via magnetron sputtering

by applying an in-situ low temperature (50â€‰Â°C to 150â€‰Â°C) heat treatment in between Al and Ge
depositions. The effect of heat treatment on film properties and the growth mechanism of Ge epitaxy on Si
are studied via X-ray diffraction, Raman and transmission electron microscopy analyses. Compared with
the conventional two-step process, the one-step aluminium-assisted crystallization requires much lower
thermal budget and results in pure Ge epitaxial layer, which may be suitable for use as a virtual substrate
for the fabrication of III-V solar cells.
353. Aluminium and hydrogen ions inhibit a mechanosensory calcium-selective cation channel
Ding, J. P.; Pickard, B. G.
1993-01-01
The tension-dependent activity of mechanosensory calcium-selective cation channels in excised

plasmalemmal patches from onion bulb scale epidermis is modulated by pH in the physiologically
meaningful range between 4.5 and 7.2. It is rapidly lowered by lowering pH and rapidly raised by raising
pH. Channel activity is effectively inhibited by low levels of aluminium ions and activity can be partially
restored by washing for a few minutes. We suggest that under normal conditions the sensitivity of the
mechanosensory channels to pH of the wall free space plays important roles in regulation of plant
activities such as growth. We further suggest that, when levels of acid and aluminium ions in the soil
solution are high, they might inhibit similar sensory channels in cells of the root tip, thus contributing
critically to the acid soil syndrome.
354. Treatment of high-latency microcapsules containing an aluminium complex with an epoxy-functionalised

trialkoxysilane.
PubMed
Kamiya, Kazunobu; Suzuki, Noboru
2016-12-01
Some aluminium complexes are excellent catalysts of cationic polymerisation and are used for low-
temperature and fast-curing adhesive, used in electronic part mounting. Microencapsulation is a suitable
technique for getting high latency of the catalysts and long shelf life of the adhesives. For the higher
latency in a cycloaliphatic epoxy compound, the microcapsule surface which retained small amount of
aluminium complex was coated with epoxy polymer and the effect was examined. From the X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopic results, the surface was recognised to be sufficiently coated and the
differential scanning calorimetric analyses showed that the coating did not significantly affect the low-
temperature and fast-curing properties of adhesive. After storing the mixture of cycloaliphatic epoxy
compound, coated microcapsules, triphenylsilanol and silane coupling agent for 48â€‰h at room
temperature, the increase in viscosity was only 0.01â€‰PaÂ s, resulting in the excellent shelf life.
355. Analysing the strength of friction stir welded dissimilar aluminium alloys using Sugeno Fuzzy model
Barath, V. R.; Vaira Vignesh, R.; Padmanaban, R.
2018-02-01
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a promising solid state joining technique for aluminium alloys. In this
study, FSW trials were conducted on two dissimilar plates of aluminium alloy AA2024 and AA7075 by
varying the tool rotation speed (TRS) and welding speed (WS). Tensile strength (TS) of the joints were
measured and a Sugeno - Fuzzy model was developed to interconnect the FSW process parameters with
the tensile strength. From the developed model, it was observed that the optimum heat generation at WS
of 15 mm.min-1 and TRS of 1050 rpm resulted in dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization of the
material. This refined the grains in the FSW zone and resulted in peak tensile strength among the tested
specimens. Crest parabolic trend was observed in tensile strength with variation of TRS from 900 rpm to
1200 rpm and TTS from 10 mm.min-1 to 20 mm.min-1.
356. Composite Ni-Co-fly ash coatings on 5083 aluminium alloy
Panagopoulos, C. N.; Georgiou, E. P.; Tsopani, A.; Piperi, L.
2011-03-01
Ni-Co-fly ash coatings were deposited on zincate treated 5083 wrought aluminium alloy substrates with
the aid of the electrodeposition technique. Structural and chemical characterization of the produced
composite coatings was performed with the aid of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) and electron dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) techniques. The Ni-Co-fly ash coatings were found
to consist of a crystalline Ni-Co solid solution with dispersed fly ash particles. In addition, chemical
analysis of the Ni-Co matrix showed that it consisted of 80 wt.% Ni and 20 wt.% Co. The co-deposition of
fly ash particles leads to a significant increase of the microhardness of the coating. The corrosion
behaviour of the Ni-Co-fly ash/zincate coated aluminium alloy, in a 0.3 M NaCl solution (pH = 3.5), was
studied by means of potentiodynamic corrosion experiments.
357. Effect of the Microstructure on Diffusion Bonded AA5083, AA6082 and AA7075 Aluminium Alloys

Venugopal, S.; Mahendran, G.
2018-05-01
Rolled plates of aluminium alloys AA5083, AA6082 and AA7075 of 5 mm thickness are joined by
diffusion bonding at varied parameters. The microstructure evolution of AA5083, AA6082 and AA7075
aluminium alloys is characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Metallurgical
investigations and mechanical tests are also performed to correlate the results of the TEM investigations
with the mechanical properties of the produced diffusion bonded joints. It is observed that the bonding and
shear strength of the alloys increase with the increase in bonding temperature, due to the diffusion of
micro-constituents in the interface. High temperature enhances the uniform distribution of secondary
phase particles and reduces pore formation/defects in the bonded joints.
358. New highly sensitive and selective fluorescent terbium complex for the detection of aluminium ions
Anwar, Zeinab M.; Ibrahim, Ibrahim A.; Kamel, Rasha M.; Abdel-Salam, Enas T.; El-Asfoury, Mahmoud
H.
2018-02-01
A highly sensitive and selective spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the rapid
determination of aluminium ions. The method is based on the fluorescence enhancement of Tb complex
with 3,4-dimetyl-thieno[2,3 b] thiophene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (LN) after addition trace amount of
aluminium ions. The fluorescence of the probe is monitored at the characteristic an emission wavelength
of Tb3+ at 545 nm with excitation at 300 nm. Optimum detection was obtained in DMSO-H2O (2:8, v/v)
and at pH 6.0 using MOPSO buffer. Under the optimum conditions linear calibration curves were obtained
from 0.5 Î¼ mol L-1 to 20 Î¼ mol L-1 with detection limit of 0.1 Î¼ mol L-1. Effect of interference of
other ions was studied.
359. Studies for determining thermal ion extraction potential for aluminium plasma generated by electron beam
evaporator
Dileep Kumar, V.; Barnwal, Tripti A.; Mukherjee, Jaya; Gantayet, L. M.
2010-02-01
For effective evaporation of refractory metal, electron beam is found to be most suitable vapour generator
source. Using electron beam, high throughput laser based purification processes are carried out. But due to
highly concentrated electron beam, the vapour gets ionised and these ions lead to dilution of the pure
product of laser based separation process. To estimate the concentration of these ions and extraction
potential requirement to remove these ions from vapour stream, experiments have been conducted using
aluminium as evaporant. The aluminium ingots were placed in water cooled copper crucible. Inserts were
used to hold the evaporant, in order to attain higher number density in the vapour processing zone and also
for confining the liquid metal. Parametric studies with beam power, number density and extraction
potential were conducted. In this paper we discuss the trend of the generation of thermal ions and
electrostatic field requirement for extraction.
360. Optimization of the Working Cycle for an Underwater Propulsion System Based on Aluminium-Water
Combustion

Chen, Xianhe; Xia, Zhixun; Huang, Liya; Hu, Jianxin
2017-05-01
The working cycle of a novel underwater propulsion system based on aluminium combustion with water is
researched in order to evaluate the best performance. The system exploits the exothermic reaction between
aluminium and water which will produce high temperature, pressure steam and hydrogen mixture that can
be used to drive turbine to generate power. Several new system configurations corresponding to different
working cycles are investigated, and their performance parameters in terms of net power, energy density
and global efficiency are discussed. The results of the system simulation show that using the recirculation
steam rather than hydrogen as the carrier gas, the system net power, energy density and efficiency of the
system are greatly increased compared, however the system performance is close either using adiabatic
compression or isothermal compression. And if an evaporator component is added into system in order to
take full use of the solid product heat, the system performance will be improved.
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361. Growth of L-Valinium Aluminium Chloride single crystal for OLED and super-capacitor applications
Kalaivani, D.; Vijayalakshmi, S.; Theras, J. Elberin Mary; Jayaraman, D.; Joseph, V.
2015-12-01
L-Valinium Aluminium Chloride (LVAC), a novel semi-organic material, was grown using slow
evaporation under isothermal condition. The single crystal data reveal that the grown crystal belongs to
monoclinic system. The SEM micrographs give clear picture about the surface morphology. Further, they
confirm the inclusion of aluminium chloride into atomic sites of L-Valine. The compositional elements
present in the crystal were identified through EDAX analysis. The mass spectral analysis was carried out
to determine the molecular weight of the grown crystal. The optical transparency of the grown crystal was
investigated by UV-vis-NIR spectrum. FTIR spectral study was used to identify the functional groups
present in the grown material. The luminescence characteristics of grown material were analysed to
confirm the effect of metal ion on the ligand. This property makes the material suitable for OLED
application. The supercapacitive performance of the grown crystal was finally studied using cyclic
voltammetry.
362. Comparison of nickel silicide and aluminium ohmic contact metallizations for low-temperature quantum
transport measurements.
PubMed
Polley, Craig M; Clarke, Warrick R; Simmons, Michelle Y
2011-10-03
We examine nickel silicide as a viable ohmic contact metallization for low-temperature, low-magnetic-
field transport measurements of atomic-scale devices in silicon. In particular, we compare a nickel silicide
metallization with aluminium, a common ohmic contact for silicon devices. Nickel silicide can be formed
at the low temperatures (<400Â°C) required for maintaining atomic precision placement in donor-based
devices, and it avoids the complications found with aluminium contacts which become superconducting at
cryogenic measurement temperatures. Importantly, we show that the use of nickel silicide as an ohmic
contact at low temperatures does not affect the thermal equilibration of carriers nor contribute to hysteresis
in a magnetic field.
363. Comparison of nickel silicide and aluminium ohmic contact metallizations for low-temperature quantum
transport measurements
PubMed Central
2011-01-01
We examine nickel silicide as a viable ohmic contact metallization for low-temperature, low-magnetic-
field transport measurements of atomic-scale devices in silicon. In particular, we compare a nickel silicide
metallization with aluminium, a common ohmic contact for silicon devices. Nickel silicide can be formed
at the low temperatures (<400Â°C) required for maintaining atomic precision placement in donor-based
devices, and it avoids the complications found with aluminium contacts which become superconducting at
cryogenic measurement temperatures. Importantly, we show that the use of nickel silicide as an ohmic
contact at low temperatures does not affect the thermal equilibration of carriers nor contribute to hysteresis
in a magnetic field. PMID:21968083
364. Aluminium Electrodeposition from Ionic Liquid: Effect of Deposition Temperature and Sonication â€
PubMed Central
Berretti, Enrico; Giaccherini, Andrea; Martinuzzi, Stefano M.; Innocenti, Massimo; Schubert, Thomas
J.S.; Stiemke, Frank M.; Caporali, Stefano
2016-01-01
Since their discovery, ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted a wide interest for their potential use as a medium
for many chemical processes, in particular electrochemistry. As electrochemical media they allow the
electrodeposition of elements that are impossible to reduce in aqueous media. We have investigated the
electrodeposition of aluminium from 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride ((Bmim)Cl)/AlCl3 (40/60
mol %) as concerns the effect of deposition parameters on the quality of the deposits. Thick (20 Î¼m)
aluminium coatings were electrodeposited on brass substrates at different temperatures and mixing
conditions (mechanical stirring and sonication). These coatings were investigated by means of scanning
electron microscope, roughness measurements, and X-ray diffraction to assess the morphology and the
phase composition. Finally, electrochemical corrosion tests were carried out with the intent to correlate the
deposition parameters to the anti-corrosion properties. PMID:28773839
365. Dairy Wastes.
Pico, Richard F.
1978-01-01
Presents a literature review of wastes from the dairy industry covering publications of 1976-77. This
review covers: (1) government regulations; (2) ion-plant control of dairy effluents; (3) dairy effluent
treatment methods; and (4) research on dairy effluents. A list of 26 references is also presented. (HM)
366. Mass Wasting
NASA Image and Video Library
2011-12-06
Mass Wasting is the term given to the process of change on a surface due to gravity things moving
downhill due to the force of gravity. Dark streaks mark the slopes of craters and hills in this region of
Amazonis Planitia.
367. Survey of Nickel-Aluminium-Bronze Casting Alloys on Marine Applications,
1981-04-01
and corrosion performance of nickel-aluminium bronze (NAB)/covered by naval specification DGS-8520

and DGS-348 have been investigated. No evidence was...found to suggest that there would be any
significant difference in corrosion performance between alloys meeting the two specifications. Early...
corrosion problems associated with the weld repair areas of castings have been overcome largely by using
improved foundry and welding techniques followed by a
368. Effects of iron-aluminium oxides and organic carbon on aggregate stability of bauxite residues.
PubMed
Zhu, Feng; Li, Yubing; Xue, Shengguo; Hartley, William; Wu, Hao
2016-05-01
In order to successfully establish vegetation on bauxite residue, properties such as aggregate structure and
stability require improvement. Spontaneous plant colonization on the deposits in Central China over the
last 20Â years has revealed that natural processes may improve the physical condition of bauxite residues.
Samples from three different stacking ages were selected to determine aggregate formation and stability
and its relationship with iron-aluminium oxides and organic carbon. The residue aggregate particles
became coarser in both dry and wet sieving processes. The mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometry
mean diameter (GMD) increased significantly, and the proportion of aggregate destruction (PAD)
decreased. Natural stacking processes could increase aggregate stability and erosion resistant of bauxite
residues. Free iron oxides and amorphous aluminium oxides were the major forms in bauxite residues, but
there was no significant correlation between the iron-aluminium oxides and aggregate stability. Aromatic-
C, alkanes-C, aliphatic-C and alkenes-C were the major functional groups present in the residues. With
increasing stacking age, total organic carbon content and aggregate-associated organic carbon both
increased. Alkanes-C, aliphatic-C and alkenes-C increased and were mainly distributed in macro-
aggregates, whereas aromatic-C was mainly distributed in <0.05-mm aggregates. Organic carbon stability
in micro-aggregates was higher than that in macro-aggregates and became more stable. Organic carbon
contents in total residues, and within different aggregate sizes, were all negatively correlated with PAD. It
indicated that organic materials had a more significant effect on macro-aggregate stability and the effects
of iron-aluminium oxides maybe more important for stability of micro-aggregates.
369. Zinc Improves Cognitive and Neuronal Dysfunction During Aluminium-Induced Neurodegeneration.
PubMed
Singla, Neha; Dhawan, D K
2017-01-01
Metals are considered as important components of a physiologically active cell, and imbalance in their
levels can lead to various diseased conditions. Aluminium (Al) is an environmental neurotoxicant, which
is etiologically related to several neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's, whereas zinc (Zn) is an
essential trace element that regulates a large number of metabolic processes in the brain. The objective of
the present study was to understand whether Zn provides any physiological protection during Al-induced
neurodegeneration. Male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 140-160Â g received either aluminium chloride
(AlCl 3 ) orally (100Â mg/kg b.wt./day), zinc sulphate (ZnSO 4 ) in drinking water (227Â mg/L) or
combined treatment of aluminium and zinc for 8Â weeks. Al treatment resulted in a significant decline in
the cognitive behaviour of rats, whereas zinc supplementation caused an improvement in various
neurobehavior parameters. Further, Al exposure decreased (pâ€‰â‰¤â€‰0.001) the levels of
neurotransmitters, acetylcholinesterase activity, but increased (pâ€‰â‰¤â€‰0.001) the levels of L-
citrulline as well as activities of nitric oxide and monoamine oxidase in the brain. However, zinc
administration to Al-treated animals increased the levels of neurotransmitters and regulated the altered
activities of brain markers. Western blot of tau, amyloid precursor protein (APP), glial fibrillary acidic
protein (GFAP), ubiquitin, Î±-synuclein and Hsp 70 were also found to be elevated after Al exposure,
which however were reversed following Zn treatment. Al treatment also revealed alterations in
neurohistoarchitecture in the form of loss of pyramidal and Purkinje cells, which were improved upon zinc
co-administration. Therefore, the present study demonstrates that zinc improves cognitive functions by
regulating Î±-synuclein and APP-mediated molecular pathways during aluminium-induced
neurodegeneration.
370. Fabrication of Highly Ordered Anodic Aluminium Oxide Templates on Silicon Substrates
2007-01-01
highly ordered anodic aluminium oxide ( AAO ) templates of unprecedented pore uniformity directly on
Si, enabled by new advances on two fronts â€“ direct...field emitter, sensors, oscillators and
photodetectors. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Anodic aluminum oxide , template-assisted nanofabrication,
carbon nanotube...Fabrication of the aligned and patterned carbon nanotube field emitters using the anodic
aluminum oxide nano-template on a Si waferâ€™, Synth. Met
371. The Relationship of Aluminium and Silver to Neural Tube Defects; a Case Control
PubMed Central
RamÃrez-Altamirano, MarÃa de JesÃºs; Fenton-Navarro, Patricia; Sivet-ChiÃ±as, Elvira; Harp-

Iturribarria, Flor de MarÃa; MartÃnez-Cruz, Ruth; Cruz, Pedro HernÃ¡ndez; Cruz, Margarito MartÃnez;
PÃ©rez-Campos, Eduardo
2012-01-01
Objective The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of neurotoxic inorganic elements in
the hair of patients with the diagnosis of Neural Tube Defects. Our initial hypothesis was that neurotoxic
inorganic elements were associated with Neural Tube Defects. Methods Twenty-three samples of hair
from newborns were obtained from the General Hospital, â€œAurelio Valdiviesoâ€ in the city of Oaxaca,
Mexico. The study group included 8 newborn infants with neural tube pathology. The control group was
composed of 15 newborns without this pathology. The presence of inorganic elements in the hair samples
was determined by inductively-coupled plasma spectroscopy (spectroscopic emission of the plasma).
Findings The population of newborns with Neural Tube Defects showed significantly higher values of the
following elements than the control group: Aluminium, Neural Tube Defects 152.77Â±51.06 Âµg/g,
control group 76.24Â±27.89 Âµg/g; Silver, Neural Tube Defects 1.45Â±0.76, control group 0.25Â±0.53
Âµg/g; Potassium, Neural Tube Defects 553.87Â±77.91 Âµg/g, control group 341.13Â±205.90 Âµg/g.
Association was found at 75 percentile between aluminium plus silver, aluminium plus potassium, silver
plus potassium, and potassium plus sodium. Conclusion In the hair of newborns with Neural Tube
Defects, the following metals were increased: aluminium, silver. Given the neurotoxicity of the same, and
association of Neural Tube Defects with aluminum and silver, one may infer that they may be
participating as factors in the development of Neural Tube Defects. PMID:23400307
372. Synthesis and photophysical properties of aluminium tris-(4-morpholine-8-hydroxyquinoline).
PubMed
Omar, Walaa A E
2013-11-01
Aluminium tris(4-morpholinyl-8-hydroxyquinoline) has been synthesized and characterized. The

photoluminescence measurements showed that the new derivative is blue shifted and has relative
photoluminescence quantum yield two times higher compared to the pristine Al tris(8-hydroxyquinoline).
Deferential scanning colorimetric studies revealed that the newly synthesized Alq3 derivative in this work
is amorphous material with the highest transition glass temperature value among the reported amorphous
Alq3 derivatives.
373. Synthesis and photophysical properties of aluminium tris-(4-morpholine-8-hydroxyquinoline)
PubMed Central
Omar, Walaa A.E.
2012-01-01
Aluminium tris(4-morpholinyl-8-hydroxyquinoline) has been synthesized and characterized. The

photoluminescence measurements showed that the new derivative is blue shifted and has relative
photoluminescence quantum yield two times higher compared to the pristine Al tris(8-hydroxyquinoline).
Deferential scanning colorimetric studies revealed that the newly synthesized Alq3 derivative in this work
is amorphous material with the highest transition glass temperature value among the reported amorphous
Alq3 derivatives. PMID:25685461
374. Aluminium chloride promotes anchorage-independent growth in human mammary epithelial cells.
PubMed
Sappino, AndrÃ©-Pascal; Buser, RaphaÃ«le; Lesne, Laurence; Gimelli, Stefania; BÃ©na,

