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DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SYSTEMS – TRANSPORTATION & LOGISTICS

MANAGEMENT
Class Test – I Paper 403 Session: 2016-2018 Max. Time : 60 minutes Max. Marks 40

[Assume suitable data if necessary. No negative marking. Encircle the correct answer for objective type
questions. Objective questions carry ONE mark each for correct choice and THREE marks each for
explanation, others carry FOUR marks each. Answer all questions]

1. Answer any THREE of the multiple choice questions. [4 x 3 = 12]

A. The energy consumption in Warehouses of Perishable Items will be more for
(A) Lighting (B) Fork-lifting (C) HVAC (D) None of the these
B. Energy use in T&L is not related to
(A) Sustainability (B) Economics (C) Environment (D) None of these
C. Regenerative braking generates
(A) more heat (B) more braking (C) electricity (D) None of these
D. Most of the IC engines today in use are
(A) one stroke (B) two strokes (C) three strokes (D) four strokes
E. Energy Audit can be of following types
(A) small, medium and large (B) preliminary and mini, maxi
(C) walk-thru and comprehensive, detail (D) preliminary, small and walk-thu
F. Renewable energy form today in use specifically in road transport systems directly
(A) solar and wind (B) wind and bio-mass (C) bio-mass and solar (D) ocean (tidal & wave)
Answer to the point any TWO of the following questions on ENERGY and T&L:

2. What is energy and how is it measured? What are its forms? [2x2=4]

 Energy: Energy is the capacity to do work. it can neither be created nor destroyed (except E=mc2)
 “Whether they express themselves as thought, reflected from Antahkarana, the inner organs of
man, or as actions from an external organ, the unit from which they spring is called Prana.” –Vivekananda.
 Energy is defined via work; the SI unit of energy is same as the unit of work, Joule (J).
1J = 1N * 1m
Work is the product of force and displacement in the direction of force.

 Forms of energy are:-

 Light
 Heat
 Magnetic
 Mechanical
 Electricity
 Sound
 Chemical
 Gravitational
3. How use of energy is linked to development of civilization? In this context, how, do you think,
India could become developed nation? [2x2=4]
4. Give four reasons why productive use of energy matters in T&L? [4x1=4]
Productive use of energy in T & L is important because:-
 Economy : competition in price/service changes in T & L
 Environmental Norms : Efficient use in T & L reduce air pollution and helps to keep emission
within norms
 Long term sustainability of the T & L Company : Through efficient use of energy and
alternative energy resources in the long run
 Energy security of the country: T & L sector consumes more than 50% of oil in the country. It
may be noted that bill of more than $100 billion/year or Rs 700000 crores/year.
5. Which source of energy used in T&L is more crucial for Indian economy? Give three reasons.
[1+3=4]
6. Name any two renewable energy directly used in transport. Give example. [2+2=4]
1. Biomass Energy: A) Bio Diesel
B) Ethanol
2. Solar Energy

1. Biomass Energy
A) Bio diesel: Bio diesel can be used in conventional diesel engines as an alternative to
conventional fossil diesel. Bio diesel can be produced from vegetable, oil, animal oil/ fats.
B) Ethanol: Ethanol can be produced from sugar cane. It can be used in Petrol engine as a
sustainable of petrol.

2. Solar energy: Solar photovoltaic modules can be used to the battery of electric vehicles.

7. Briefly explain the upcoming role of renewable energy in T&L sector. [4]
Answer to the point any TWO of the following questions on ENERGY MANAGEMENT in T&L:
8. What is Energy Management? What are its two essential means for enactment? [4]

 ENERGY MANAGEMENT is the proactive, organized and systematic coordination of procurement,

conversion, distribution and use of energy to meet the requirements, taking into account
environment and economic objectives. It is connected closely to environment management,
production management, logistics and others established business functions.
 it is technical and management function, the objective of which is to monitor, record, critically
examine, analyze and control the energy flow in different process for maximum utilization of the
energy resources and maintain sustainable livelihood. This can be made possible through awareness,
education and training, finance and management.
 Two essential means for enactment of energy management are

I. ENERGY CONSERVATION ACT 2001:

 Policy Framework – Energy Conservation Act – 2001
 Standards and Labeling
 Designated Consumers
 Certification of Energy Managers and Accreditation of Energy Auditing Firms
 Energy Conservation Building Codes Central Energy Conservation Fund Bureau of Energy Efficiency
(BEE)
 II. NATIONAL TRANSPORT POLICY COMMITTEE:
 Study by PCRA on fuel consumption for passenger & goods transportation. Study by NITIE on share of
propulsion in total energy.
 Optimum rail-road coordination strategy. Optimum traction mix.
 Recommendations NTPC.