FrÃ©dÃ©rique; Belin, Dominique; Mandriota, Stefano J
2012-03-01
Aluminium salts used as antiperspirants have been incriminated as contributing to breast cancer incidence
in Western societies. To date, very little or no epidemiological or experimental data confirm or infirm this
hypothesis. We report here that in MCF-10A human mammary epithelial cells, a well-established normal
human mammary epithelial cell model, long-term exposure to aluminium chloride (AlCl(3) )
concentrations of 10-300 Âµ m, i.e. up to 100 000-fold lower than those found in antiperspirants, and in
the range of those recently measured in the human breast, results in loss of contact inhibition and
anchorage-independent growth. These effects were preceded by an increase of DNA synthesis, DNA
double strand breaks (DSBs), and senescence in proliferating cultures. AlCl(3) also induced DSBs and
senescence in proliferating primary human mammary epithelial cells. In contrast, it had no similar effects
on human keratinocytes or fibroblasts, and was not detectably mutagenic in bacteria. MCF-10A cells
morphologically transformed by long-term exposure to AlCl(3) display strong upregulation of the
p53/p21(Waf1) pathway, a key mediator of growth arrest and senescence. These results suggest that
aluminium is not generically mutagenic, but similar to an activated oncogene, it induces proliferation
stress, DSBs and senescence in normal mammary epithelial cells; and that long-term exposure to AlCl(3)
generates and selects for cells able to bypass p53/p21(Waf1) -mediated cellular senescence. Our
observations do not formally identify aluminium as a breast carcinogen, but challenge the safety ascribed
to its widespread use in underarm cosmetics. Copyright Â© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
375. Corrosion of dental aluminium bronze in neutral saline and saline lactic acid.
PubMed
Tibballs, J E; Erimescu, Raluca
2006-09-01
To compare the corrosion behaviours of two aluminium bronze, dental casting alloys during a standard
immersion test and for immersion in neutral saline. Cast specimens of aluminium bronzes with 1.4 wt%
Fe (G) and 4 wt% Fe (N) were subject to progressively longer periods (up to in total 7 days) immersed in
0.1 M saline, 0.1 M lactic acid solutions and examined by scanning electron microscopy with EDX
analysis. Immersion in 0.1M neutral saline was for 7 days. In the acidic solution, exposed interdendritic
volumes in alloy N corroded completely away in 7 days with dissolution of Ni-enriched precipitate species
as well as the copper-rich matrix. Alloy G begins to corrode more slowly but by a similar mechanism. The
number density of an Fe-enriched species is insufficient to maintain a continuous galvanic potential to the
copper matrix, and dissolution becomes imperceptible. In neutral saline solution, galvanic action alone
caused pit-etching, without the dissolution of either precipitate species. The upper limit for the total
dissolution of metallic ions in the standard immersion test can be set at 200 microg cm(-2). Aluminium
bronze dental alloys can be expected to release both copper and nickel ions into an acidic oral
environment.
376. Pore Size Control in Aluminium Foam by Standardizing Bubble Rise Velocity and Melt Viscosity
Avinash, G.; Harika, V.; Sandeepika, Ch; Gupta, N.
2018-03-01
In recent years, aluminium foams have found use in a wide range of applications. The properties of these
foams, as good structural strength with light weight have made them as a promising structural material for
aerospace industry. Foaming techniques (direct and indirect) are used to produce these foams. Direct
foaming involves blowing of gas to create gas bubbles in the melt whereas indirect foaming technique
uses blowing agents as metallic hydrides, which create hydrogen bubbles. Porosity and its distribution in
foams directly affect its properties. This demands for more theoretical studies, to control such cellular
structure and hence properties. In present work, we have studied the effect of gas bubble rise velocity and
melt viscosity, on pore size and its distribution in aluminium foam. A 15 PPI aluminium foam, prepared
using indirect foaming technique having porosity ~86 % was used for study. In order to obtain metal foam,
the bubble must not escape from the melt and should get entrapped during solidification. Our calculations
suggest that bubble rise velocity and melt viscosity are responsible for vertical displacement of bubble in
the melt. It is observed that melt viscosity opposes bubble rise velocity and help the bubbles to stay in the
melt, resulting in porous structure.
377. Experimental investigations on thermo mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloys subjected to tensile
loading and laser irradiation
Jelani, Mohsan; Li, Zewen; Shen, Zhonghua; Sardar, Maryam; Tabassum, Aasma
2017-05-01
The present work reports the investigation of the thermal and mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloys
under the combined action of tensile loading and laser irradiations. The two types of aluminium alloys
(Al-1060 and Al-6061) are used for the experiments. The continuous wave Ytterbium fibre laser
(wavelength 1080 nm) was employed as irradiation source, while tensile loading was provided by tensile
testing machine. The effects of various pre-loading and laser power densities on the failure time,
temperature distribution and on deformation behaviour of aluminium alloys are analysed. The
experimental results represents the significant reduction in failure time and temperature for higher laser
powers and for high load values, which implies that preloading may contribute a significant role in the
failure of the material at elevated temperature. The reason and characterization of material failure by
tensile and laser loading are explored in detail. A comparative behaviour of under tested materials is also
investigated. This work suggests that, studies considering only combined loading are not enough to fully
understand the mechanical behaviour of under tested materials. For complete characterization, one must
consider the effect of heating as well as loading rate.
378. Advanced rechargeable aluminium ion battery with a high-quality natural graphite cathode
PubMed Central
Wang, Di-Yan; Wei, Chuan-Yu; Lin, Meng-Chang; Pan, Chun-Jern; Chou, Hung-Lung; Chen, Hsin-An;
Gong, Ming; Wu, Yingpeng; Yuan, Chunze; Angell, Michael; Hsieh, Yu-Ju; Chen, Yu-Hsun; Wen, Cheng-
Yen; Chen, Chun-Wei; Hwang, Bing-Joe; Chen, Chia-Chun; Dai, Hongjie
2017-01-01
Recently, interest in aluminium ion batteries with aluminium anodes, graphite cathodes and ionic liquid
electrolytes has increased; however, much remains to be done to increase the cathode capacity and to
understand details of the anionâ€“graphite intercalation mechanism. Here, an aluminium ion battery cell
made using pristine natural graphite flakes achieves a specific capacity of âˆ¼110â€‰mAhâ€‰gâˆ’1 with
Coulombic efficiency âˆ¼98%, at a current density of 99â€‰mAâ€‰gâˆ’1 (0.9â€‰C) with clear
discharge voltage plateaus (2.25â€“2.0â€‰V and 1.9â€“1.5â€‰V). The cell has a capacity of 60â€
‰mAhâ€‰gâˆ’1 at 6â€‰C, over 6,000 cycles with Coulombic efficiency âˆ¼ 99%. Raman spectroscopy
shows two different intercalation processes involving chloroaluminate anions at the two discharging
plateaus, while Câ€“Cl bonding on the surface, or edges of natural graphite, is found using X-ray
absorption spectroscopy. Finally, theoretical calculations are employed to investigate the intercalation
behaviour of choloraluminate anions in the graphite electrode. PMID:28194027
379. Characteristic evaluation of process parameters of friction stir welding of aluminium 2024 hybrid
composites
Sadashiva, M.; Shivanand, H. K.; Vidyasagar, H. N.
2018-04-01
The Current work is aimed to investigate the effect of process parameters in friction stir welding of
Aluminium 2024 base alloy and Aluminium 2024 matrix alloy reinforced with E Glass and Silicon
Carbide reinforcements. The process involved a set of synthesis techniques incorporating stir casting
methodology resulting in fabrication of the composite material. This composite material that is
synthesized is then machined to obtain a plate of dimensions 100 mm * 50 mm * 6 mm. The plate is then
friction stir welded at different set of parameters viz. the spindle speed of 600 rpm, 900 rpm and 1200 rpm
and feed rate of 40 mm/min, 80 mm/min and 120 mm/min for analyzing the process capability. The study
of the given set of parameters is predominantly important to understand the physics of the process that
may lead to better properties of the joint, which is very much important in perspective to its use in
advanced engineering applications, especially in aerospace domain that uses Aluminium 2024 alloy for
wing and fuselage structures under tension.
380. Crashworthiness of Aluminium Tubes; Part 2: Improvement of Hydroforming Operation to Increase

Absorption Energy
SciTech Connect
D'Amours, Guillaume; Rahem, Ahmed; Mayer, Robert
2007-05-17
The motivation to reduce overall vehicle weight within the automotive sector drives the substitution of
lightweight materials such as aluminium alloys for structural components. Such a substitution requires a
significant amount of development to manufacture structurally parts such that the energy absorption
characteristics are not sacrificed in the event of crash. The effects of the manufacturing processes on the
crash performance of automotive structural components must be better understood to ensure improved
crashworthiness. This paper presents results of an experimental and numerical investigation of the crash
response and energy absorption properties of impacted hydroformed aluminium alloy tubes. Crash
experiments onmoreÂ Â» hydroformed tubes were performed using a deceleration sled test at the General
Motors Technical Center. Results from axial crush testing showed that an important parameter that
influences the energy absorption characteristics during crash was the thickness reduction caused by
circumferential expansion of the tube during hydroforming. It was found that that the energy absorption
decreased as the corner radius decreased, which results because of increased thinning. Sensitivity studies
of end feeding parameters, such as end feed level and profile, were carried out to evaluate their impact on
the energy absorption of the aluminium tubes.Â«Â less
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381. Mechanical Properties Studies of Components Formulation for Mixing Process Contain of Polypropylene,
Polyethylene, and Aluminium Powder

Hamsi, A.; Dinzi, R.
2017-03-01
Certain powder and others components can induce toxic reactions if not properly handled in the mixing
stage. During handling, the small particles can become airborne and be trapped in the lungs, another
concern is inhomogeneities in the mixing process. Uniform quantities of the particles of the components
are needed in all portions of the mixture. This paper reports the results of mechanical properties studies of
mixing three components formulation for mixing process. Contain of Polyethylene (PE), Polyprophylene
(PP) and Aluminium Powder. Powder mixer, Autodesk mold flow and computer based on excell method
was carried out to study the influence of each formulation component on the flow %, PE 20% and
Aluminium powder 2%. Macroscopic optic and macro photo was carried out to identify the homogenity of
mixing, tensile test for identify the strength of component after mixing. Finally the optimal tensile test
with composition PP 785,PE 20% and Aluminium powder 2% at speed 52 rpm, temperature 1500C, the
tensile strength 20,92 N/mm2. At temperature 1600C, speed 100 rpm the optimum tensile strength 17,91
N/mm2. The result of simulation autodesk mold flow adviser the filling time 6 seconds. Otherwise on
manual hot hidraulic press the time of filling 10 seconds.
382. Fires in storages of LFO: Analysis of hazard of structural collapse of steel-aluminium containers.
PubMed
Rebec, A; KolÅ¡ek, J; PleÅ¡ec, P
2016-04-05
Pool fires of light fuel oil (LFO) in above-ground storages with steel-aluminium containers are discussed.
A model is developed for assessments of risks of between-tank fire spread. Radiative effects of the flame
body are accounted for by a solid flame radiation model. Thermal profiles evolved due to fire in the
adjacent tanks and their consequential structural response is pursued in an exact (materially and
geometrically non-linear) manner. The model's derivation is demonstrated on the LFO tank storage located
near the Port of Koper (Slovenia). In support of the model, data from literature are adopted where
appropriate. Analytical expressions are derived correspondingly for calculations of emissive
characteristics of LFO pool fires. Additional data are collected from experiments. Fire experiments
conducted on 300cm diameter LFO pans and at different wind speeds and high-temperature uniaxial
tension tests of the analysed aluminium alloys types 3xxx and 6xxx are presented. The model is of an
immediate fire engineering practical value (risk analyses) or can be used for further research purposes
(e.g. sensitivity and parametric studies). The latter use is demonstrated in the final part of the paper
discussing possible effects of high-temperature creep of 3xxx aluminium. Copyright Â© 2015 Elsevier
B.V. All rights reserved.
383. Effect of the layer of anodized 7075-T6 aluminium corrosion properties
Montoya Z, R. D.; L, E. Vera; Pineda T, Y.; CedeÃ±o, M. L.
2017-01-01
Aluminium alloys are widely used in various sectors of industry. The 7075-T6 alloy corresponding to an
Al-Zn T6, is mostly used as structural component in the aviation industry, due to the good relationship
between weight and mechanical properties. However, the negative point of this alloys is the resistance to
corrosion, which is why they need to be coated with an anodic film. Different surface treatments, such as
anodizing, are used to improve corrosion resistance. Anodizing is an electrolytic process by which a
protective layer on aluminium known as â€œaluminaâ€ is formed, this is formed by the passage of an
electric current in an acidic electrolyte. This investigation presents a study of the effect of the thickness of
layers of alumina deposited by anodized method, in the corrosion resistance of 7075-T6 aluminium. This
study was performed by using in a solution of tartaric acid - sulfuric acid and an inorganic salt. To
evaluate the influence alumina layer thickness on the corrosion properties some tests were carried out by
using the electrochemical spectroscopy impedances (EIS) technique and Tafel polarization curves. It was
found that the grown of the thickness of film favourably influences in the corrosion resistance.
384. Analysis of wear properties of aluminium based journal bearing alloys with and without lubrication.
Mathavan, J. Joy; Patnaik, Amar
2016-09-01
Apart from classical bearing materials, Aluminium alloys are used as bearing materials these days because
of their superior quality. In this analysis, new Aluminium based bearing materials, with filler metals Si,
Ni, and Cr are prepared by metal mould casting in burnout furnace machine, and tribological properties of
these alloys with and without lubrication were tested. The experiments for wear with lubrication are
conducted on multiple specimen tester and experiments without lubrication is conducted on Pin on disk
tribometer. The disc material used was SAE 1050 steel. Wear tests were conducted at a sliding speed of
0.785 m/s and at a normal load of 20 N. Coefficient of friction values, temperature changes and wear of
the specimens were plotted on graph according to the above mentioned working conditions. Hardness and
weight losses of the specimens were calculated. The obtained results demonstrate how the friction and
wear properties of these samples have changed with the % addition of Silicon, Chromium and Nickel to
the base metal aluminium.
385. Can vitamin E and selenium alleviate the immunologic impact of aluminium on pregnant rats' spleens?
PubMed
Ayuob, Nasra Naeim
2013-01-01
This study aimed to assess if simultaneous administration of vitamin E, selenium and aluminium could
alleviate the latter's immunologic impact on the spleen. Twenty eight virgin albino Sprague Dawley rats
were randomly divided into two main groups: control (n=12) and experimental (n=18). These groups were
divided into two subgroups each. The first control group received distiled water and the second one
vitamin E and selenium for 3months through intragastric tubes. Of the two experimental subgroups, the
first received oral aluminium chloride (AlCl3) at a dose 150mg/kg of body weight/day, and the second
received AlCl3 plus vitamin E and selenium for 3months. Sixteen (out of eighteen) subject rats became
pregnant. At day 20 of gestation, dams were sacrificed, and spleens were dissected and processed for
histologic examination with routine and immunohistologic staining and semi-quantitative assessment.
Aluminium administration induced a significant decrease in the number and density of T-lymphocytes and
macrophages in the spleen as well as splenic fibrosis during pregnancy. Vitamin E and selenium reduced
but did not completely prevent these changes. Copyright Â© 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
386. Inhibition effect of Arabic gum and cellulose acetate coatings on aluminium in acid/base media
Alva, S.; Sundari, R.; Rahmatullah, A.; Wahyudi, H.
2018-03-01
Nowadays aluminium is broadly used for battery purpose due to its conductivity, non toxic and economic
reasons. Arabic gum and cellulose acetate are used as potential inhibitors to hinder corrosion effect on
aluminium plate immersed in a solution of hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. This investigation has
studied the corrosion rate in terms of different concentrations of acid or base media. The average
inhibition efficiency in the interested concentration range of both HCl and NaOH (0.1 M â€“ 3.0 M) for 1
Ã— 1 cm2 aluminium (Al) plate coated by 20% Arabic gum (AG) and 5% cellulose acetate (CA) with
each thickness of 0.5 mm is found to be higher than 90%. The electrochemical behavior of corrosion
effect is examined by cyclic voltammetric performance with respect to HCl or NaOH media. This
investigation is useful especially for the study of Arabic gum and cellulose acetate utilized as polymer
inhibitor in strong corrosive media.
SciTech Connect
Wang, Di-Yan; Wei, Chuan-Yu; Lin, Meng-Chang
There has been some interest in aluminium ion batteries with aluminium anodes, graphite cathodes and
ionic liquid electrolytes has increased; however, much remains to be done to increase the cathode capacity
and to understand details of the anionâ€“graphite intercalation mechanism. An aluminium ion battery cell
made using pristine natural graphite flakes achieves a specific capacity of B110 mAhg -1 with Coulombic
efficiency B98%, at a current density of 99mAg -1 (0.9 C) with clear discharge voltage plateaus
(2.25â€“2.0 V and 1.9â€“1.5 V). The cell has a capacity of 60mAhg -1 at 6 C, over 6,000 cycles with
Coulombic efficiency BmoreÂ Â» 99%. Raman spectroscopy shows two different intercalation processes
involving chloroaluminate anions at the two discharging plateaus, while Câ€“Cl bonding on the surface, or
edges of natural graphite, is found using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Lastly, theoretical calculations are
employed to investigate the intercalation behaviour of choloraluminate anions in the graphite
electrode.Â«Â less
388. Effects of melatonin on aluminium-induced neurobehavioral and neurochemical changes in aging rats.
PubMed
Allagui, M S; Feriani, A; Saoudi, M; Badraoui, R; Bouoni, Z; Nciri, R; Murat, J C; Elfeki, A
2014-08-01
This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of melatonin (Mel) against aluminium-
induced neurodegenerative changes in aging Wistar rats (24-28months old). Herein, aluminium chloride
(AlCl3) (50mg/kg BW/day) was administered by gavage, and melatonin (Mel) was co-administered to a
group of Al-treated rats by an intra-peritoneal injection at a daily dose of 10mg/kg BW for four months.
The findings revealed that aluminium administration induced a significant decrease in body weight
associated with marked mortality for the old group of rats, which was more pronounced in old Al-treated
rats. Behavioural alterations were assessed by 'open fields', 'elevated plus maze' and 'Radial 8-arms maze'
tests. The results demonstrated that Mel co-administration alleviated neurobehavioral changes in both old
and old Al-treated rats. Melatonin was noted to play a good neuroprotective role, reducing lipid
peroxidation (TBARs), and enhancing enzymatic (SOD, CAT and GPx) activities in the brain organs of
old control and old Al-treated rats. Mel treatment also reversed the decrease of AChE activity in the brain
tissues, which was confirmed by histological sections. Overall, the results showed that Mel administration
can induce beneficial effects for the treatment of Al-induced neurobehavioral and neurochemical changes
in the central nervous system (CNS). Copyright Â© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
389. Mesoporous aluminium organophosphonates: a reusable chemsensor for the detection of explosives
SciTech Connect
Li, Dongdong, E-mail: lidongdong@jlu.edu.cn; Yu, Xiang
Rapid and sensitive detection of explosives is in high demand for homeland security and public safety. In
this work, electron-rich of anthracene functionalized mesoporous aluminium organophosphonates (En-
AlPs) were synthesized by a one-pot condensation process. The mesoporous structure and strong blue
emission of En-AlPs were confirmed by the N{sub 2} adsorption-desorption isotherms, transmission
electron microscopy images and fluorescence spectra. The materials En-AlPs can serve as sensitive
chemosensors for various electron deficient nitroderivatives, with the quenching constant and the
detection limit up to 1.5Ã—10{sup 6} M{sup âˆ’1} and 0.3 ppm in water solution. More importantly, the
materials can be recycled for manymoreÂ Â» times by simply washed with ethanol, showing potential
applications in explosives detection. - Graphical abstract: Electron-rich of anthracene functionalized
mesoporous aluminium organophosphonates can serve as sensitive and recycled chemosensors for
nitroderivatives with the quenching constant up to 1.5Ã—10{sup 6} M{sup âˆ’1} in water solution.
Display Omitted - Highlights: â€¢ Anthracene functionalized mesoporous aluminium organophosphonates
were synthesized. â€¢ The materials serve as sensitive chemosensors for nitroderivatives. â€¢ The
materials can be recycled for many times by simply washed with ethanol. â€¢ The materials show
potential applications in explosives detection.Â«Â less
390. Association of chitosan and aluminium as a new adjuvant strategy for improved vaccination.
PubMed
Lebre, F; Bento, D; Ribeiro, J; ColaÃ§o, M; Borchard, G; de Lima, M C Pedroso; Borges, O
2017-07-15
The use of particulate adjuvants offers an interesting possibility to enhance and modulate the immune
responses elicited by vaccines. Aluminium salts have been extensively used as vaccine adjuvants, but they
lack the capacity to induce a strong cellular and mucosal immune response. Taking this into consideration,
in this study we designed a new antigen delivery system combining aluminium salts with chitosan.
Chitosan-aluminium nanoparticles (CH-Al NPs) exhibited a mean diameter of 280nm and a positive
surface charge. The newly developed CH-Al NPs are more stable at physiological environment than
classical CH NPs, showing no cytotoxic effects and revealing potential as a delivery system for a wide
range of model antigens. In vivo studies showed that mice immunized with hepatitis B surface antigen
(HBsAg)-containing CH NPs display high anti-HBsAg IgG titers in the serum, as well as the highest
antigen-specific IgG on vaginal washes. Furthermore, in contrast to mice receiving antigen alone, mice
immunized with the particulate adjuvant were able to elicit IgG2c antibody titers and exhibited higher
antigen-specific IFN-Î³ levels in splenocytes. In conclusion, we established that CH-Al NPs, combining
two immunostimulants to enhance both humoral and cellular immune responses, are a safe and promising
system for antigen delivery. Our findings point towards their potential in future vaccination approaches.
391. Investigation of structural, morphological, luminescent and thermal properties of combusted aluminium-
based iron oxide
SciTech Connect
Shinde, S.S.; Rajpure, K.Y., E-mail: rajpure@yahoo.co
Nanocomposites of aluminium integrated hematite {alpha}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} are synthesized by