9. Name four provisions of Energy Conservation Act important in T&L. [4]

Commercial buildings having a connected load of 100KW or contract demand of 120KVA and above
must
1) Follow ECBC (energy conservation building code)
2) Have in-house CEM (certified energy manager)
3) Need to be audited by an external Certified energy auditor (CEA)
4) To procure energy/ level product.

10. Why the two types of energy audit would be useful in transport sector? [2x2=4]

Energy audit is an official scientific study of energy consumption of an organisation/

process plant/equipment aimed at reduction of energy consumption and energy costs without
affecting productivity and comforts and suggesting the methods for energy saving and reduction in
energy cost.

There are mainly two types of energy audit:-

1. Preliminary Audit: Preliminary audit is carried out in the limited time say within 10 days and
it highlights the energy cost and wastages in the major equipment’s and processes. During the
visit, discussions with line supervisors and line technicians and joint brainstorming may be
necessary to acquire creative ideas and to know the practical difficulties in carrying out the
proposed energy conservation measures (ECMs).

2. Detailed energy audit: Detailed or comprehensive energy audit account for the total energy
utilised in plants. It involves detailed engineering for options to reduce energy consumption and
also reduce cost. The duration of such studies is generally from 1 to 10 weeks. The action plan in
divided into short term, medium term and long term actions.

The short term action plan requires no capital investment or least investment where the
medium term action plan requires a little investment to achieve efficiency improvement
through modification of existing equipment. The long term action plan is aimed to achieve
economy through latest energy saving techniques and innovation.
11. How productive use of energy in buildings or similar establishments is essential for growth of any
T&L industry? [4]
Energy plays a critical role in the growth of any industry. The amount of cost spent on the different
energy sources to run the industry plays a critical role in deciding the bottom line of annual
financial report.
So, same way in the T&L industry, where big warehouses and offices consumes a lot of electric
energy, a proper and productive use of energy such as
1) Minimizing the waste or stop misuse (e.g switch of utilizes or gadets when not in use)
2) Efficient utilization by use of more energy efficient devices e.g replace CFL with LED
3) Use right kind of energy resources for right purpose (e.g Heat pump instead of electric
resistance type room heater)
will surely save a lot of utility bill annually and thus benefit the economy and the T&L industry.

12. What are the Specific Energy Consumptions (SEC) in different modes of transport? [4]

Modes of Transport SEC UNIT

1. AIR (per 1000 passenger-km) A) 80 lt A) ATF( Aviation transport

A) Propeller B) 30-40 lt Fuel)
B) Jet B) ATF

A) Petrol
2. ROAD ( per 1000 P-km) A) 10-16 lt B) Petrol/Diesel
A) 2 wheeler B) 15-25 lt C) Petrol/Diesel
B) 4 wheeler C) 4-5 lt D) Diesel
C) Bus D) 20 lt
D) Truck (per 1000 ton-km)

3. RAIL or TRAIN (per 1000 p-

km) A) 20 A) Kwh
A) Electric

Water ( per 1000 p-km) A) 5 lt A) Diesel

A) container

13. Comment on the trend of SECs in rail : coal, oil and gas. [4]
14. Comment on the differences of SECs in rail transport: passenger Vs goods. [4]
15. Fill up the blank (Assume data / name as applicable and you consider logically justified):
Name of the Warehouse CGCEL WH Jangalpur, Howrah Floor Area 56000 SFT
Maintenance Section (Day-Night Operation) Floor Area 5000 SFT
S No Type of Light W Numbers Total W Hours kWh
ON/day
1 LED 35W 8 280W 24Hrs 6.72kWh
2 CFL 65W 10 650W 24Hrs 15.6kWh
Office (8 AM to 8 PM) Floor Area 1000 SFT
3 LED 12W 10 120W 12Hrs 1.44kWh
4 CFL 25W 4 100W 12Hrs 1.20kWh
Store (With occupancy sensor) Floor Area 50000 SFT
5 LED 35W 20 700W 8Hrs 5.6kWh
6 CFL 65W 80 5200W 8Hrs 41.6kWh
TOTAL 72.16kWh
Electricity Tariff 2165kWh INR/kWh ₹ 8 Total Bill ₹ 17320
(INR/month)
Comments (72.16*30)= 2165kWh, As 1 month=30 days.

Answer to the point any TWO of the following questions on Engines and Drives in T&L:
16. Give examples of different IC engines in use in transport sector. [4]
There are main two types of IC engines used in transport sector-
1. Spark Ignition (SI) or petrol engine.
2. Compression ignition (CI) or Diesel engine

Spark ignition (SI) or petrol engine

In SI engines the burning of fuel occurs by a spark generated by the spark plug located in
the cylinder head of engine. In these engines the fuel used is Petrol or Gasoline. It uses Carburetor
for fuel delivery to combustion chamber.
 Compressed ignition (CI) or Diesel engine

In CI engines the fuel used is diesel. As the self-ignition temperature of diesel is less than that of
petrol, it does not need external spark to initiate the burn. In the case of CI engines, burning of
fuel occurs because of the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to mechanical
compression. Diesel engines work by compressing only the air. This increases the air temperature
inside the cylinder to such a high degree that atomised diesel fuel that is injected into the
combustion chamber ignites spontaneously. So, for diesel engine, spark plug is not needed, the
Compression stroke raises the pressure and temperature of air to match the self-ignition
temperature of the diesel.

17. Explain with diagram the operation of any one type of IC engine. [4]

1. Intake / suction stroke: The piston moves down (TDC to BDC) during intake stroke. The intake
valve opens during the intake stroke to allow fresh air from the atmosphere into the engine
cylinder. The motion of intake valve is controlled by camshaft. The exhaust valve remains closed
during the intake stroke. The downward motion of the piston creates partial vacuum inside the
 cylinder. The pressure difference generated from downward motion of the piston pulls the
air into the cylinder. The intake valve closes at the end of the intake stroke.

2. Compression stroke: The piston moves from BDC to TDC during compression
stroke. The air encompassed in the cylinder during the intake the stroke
is compressed during this stroke. During the compression stroke both the valves remain
closed. This isolates the combustion chamber from the ambient air. Compression raises
the pressure and temperature of this air. At the end of the compression stroke, the fuel
injector injects a metered quantity of fuel in a finely atomized from into the cylinder.

3. Combustion stroke: Compression raises the pressure and temperature of air to match self
ignition temperature of diesel. These fuel molecules absorb heat from the surrounding hot air and
vaporize. This result into combuston and subsequent generation of energy. Combustion of
fuel generates energy. The thrusts produced due to the combuston of fuel pushes the piston down
from TDC to BDC. Both valves remain closed during this stroke. This downward motion of the
piston provides positive driving energy to rotate the wheels.

4. Exhaust stroke: Combuston of fuel produces residue gases having high temperature & pressure.
The intake valve remains closed during the exhaust stroke. The exhaust valve opens during this
stroke. The upward motion of the piston and the pressure difference between the cylinder
and the atmosphere drives the exhaust gases out during this stroke.