combustion route using aqueous solutions of AR grade ferric trichloride and aluminium nitrate as
precursors. The influence of aluminium incorporation on to the morphology, XPS, photoluminescence and
thermal properties has been investigated. The FESEM and AFM micrographs depict that the samples are
compact and have homogeneously distributed grains of varying sizes ({approx}20-60 nm). Chemical
composition and valence states of constituent elements in hematite are analyzed by XPS. In room
temperature photoluminescence (PL) study, we observed strong violet emission around 436 nm without
any deep-level emission and a small PLmoreÂ Â» FWHM indicating that the concentrations of defects are
responsible for deep-level emissions. The specific heat and thermal conductivity study shows the phonon
conduction behavior is dominant. We studied interparticle interactions using complex impedance
spectroscopy. We report a new potential candidate for its possible applications in optoelectronics and
magnetic devices. -- Graphical abstract: Frequency and temperature dependent interparticle interactions
like grains, grain boundary effects using complex impedance spectroscopy of pure and 10 at% Al:Fe{sub
2}O{sub 3} have been studied. Display OmittedÂ«Â less
392. The behavior of Aluminium Carbon/Epoxy fibre metal laminate under quasi-static loading
Romli, N. K.; Rejab, M. R. M.; Bachtiar, D.; Siregar, J.; Rani, M. F.; Harun, W. S. W.; Salleh, Salwani
Mohd; Merzuki, M. N. M.
2017-10-01
One of major concerns that related to the flight safety is impact of birds. To minimize the risks, there is
need to increase the impact resistance of aircraft by developing a new material and has the good structural
design of aircraft structures. The hybrid laminates are potential candidate material to be applied for the
aircraft structures susceptible to bird strikes. The fibre metal laminate was fabricated by a compression
moulding technique. The carbon fibre and aluminium alloy 2024-0 was laminated by using thermoset
epoxy. A compression moulding technique was used for the FML fabrication. The aluminium sheet metal
has been roughening by a metal sanding method which to improve the bonding between the fibre and
metal layer. The main objective of this paper is to determine the failure response of the laminate under five
variations of the crosshead displacement in the quasi-static loading. The FML was modelled and analysed
by using Explicit solver. Based on the experimental data of the quasi-static test, the result of 1 mm/min
was 11.85 kN and higher than 5, 10, 50 and 100 mm/min which because of the aluminium ductility during
the impact loading response. The numerical simulations were generally in good agreement with the
experimental measurements.
393. Recovery of aluminium, nickel-copper alloys and salts from spent fluorescent lamps.
PubMed
Rabah, Mahmoud A
2004-01-01
This study explores a combined pyro-hydrometallurgical method to recover pure aluminium, nickel-
copper alloy(s), and some valuable salts from spent fluorescent lamps (SFLs). It also examines the safe
recycling of clean glass tubes for the fluorescent lamp industry. Spent lamps were decapped under water
containing 35% acetone to achieve safe capture of mercury vapour. Cleaned glass tubes, if broken, were
cut using a rotating diamond disc to a standard shorter length. Aluminium and copper-nickel alloys in the
separated metallic parts were recovered using suitable flux to decrease metal losses going to slag.
Operation variables affecting the quality of the products and the extent of recovery with the suggested
method were investigated. Results revealed that total loss in the glass tube recycling operation was 2% of
the SFLs. Pure aluminium meeting standard specification DIN 1712 was recovered by melting at 800
degrees C under sodium chloride/carbon flux for 20 min. Standard nickel-copper alloys with less than
0.1% tin were prepared by melting at 1250 degrees C using a sodium borate/carbon flux. De-tinning of the
molten nickel-copper alloy was carried out using oxygen gas. Tin in the slag as oxide was recovered by
reduction using carbon or hydrogen gas at 650-700 degrees C. Different valuable chloride salts were also
obtained in good quality. Further research is recommended on the thermodynamics of nickel-copper
recovery, yttrium and europium recovery, and process economics.
394. Crashworthiness of Aluminium Tubes; Part 2: Improvement of Hydroforming Operation to Increase
Absorption Energy
D'Amours, Guillaume; Rahem, Ahmed; Mayer, Robert; Williams, Bruce; Worswick, Michael
2007-05-01
The motivation to reduce overall vehicle weight within the automotive sector drives the substitution of
lightweight materials such as aluminium alloys for structural components. Such a substitution requires a
significant amount of development to manufacture structurally parts such that the energy absorption
characteristics are not sacrificed in the event of crash. The effects of the manufacturing processes on the
crash performance of automotive structural components must be better understood to ensure improved
crashworthiness. This paper presents results of an experimental and numerical investigation of the crash
response and energy absorption properties of impacted hydroformed aluminium alloy tubes. Crash
experiments on hydroformed tubes were performed using a deceleration sled test at the General Motors
Technical Center. Results from axial crush testing showed that an important parameter that influences the
energy absorption characteristics during crash was the thickness reduction caused by circumferential
expansion of the tube during hydroforming. It was found that that the energy absorption decreased as the
corner radius decreased, which results because of increased thinning. Sensitivity studies of end feeding
parameters, such as end feed level and profile, were carried out to evaluate their impact on the energy
absorption of the aluminium tubes.
395. Finite Element Simulation of Aluminium/GFRP Fibre Metal Laminate under Tensile Loading
Merzuki, M. N. M.; Rejab, M. R. M.; Romli, N. K.; Bachtiar, D.; Siregar, J.; Rani, M. F.; Salleh, Salwani
Mohd
2018-03-01
The response of a fibre metal laminate (FML) model to the tensile loading is predicted through a
computational approach. The FML consisted with layers of aluminum alloy and embedded with one layer
of composite material, Glass fibre Reinforced Plastic (GFRP). The glass fibre and aluminium alloy 2024-0
was laminated by using thermoset epoxy. A compression moulding technique was used in the process of a
FML fabrication. The aluminium has been roughen by a metal sanding method which to improve the
bonding between the fibre and metal layer. The main objective of this paper is to determine the failure
behaviour of the FML under the tensile loading. The responses on the FML under the tensile loading were
numerically performed. The FML was modelled and analysed by using Abaqus/CAE 6.13 version. Based
on the experimental and FE data of the tensile, the ultimate tensile stress is 120 MPa where delamination
and fibre breakage happened. A numerical model was developed and agreed well with the experimental
results. The laminate has an inelastic respond to increase the tensile loads which due to the plasticity of the
aluminium layers.
DOE PAGES
Wang, Di-Yan; Wei, Chuan-Yu; Lin, Meng-Chang; ...
2017-02-13
There has been some interest in aluminium ion batteries with aluminium anodes, graphite cathodes and
ionic liquid electrolytes has increased; however, much remains to be done to increase the cathode capacity
and to understand details of the anionâ€“graphite intercalation mechanism. An aluminium ion battery cell
made using pristine natural graphite flakes achieves a specific capacity of B110 mAhg -1 with Coulombic
efficiency B98%, at a current density of 99mAg -1 (0.9 C) with clear discharge voltage plateaus
(2.25â€“2.0 V and 1.9â€“1.5 V). The cell has a capacity of 60mAhg -1 at 6 C, over 6,000 cycles with
Coulombic efficiency BmoreÂ Â» 99%. Raman spectroscopy shows two different intercalation processes
involving chloroaluminate anions at the two discharging plateaus, while Câ€“Cl bonding on the surface, or
edges of natural graphite, is found using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Lastly, theoretical calculations are
employed to investigate the intercalation behaviour of choloraluminate anions in the graphite
electrode.Â«Â less
397. Ballistic impact velocity response of carbon fibre reinforced aluminium alloy laminates for aero-engine
Mohammed, I.; Abu Talib, A. R.; Sultan, M. T. H.; Saadon, S.
2017-12-01
Aerospace and other industries use fibre metal laminate composites extensively due to their high specific
strength, stiffness and fire resistance, in addition to their capability to be tailored into different forms for
specific purposes. The behaviours of such composites under impact loading is another factor to be
considered due to the impacts that occur in take-off, landing, during maintenance and operations. The aim
of the study is to determine the specific perforation energy and impact strength of the fibre metal
laminates of different layering pattern of carbon fibre reinforced aluminium alloy and hybrid laminate
composites of carbon fibre and natural fibres (kenaf and flax). The composites are fabricated using the
hand lay-up method in a mould with high bonding polymer matrix and compressed by a compression
machine, cured at room temperature for one day and post cure in an oven for three hours. The impact tests
are conducted using a gun tunnel system with a flat cylindrical bullet fired using a helium gas at a distance
of 14 inches to the target. Impact and residual velocity of the projectile are recorded by high speed video
camera. Specific perforation energy of carbon fibre reinforced aluminium alloy (CF+AA) for both before
and after fire test are higher than the specific perforation energy of the other composites considered before
and after fire test respectively. CF +AA before fire test is 55.18% greater than after. The same thing
applies to impact strength of the composites where CF +AA before the fire test has the highest percentage
of 11.7%, 50.0% and 32.98% as respectively compared to carbon fibre reinforced aluminium alloy
(CARALL), carbon fibre reinforced flax aluminium alloy (CAFRALL) and carbon fibre reinforced kenaf
aluminium alloy (CAKRALL), and likewise for the composites after fire test. The considered composites
in this test can be used in the designated fire zone of an aircraft engine to protect external debris from
penetrating the engine
398. Interlocking multi-material components made of structured steel sheets and high-pressure die cast
aluminium
Senge, S.; Brachmann, J.; Hirt, G.; BÃ¼hrig-Polaczek, A.
2017-10-01
Lightweight design is a major driving force of innovation, especially in the automotive industry. Using
hybrid components made of two or more different materials is one approach to reduce the vehicles weight
and decrease fuel consumption. As a possible way to increase the stiffness of multi-material components,
this paper presents a process chain to produce such components made of steel sheets and high-pressure die
cast aluminium. Prior to the casting sequence the steel sheets are structured in a modified rolling process
which enables continuous interlocking with the aluminium. Two structures manufactured by this rolling
process are tested. The first one is a channel like structure and the second one is a channel like structure
with undercuts. These undercuts enable the formation of small anchors when the molten aluminium fills
them. The correlation between thickness reduction during rolling and the shape of the resulting structure
was evaluated for both structures. It can be stated that channels with a depth of up to 0.5 mm and a width
of 1 mm could be created. Undercuts with different size depending on the thickness reduction could be
realised. Subsequent aluminium high-pressure die casting experiments were performed to determine if the
surface structure can be filled gap-free with molten aluminium during the casting sequence and if a gap-
free connection can be achieved after contraction of the aluminium. The casting experiments showed that
both structures could be filled during the high-pressure die casting. The channel like structure results in a
gap between steel and aluminium after contraction of the cast metal whereas the structure with undercuts
leads to a good interlocking resulting in a gap-free connection.
399. A density functional theory study of the structure of pure-silica and aluminium-substituted MFI
nanosheets
SciTech Connect
Hernandez-Tamargo, Carlos E.; Roldan, Alberto; School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building,
Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT
The layered MFI zeolite allows a straightforward hierarchization of the pore system which accelerates
mass transfer and increases its lifetime as a catalyst. Here, we present a theoretical study of the structural
features of the pure-silica and aluminium-substituted MFI nanosheets. We have analysed the effects of
aluminium substitution on the vibrational properties of silanols as well as the features of protons as
counter-ions. The formation of the two-dimensional system did not lead to appreciable distortions within
the framework. Moreover, the effects on the structure due to the aluminium dopants were the same in both
the bulk and the slab. ThemoreÂ Â» principal differences were related to the silanol groups that form
hydrogen-bonds with neighbouring aluminium-substituted silanols, whereas intra-framework hydrogen-
bonds increase the stability of aluminium-substituted silanols toward dehydration. Thus, we have
complemented previous experimental and theoretical studies, showing the lamellar MFI zeolite to be a
very stable material of high crystallinity regardless of its very thin structure. - Graphical abstract: The
structure of MFI zeolite nanosheet was investigated using Density Functional Theory. The results showed
no differences against the bulk-type material upon aluminium doping. The aluminium-substituted silanol
dehydrates toward a more stable configuration composed by a water molecule adsorbed on a Lewis centre.
- Highlights: â€¢ MFI nanosheets with variable thicknesses were characterised using DFT calculations. â€
¢ The distortions in the nanosheets after Al substitution reproduced those of the bulk. â€¢ H-bonds were
only observed between silanol groups when the Al substitution took place. â€¢ The kinetic of the Al-
silanol dehydration is dependent on intra-framework H-bonds. â€¢ Lewis acids with adsorbed water are
more stable than Al-silanols. â€¢ The proton accessibility was related to the framework O atom binding
the proton.Â«Â less
400. Hanford Site annual dangerous waste report: Volume 1, Part 1, Generator dangerous waste report,
dangerous waste
SciTech Connect
NONE
This report contains information on hazardous wastes at the Hanford Site. Information consists of
shipment date, physical state, chemical nature, waste description, waste number, weight, and waste
designation.
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401. Influence of aluminium nitride as a foaming agent on the preparation of foam glass-ceramics from high-
titanium blast furnace slag
Shi, Huan; Feng, Ke-qin; Wang, Hai-bo; Chen, Chang-hong; Zhou, Hong-ling
2016-05-01
To effectively reuse high-titanium blast furnace slag (TS), foam glass-ceramics were successfully prepared
by powder sintering at 1000Â°C. TS and waste glass were used as the main raw materials, aluminium
nitride (AlN) as the foaming agent, and borax as the fluxing agent. The influence of the amount of AlN
added (1wt%-5wt%) on the crystalline phases, microstructure, and properties of the produced foam glass-
ceramics was studied. The results showed that the main crystal phases were perovskite, diopside, and
augite. With increasing AlN content, a transformation from diopside to augite occurred and the
crystallinity of the pyroxene phases slightly decreased. Initially, the average pore size and porosity of the
foam glass-ceramics increased and subsequently decreased; similarly, their bulk density and compressive
strength decreased and subsequently increased. The optimal properties were obtained when the foam
glass-ceramics were prepared by adding 4wt% AlN.
402. Assessment of microwave-based clinical waste decontamination unit.
PubMed
Hoffman, P N; Hanley, M J
1994-12-01
A clinical waste decontamination unit that used microwave-generated heat was assessed for operator
safety and efficacy. Tests with loads artificially contaminated with aerosol-forming particles showed that
no particles were detected outside the machine provided the seals and covers were correctly seated.
Thermometric measurement of a self-generated steam decontamination cycle was used to determine the
parameters needed to ensure heat disinfection of the waste reception hopper, prior to entry for
maintenance or repair. Bacterial and thermometric test pieces were passed through the machine within a
full load of clinical waste. These test pieces, designed to represent a worst case situation, were enclosed in
aluminium foil to shield them from direct microwave energy. None of the 100 bacterial test pieces yielded
growth on culture and all 100 thermal test pieces achieved temperatures in excess of 99 degrees C during
their passage through the decontamination unit. It was concluded that this method may be used to render
safe the bulk of of ward-generated clinical waste.
403. Waste remediation
DOEpatents
Halas, Nancy J.; Nordlander, Peter; Neumann, Oara
2017-01-17
A system including a steam generation system and a chamber. The steam generation system includes a
complex and the steam generation system is configured to receive water, concentrate electromagnetic
(EM) radiation received from an EM radiation source, apply the EM radiation to the complex, where the
complex absorbs the EM radiation to generate heat, and transform, using the heat generated by the
complex, the water to steam. The chamber is configured to receive the steam and an object, wherein the
object is of medical waste, medical equipment, fabric, and fecal matter.
404. Waste remediation
DOEpatents
Halas, Nancy J.; Nordlander, Peter; Neumann, Oara
2015-12-29
A system including a steam generation system and a chamber. The steam generation system includes a
complex and the steam generation system is configured to receive water, concentrate electromagnetic
(EM) radiation received from an EM radiation source, apply the EM radiation to the complex, where the
complex absorbs the EM radiation to generate heat, and transform, using the heat generated by the
complex, the water to steam. The chamber is configured to receive the steam and an object, wherein the
object is of medical waste, medical equipment, fabric, and fecal matter.
405. Waste Reduction Model
To help solid waste planners and organizations track/report GHG emissions reductions from various waste
management practices. To assist in calculating GHG emissions of baseline and alternative waste
management practices and provide the history of WARM.
406. WASTE RESEARCH STRATEGY
EPA Science Inventory
The Waste Research Strategy covers research necessary to support both the proper management of solid
and hazardous wastes and the effective remediation of contaminated waste sites. This research includes
improving the assessment of existing environmental risks, as well as develop...
407. Hazardous Waste Generators
Many industries generate hazardous waste. EPA regulates hazardous waste under the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act to ensure these wastes are managed in ways that are protective of human
health and the environment.
408. Acoustic neuroma: potential risk factors and audiometric surveillance in the aluminium industry.
PubMed
Taiwo, Oyebode; Galusha, Deron; Tessier-Sherman, Baylah; Kirsche, Sharon; Cantley, Linda; Slade,
Martin D; Cullen, Mark R; Donoghue, A Michael
2014-09-01
To look for an association between acoustic neuroma (AN) and participation in a hearing conservation
programme (HCP) and also for an association between AN and possible occupational risk factors in the
aluminium industry. We conducted a case-control analysis of a population of US aluminium production
workers in 8 smelters and 43 other plants. Using insurance claims data, 97 cases of AN were identified
between 1996 and 2009. Each was matched with four controls. Covariates included participation in a HCP,
working in an aluminium smelter, working in an electrical job and hearing loss. In the bivariate analyses,
covariates associated with AN were participation in the HCP (OR=1.72; 95% CI 1.09 to 2.69) and smelter
work (OR=1.88; 95% CI 1.06 to 3.36). Electrical work was not significant (OR=1.60; 95% CI 0.65 to
3.94). Owing to high participation in the HCP in smelters, multivariate subanalyses were required. In the
multivariate analyses, participation in the HCP was the only statistically significant risk factor for AN. In
the multivariate analysis restricted to employees not working in a smelter, the OR was 1.81 (95% CI 1.04
to 3.17). Hearing loss, an indirect measure of in-ear noise dose, was not predictive of AN. Our results
suggest the incidental detection of previously undiagnosed tumours in workers who participated in the
company-sponsored HCP. The increased medical surveillance among this population of workers most
likely introduced detection bias, leading to the identification of AN cases that would have otherwise
remained undetected. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not
already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.
409. Numerical investigations on the lateral angular co-extrusion of aluminium and steel
Behrens, B.-A.; Klose, C.; Chugreev, A.; ThÃ¼rer, S. E.; Uhe, J.
2018-05-01
In order to save weight and costs, different materials can be combined within one component. In the novel
process chain being developed within the Collaborative Research Centre (CRC) 1153, joined semi-
finished workpieces are used to produce hybrid solid components with locally adapted properties.
Different materials are joined in an initial step before the forming process takes place. Hereby, the quality
of the joining zone is improved by means of the thermo-mechanical treatment during the forming and
machining processes. The lateral angular co-extrusion (LACE) approach is used to produce semi-finished
workpieces because it allows for the production of coaxial semi-finished products consisting of aluminium
and steel. In the further process chain, these semi-finished products are processed into hybrid bearing
bushings with locally adapted properties by die forging. In the scope of this work, numerical
investigations of the co-extrusion of aluminium-steel compounds were carried out using finite element
(FE) simulation in order to examine the influence of the process parameters on the co-extrusion process.
For this purpose, the relevant material properties of the aluminium alloy EN AW-6082 were determined
experimentally and subsequently implemented in the numerical model. The obtained numerical model was
used to study the impact of different ram speeds, press ratios and billet temperatures on the resulting
extrusion forces and the material flow. The numerical results have been validated using force-time curves
obtained from experimental extrusion tests carried out on a 2.5 MN laboratory extrusion press.
410. On the microstructure analysis of FSW joints of aluminium components made via direct metal laser
sintering
Scherillo, Fabio; Astarita, Antonello; di Martino, Daniela; Contaldi, Vincenzo; di Matteo, Luca; di Petta,
Paolo; Casarin, Renzo; Squillace, Antonino; Langella, Antonio
2017-10-01
Additive Manufacturing (AM), applied to metal industry, is a family of processes that allow complex
shape components to be realized from raw materials in the form of powders. The compaction of the
powders can be achieved by local melting of the powder bed or by solid state sintering. Direct Metal Laser
Sintering (DMLS) is an additive manufacturing process in which a focalized laser beam is the heat source
that allows the powders to be compacted. By DMLS it is possible to realize complex shape components.
One of the limits of DMLS, as for every additive layer manufacturing techniques, is the unfeasibility to
realize large dimension parts. Due to this limit the study of joining process of parts made via ALM is of
great interest. One of the most promising options is the Friction Stir Welding (FSW), a solid state welding
technique that has been proven to be very effective in the welding of metals difficult to weld, above all
aluminium alloys. Since FSW is a solid-state technique, the microstructure of the various zone of the weld
bead depends not only by the process itself but also by the parent microstruct ure of the parts to be welded.
Furthermore, parts made of aluminium alloy via DMLS have a particular microstructure that is the result
of repeated severe thermal cycles. In the present work the authors, starting from the description of the
parent microstructure of parts made of AlSi10Mg aluminium alloy, study the microstructure evolution
occurred within the joint made by Friction Stir Welding, analysing in details the microstructure of the
main well recognized zone of the weld bead. The structure of the parent material is characterized by the
presence of melting pools with a very fine microstructure. In the joint the recrystallization, the grain
refinement and, above all, the redistribution of intermetallic phases occurs, resulting in an homogenization
of the microstructure and in an increase of micro hardness.
411. Stimulated emission from aluminium anode oxide films doped with rhodamine 6G
SciTech Connect
Ibrayev, N Kh; Zeinidenov, A K; Aimukhanov, A K
The spectral and luminescent properties of the rhodamine 6G dye in a porous matrix of aluminium anode
oxide are studied. The films with a highly-ordered porous structure are produced using the method of two-
stage anodic oxidation. By means of raster electron microscopy it is found that the diameter of the pores
amounts to nearly 50 nm and the separation between the adjacent channels is almost 105 nm. The
thickness of the films is equal to 55 Î¼m, and the specific surface area measured using the method of
nitrogen capillary condensation is 15.3 m{sup 2} g{sup -1}. Fluorescence and absorption
spectramoreÂ Â» of rhodamine 6G molecules injected into the pores of the aluminium anode oxide are
measured. It is found that under the excitation of samples with the surface dye concentration 0.3 Ã—
10{sup 14} molecules m{sup -2} by the second harmonic of the Nd : YAG laser in the longitudinal
scheme with the pumping intensity 0.4 MW cm{sup -2}, a narrow band of stimulated emission with the
intensity maximum at the wavelength 572 nm appears against the background of the laser-induced
fluorescence spectrum. A further increase in the pumping radiation intensity leads to the narrowing of the
stimulated emission band and an increase in its intensity. The obtained results demonstrate the potential
possibility of using the porous films of aluminium anode oxide, doped with laser dyes, in developing
active elements for quantum electronics. (laser applications and other topics in quantum
electronics)Â«Â less
412. Differential activation of genes related to aluminium tolerance in two contrasting rice cultivars.
PubMed
RosellÃ³, Maite; Poschenrieder, Charlotte; GunsÃ©, Benet; BarcelÃ³, Juan; Llugany, MercÃ¨
2015-11-01
Rice (Oryza sativa) is a highly Al-tolerant crop. Among other mechanisms, a higher expression of
STAR1/STAR2 (sensitive to Al rhizotoxicity1/2) genes and of Nrat1 (NRAMP Aluminium Transporter 1),
and ALS1 (Aluminium sensitive 1) can at least in part be responsible for the inducible Al tolerance in this
species. Here we analysed the responses to Al in two contrasting rice varieties. All analysed
toxicity/tolerance markers (root elongation, Evans blue, morin and haematoxylin staining) indicated
higher Al-tolerance in variety Nipponbare, than in variety Modan. Nipponbare accumulated much less Al
in the roots than Modan. Aluminium supply caused stronger expression of STAR1 in Nipponbare than in
Modan. A distinctively higher increase of Al-induced abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation was found in the
roots of Nipponbare than in Modan. Highest ABA levels were observed in Nipponbare after 48 h exposure
to Al. This ABA peak was coincident in time with the highest expression level of STAR1. It is proposed
that ABA may be required for cell wall remodulation facilitated by the enhanced UDP-glucose transport to
the walls through STAR1/STAR2. Contrastingly, in the roots of Modan the expression of both Nrat1
coding for a plasma membrane Al-transporter and of ALS1 coding for a tonoplast-localized Al transporter
was considerably enhanced. Moreover, Modan had a higher Al-induced expression of ASR1 a gene that
has been proposed to code for a reactive oxygen scavenging protein. In conclusion, the Al-exclusion
strategy of Nipponbare, at least in part mediated by STAR1 and probably regulated by ABA, provided
better protection against Al toxicity than the accumulation and internal detoxification strategy of Modan
mediated by Nrat1, ALS1 and ARS1. Copyright Â© 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
413. Oblique shock structures formed during the ablation phase of aluminium wire array z-pinches
SciTech Connect
Swadling, G. F.; Lebedev, S. V.; Niasse, N.
A series of experiments has been conducted in order to investigate the azimuthal structures formed by the
interactions of cylindrically converging plasma flows during the ablation phase of aluminium wire array Z
pinch implosions. These experiments were carried out using the 1.4 MA, 240 ns MAGPIE generator at
Imperial College London. The main diagnostic used in this study was a two-colour, end-on, Mach-
Zehnder imaging interferometer, sensitive to the axially integrated electron density of the plasma. The data
collected in these experiments reveal the strongly collisional dynamics of the aluminium ablation streams.
The structure of the flows is dominated by amoreÂ Â» dense network of oblique shock fronts, formed by
supersonic collisions between adjacent ablation streams. An estimate for the range of the flow Mach
number (M = 6.2-9.2) has been made based on an analysis of the observed shock geometry. Combining
this measurement with previously published Thomson Scattering measurements of the plasma flow
velocity by Harvey-Thompson et al.[Physics of Plasmas 19, 056303 (2012)] allowed us to place limits on
the range of the ZT{sub e} of the plasma. The detailed and quantitative nature of the dataset lends itself
well as a source for model validation and code verification exercises, as the exact shock geometry is
sensitive to many of the plasma parameters. Comparison of electron density data produced through
numerical modelling with the Gorgon 3D MHD code demonstrates that the code is able to reproduce the
collisional dynamics observed in aluminium arrays reasonably well.Â«Â less
414. Fabrication of ultra-fine grained aluminium tubes by RTES technique
SciTech Connect
Jafarzadeh, H., E-mail: h.jafarzadeh@ut.ac.ir; Abrinia, K.
Recently, repetitive tube expansion and shrinking have been exploited as a means for producing ultra-fine
grained and nano-crystalline microstructures for magnesium alloy tubes. This method includes two
different half-cycles and was based on pressing a tubular part through an angular channel die with two
shear zones. Since the aluminium alloys are the most widely used materials in industries, in this study,
repetitive tube expansion and shrinking as a new severe plastic deformation technique was applied to
commercially pure aluminium for fabricating ultra-fine grained aluminium tubes for the first time and the
ability of this process in significant grain refinement ismoreÂ Â» determined even after single cycle.
Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to evaluate the microstructure of the
repetitive tube expansion and shrinking processed materials and the examinations showed ultra-fine grains
with the average grain size of 320 nm after one cycle of repetitive tube expansion and shrinking. The yield
strength, ultimate tensile strength increased notably by the factor of 2.17 and 1.27 respectively, after one
cycle of repetitive tube expansion and shrinking, whereas the elongation to failure as well as the uniform
elongation decreased. Furthermore, micro-hardness distribution through the part's section proposed the
hardness increasing to ~ 55 HV from the initial value of ~ 28 HV after one cycle of repetitive tube
expansion and shrinking. - Highlights: â€¢ RTES was introduced for fabricating the UFGed AA1050 tubes
for the first time. â€¢ Nano-grained AA1050 tube was obtained by RTES process. â€¢ Grain size of ~ 320
nm was obtained after two half-cycles of RTES process. â€¢ Yield and ultimate strength increased by the
factor of 2.17 and 1.27 respectively. â€¢ The microhardness increased to ~ 55 HV from the initial value of
~ 28 HV.Â«Â less
415. Acoustic neuroma: potential risk factors and audiometric surveillance in the aluminium industry
PubMed Central
Taiwo, Oyebode; Galusha, Deron; Tessier-Sherman, Baylah; Kirsche, Sharon; Cantley, Linda; Slade,
Martin D; Cullen, Mark R; Donoghue, A Michael
2014-01-01
Objectives To look for an association between acoustic neuroma (AN) and participation in a hearing
conservation programme (HCP) and also for an association between AN and possible occupational risk
factors in the aluminium industry. Methods We conducted a caseâ€“control analysis of a population of US
aluminium production workers in 8 smelters and 43 other plants. Using insurance claims data, 97 cases of
AN were identified between 1996 and 2009. Each was matched with four controls. Covariates included
participation in a HCP, working in an aluminium smelter, working in an electrical job and hearing loss.
Results In the bivariate analyses, covariates associated with AN were participation in the HCP (OR=1.72;
95% CI 1.09 to 2.69) and smelter work (OR=1.88; 95% CI 1.06 to 3.36). Electrical work was not
significant (OR=1.60; 95% CI 0.65 to 3.94). Owing to high participation in the HCP in smelters,
multivariate subanalyses were required. In the multivariate analyses, participation in the HCP was the only
statistically significant risk factor for AN. In the multivariate analysis restricted to employees not working
in a smelter, the OR was 1.81 (95% CI 1.04 to 3.17). Hearing loss, an indirect measure of in-ear noise
dose, was not predictive of AN. Conclusions Our results suggest the incidental detection of previously
undiagnosed tumours in workers who participated in the company-sponsored HCP. The increased medical
surveillance among this population of workers most likely introduced detection bias, leading to the
identification of AN cases that would have otherwise remained undetected. PMID:25015928
416. Acute oral toxicity and biodistribution study of zinc-aluminium-levodopa nanocomposite
Kura, Aminu Umar; Saifullah, Bullo; Cheah, Pike-See; Hussein, Mohd Zobir; Azmi, Norazrina; Fakurazi,
Sharida
2015-03-01
Layered double hydroxide (LDH) is an inorganic-organic nano-layered material that harbours drug
between its two-layered sheets, forming a sandwich-like structure. It is attracting a great deal of attention
as an alternative drug delivery (nanodelivery) system in the field of pharmacology due to their relative low
toxic potential. The production of these nanodelivery systems, aimed at improving human health through
decrease toxicity, targeted delivery of the active compound to areas of interest with sustained release
ability. In this study, we administered zinc-aluminium-LDH-levodopa nanocomposite (ZAL) and zinc-
aluminium nanocomposite (ZA) to Sprague Dawley rats to evaluate for acute oral toxicity following
OECD guidelines. The oral administration of ZAL and ZA at a limit dose of 2,000 mg/kg produced
neither mortality nor acute toxic signs throughout 14 days of the observation. The percentage of body
weight gain of the animals showed no significant difference between control and treatment groups.
Animal from the two treated groups gained weight continuously over the study period, which was shown
to be significantly higher than the weight at the beginning of the study ( P < 0.05). Biochemical analysis of
animal serum showed no significant difference between rats treated with ZAL, ZA and controls. There
was no gross lesion or histopathological changes observed in vital organs of the rats. The results suggested
that ZAL and ZA at 2,000 mg/kg body weight in rats do not induce acute toxicity in the animals.
Elemental analysis of tissues of treated animals demonstrated the wider distribution of the nanocomposite
including the brain. In summary, findings of acute toxicity tests in this study suggest that zinc-aluminium
nanocomposite intercalated with and the un-intercalated were safe when administered orally in animal
models for short periods of time. It also highlighted the potential distribution ability of Tween-80 coated
nanocomposite after oral administration.
417. Structural study of Al2O3-Na2O-CaO-P2O5 bioactive glasses as a function of aluminium content.
PubMed
Smith, J M; King, S P; Barney, E R; Hanna, J V; Newport, R J; Pickup, D M
2013-01-21
Calcium phosphate based biomaterials are extensively used in the context of tissue engineering: small
changes in composition can lead to significant changes in properties allowing their use in a wide range of
applications. Samples of composition (Al(2)O(3))(x)(Na(2)O)(0.11-x)(CaO)(0.445)(P(2)O(5))(0.445),
where x = 0, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.08, were prepared by melt quenching. The atomic-scale structure has been
studied using neutron diffraction and solid state (27)Al MAS NMR, and these data have been rationalised
with the determined density of the final glass product. With increasing aluminium concentration the
density increases initially, but beyond about 3 mol. % Al(2)O(3) the density starts to decrease. Neutron
diffraction data show a concomitant change in the aluminium speciation, which is confirmed by (27)Al
MAS NMR studies. The NMR data reveal that aluminium is present in 4, 5, and 6-fold coordination and
that the relative concentrations of these environments change with increasing aluminium concentration.
Materials containing aluminium in 6-fold coordination tend to have higher densities than analogous
materials with the aluminium found in 4-fold coordination. Thus, the density changes may readily be
explained in terms of an increase in the relative concentration of 4-coordinated aluminium at the expense
of 6-fold aluminium as the Al(2)O(3) content is increased beyond 3 mol. %.
418. Waste Characterization Methods
SciTech Connect
Vigil-Holterman, Luciana R.; Naranjo, Felicia Danielle
2016-02-02
This report discusses ways to classify waste as outlined by LANL. Waste Generators must make a waste
determination and characterize regulated waste by appropriate analytical testing or use of acceptable
knowledge (AK). Use of AK for characterization requires several source documents. Waste
characterization documentation must be accurate, sufficient, and current (i.e., updated); relevant and
traceable to the waste streamâ€™s generation, characterization, and management; and not merely a list of
information sources.
419. Fabrication of near-field optical apertures in aluminium by a highly selective corrosion process in the
evanescent field.
PubMed
Haefliger, D; Stemmer, A
2003-03-01
A simple, one-step process to fabricate high-quality apertures for scanning near-field optical microscope
probes based on aluminium-coated silicon nitride cantilevers is presented. A thin evanescent optical field
at a glass-water interface was used to heat the aluminium at the tip apex due to light absorption. The heat
induced a breakdown of the passivating oxide layer and local corrosion of the metal, which selectively
exposed the front-most part of the probe tip from the aluminium. Apertures with a protruding silicon
nitride tip up to 72 nm in height were fabricated. The height of the protrusion was controlled by the extent
of the evanescent field, whereas the diameter depended on the geometry of the probe substrate. The
corrosion process proved to be self-terminating, yielding highly reproducible tip heights. Near-field
optical resolution in a transmission mode of 85 nm was demonstrated.
420. A method for the routine determination of aluminium in serum and water by flameless atomic absorption
spectrometry.
PubMed
Parkinson, I S; Ward, M K; Kerr, D N
1982-10-27
A simple but reliable method for the routine determination of aluminium in serum and water by flameless
atomic absorption spectrometry is described. No preparatory procedures are required for water samples,
although serum is mixed with a wetting agent (Triton X-100) to allow complete combustion of the
samples and to improve analytical precision. Precautions to prevent contamination during sample handling
are discussed and instrumental parameters are defined. The method has a sensitivity of 35.5 pg and
detection limits of 2.3 micrograms Al/l for serum and 1.3 micrograms Al/l for water. The method was
used to determine the aluminium concentration in serum of 46 normal subjects. The mean aluminium
content was 7.3 micrograms/l (range 2--15 micrograms/l.
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421. Further studies of the anodic dissolution in sodium chloride electrolyte of aluminium alloys containing tin
and gallium
Nestoridi, Maria; Pletcher, Derek; Wharton, Julian A.; Wood, Robert J. K.
As part of a programme to develop a high power density, Al/air battery with a NaCl brine electrolyte, the
high rate dissolution of an aluminium alloy containing tin and gallium was investigated in a small volume
cell. The objective was to define the factors that limit aluminium dissolution in condition that mimic a
high power density battery. In a cell with a large ratio of aluminium alloy to electrolyte, over a range of
current densities the extent of dissolution was limited to âˆ¼1000 C cm -2 of anode surface by a thick
layer of loosely bound, crystalline deposit on the Al alloy anode formed by precipitation from solution.
This leads to a large increase in impedance and acts as a barrier to transport of ions.
422. A Bimetallic Aluminium(Salphen) Complex for the Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates from Epoxides and
Carbon Dioxide.
PubMed
Wu, Xiao; North, Michael
2017-01-10
A bimetallic aluminium(salphen) complex is reported as a sustainable, efficient and inexpensive catalyst

for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and carbon dioxide. In the presence of this complex
and tetrabutylammonium bromide, terminal and internal epoxides reacted at 50â€‰Â°C and 10â€…bar
carbon dioxide pressure to afford their corresponding cyclic carbonates in yields of 50-94â€‰% and 30-
71â€‰% for terminal and internal cyclic carbonates, respectively. Mechanistic studies using deuterated
epoxides and an analogous monometallic aluminium(salphen) chloride complex support a mechanism for
catalysis by the bimetallic complex, which involves intramolecular cooperative catalysis between the two
aluminium centres. Â© 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
423. Assessing recycling versus incineration of key materials in municipal waste: The importance of efficient
energy recovery and transport distances
SciTech Connect
Merrild, Hanna; Larsen, Anna W., E-mail: awla@env.dtu.dk; Christensen, Thomas H.
Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer We model the environmental impact of recycling and

incineration of household waste. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Recycling of paper, glass, steel and
aluminium is better than incineration. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Recycling and incineration of
cardboard and plastic can be equally good alternatives. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Recyclables can be
transported long distances and still have environmental benefits. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Paper has a
higher environmental benefit than recyclables found in smaller amounts. - Abstract: Recycling of
materials from municipal solid waste is commonly considered to be superior to any other waste treatment
alternative. For the material fractions with a significant energy content this might not be the
casemoreÂ Â» if the treatment alternative is a waste-to-energy plant with high energy recovery rates. The
environmental impacts from recycling and from incineration of six material fractions in household waste
have been compared through life cycle assessment assuming high-performance technologies for material
recycling as well as for waste incineration. The results showed that there are environmental benefits when
recycling paper, glass, steel and aluminium instead of incinerating it. For cardboard and plastic the results
were more unclear, depending on the level of energy recovery at the incineration plant, the system
boundaries chosen and which impact category was in focus. Further, the environmental impact potentials
from collection, pre-treatment and transport was compared to the environmental benefit from recycling
and this showed that with the right means of transport, recyclables can in most cases be transported long
distances. However, the results also showed that recycling of some of the material fractions can only
contribute marginally in improving the overall waste management system taking into consideration their
limited content in average Danish household waste.Â«Â less
424. Recoil-free Fraction in Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Aluminium Based Alloys
Sitek, Jozef
2008-10-01
Aluminium based rapidly quenched alloys of nominal composition Al90Fe7Nb3 and Al94Fe2V4 were
studied by MÃ¶ssbauer spectroscopy. We have measured the recoil-free fraction and thermal shift at room
and liquid nitrogen temperature. The frequency modes of atomic vibrations were determined and
consequently the characteristic Debye temperature was derived. Characteristic temperature calculated
from f-factor was lower than those fitted from second order Doppler shift. This indicates the presence of
different frequency modes for amorphous and nanocrystalline states.
425. Investigation on local ductility of 6xxx-aluminium sheet alloys
Henn, P.; Liewald, M.; Sindel, M.
2017-09-01
Within the scope of this paper influence of localization of loading conditions on the ductility of two
different 6xxx-aluminium sheet alloys is investigated. In order to improve the prediction of sheet material
crash performance, material parameters based on uniaxial tensile and notched tensile tests are determined
with varying consolidation areas. Especially evaluation methods based on the localized necking behaviour
in tensile tests are investigated. The potential of local ductility characterisation is validated with results of
Edge-Compression Tests (ECT) which applies load conditions that occur in actual crash events.
426. Characterising ductility of 6xxx-series aluminium sheet alloys at combined loading conditions
Henn, Philipp; Liewald, Mathias; Sindel, Manfred
2017-10-01
This paper presents a new approach to characterise material ductility when combined, three dimensional
loading conditions occurring during vehicle crash are applied. So called "axial crush test" of closed hat
sections is simplified by reducing it down to a two-dimensional testing procedure. This newly developed
edge-compression test (ECT) provides the opportunity to investigate a defined characteristic axial folding
behaviour of a profile edge. The potential to quantify and to differentiate crashworthiness of material by
use of new edge-compression test is investigated by carrying out experimental studies with two different
6xxx-aluminium sheet alloys.
427. Controlling the anodizing conditions in preparation of an nanoporous anodic aluminium oxide template
Nazemi, Azadeh; Abolfazl, Seyed; Sadjadi, Seyed
2014-12-01
Porous anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) template is commonly used in the synthesis of one-dimensional
nanostructures, such as nanowires and nanorods, due to its simple fabrication process. Controlling the
anodizing conditions is important because of their direct influence on the size of AAO template pores; it
affects the size of nanostructures that are fabricated in AAO template. In present study, several alumina
templates were fabricated by a two-step electrochemical anodization in different conditions, such as the
time of first process, its voltage, and electrolyte concentration. The effect of these factors on pore
diameters of AAO templates was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
428. Structure analysis of aluminium silicon manganese nitride precipitates formed in grain-oriented electrical
steels
SciTech Connect
Bernier, Nicolas, E-mail: n.bernier@yahoo.fr; Xhoffer, Chris; Van De Putte, Tom, E-mail:
tom.vandeputte@arcelormittal.com
We report a detailed structural and chemical characterisation of aluminium silicon manganese nitrides that
act as grain growth inhibitors in industrially processed grain-oriented (GO) electrical steels. The
compounds are characterised using energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) and energy filtered
transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM), while their crystal structures are analysed using X-ray
diffraction (XRD) and TEM in electron diffraction (ED), dark-field, high-resolution and automated
crystallographic orientation mapping (ACOM) modes. The chemical bonding character is determined
using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Despite the wide variation in composition, all the
precipitates exhibit a hexagonal close-packed (h.c.p.) crystal structure and lattice parameters ofmoreÂ Â»
aluminium nitride. The EDX measurement of âˆ¼ 900 stoichiometrically different precipitates indicates
intermediate structures between pure aluminium nitride and pure silicon manganese nitride, with a
constant Si/Mn atomic ratio of âˆ¼ 4. It is demonstrated that aluminium and silicon are interchangeably
precipitated with the same local arrangement, while both Mn{sup 2+} and Mn{sup 3+} are incorporated
in the h.c.p. silicon nitride interstitial sites. The oxidation of the silicon manganese nitrides most likely
originates from the incorporation of oxygen during the decarburisation annealing process, thus creating
extended planar defects such as stacking faults and inversion domain boundaries. The chemical
composition of the inhibitors may be written as (AlN){sub x}(SiMn{sub 0.25}N{sub y}O{sub z}){sub
1âˆ’x} with x ranging from 0 to 1. - Highlights: â€¢ We study the structure of (Al,Si,Mn)N inhibitors in
grain oriented electrical steels. â€¢ Inhibitors have the hexagonal close-packed symmetry with lattice
parameters of AlN. â€¢ Inhibitors are intermediate structures between pure AlN and (Si,Mn)N with Si/Mn
âˆ¼ 4. â€¢ Al and Si share the same local arrangement; Mn is incorporated in
429. Fabrication of ultra thin anodic aluminium oxide membranes by low anodization voltages
Pastore, I.; Poplausks, R.; Apsite, I.; Pastare, I.; Lombardi, F.; Erts, D.
2011-06-01
Formation of ultrathin anodised aluminium oxide (AAO) membranes with high aspect ratio by Al
anodization in sulphuric and oxalic acids at low potentials was investigated. Low anodization potentials
ensure slow electrochemical reaction speeds and formation of AAO membranes with pore diameter and
thickness below 20 nm and 70 nm respectively. Minimum time necessary for formation of continuous
AAO membranes was determined. AAO membrane pore surface was covered with polymer Paraloid
B72TM to transport it to the selected substrate. The fabricated ultra thin AAO membranes could be used
to fabricate nanodot arrays on different surfaces.
430. The effect of ethylene glycol on pore arrangement of anodic aluminium oxide prepared by hard
anodization
Guo, Yang; Zhang, Li; Han, Mangui; Wang, Xin; Xie, Jianliang; Deng, Longjiang
2018-03-01
The influence of the addition of ethylene glycol (EG) on the pore self-ordering process in anodic
aluminium oxide (AAO) membranes prepared by hard anodization (HA) was investigated. It was
illustrated that EG has a substantial effect on the pore arrangement of AAO, and it was found that a
smaller pore size can be obtained with an EG concentration reaching 20 wt% in aqueous electrolyte. The
number of estimated defects of AAO increases significantly with an increase in EG concentration to 50
wt%. Excellent ordering of pores was realized when the samples were anodized in the 30 wt%-EG-
containing aqueous electrolyte.
431. Surface and interface analysis of poly-hydroxyethylmethacrylate-coated anodic aluminium oxide

membranes
Ali, Nurshahidah; Duan, Xiaofei; Jiang, Zhong-Tao; Goh, Bee Min; Lamb, Robert; Tadich, Anton;
Poinern, GÃ©rrard Eddy Jai; Fawcett, Derek; Chapman, Peter; Singh, Pritam
2014-01-01
The surface and interface of poly (2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (PHEMA) and anodic aluminium oxide
(AAO) membranes were comprehensively investigated using Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure
(NEXAFS) spectroscopy. It was found that 1sâ†’Ï€* (Cdbnd O) and 1sâ†’Ïƒ* (Csbnd O) transitions were
dominant on the surface of both bulk PHEMA polymer and PHEMA-surface coated AAO (AAO-
PHEMA) composite. Findings from NEXAFS, Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray
Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analyses suggest the possibility of chemical interaction between carbon
from the ester group of polymer and AAO membrane.
anodization.
PubMed
Guo, Yang; Zhang, Li; Han, Mangui; Wang, Xin; Xie, Jianliang; Deng, Longjiang
2018-03-01
smaller pore size can be obtained with an EG concentration reaching 20â€‰wt% in aqueous electrolyte.
The number of estimated defects of AAO increases significantly with an increase in EG concentration to
50â€‰wt%. Excellent ordering of pores was realized when the samples were anodized in the 30â€‰wt%-
EG-containing aqueous electrolyte.
433. Boehmite nanostructures preparation by hydrothermal method from anodic aluminium oxide membrane.
PubMed
Yang, X; Wang, J Y; Pan, H Y
2009-02-01
Boehmite nanostructures were successfully synthesized from porous anodic aluminium oxide (AAO)
membrane by a simple and efficient hydro-thermal method. The experiment used high purity alumina as
raw material, and the whole reaction process avoided superfluous impurities to be introduced. Thus, the
purity of Boehmite products was ensured. The examinations of the morphology and structure were carried
out by atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). Composition of the specimens was analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray
spectroscope (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Based on these observations the growth process was
analyzed.
anodization
PubMed Central
Zhang, Li; Han, Mangui; Wang, Xin; Xie, Jianliang; Deng, Longjiang
2018-01-01
smaller pore size can be obtained with an EG concentration reaching 20â€‰wt% in aqueous electrolyte.
The number of estimated defects of AAO increases significantly with an increase in EG concentration to
50â€‰wt%. Excellent ordering of pores was realized when the samples were anodized in the 30â€‰wt%-
EG-containing aqueous electrolyte. PMID:29657754
435. Influence of tool pin in friction stir welding on activated carbon reinforced aluminium metal matrix
composite
DijuSamuel, G.; Raja Dhas, J. Edwin
2017-10-01
This paper focus on impact of tool pin in friction stir welding on activated carbon reinforced aluminium
metal matrix composite. For fabrication of metal matrix composite AA6061 is used as matrix and
activated carbon is used as reinforcement and it is casted using modified stir casting technique. After
casting metal matrix composite has undergone various microstructure tests like SEM,EDAX and XRD.
FSW is carried out in this metal matrix composite by choosing various tool pin profile like
square,round,Threaded round, hexagon and taper. The quality of welded plates is measured in terms of
ultimate tensile strength and hardness.
436. Metal transfer and V-I transients in GMAW of aluminium
SciTech Connect
Pandey, S.; Rao, U.R.K.; Aghakhani, M.
1996-12-31
The mode of metal transfer in arc welding significantly affects the positional weldability; particularly the
overhead welding, the chemical composition and properties of weld metal, metallurgy of weld metal, weld
pool stability, arc stability, spatter losses, and weld bead geometry. The mode of metal transfer is affected
mainly by the type of the arc, welding current, electrode polarity, arc voltage, contact tube to plate
distance (CTPD)/Stand-off, type and flow rate of the shielding gas, torch angle and alloying elements in
GMAW of aluminium and its alloys.
437. Feline vaccine-associated fibrosarcoma induced by aluminium compound in two cats: short
communication.
PubMed
Deim, ZoltÃ¡n; Palmai, NimrÃ³d; Cserni, GÃ¡bor
2008-03-01
Two cases of feline vaccine-associated fibrosarcoma (FVAF) are reported. The excised tumours were both
characterised as well circumscribed, subcutaneous, firm and white with central necrosis.
Histopathologically, they consisted of well-differentiated and variably sized and shaped anaplastic cells,
characterised by marked nuclear and cellular pleomorphism including giant cells. The mitotic activity was
low. Aluminium was demonstrated in the central necrosis and giant cells. Neoplastic cells were positive
for vimentin and negative for desmin and cytokeratin. The presence of feline sarcoma virus and feline
immunodeficiency virus could not be detected by PCR in either case.
438. Direct chill casting of aluminium alloys under electromagnetic interaction by permanent magnet assembly
BojareviÄs, Andris; Kaldre, Imants; MilgrÄvis, Mikus; Beinerts, Toms
2018-05-01
Direct chill casting is one of the methods used in industry to obtain good microstructure and properties of
aluminium alloys. Nevertheless, for some alloys grain structure is not optimal. In this study, we offer the
use of electromagnetic interaction to modify melt convection near the solidification interface.
Solidification under various electromagnetic interactions has been widely studied, but usually at low
solidification velocity and high thermal gradient. This type of interaction may succeed fragmentation of
dendrite arms and transport of solidification nuclei thus leading to improved material structure and
properties. Realization of experimental small-scale crystallizer and electromagnetic system has been
described in this article.
439. The roles of organic anion permeases in aluminium resistance and mineral nutrition.
PubMed
Delhaize, Emmanuel; Gruber, Benjamin D; Ryan, Peter R
2007-05-25
Soluble aluminium (Al(3+)) is the major constraint to plant growth on acid soils. Plants have evolved
mechanisms to tolerate Al(3+) and one type of mechanism relies on the efflux of organic anions that
protect roots by chelating the Al(3+). Al(3+) resistance genes of several species have now been isolated
and found to encode membrane proteins that facilitate organic anion efflux from roots. These proteins
belong to the Al(3+)-activated malate transporter (ALMT) and multi-drug and toxin extrusion (MATE)
families. We review the roles of these proteins in Al(3+) resistance as well as their roles in other aspects of
mineral nutrition.
440. Aluminium substitution in iron(II-III)-layered double hydroxides: Formation and cationic order
SciTech Connect
Ruby, Christian; Abdelmoula, Mustapha; Aissa, Rabha
The formation and the modifications of the structural properties of an aluminium-substituted iron(II-III)-
layered double hydroxide (LDH) of formula Fe{sub 4}{sup II}Fe{sub (2-6y)}{sup III}Al{sub 6y}{sup
III} (OH){sub 12} SO{sub 4}, 8H{sub 2}O are followed by pH titration curves, Moessbauer spectroscopy
and high-resolution X-ray powder diffraction using synchrotron radiation. Rietveld refinements allow to
build a structural model for hydroxysulphate green rust, GR(SO{sub 4}{sup 2-}), i.e. y=0, in which a
bilayer of sulphate anions points to the Fe{sup 3+} species. A cationic order is proposed to occur in both
GR(SO{sub 4}{sup 2-}) and aluminium-substituted hydroxysulphate green rust when y<0.08. Variation of
the cellmoreÂ Â» parameters and a sharp decrease in average crystal size and anisotropy are detected for
an aluminium content as low as y=0.01. The formation of Al-GR(SO{sub 4}{sup 2-}) is preceded by the
successive precipitation of Fe{sup III} and Al{sup III} (oxy)hydroxides. Adsorption of more soluble
Al{sup III} species onto the initially formed ferric oxyhydroxide may be responsible for this slowdown of
crystal growth. Therefore, the insertion of low aluminium amount (y{approx}0.01) could be an interesting
way for increasing the surface reactivity of iron(II-III) LDH that maintains constant the quantity of the
reactive Fe{sup II} species of the material. - Graphical abstract: (a) Crystallographical structure of
sulphated green rust: SO{sub 4}{sup 2-} point to the Fe{sup 3+} cations (red) that form an ordered array
with the Fe{sup 2+} cations (green). (b) Width and asymmetry of the synchrotron XRD peaks increase
rapidly when some Al{sup 3+} species substitute the Fe{sup 3+} cations; z is molar ratio Al{sup
3+}/Fe{sup 3+}.Â«Â less
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441. Observational restrictions on sodium and aluminium abundance variations in evolution of the galaxy
Menzhevitski, V. S.; Shimanskaya, N. N.; Shimansky, V. V.; Sakhibullin, N. A.
2013-07-01
In this paper we construct and analyze the uniform non-LTE distributions of the aluminium ([Al/Fe]-
[Fe/H]) and sodium ([Na/Fe]-[Fe/H]) abundances in the sample of 160 stars of the disk and halo of our
Galaxy with metallicities within -4.07 â‰¤ [Fe/H] â‰¤ 0.28. The values of metallicity [Fe/H] and
microturbulence velocity Î¾ turb indices are determined from the equivalent widths of the Fe II and Fe I
lines. We estimated the sodium and aluminium abundances using a 21-level model of the Na I atom and a
39-level model of the Al I atom. The resulting LTE distributions of [Na/Fe]-[Fe/H] and [Al/Fe]-[Fe/H] do
not correspond to the theoretical predictions of their evolution, suggesting that a non-LTE approach has to
be applied to determine the abundances of these elements. The account of non-LTE corrections reduces by
0.05-0.15 dex the abundances of sodium, determined from the subordinate lines in the stars of the disk
with [Fe/H] â‰¥ -2.0, and by 0.05-0.70 dex (with a strong dependence on metallicity) the abundances of
[Na/Fe], determined by the resonance lines in the stars of the halo with [Fe/H] â‰¤ -2.0. The non-LTE
corrections of the aluminium abundances are strictly positive and increase from 0.0-0.1 dex for the stars of
the thin disk (-0.7 â‰¤ [Fe/H] â‰¤ 0.28) to 0.03-0.3 dex for the stars of the thick disk (-1.5 â‰¤ [Fe/H]
â‰¤ -0.7) and 0.06-1.2 dex for the stars of the halo ([Fe/H] â‰¤ -2.0). The resulting non-LTE abundances
of [Na/Fe] reveal a scatter of individual values up to Î”[Na/Fe] = 0.4 dex for the stars of close
metallicities. The observed non-LTE distribution of [Na/Fe]-[Fe/H] within 0.15 dex coincides with the
theoretical distributions of Samland and Kobayashi et al. The non-LTE aluminium abundances are
characterized by a weak scatter of values (up to Î”[Al/Fe] = 0.2 dex) for the stars of all metallicities. The
constructed non-LTE distribution of [Al/Fe]-[Fe/H] is in a satisfactory agreement to 0.2 dex with the
theoretical data of Kobayashi et al., but
442. Formation of A Non-detachable Welded Titanium-aluminium Compound by Laser Action
Murzin, Serguei P.
2018-01-01
Progressive in the welding of dissimilar materials is the use of laser technology. With the use of the
ROFIN StarWeld Manual Performance laser, an aluminium alloy AK4 and a titanium alloy VT5-1 were
welded. Processing regimes have been determined, the realization of which during melting of materials in
the zone of thermal influence makes it possible to obtain a homogeneous structure without voids and
shells, which indicates a potential sufficiently high serviceability of the welded joint. To create the
required power density distribution in the cross section of the laser beam, it is expedient to use diffractive
optical elements.
443. Hot-crack test for aluminium alloys welds using TIG process
Niel, A.; Deschaux-Beaume, F.; Bordreuil, C.; Fras, G.
2010-06-01
Hot cracking is a critical defect frequently observed during welding of aluminium alloys. In order to better
understand the interaction between cracking phenomenon, process parameters, mechanical factors and
microstructures resulting from solidification after welding, an original hot-cracking test during welding is
developed. According to in-situ observations and post mortem analyses, hot cracking mechanisms are
investigated, taking into account the interaction between microstructural parameters, depending on the
thermal cycles, and mechanical parameters, depending on geometry and clamping conditions of the
samples and on the thermal field on the sample. Finally, a process map indicating the limit between
cracking and non-cracking zones according to welding parameters is presented.
444. Investigation of welded joints of aluminium alloys using subminiature eddy-current transducers
Dmitriev, S. F.; Ishkov, A. V.; Katasonov, A. O.; Malikov, V. N.; Sagalakov, A. M.
2018-03-01
The authors developed a measuring system based on subminiaturized eddy-current transducers aimed at
examining locally the defects of welded joints in aluminium-magnesium alloy plates connected by means
of friction stir welding. The authors made a modification of the Delyann filter, which allowed them to
increase considerably the signal-noise relations. The dependency of the eddy-current transducer response
on defects was provided, i.e. concealed cuts and openings inside the welded joint, at the frequencies of
100-10000 Hz of the exciting winding.
445. Chemical Waste and Allied Products.

PubMed
Hung, Yung-Tse; Aziz, Hamidi Abdul; Ramli, Siti Fatihah; Yeh, Ruth Yu-Li; Liu, Lian-Huey; Huhnke,
Christopher Robert
2016-10-01
This review of literature published in 2015 focuses on waste related to chemical and allied products. The
topics cover the waste management, physicochemical treatment, aerobic granular, aerobic waste treatment,
anaerobic granular, anaerobic waste treatment, chemical waste, chemical wastewater, fertilizer waste,
fertilizer wastewater, pesticide wastewater, pharmaceutical wastewater, ozonation. cosmetics waste,
groundwater remediation, nutrient removal, nitrification denitrification, membrane biological reactor, and
pesticide waste.
446. Fabrication of super slippery sheet-layered and porous anodic aluminium oxide surfaces and its
anticorrosion property
Song, Tingting; Liu, Qi; Liu, Jingyuan; Yang, Wanlu; Chen, Rongrong; Jing, Xiaoyan; Takahashi,
Kazunobu; Wang, Jun
2015-11-01
Inspired by natural plants such as Nepenthes pitcher plants, super slippery surfaces have been developed
to improve the attributes of repellent surfaces. In this report, super slippery porous anodic aluminium
oxide (AAO) surfaces have fabricated by a simple and reproducible method. Firstly, the aluminium
substrates were treated by an anodic process producing micro-nano structured sheet-layered pores, and
then immersed in Methyl Silicone Oil, Fluororalkylsilane (FAS) and DuPont Krytox, respectively,
generating super slippery surfaces. Such a good material with excellent anti-corrosion property through a
simple and repeatable method may be potential candidates for metallic application in anti-corrosion and
extreme environment.
447. Radical-Mediated Reactions of Î±-Bromo Aluminium Thioacetals, Î±-Bromothioesters, and Xanthates for
Thiolactone Synthesis.
PubMed
McCourt, RuairÃ O; DÃ©nÃ¨s, Fabrice; Scanlan, Eoin M
2018-04-13
Thiolactones have attracted considerable attention in recent years as bioactive natural products, lead
compounds for drug discovery, molecular probes, and reagents for polymerisation. We have investigated
radical-mediated C-C bond forming reactions as a strategy for thiolactone synthesis. Cyclisation of an α-
bromo aluminium thioacetal was investigated under radical conditions. It was found that at low
temperature, a radical fragmentation and rearrangement process occurs. A putative reaction mechanism
involving a previously unreported aluminium templated thiol-ene step for the rearrangement process is
presented. Cyclisation reactions of α-bromo thioesters and α-xanthate thioesters under radical mediated
conditions furnished the desired thiolactones in moderate yields.
448. Deformation dynamics and spallation strength of aluminium under a single-pulse action of a femtosecond
laser
SciTech Connect
Ashitkov, Sergei I; Komarov, P S; Ovchinnikov, A V
An interferometric method is developed and realised using a frequency-modulated pulse for diagnosing a
dynamics of fast deformations with a spatial and temporal resolution under the action of a single laser
pulse. The dynamics of a free surface of a submicron-thick aluminium film is studied under an action of
the ultrashort compression pulse with the amplitude of up to 14 GPa, excited by a femtosecond laser
heating of the target surface layer. The spallation strength of aluminium was determined at a record high
deformation rate of 3 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 9} s{sup -1}. (extreme light fields and their
applications)
449. Frequent Questions About Universal Waste
Frequent questions such as Who is affected by the universal waste regulations? What is â€œmercury-
containing equipmentâ€? How are waste batteries managed under universal waste? How are waste
pesticides managed under universal waste?
450. Wear behaviour and morphology of stir cast aluminium/SiC nanocomposites
Tanwir Alam, Md; Arif, Sajjad; Husain Ansari, Akhter
2018-04-01
Wear and friction play a vital role in the service life of components. Aluminium matrix nanocomposites
possess tremendous potential for a number of applications in addition to their present uses. It is valuable to
the field of newer materials for better performance in tribological applications. In this work, dry sliding
wear, friction coefficient and morphology of aluminium alloy (A356) reinforced with silicon carbide
nanoparticles (SiCn) were investigated. A356/SiCn nanocomposites (AMNCs) containing 1â€“5 weight
percentage of SiCn were prepared through two-step stir casting process via mechanical ball milling. The
wear test was conducted on pin-on-disc test apparatus. Regression analysis was performed to develop
mathematical functions to fit the experimental data points. Morphological studies of Al and SiCn as-
received, wear debris and worn surfaces were further analysed by SEM along with EDS. The occurrence
of oxide layers was observed on worn surfaces. Iron trace was identified by wear debris. It was found that
the wear loss and friction coefficient were strongly influenced by mechanical milling and SiCn content.
The results exhibited that the friction coefficient reduces with the addition of SiCn as well as with the
increase in load. However, wear resistance increases as the reinforcement content increases because of the
embedding and wettability effects.
451. Modeling Dynamic Anisotropic Behaviour and Spall Failure in Commercial Aluminium Alloys AA7010
Mohd Nor, M. K.; Ma'at, N.; Ho, C. S.
2018-04-01
This paper presents a finite strain constitutive model to predict a complex elastoplastic deformation
behaviour involves very high pressures and shockwaves in orthotropic materials of aluminium alloys. The
previous published constitutive model is used as a reference to start the development in this work. The
proposed formulation that used a new definition of Mandel stress tensor to define Hill's yield criterion and
a new shock equation of state (EOS) of the generalised orthotropic pressure is further enhanced with
Grady spall failure model to closely predict shockwave propagation and spall failure in the chosen
commercial aluminium alloy. This hyperelastic-plastic constitutive model is implemented as a new
material model in the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)-DYNA3D code of UTHM's
version, named Material Type 92 (Mat92). The implementations of a new EOS of the generalised
orthotropic pressure including the spall failure are also discussed in this paper. The capability of the
proposed constitutive model to capture the complex behaviour of the selected material is validated against
range of Plate Impact Test data at 234, 450 and 895 ms-1 impact velocities.
452. Production and Compressive Characterization of Aluminium MMC Foam Manufactured Using Dual
Foaming Agent
Haidar, S.; Ansary, S.; Rahman, A.
2016-02-01
Aluminium foams, produced by melting Aluminium alloy (LM6) containing blowing agent(s) and
vigorous stirring. TiH2 is a known agent for this. As TiH2 begins to decompose into Ti and gaseous H2
when heated above about 465Â°C, large volumes of hydrogen gas are rapidly produced, creating bubbles
that leads to a closed cell foam. A novel Strategy to enhance the mechanical properties of Al-MMC foams
is discussed here, and it is demonstrated that titanium hydride (TiH2) in the form of 10-15 Î¼m diameter
particles can be pre-treated by selective oxidation to produce more uniform foams having better
compressive properties (yield strength and energy absorption). It is found that the mechanical properties of
the foams and the uniformity of cell size distribution is improved when the foam is blown with an
optimized mixture of CaCO3 and pretreated TiH2. In order to define the relationship of mechanical
properties with relative density of this material, correlations which uniquely defines the compressive
behaviour of this modified Al- MMC foam has been developed.
453. A Tapered Aluminium Microelectrode Array for Improvement of Dielectrophoresis-Based Particle

Manipulation
PubMed Central
Buyong, Muhamad Ramdzan; Larki, Farhad; Faiz, Mohd Syafiq; Hamzah, Azrul Azlan; Yunas, Jumrail;
Majlis, Burhanuddin Yeop
2015-01-01
In this work, the dielectrophoretic force (FDEP) response of Aluminium Microelectrode Arrays with
tapered profile is investigated through experimental measurements and numerical simulations. A standard
CMOS processing technique with a step for the formation of a tapered profile resist is implemented in the
fabrication of Tapered Aluminium Microelectrode Arrays (TAMA). The FDEP is investigated through
analysis of the Clausius-Mossotti factor (CMF) and cross-over frequency (fxo). The performance of
TAMA with various side wall angles is compared to that of microelectrodes with a straight cut sidewall
profile over a wide range of frequencies through FEM numerical simulations. Additionally, electric field
measurement (EFM) is performed through scanning probe microscopy (SPM) in order to obtain the region
of force focus in both platforms. Results showed that the tapered profile microelectrodes with angles
between 60Â° and 70Â° produce the highest electric field gradient on the particles. Also, the region of the
strongest electric field in TAMA is located at the bottom and top edge of microelectrode while the
strongest electric field in microelectrodes with straight cut profile is found at the top corner of the
microelectrode. The latter property of microelectrodes improves the probability of capturing/repelling the
particles at the microelectrodeâ€™s side wall. PMID:25970255
454. Double layer, diluent and anode effects upon the electrodeposition of aluminium from chloroaluminate
based ionic liquids.
PubMed
Abbott, Andrew P; Qiu, Fulian; Abood, Hadi M A; Ali, M Rostom; Ryder, Karl S
2010-02-28
The deposition of aluminium from a chloroaluminate based ionic liquid was studied to elucidate the effect
of a diluent (toluene) and electrolyte (LiCl) on the deposit morphology. A wide variety of analytical
techniques was applied to this system to determine the speciation and mechanism of material growth.
These included: (27)Al NMR, FAB-MS, cyclic voltammetry, chronocoulometry, chronopotentiometry,
scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. It was found that under-potential deposition
(upd) causes a change in the way in which metal grows on the electrode surface. Metal grows in two
regimes which are believed to be nano-material and bulk material. The addition of toluene causes a change
in speciation and a decrease in upd which in turn changes the morphology of the deposit obtained and can
lead to mirror finish aluminium. The addition of LiCl has the opposite effect encouraging upd and leading
to larger crystallites and a dark grey deposit. It is also shown for the first time that under many conditions
the rate of the anodic dissolution process is overall rate controlling and one effect of the addition of
toluene is to increase the rate of anodic dissolution.
455. Parametric optimisation of heat treated recycling aluminium (AA6061) by response surface methodology
Ahmad, A.; Lajis, M. A.; Yusuf, N. K.; Shamsudin, S.; Zhong, Z. W.
2017-09-01
Alternating typical primary aluminium production with recycling route should benefit various parties,
including the environment since the need of high cost and massive energy consumption will be ruled out.
At present, hot extrusion is preferred as the effective solid-state recycling process compared to the typical
method of melting the swarf at high temperature. However, the ideal properties of extruded product can
only be achieved through a controlled process used to alter the microstructure to impart properties which
benefit the working life of a component, which also known as heat treatment process. To that extent, this
work ought to investigate the effect of extrusion temperature and ageing time on the hardness of the
recycled aluminium chips. By employing Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for full factorial design with
centre point, a total of 11 runs were carried out randomly. Three dissimilar extrusion temperatures were
used to obtain gear-shape billet. Extruded billets were cut and ground before entering the treatment phase
at three different ageing times. Ageing time was found as the influential factor to affect the material
hardness, rather than the extrusion temperature. Sufficient ageing time allows the impurity atoms to
interfere the dislocation phenomena and yield great hardness. Yet, the extrusion temperatures still act to
assist the bonding activities via interparticle diffusion transport matter.
456. Effect of rotation speed and welding speed on Friction Stir Welding of AA1100 Aluminium alloy
Raja, P.; Bojanampati, S.; Karthikeyan, R.; Ganithi, R.
2018-04-01
Aluminum AA1100 is the most widely used grade of Aluminium due to its excellent corrosion resistance,
high ductility and reflective finish, the selected material was welded with Friction Stir Welding (FSW)
process on a CNC machine, using a combination of different tool rotation speed (1500 rpm, 2500 rpm,
3500 rpm) and welding speed (10 mm/min, 30 mm/min, 50 mm/min) as welding parameters. The effect of
FSW using this welding parameter was studied by measuring the ultimate tensile strength of the welded
joints. A high-speed steel tool was prepared for welding the Aluminium AA1100 alloy having an 8mm
shoulder diameter and pin dimension of 4mm diameter and 2.8 mm length. The welded joints were tested
using the universal testing machine. It was found that Ultimate Tensile Strength of FSW specimen was
highest with a value of 98.08 MPa when the weld was performed at rotation speed of 1500 RPM and
welding speed of 50 mm/min.
457. Moringa oleifera extract (Lam) attenuates Aluminium phosphide-induced acute cardiac toxicity in rats.
PubMed
Gouda, Ahmed S; El-Nabarawy, Nagla A; Ibrahim, Samah F
2018-01-01
Moringa oleifera extract (Lam) has many antioxidant and protective properties. Objective: to investigate
the antioxidant activities of Lam in counteracting the high oxidative stress caused by acute sub-lethal
aluminium phosphide (AlP) intoxication in rat heart. These activities will be detected by histopathological
examination and some oxidative stress biomarkers. a single sub-lethal dose of Alp (2â€¯mg/kg body
weight) was administered orally, and Lam was given orally at a dose (100â€¯mg/kg body weight) one
hour after receiving AlP to rats. aluminium phosphide caused significant cardiac histopathological
changes with a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA); lipid peroxidation marker; and a
significant depletion of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and glutathione reductase). However, treatment with
Lam protected efficiently the cardiac tissue of intoxicated rats by increasing antioxidants levels with slight
decreasing in MDA production compared to untreated group. This study suggested that Moringa oleifera
extract could possibly restore the altered cardiac histopathology and some antioxidant power in AlP
intoxicated rats, and it could even be used as adjuvant therapy against AlP-induced cardiotoxicity.
458. Production of H2 from aluminium/water reaction and its potential for CO2 methanation
Khai Phung, Khor; Sethupathi, Sumathi; Siang Piao, Chai
2018-04-01
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a natural gas that presents in excess in the atmosphere. Owing to its ability to
cause global warming, capturing and conversion of CO2 have attracted much attention worldwide. CO2
methanation using hydrogen (H2) is believed to be a promising route for CO2 removal. In the present
work, H2 is produced using aluminum-water reaction and tested for its ability to convert CO2 to methane
(CH4). Different type of water i.e. tap water, distilled water, deionized water and ultrapure water,
concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (0.2 M to 1.0 M) and particle size of aluminum (45 m to 500
Î¼m) were varied as parameter study. It was found that the highest yield of H2 was obtained using
distilled water, 1.0 M of NaOH and 45Î¼m particle size of aluminium. However, the highest yield of
methane was achieved using a moderate and progressive H2 production (distilled water, 0.6 M of NaOH
and 45 Î¼m particle size of aluminium) which allowed sufficient time for H2 to react with CO2. It was
concluded that 1130 ml of H2 can produce about 560 ppm of CH4 within 25 min of batch reaction using
nickel catalyst.
459. Unsteady pressure measurement instrumentation using anodized-aluminium PSP applied in a transonic
wind tunnel
MÃ©rienne, Marie-Claire; LeSant, Yves; Ancelle, Jacques; Soulevant, Didier
2004-12-01
The objective of this work is to demonstrate the feasibility of pressure measurement instrumentation using
anodized-aluminium pressure-sensitive paint (or AA-PSP) for application in unsteady flows. An anodized
procedure was applied to an aluminium tape that can be easily placed on a model even when it is mounted
in a wind tunnel. The response time of the PSP coating is assessed using a calibration rig that generates
fast pressure steps or sinusoidal pressure fluctuations up to 1 kHz. A pointwise measurement system made
with a Cassegrain telescope and a photomultiplier tube was designed to collect the PSP luminescence. The
spot displacement on the model surface was carried out by using a 3D moving bench. A camera is used to
identify the spot position according to the model geometry. An application in a wind tunnel was performed
on a forced shock wave oscillation test, generating amplitude variations up to 25 kPa. The calibration
problem due to non-uniformity of the anodized properties did not allow quantitative data processing of
pressure levels. Nevertheless frequency analysis demonstrates that the coating is able to follow the
pressure fluctuations, as shown by comparison with standard pressure transducers.
460. The study of aluminium anodes for high power density Al/air batteries with brine electrolytes
Nestoridi, Maria; Pletcher, Derek; Wood, Robert J. K.; Wang, Shuncai; Jones, Richard L.; Stokes, Keith
R.; Wilcock, Ian
Aluminium alloys containing small additions of both tin (âˆ¼0.1 wt%) and gallium (âˆ¼0.05 wt%) are
shown to dissolve anodically at high rates in sodium chloride media at room temperatures; current
densities >0.2 A cm -2 can be obtained at potentials close to the open circuit potential, âˆ¼-1500 mV
versus SCE. The tin exists in the alloys as a second phase, typically as âˆ¼1 Î¼m inclusions (precipitates)
distributed throughout the aluminium structure, and anodic dissolution occurs to form pits around the tin
inclusions. Although the distribution of the gallium in the alloy could not be established, it is also shown
to be critical in the formation of these pits as well as maintaining their activity. The stability of the alloys
to open circuit corrosion and the overpotential for high rate dissolution, both critical to battery
performance, are shown to depend on factors in addition to elemental composition; both heat treatment
and mechanical working influence the performance of the alloy. The correlation between alloy
performance and their microstructure has been investigated.
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461. Development of a solid surface fluorescence-based sensing system for aluminium monitoring in drinking
water.
PubMed
Reyes, J F GarcÃa; Barrales, P Ortega; DÃaz, A Molina

2005-03-15
A novel, single and robust solid surface fluorescence-based sensing device assembled in a continuous flow
system has been developed for the determination of trace amounts of aluminium in water samples. The
proposed method is based on the transient immobilization of the target species on an appropriate active
solid sensing zone (C(18) silica gel). The target species was the fluorogenic chelate, formed as a result of
the on-line complexation of Al(III) with chromotropic acid (CA) at pH 4.1. The fluorescence of the
complex is continuously monitored at an emission wavelength of 390nm upon excitation at 361nm. The
instrumental, chemical and flow-injection variables affecting the fluorescence signal were carefully
investigated and optimized. After selecting the most suitable conditions, the sensing system was calibrated
in the range 10-500mugl(-1), obtaining a detection limit of 2.6mugl(-1), and a R.S.D. of 2.2%, with a
sampling frequency of 24h(-1). In addition, the selectivity of the proposed methodology was evaluated by
performing interference studies with different cations and anions which could affect the analytical
response. Finally, the proposed method, which meets the EU regulations regarding the aluminium content
in drinking waters, was satisfactorily applied to different water samples, with recoveries between 97 and
105%. The simplicity, low cost and easy operation are the main advantages of the present procedure.
462. Roles of Organic Acid Anion Secretion in Aluminium Tolerance of Higher Plants
PubMed Central
Yang, Lin-Tong; Qi, Yi-Ping; Jiang, Huan-Xin; Chen, Li-Song
2013-01-01
Approximately 30% of the world's total land area and over 50% of the world's potential arable lands are
acidic. Furthermore, the acidity of the soils is gradually increasing as a result of the environmental
problems including some farming practices and acid rain. At mildly acidic or neutral soils, aluminium(Al)
occurs primarily as insoluble deposits and is essentially biologically inactive. However, in many acidic
soils throughout the tropics and subtropics, Al toxicity is a major factor limiting crop productivity. The Al-
induced secretion of organic acid (OA) anions, mainly citrate, oxalate, and malate, from roots is the best
documented mechanism of Al tolerance in higher plants. Increasing evidence shows that the Al-induced
secretion of OA anions may be related to the following several factors, including (a) anion channels or
transporters, (b) internal concentrations of OA anions in plant tissues, (d) temperature, (e) root plasma
membrane (PM) H+-ATPase, (f) magnesium (Mg), and (e) phosphorus (P). Genetically modified plants
and cells with higher Al tolerance by overexpressing genes for the secretion and the biosynthesis of OA
anions have been obtained. In addition, some aspects needed to be further studied are also discussed.
PMID:23509687
463. The effect of aluminium on mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of hadfield steel single
crystals
Zakharova, E. G.; Kireeva, I. V.; Chumlyakov, Y. I.; Shul'Mina, A. A.; Sehitoglu, H.; Karaman, I.
2004-06-01
On single crystals of Hadfield steel (Fe-13Mn-1.3C, Fe-13Mn-2.7Al-1.3C, wt.%) the systematical

investigations of deformation mechanisms - slip and twinning, stages of plastic flow, strain hardening
coefficient depending on orientation of tensile axis have been carried out by methods of optical and
electron microscopy, x-ray analysis. Is has been shown that the combination of low stacking fault energy
(Î³{SF}=0.03J/m^2) with high concentration of carbon atoms in aluminium-free steel results in
development of the mechanical twinning at room temperature in all crystal orientations. The new type of
twinning with formation of extrinsic stacking fault has been found out in [001] single crystals.
Experimentally it has been established that alloying with aluminium leads to increase of stacking fault
energy of Hadfield steel and suppresses twinning in all orientations of crystals at preservation of high
values of strain-hardening coefficients Î¸.
464. Flow injection spectrophotometry using natural reagent from Morinda citrifolia root for determination of
aluminium in tea.
PubMed
Tontrong, Sopa; Khonyoung, Supada; Jakmunee, Jaroon
2012-05-01
A flow injection (FI) spectrophotometric method with using natural reagent extracted from Morinda
citrifolia root has been developed for determination of aluminium. The extract contained anthraquinone
compounds which could react with Al(3+) to form reddish complexes which had maximum absorption
wavelength at 499.0nm. The extract could be used as a reagent in FI system without further purification to
obtain pure compound. A sensitive method for determination of aluminium in concentration range of 0.1-
1.0mgL(-1), with detection limit of 0.05mgL(-1) was achieved. Relative standard deviations of 1.2% and
1.7% were obtained for the determination of 0.1 and 0.6mgL(-1) Al(3+) (n=11). Sample throughput of
35h(-1) was achieved with the consumption of 3mL each of carrier and reagent solutions per injection.
The developed method was successfully applied to tea samples, validated by the FAAS standard method.
The method is simple, fast, economical and could be classified as a greener analytical method. Copyright
Â© 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
465. A hybrid aluminium alloy and its zoo of interacting nano-precipitates
SciTech Connect
Wenner, Sigurd, E-mail: sigurd.wenner@ntnu.no; Marioara, Calin Daniel; Andersen, Sigmund Jarle
An alloy with aluminium as its base element is heat treated to form a multitude of precipitate phases
known from different classes of industrial alloys: Alâ€“Cu(â€“Mg), Alâ€“Mgâ€“Siâ€“Cu, and
Alâ€“Znâ€“Mg. Nanometer-sized needle-shaped particles define the starting point of the phase nucleation,
after which there is a split in the precipitation sequence into six phases of highly diverse compositions and
morphologies. There are several unique effects of phases from different alloy systems being present in the
same host lattice, of which we concentrate on two: the replacement of Ag by Zn on the Î© interface and
the formation of combined plates ofmoreÂ Â» the Î¸â€² and C phases. Using atomically resolved scanning
transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, we investigate the formation
mechanisms, crystal structures and compositions of the precipitates. - Graphical abstract: Display Omitted
- Highlights: â€¢ An aluminium alloy composition in-between the 2/6/7xxx systems was investigated. â€¢
Six different phases from the three systems coexist in an over-aged state. â€¢ All phases with
âŒ©001âŒª{sub Al} coherencies can nucleate on 6xxx needle precipitates. â€¢ Modified thetaâ€² and
omega interfaces are observed.Â«Â less
466. Sorption of hydrophilic dyes on anodic aluminium oxide films and application to pH sensing.
PubMed
Silina, Yuliya E; Kuchmenko, Tatyana A; Volmer, Dietrich A
2015-02-07
The sorption of selected hydrophilic pH-sensitive dyes (bromophenol blue, bromothymol blue,
bromocresol purple, alizarin red, methyl orange, congo red, rhodamine 6G) on films of anodized
aluminium oxide (AAO) was investigated in this study. Depth and pore structure of the AAO channels
were adjusted by changing electrolysis time and current density during treatment of aluminium foil in
oxalic acid, sulfosalycilic acid and sulfuric acid at concentration levels between 0.2 and 0.6 M. The dyes
were immobilized on the AAO surface by direct saturation of the films in dye solutions. It was shown by
scanning electron microscopy and X-ray spectral analysis that the dyes penetrated into the AAO channels
by more than 1.5 Î¼m, even at static saturation conditions. The anionic dyes linked to the porous AAO
surface exhibited differential shifts of the UV absorption bands in their acidic/basic forms. By combining
several dyes, the films have an application range between pH = 0.5-9 in aqueous media. The dye-modified
AAO film was a simple, portable, inexpensive and reusable pH sensor with very fast response time and
clear colour transitions.
467. Microstructural features of friction stir welded dissimilar Aluminium alloys AA2219-AA7475
Zaman Khan, Noor; Ubaid, Mohammed; Siddiquee, Arshad Noor; Khan, Zahid A.; Al-Ahmari,
Abdulrahman; Chen, Xizhang; Haider Abidi, Mustufa
2018-05-01
High strength, good corrosion resistance, light weight make aluminium alloys a material of choice in
many industrial sectors like aerospace, marine etc. Problems associated with welding of these alloys by
fusion welding processes restricted their use in various industries. Friction stir welding (FSW), a clean
solid-state joining process, easily overcomes various difficulties encountered during conventional fusion
welding processes. In the present work, the effect of rotational speed (710 rpm, 900 rpm and 1120 rpm) on
micro-hardness distribution and microstructure of FSWed dissimilar aluminium alloy joints were
analyzed. Plates of AA7475-T761 and AA2219-O having thickness of 2.5 mm were welded by fixing
AA7475 on retreating side (RS) and AA2219 on advancing side (AS). Welded joints were characterized
by Vickers micro-hardness testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy (OM).
Results revealed that rotational speed significantly affects the micro-hardness due to increase in grain size,
coarsening and dissolution of strengthening precipitates and re-precipitation. Higher micro-hardness
values were observed in stir zone due to grain refinement and re-precipitation. Minimum micro-hardness
value was observed at the TMAZ/HAZ of advancing side due to thermal softening.
468. Formation of epitaxial Al 2O 3/NiAl(1 1 0) films: aluminium deposition
Lykhach, Y.; Moroz, V.; Yoshitake, M.
2005-02-01
Structure of epitaxial Al 2O 3 layers formed on NiAl(1 1 0) substrates has been studied by means of
reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED). The elucidated structure was compared to the model
suggested for 0.5 nm-thick Al 2O 3 layers [K. MÃ¼ller, H. Lindner, D.M. Zehner, G. Ownby, Verh.
Dtsch. Phys. Ges. 25 (1990) 1130; R.M. Jaeger, H. Kuhlenbeck, H.J. Freund, Surf. Sci. 259 (1991) 235].
The stepwise growth of Al 2O 3 film, involving deposition and subsequent oxidation of aluminium onto
epitaxial 0.5 nm-thick Al 2O 3 layers, has been investigated. Aluminium was deposited at room
temperature, whereas its oxidation took place during annealing at 1070 K. The Al 2O 3 thickness was
monitored by means of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). It was found that Al 2O 3 layer follows the
structure of 0.5 nm thick Al 2O 3 film, although a tilting of Al 2O 3(1 1 1) surface plane with respect to
NiAl(1 1 0) surface appeared after Al deposition.
469. Using artificial neural networks to model aluminium based sheet forming processes and tools details

Mekras, N.
2017-09-01
In this paper, a methodology and a software system will be presented concerning the use of Artificial
Neural Networks (ANNs) for modeling aluminium based sheet forming processes. ANNs modelsâ€™
creation is based on the training of the ANNs using experimental, trial and historical data records of
processesâ€™ inputs and outputs. ANNs models are useful in cases that processesâ€™ mathematical
models are not accurate enough, are not well defined or are missing e.g. in cases of complex product
shapes, new material alloys, new process requirements, micro-scale products, etc. Usually, after the design
and modeling of the forming tools (die, punch, etc.) and before mass production, a set of trials takes place
at the shop floor for finalizing processes and tools details concerning e.g. toolsâ€™ minimum radii,
die/punch clearance, press speed, process temperature, etc. and in relation with the material type, the sheet
thickness and the quality achieved from the trials. Using data from the shop floor trials and forming theory
data, ANNs models can be trained and created, and can be used to estimate processes and tools final
details, hence supporting efficient set-up of processes and tools before mass production starts. The
proposed ANNs methodology and the respective software system are implemented within the EU H2020
project LoCoMaTech for the aluminium-based sheet forming process HFQ (solution Heat treatment, cold
die Forming and Quenching).
470. A tapered aluminium microelectrode array for improvement of dielectrophoresis-based particle

manipulation.
PubMed
Buyong, Muhamad Ramdzan; Larki, Farhad; Faiz, Mohd Syafiq; Hamzah, Azrul Azlan; Yunas, Jumrail;
Majlis, Burhanuddin Yeop
2015-05-11
In this work, the dielectrophoretic force (F(DEP)) response of Aluminium Microelectrode Arrays with
tapered profile is investigated through experimental measurements and numerical simulations. A standard
CMOS processing technique with a step for the formation of a tapered profile resist is implemented in the
fabrication of Tapered Aluminium Microelectrode Arrays (TAMA). The F(DEP) is investigated through
analysis of the Clausius-Mossotti factor (CMF) and cross-over frequency (f(xo)). The performance of
TAMA with various side wall angles is compared to that of microelectrodes with a straight cut sidewall
profile over a wide range of frequencies through FEM numerical simulations. Additionally, electric field
measurement (EFM) is performed through scanning probe microscopy (SPM) in order to obtain the region
of force focus in both platforms. Results showed that the tapered profile microelectrodes with angles
between 60Â° and 70Â° produce the highest electric field gradient on the particles. Also, the region of the
strongest electric field in TAMA is located at the bottom and top edge of microelectrode while the
strongest electric field in microelectrodes with straight cut profile is found at the top corner of the
microelectrode. The latter property of microelectrodes improves the probability of capturing/repelling the
particles at the microelectrode's side wall.
471. Inhibition of ethylene production by putrescine alleviates aluminium-induced root inhibition in wheat
plants.
PubMed
Yu, Yan; Jin, Chongwei; Sun, Chengliang; Wang, Jinghong; Ye, Yiquan; Zhou, Weiwei; Lu, Lingli; Lin,
Xianyong
2016-01-08
Inhibition of root elongation is one of the most distinct symptoms of aluminium (Al) toxicity. Although
putrescine (Put) has been identified as an important signaling molecule involved in Al tolerance, it is yet
unknown how Put mitigates Al-induced root inhibition. Here, the possible mechanism was investigated by
using two wheat genotypes differing in Al resistance: Al-tolerant Xi Aimai-1 and Al-sensitive Yangmai-5.
Aluminium caused more root inhibition in Yangmai-5 and increased ethylene production at the root apices
compared to Xi Aimai-1, whereas the effects were significantly reversed by ethylene biosynthesis
inhibitors. The simultaneous exposure of wheat seedlings to Al and ethylene donor, ethephon, or ethylene
biosynthesis precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), increased ethylene production and
aggravated root inhibition, which was more pronounced in Xi Aimai-1. In contrast, Put treatment
decreased ethylene production and alleviated Al-induced root inhibition in both genotypes, and the effects
were more conspicuous in Yangmai-5. Furthermore, our results indicated that Al-induced ethylene
production was mediated by ACC synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase, and that Put decreased ethylene
production by inhibiting ACS. Altogether, these findings indicate that ethylene is involved in Al-induced
root inhibition and this process could be alleviated by Put through inhibiting ACS activity.
472. Modulation Doping of Silicon using Aluminium-induced Acceptor States in Silicon Dioxide
PubMed Central
KÃ¶nig, Dirk; Hiller, Daniel; Gutsch, Sebastian; Zacharias, Margit; Smith, Sean
2017-01-01
All electronic, optoelectronic or photovoltaic applications of silicon depend on controlling majority charge
carriers via doping with impurity atoms. Nanoscale silicon is omnipresent in fundamental research
(quantum dots, nanowires) but also approached in future technology nodes of the microelectronics
industry. In general, silicon nanovolumes, irrespective of their intended purpose, suffer from effects that
impede conventional doping due to fundamental physical principles such as out-diffusion, statistics of
small numbers, quantum- or dielectric confinement. In analogy to the concept of modulation doping,
originally invented for III-V semiconductors, we demonstrate a heterostructure modulation doping method
for silicon. Our approach utilizes a specific acceptor state of aluminium atoms in silicon dioxide to
generate holes as majority carriers in adjacent silicon. By relocating the dopants from silicon to silicon
dioxide, Si nanoscale doping problems are circumvented. In addition, the concept of aluminium-induced
acceptor states for passivating hole selective tunnelling contacts as required for high-efficiency
photovoltaics is presented and corroborated by first carrier lifetime and tunnelling current measurements.
PMID:28425460
473. Effect of the nature of grain boundary regions on cavitation of a superplastically deformed aluminium
alloy
SciTech Connect
Blandin, J.J.; Varloteaux, A.; Suery, M.
Superplastic deformation of aluminium alloys induces cavity formation throughout the material, so that
superplastic forming usually requires to be carried out under superimposed gas pressure to minimize
strain-induced damage. This paper deals with the beneficial effects of heat treatment at high temperature
for several hours before deformation on cavitation behavior of a superplastically deformed 7475 alloy.
Transmission electron microscopy observations show that several microstructural transformations are
induced by superplastic deformation and affected by the heat treatment. At first, the generation of
dispersoid free zones at the periphery of the grains is observed, the composition of which depends on the
priormoreÂ Â» history of the specimen. Secondly, the formation of long thin fibers extending in the
cavities in the as received specimens, these fibers being no longer present in the heat-treated conditions. A
TEM characterization of the fibers is presented and a mechanism of their formation is discussed. Such a
reduction of the cavitation level for a given strain is interesting in view of superplastic forming of
aluminium alloys under atmospheric pressure.Â«Â less
474. Comparison of distortions of complex aluminium sections formed in single-step and incremental roll
bending
Farstad, Jan Magnus Granheim; Netland, Ã˜yvind; Welo, Torgeir
2017-10-01
This paper presents the results from a second series of experiments made to study local plastic
deformations of a complex, hollow aluminium extrusion formed in roll bending. The first experimental
series utilizing a single step roll bending sequence has been presented at the ESAFORM 2016 conference
by Farstad et. al. In this recent experimental series, the same aluminium extrusion was formed in
incremental steps. The objective was to investigate local distortions of the deformed cross section as a
result of different number of steps employed to arrive at the final global shape of the extrusion. Moreover,
the results between the two experimental series are compared, focusing on identifying differences in both
the desired and the undesired deformations taking place as a result of bending and contact stresses. The
profiles formed through multiple passes had less undesirable local distortions of the cross-section than the
profiles that were formed in a single pass. However, the springback effect was more pronounced, meaning
that the released radii of the profiles were higher.
475. State of the Art Control Measures for Aluminium Fade and SEN Clogging during Steelmaking Operations
Kamaraj, Ashok; Saravanakumar, R.; Rajaguru, M.
2018-02-01
Crack formation, fatigue failure of components and other process interruptions in liquid steel practices
such as ladle nozzle clogging, SEN clogging, break outs are mainly due to residual deoxidation products
such as alumina present in steels. The present paper deals with the issues in steel processing operations
and provides state-of-the-art control measures for clean steel production. Investigations regarding the
residual alumina content and its consequences at integrated steel plant shows that, Al-fade of maximum
0.02% is observed, which produces equivalent of 37 Kg of alumina in the liquid steel. Furthermore, slag
carry over, re-oxidation, improper argon rinsing practice, aluminium consumption at secondary
steelmaking practices also influences the alumina formation during steelmaking practices. The residual
alumina not only affects the quality of steel, but also results in process interruptions such as ladle choking,
SEN choking, subsequent break outs etc. various steelmaking practices influences clogging and
aluminium fade are discussed and possible suggestions are given to improve the cleanliness of steel.
476. Numerical analysis of heat treatment of TiCN coated AA7075 aluminium alloy
Srinath, M. K.; Prasad, M. S. Ganesha
2018-04-01
The Numerical analysis of heat treatments of TiCN coated AA7075 aluminium alloys is presented in this
paper. The Convection-Diffusion-Reaction (CDR) equation with solutions in the Streamlined-Upward
Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) method for different parameters is provided for the understanding of the process.
An experimental process to improve the surface properties of AA-7075 aluminium alloy was attempted
through the coatings of TiCN and subsequent heat treatments. From the experimental process, optimized
temperature and time was obtained which gave the maximum surface hardness and corrosion resistance.
The paper gives an understanding and use of the CDR equation for application of the process. Expression
to determine convection, diffusion and reaction parameters are provided which is used to obtain the
overall expression of the heat treatment process. With the substitution of the optimized temperature and
time, the governing equation may be obtained. Additionally, the total energy consumed during the heat
treatment process is also developed to give a mathematical formulation of the energy consumed.
477. Hanford Site annual dangerous waste report: Volume 3, Part 1, Waste Management Facility report,
dangerous waste
SciTech Connect
NONE
This report contains information on hazardous wastes at the Hanford Site. Information consists of
shipment date, physical state, chemical nature, waste description, handling method and containment
vessel, waste number, waste designation, and amount of waste.
478. Hanford Site annual dangerous waste report: Volume 2, Generator dangerous waste report, radioactive
mixed waste
SciTech Connect
NONE
1994-12-31
This report contains information on radioactive mixed wastes at the Hanford Site. Information consists of
shipment date, physical state, chemical nature, waste description, waste number, waste designation,
weight, and waste designation.
479. Hanford Site annual dangerous waste report: Volume 4, Waste Management Facility report, Radioactive
mixed waste
SciTech Connect
NONE
1994-12-31
This report contains information on radioactive mixed wastes at the Hanford Site. Information consists of
shipment date, physical state, chemical nature, waste description, handling method and containment
vessel, waste number, waste designation and amount of waste.
480. Hazardous Waste Manifest System
EPAâ€™s hazardous waste manifest system is designed to track hazardous waste from the time it leaves
the generator facility where it was produced, until it reaches the off-site waste management facility that
will store, treat, or dispose of the waste.
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481. Waste management system
Sauer, R. L.; Jorgensen, G. K.
1975-01-01
The function of the waste management system was to control the disposition of solid and liquid wastes
and waste stowage gases. The waste management system consisting of a urine subsystem and a fecal
subsystem is described in detail and its overall performance is evaluated. Recommendations for
improvement are given.
482. Infectious waste feed system
DOEpatents
Coulthard, E. James
1994-01-01
An infectious waste feed system for comminuting infectious waste and feeding the comminuted waste to a
combustor automatically without the need for human intervention. The system includes a receptacle for
accepting waste materials. Preferably, the receptacle includes a first and second compartment and a means
for sealing the first and second compartments from the atmosphere. A shredder is disposed to comminute
waste materials accepted in the receptacle to a predetermined size. A trough is disposed to receive the
comminuted waste materials from the shredder. A feeding means is disposed within the trough and is
movable in a first and second direction for feeding the comminuted waste materials to a combustor.
483. The solid waste dilemma
USGS Publications Warehouse
Amey, E.B.; Russell, J.A.; Hurdelbrink, R.J.
1996-01-01
In 1976, the U.S. Congress enacted the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) to further
address the problem of increasing industrial and municipal waste. The main objectives of RCRA were to
responsibly manage hazardous and solid waste and to procure materials made from recovered wastes. To
fulfill these objectives, four main programs of waste management were developed. These programs were
defined under Subtitle C, the Hazardous Waste Program; Subtitle D, the Solid Waste Program; Subtitle I,
the Underground Storage Tank Program; and Subtitle J, the Medical Waste Program. Subtitle D illustrates
the solid waste dilemma occurring in the United States. Under this program, states are encouraged to
develop and implement their own waste management plans. These plans include the promotion of
recycling solid wastes and the closing and upgrading of all environmentally unsound dumps. ?? 1996
International Association for Mathematical Geology.
484. Industrial waste pollution
Jensen, L. D.
1972-01-01
The characteristics and effects of industrial waste pollution in the Chesapeake Bay are discussed. The
sources of inorganic and organic pollution entering the bay are described. The four types of pollutants are
defined as: (1) inorganic chemical wastes, (2) naturally occurring organic wastes, (3) synthetic organic
wastes (exotics) and (4) thermal effluents. The ecological behavior of industrial wastes in the surface
waters is analyzed with respect to surface film phenomena, interfacial phenomena, and benthis phenomena
485. Nuclear waste solidification
DOEpatents
Bjorklund, William J.
1977-01-01
High level liquid waste solidification is achieved on a continuous basis by atomizing the liquid waste and
introducing the atomized liquid waste into a reaction chamber including a fluidized, heated inert bed to
effect calcination of the atomized waste and removal of the calcined waste by overflow removal and by
attrition and elutriation from the reaction chamber, and feeding additional inert bed particles to the
fluidized bed to maintain the inert bed composition.
486. Municipal Solid Waste Resources
SciTech Connect
None
2016-06-01
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a source of biomass material that can be utilized for bioenergy
production with minimal additional inputs. MSW resources include mixed commercial and residential
garbage such as yard trimmings, paper and paperboard, plastics, rubber, leather, textiles, and food wastes.
Waste resources such as landfill gas, mill residues, and waste grease are already being utilized for cost-
effective renewable energy generation. MSW for bioenergy also represents an opportunity to divert greater
volumes of residential and commercial waste from landfills.
487. The Role of Zinc Layer During Wetting of Aluminium on Zinc-coated Steel in Laser Brazing and Welding
Gatzen, M.; Radel, T.; Thomy, C.; Vollertsen, F.
The zinc layer of zinc-coated steel is known to be a crucial factor for the spreading of liquid aluminium on
the coated surface. For industrial brazing and welding processes these zinc-coatings enable a fluxless
joining between aluminium and steel in many cases. Yet, the reason for the beneficial effect of the zinc to
the wetting process is not completely understood. Fundamental investigations on the wetting behaviour of
single aluminium droplets on different zinc-coated steel surfaces have revealed a distinct difference
between coated surfaces at room temperature and at elevated temperature regarding the influence of
different coating thicknesses. In this paper the case of continuous laser brazing and welding processes of
aluminium and commercial galvanized zinc-coated steel sheets are presented. It is shown that in the case
of bead-on-plate laser beam brazing, the coating thickness has a measureable effect on the resulting
wetting angle and length but does not have a significant impact in case of overlap laser beam welding.
This might be linked to different heat transfer conditions. The results also strongly indicate that proper
initialbreakup of oxide layers is still required to accomplish good wetting on zinc-coated surfaces.
488. Spacecraft Shielding: An Experimental Comparison Between Open Cell Aluminium Foam Core Sandwich
Panel Structures and Whipple Shielding.
Pasini, D. L. S.; Price, M. C.; Burchell, M. J.; Cole, M. J.
2013-09-01
Spacecraft shielding is generally provided by metallic plates in a Whipple shield type configuration [1]
where possible. However, mission restrictions such as spacecraft payload mass, can prevent the inclusion
of a dedicated protective structure for prevention against impact damage from micrometeoroids. Due to
this, often the spacecraft's primary structure will act as the de facto shield. This is commonly an
aluminium honeycomb backed with either glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) or aluminium faceplates
[2]. Such materials are strong, lightweight and relatively cheap due to their abundance used within the
aerospace industry. However, these materials do not offer the best protection (per unit weight) against
hypervelocity impact damage. A new material for shielding (porous aluminium foam [3]) is suggested for
low risk space missions. Previous studies by NASA [4] have been performed to test this new material
against hypervelocity impacts using spherical aluminium projectiles. This showed its potential for
protection for satellites in Earth orbit, against metallic space debris. Here we demonstrate the material's
protective capabilities against micrometeoroids, using soda-lime glass spheres as projectiles to accurately
gauge its potential with relation to silicatious materials, such as micrometeoroids and natural solar system
debris. This is useful for spacecraft missions beyond Earth orbit where solar system materials are the
dominant threat (via hypervelocity impacts) to the spacecraft, rather than manmade debris.
489. A Study on Effect of Graphite Particles on Tensile, Hardness and Machinability of Aluminium 8011
Matrix Material
Latha Shankar, B.; Anil, K. C.; Karabasappagol, Prasann J.
2016-09-01
Industrial application point of view, metal matrix composites in general and Aluminium alloy matrix
composites in particular are ideal candidates because of their favourable engineering properties. Being
lightweight Aluminium matrix composites are widely used in aircraft, defence and automotive industries.
In this work Aluminium 8011 metal matrix was reinforced with fine Graphite particles of 50 Î¼m.
developed by two-step Stir casting method. Graphite weight %was varied in the range 2, 4, 6 and 8%.
Uniform dispersion of graphite particle is examined under optical microscope. Tensile test coupons were
prepared as per standard to determine % of elongation and tensile strength for various % of graphite
particle. Hardness of developed composite for various % of graphite particle and Machinability
parameters were also studied for effect on surface finish. It was observed that with increase of weight
percentage of Graphite particles up to 8% in Aluminium 8011 alloy matrix there was increase in tensile
strength, decrease in % of elongation with increase in hardness. Machinability study revealed that, there
was decrease in surface roughness with increase in Graphite content.
490. Nano-particulate Aluminium Nitride/Al: An Efficient and Versatile Heterogeneous Catalyst for the
Synthesis of Biginelli Scaffolds
Tekale, S. U.; Tekale, A. B.; Kanhe, N. S.; Bhoraskar, S. V.; Pawar, R. P.
2011-12-01
Nano-particulate aluminium nitride/Al (7:1) is reported as a new heterogeneous solid acid catalyst for the
synthesis of 3, 4-dihydroxypyrimidi-2-(1H)-ones and their sulphur analogues using the Biginelli reaction.
This method involves short reaction time, easy separation, high yields and purity of products.
491. Detection and characterisation of aluminium-containing nanoparticles in Chinese noodles by single

particle ICP-MS.
PubMed
Loeschner, Katrin; Correia, Manuel; LÃ³pez Chaves, Carlos; RokkjÃ¦r, Inge; Sloth, Jens J
2018-01-01
This study investigated Chinese noodles for the presence of aluminium-containing nanoparticles by using
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in single particle mode (spICP-MS) after enzymatic
digestion by Î±-amylase. The aluminium concentrations in the noodle samples, determined by
conventional ICP-MS without or with the use of hydrofluoric acid for digestion, were
5.4Â Â±Â 1.9Â Âµg/g and 10.1Â Â±Â 2.2Â Âµg/g (NÂ =Â 21), respectively. Aluminium-containing
nanoparticles were detected by spICP-MS in all 21 samples. Depending on the assumed particle
composition, Al 2 O 3 or Al 2 O 3 âˆ™2SiO 2 âˆ™2H 2 O, the median particle diameters were either
below or above 100Â nm, respectively. The minimum detectable particle diameter by spICP-MS was
between 54 and 83Â nm. The mass recovery of aluminium in the form of particles was between 5% and
18%. The presented work reports for the first time the detection of Al-containing particles in food by
spICP-MS.
492. Pre-Column Derivatization HPLC Procedure for the Quantitation of Aluminium Chlorohydrate in
Antiperspirant Creams Using Quercetin as Chromogenic Reagent.
PubMed
Kalogria, Eleni; Varvaresou, Athanasia; Papageorgiou, Spyridon; Protopapa, Evaggelia; Tsaknis, Ioannis;
Matikas, Alexios; Panderi, Irene
2014-01-01
This article describes the development and validation of a selective high-performance liquid
chromatography method that allows, after liquid-liquid extraction and pre-column derivatization reaction
with quercetin, the quantification of aluminium chlorohydrate in antiperspirant creams. Chromatographic
separation was achieved on an XTerra MS C18 analytical column (150Â Ã—Â 3.0Â mm i.d., particle size
5Â Î¼m) using a mobile phase of acetonitrile:water (15:85, v/v) containing 0.08Â % trifluoroacetic acid at
a flow rate of 0.30Â mLÂ min -1 . Ultraviolet spectrophotometric detection at 415Â nm was used. The
assay was linear over a concentration range of 3.7-30.6Â Î¼gÂ mL -1 for aluminium with a limit of
quantitation of 3.74Â Î¼gÂ mL -1 . Quality control samples (4.4, 17.1 and 30.6Â Î¼gÂ mL -1 ) in five
replicates from five different runs of analysis demonstrated intra-assay precision (% coefficient of
variation <3.8Â %), inter-assay precision (% coefficient of variation <5.4Â %) and an overall accuracy (%
recovery) between 96 and 101Â %. The method was used to quantify aluminium in antiperspirant creams
containing 11.0, 13.0 and 16.0Â % (w/w) aluminium chlorohydrate, respectively.
493. Zirconium-based conversion film formation on zinc, aluminium and magnesium oxides and their
interactions with functionalized molecules
Fockaert, L. I.; Taheri, P.; Abrahami, S. T.; Boelen, B.; Terryn, H.; Mol, J. M. C.
2017-11-01
Zirconium-based conversion treatment of zinc, aluminium and magnesium oxides have been studied in-
situ using ATR-FTIR in a Kretschmann geometry. This set-up was coupled to an electrochemical cell,
which allowed to obtain chemical and electrochemical information simultaneously as a function of
conversion time. This elucidated the strong relation between physico-chemical surface properties and
zirconium-based conversion kinetics. Whereas the surface hydroxyl density of zinc and aluminium
increased during conversion, magnesium (hydr)oxide was shown to dissolve in the acid solution. Due to
this dissolution, strong surface alkalization can be expected, explaining the rapid conversion kinetics. AES
depth profiling was used to determine the final oxide thickness and elemental composition. This
confirmed that magnesium is most active and forms a zirconium oxide layer approximately 10 times
thicker than zinc. On the other hand, the presence of zirconium oxide on aluminium is very low and can be
considered as not fully covering the metal oxide. Additionally, the converted oxide chemistry was related
to the bonding mechanisms of amide functionalized molecules using ATR-FTIR and XPS. It was shown
that inclusion of zirconium altered the acid-base properties, increasing the substrate proton donating
capabilities in case of magnesium oxide and increasing hydrogen bonding and Bronsted interactions due
to increased surface hydroxide fractions on zinc and aluminium substrates.
494. Development of aluminium-26 accelerator mass spectrometry for biological and toxicological applications
Barker, James
Aluminium is now recognised as a toxic element. Its accumulation in the body leads to serious conditions
in renal failure patients on haemodialysis, and there is suspected involvement in the aetiology of
Alzheimer's Disease. Although uptake from food and water are important exposure pathways, there is so
far little quantitative knowledge about gastrointestinal absorption of aluminium, its general speciation in
the blood or its metabolism. This is partly because seven of aluminium's eight radioisotopes have half-
lives too short to conduct accurate biochemical studies. The use of [67]Ga as a tracer for aluminium begs
the question of its biochemical similarity. Radiotracer studies on aluminium are possible with [26]Al (T[2]
= 716,000 years), but a comparatively large amount of this scarce and expensive radioisotope (price ca. 50
pence per Bq) would be needed to measure by normal counting techniques. Use of conventional mass
spectrometry is impracticable due to [26]Mg interference (comprises 11 % of total stable Mg and inherent
in all biological or environmental samples), but high energy Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (A.M.S.),
resulting in some fully-stripped ions (Al[13+], Mg[12+]) , potentially overcomes this problem. [26]Al is
particularly attractive in human toxicology because of its negligible natural abundance and low
radiological hazard. We have used the 20 MV tandem Van De Graaff accelerator (S.E.R.C. Daresbury) to
conduct 1A1 A.M.S. measurements in biological media. Stable currents of ALQ[-](100 nA for > 5 hours)
were obtained from a modified Middleton ion source, using alumina/silver ion source preparations of 50
mug Al. [26]Al is unambiguously identified from and [26]Mg [27]AlO[-] is repeatedly measured on a
Faray Cup placed in the beamline after adjusting the ion source magnet. Linear calibration (C.V. < 10 %)
was obtained over the range tested ([26]Al/[27]Al ratios from 10[-6] to 10[-11]) and a detection limit (2?)
of ca. 7 x 10[-18]g (5 nBq) [26]Al ratio
495. Studies on aluminium leaching from cookware in tea and coffee and estimation of aluminium content in
toothpaste, baking powder and paan masala.
PubMed
Rajwanshi, P; Singh, V; Gupta, M K; Kumari, V; Shrivastav, R; Ramanamurthy, M; Dass, S
1997-01-30
Studies were conducted in order to assess the level of aluminium (Al) in samples of Indian tea, coffee,
toothpaste, paan masala (mouth freshener) and baking powder. Leaching of Al from cookware while
preparing tea and coffee was also studied. Experiments were also conducted to study the sequential
leaching of Al from cookware by preparing tea and coffee in the presence of standard size Al sheets
(coupons). A small amount of Al was found to have leached from coupons during preparation of tea. Tea
leaves, were found to be a rich source of Al and a maximum of 2.2% Al is extracted in tea infusions.
Coffee powder on the other hand was not found to be a rich source of Al. Baking powder was found to be
a rich source of Al and 1 kg of cake prepared with 1-3 teaspoon of baking powder may contain 2-12.7 mg
of Al in each serving (25 g). Toothpaste also contains a significant quantity of Al, more so, when packed
in Al tubes. Ingestion pattern of Al from these items by humans is also discussed.
496. Decreasing methylation of pectin caused by nitric oxide leads to higher aluminium binding in cell walls
and greater aluminium sensitivity of wheat roots
PubMed Central
Sun, Chengliang; Lu, Lingli; Yu, Yan; Liu, Lijuan; Hu, Yan; Ye, Yiquan; Jin, Chongwei; Lin, Xianyong
2016-01-01
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important bioactive molecule involved in cell wall metabolism, which has been
recognized as a major target of aluminium (Al) toxicity. We have investigated the effects of Al-induced
NO production on cell wall composition and the subsequent Al-binding capacity in roots of an Al-
sensitive cultivar of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yang-5). We found that Al exposure induced NO
accumulation in the root tips. Eliminating NO production with an NO scavenger (cPTIO) significantly
alleviated the Al-induced inhibition of root growth and thus reduced Al accumulation. Elimination of NO,
however, did not significantly affect malate efflux or rhizosphere pH changes under Al exposure. Levels
of cell wall polysaccharides (pectin, hemicelluloses 1, and hemicelluloses 2) and pectin methylesterase
activity, as well as pectin demethylation in the root apex, signiï¬cantly increased under Al treatment.
Exogenous cPTIO application significantly decreased pectin methylesterase activity and increased the
degree of methylation of pectin in the root cell wall, thus decreasing the Al-binding capacity of pectin.
These results suggest that the Al-induced enhanced production of NO decreases cell wall pectin
methylation, thus increasing the Al-binding capacity of pectin and negatively regulating Al tolerance in
wheat. PMID:26663393
497. Development of the Use of Alternative Cements for the Treatment of Intermediate Level Waste
SciTech Connect
Hayes, M.; Godfrey, I.H.
2007-07-01
This paper describes initial development studies undertaken to investigate the potential use of alternative,
non ordinary Portland cement (OPC) based encapsulation matrices to treat historic legacy wastes within
the UK's Intermediate Level Waste (ILW) inventory. Currently these wastes are encapsulated in composite
OPC cement systems based on high replacement with blast furnace slag of pulverised fuel ash. However,
the high alkalinity of these cements can lead to high corrosion rates with reactive metals found in some
wastes releasing hydrogen and forming expansive corrosion products. This paper therefore details
preliminary results from studies on two commercial products, calcium sulfo-aluminate (CSA)
andmoreÂ Â» magnesium phosphate (MP) cement which react with a different hydration chemistry, and
which may allow wastes containing these metals to be encapsulated with lower reactivity. The results
indicate that grouts can be formulated from both cements over a range of water contents and reactant
ratios that have significantly improved fluidity in comparison to typical OPC cements. All designed mixes
set in 24 hours with zero bleed and the pH values in the plastic state were in the range 10-11 for CSA and
5-7 for MP cements. In addition, a marked reduction in aluminium corrosion rate has been observed in
both types of cements compared to a composite OPC system. These results therefore provide
encouragement that both cement types can provide a possible alternative to OPC in the immobilisation of
reactive wastes, however further investigation is needed. (authors)Â«Â less
498. Disposal of waste computer hard disk drive: data destruction and resources recycling.
PubMed
Yan, Guoqing; Xue, Mianqiang; Xu, Zhenming
2013-06-01
An increasing quantity of discarded computers is accompanied by a sharp increase in the number of hard
disk drives to be eliminated. A waste hard disk drive is a special form of waste electrical and electronic
equipment because it holds large amounts of information that is closely connected with its user. Therefore,
the treatment of waste hard disk drives is an urgent issue in terms of data security, environmental
protection and sustainable development. In the present study the degaussing method was adopted to
destroy the residual data on the waste hard disk drives and the housing of the disks was used as an
example to explore the coating removal process, which is the most important pretreatment for aluminium
alloy recycling. The key operation points of the degaussing determined were: (1) keep the platter plate
parallel with the magnetic field direction; and (2) the enlargement of magnetic field intensity B and action
time t can lead to a significant upgrade in the degaussing effect. The coating removal experiment indicated
that heating the waste hard disk drives housing at a temperature of 400 Â°C for 24 min was the optimum
condition. A novel integrated technique for the treatment of waste hard disk drives is proposed herein.
This technique offers the possibility of destroying residual data, recycling the recovered resources and
disposing of the disks in an environmentally friendly manner.
499. Co-extrusion of semi-finished aluminium-steel compounds
ThÃ¼rer, S. E.; Uhe, J.; Golovko, O.; Bonk, C.; Bouguecha, A.; Klose, C.; Behrens, B.-A.; Maier, H. J.
2017-10-01
The combination of light metals and steels allows for new lightweight components with wear-resistant
functional surfaces. Within the Collaborative Research Centre 1153 novel process chains are developed
for the manufacture of such hybrid components. Here, the production process of a hybrid bearing bushing
made of the aluminium alloy EN AW-6082 and the case-hardened steel 20MnCr5 is developed. Hybrid
semi-finished products are an attractive alternative to conventional ones resulting from massive forming
processes where the individual components are joined after the forming process. The actual hybrid semi-
finished products were manufactured using a lateral angular co-extrusion (LACE) process. The bearing
bushings are subsequently produced by die forging. In the present study, a tool concept for the LACE
process is described, which renders the continuous joining of a steel rod with an aluminium tube possible.
During the LACE process, the rod is fed into the extrusion die at an angle of approx. 90Â°.
Metallographic analysis of the hybrid profile showed that the mechanical bonding between the different
materials begins about 75 mm after the edge of the aluminium sheath. In order to improve the bonding
strength, the steel rod is to be preheated during extrusion. Systematic investigations using a dilatometer,
considering the maximum possible co-extrusion process parameters, were carried out. The variable
parameters for the dilatometer experiments were determined by numerical simulation. In order to form a
bond between the materials, the oxide layer needs to be disrupted during the co-extrusion process. In an
attempt to better understand this effect, a modified sample geometry with chamfered steel was developed
for the dilatometer experiments. The influence of the process parameters on the formation of the
intermetallic phase at the interface was analysed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.
This article, which was originally published online on 16
500. The Tungsten Inert GAS (TIG) Process of Welding Aluminium in Microgravity: Technical and Economic
Considerations
Ferretti, S.; Amadori, K.; Boccalatte, A.; Alessandrini, M.; Freddi, A.; Persiani, F.; Poli, G.
2002-01-01
The UNIBO team composed of students and professors of the University of Bologna along with
technicians and engineers from Alenia Space Division and Siad Italargon Division, took part in the 3rd
Student Parabolic Flight Campaign of the European Space Agency in 2000. It won the student competition
and went on to take part in the Professional Parabolic Flight Campaign of May 2001. The experiment
focused on "dendritic growth in aluminium alloy weldings", and investigated topics related to the welding
process of aluminium in microgravity. The purpose of the research is to optimise the process and to define
the areas of interest that could be improved by new conceptual designs. The team performed accurate tests
in microgravity to determine which phenomena have the greatest impact on the quality of the weldings
with respect to penetration, surface roughness and the microstructures that are formed during the
solidification. Various parameters were considered in the economic-technical optimisation, such as the
type of electrode and its tip angle. Ground and space tests have determined the optimum chemical
composition of the electrodes to offer longest life while maintaining the shape of the point. Additionally,
the power consumption has been optimised; this offers opportunities for promoting the product to the
customer as well as being environmentally friendly. Tests performed on the Al-Li alloys showed a
significant influence of some physical phenomena such as the Marangoni effect and thermal diffusion;
predictions have been made on the basis of observations of the thermal flux seen in the stereophotos.
Space transportation today is a key element in the construction of space stations and future planetary
bases, because the volumes available for launch to space are directly related to the payload capacity of
rockets or the Space Shuttle. The research performed gives engineers the opportunity to consider
completely new concepts for designing structures for space applications
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Science.

Sample records for aluminium dross waste

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

3. Hydrolysis of aluminum dross material to achieve zero hazardous waste.

4. Reuse of Aluminum Dross as an Engineered Product

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dai, Chen; Apelian, Diran

5. Solder dross removal apparatus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Webb, Winston S. (Inventor)

6. Solder dross removal apparatus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Webb, Winston S. (Inventor)

7. Aluminium alloys in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash.

Hu, Yanjun; Rem, Peter

8. Recycling of lead solder dross, Generated from PCB manufacturing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lucheva, Biserka; Tsonev, Tsonio; Iliev, Peter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

LÃ³pez, FÃ©lix A; RomÃ¡n, Carlos PÃ©rez; GarcÃa-DÃaz, Irene; Alguacil, Francisco J

Ogundiran, M B; Nugteren, H W; Witkamp, G J

13. Utilization of waste heat from aluminium electrolytic cell

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jacukowicz-Sobala, Irena; OciÅ„ski, Daniel; KocioÅ‚ek-Balawejder, ElÅ¼bieta

15. Dross treatment in a rotary arc furnace with graphite electrodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Drouet, Michel G.; Handfield, My; Meunier, Jean; Laflamme, Claude B.

Biganzoli, Laura; Grosso, Mario

18. Characterization of dross and its recovery by sulphuric acid leaching

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rahmani, S. A.; Meidianto, A.; Amal, M. I.; Wismogroho, A. S.; Widayatno, W. B.

Gonzalo-Delgado, Laura; LÃ³pez-Delgado, Aurora; LÃ³pez, FÃ©lix Antonio; Alguacil, Francisco

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

FernÃ¡ndez, A. M.; IbÃ¡Ã±ez, J. L.; Llavona, M. A.; Zapico, R.

Abbady, Adel G E; El-Arabi, A M

23. Aluminium plasmonics

Gerard, Davy; Gray, Stephen K.

24. Aluminium plasmonics

Gerard, Davy; Gray, Stephen K.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harding, Felipe A.; Alarcon, Nelson A.; Toledo, Pedro G.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dafang, Liu; Fan, Xingxiang; Shi, Yifeng; Yang, Kunbin

27. Plasma methods for metals recovery from metal-containing waste.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

29. Aluminium in human sweat.

Minshall, Clare; Nadal, Jodie; Exley, Christopher

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

31. Human exposure to aluminium.

Biganzoli, Laura, E-mail: laura.biganzoli@mail.polimi.it; Gorla, Leopoldo; Nessi, Simone

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Aluminium packaging partitioning in MSW incineration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

34. Aluminium, antiperspirants and breast cancer.

35. Corrosion of aluminium metal in OPC- and CAC-based cement matrices

Kinoshita, Hajime, E-mail: h.kinoshita@sheffield.ac.uk; Swift, Paul; Utton, Claire

36. Aluminium Involvement in Neurotoxicity

Fulgenzi, Alessandro; Vietti, Daniele; Ferrero, Maria Elena

37. The toxicity of aluminium in humans.

38. Special issue on aluminium plasmonics

Gerard, Davy; Gray, Stephen K.

39. Special issue on aluminium plasmonics

Gerard, Davy; Gray, Stephen K.

40. The prophylactic reduction of aluminium intake.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)