18. Show in a table the comparison of the two types of IC engines – similarities and differences.[4]

Spark ignition engine Compression ignition engine

Fuel Petrol or Gasoline Diesel
Cycle Otto cycle Diesel cycle
Weight Lighter heavier
Compression ratio 6 to 10 16 to 20
Thermal efficiency Low High
Introduction of fuel in the Mixture of air & fuel injected by Air is taken during suction
engine carburetor during suction stroke. stroke but fuel is injected during
the compression stroke

Similarites:

Althrough there are many difference between the two engines. There are similarities also.
1) Both engine uses crankshaft to power the wheels
2) Both uses camshaft to open the valves in synchronize to crankshaft
3) Both are 4 stroke engines

19. Write short notes with full form (any one) : EV, HEV and FCV [4]

 EV = An Electric Vehicle also called EV, uses one or more electric motors or traction
motors for propulsion. An electric vehicle may be powered through a collector system by
electricity from off-vehicle sources, or may be self-contained with a battery, solar panels or an
 electric generator to convert fuel to electricity. EVs include, but are not limited to, road and rail
vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, electric aircraft and electric spacecraft.

 HEV = A Hybrid Electric Vehicle also called HEV, is a type of hybrid vehicle that combines a
conventional internal combustion engine(ICE) system with an electric propulsion
system(hybrid vehicle drivetrain).The presence of the electric powertrain is intended to achieve
either better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle or better performance. The most
common form of HEV is the hybrid electric car, although hybrid electric trucks and buses also
exist.Modern HEVs make use of efficiency improving technologies such as regenerative
brakes which convert the vehicle’s kinetic energy to electric energy to charge the battery.
Some varieties of HEV use their internal combustion engine to generate electricity by spinning
an electrical generator to either recharge their batteries or to combination is known as a
motor- generator.

 FCV = A Fuel Cell Vehicle(FCV) or Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle(FCEV) is a type of electric vehicle
which uses a fuel cell, instead of a battery, or in combination with a battery or super capacitor, to
power its on-board electric motor. Fuel cells in vehicles generate electricity using oxygen from the
air and compressed hydrogen. Most fuel cell vehicles that emit only water and heat. As compared
with internal combustion vehicles, hydrogen vehicles centralize pollutants at the site of the
hydrogen production, where hydrogen is typically derived from reformed natural gas. Fuel cells
have been used in various kinds of vehicles including forklifts, especially in indoor
applications where their clean emissions are important to air quality, and in space applications.

Answer to the point any ONE of the following questions on Renewable Energy in T&L:
20. Give examples of different renewable energy in use in transport sector. [4]
The renewable energies that are in-use in transport sector are
1) Electricity ( used in hybrid, electric and fuel-cell vehicles)
2) Biofuels
3) Gaseous fuels (hydrogen, CNG, LPG)
4) alcohols and ether
21. Explain with diagram the operation of any one type of solar operated EV. [4]

In this type of EV, the battery can be charged by the solar energy which was
collected by the solar panel. This battery is connected to controller to control the
flow of electricity to motor. This motor drives the driving wheels of the vehicle

22. Show in a table the comparison of the two types of renewable energy in use in T&L. [4]

Solar energy Bioenergy (biofuels and Biomass)

Solar energy can be used to produce
renewable electricity and thermal energy with
the help of appropriate instruments.
Solar energy comes from sun in form of heat
and light
Biomass can be used to produce renewable
electricity, thermal energy or transportation
fuels (biofuels)
2) In the context of biomass energy, living or
dead crops , residues, and other biogical
materials that can be used as a substiture for
fossil fuels
23. Write short notes on its use in T&L (any one) : Solar, Wind, Bio-mass, Hydel, Ocean [4]

Solar: The Sun is the primary source of energy for Earth in form of light and heat. This energy can be
harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heater, photovoltaic, etc. In T&L
this solar energy is used by converting the sunlight into electricity through the help of photovoltaic
cells.

The solar panels fitted on the roof of vehicles, converted the light energy of the sun into electricity and
thus power the motor of the vehicle, which ultimately rotates the wheels. Also this electricity energy
can also be stored in battery for use during night, when there is no sun.

Answer to the point the following questions on Energy Scenario in Transport Sector in T&L:
24. The contribution of the transport sector to the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) increased
from 5.7% in 1999/2000 to …6.5%… in 2011/12 (a)4.5% (b)5.5% (c)6.5% (d)7.5%
25. India has one of the largest road network of …5.23… million km in the world (a)3.23 (b)4.23
(c)5.23 (d)None of these
26. India had …159.5 million… registered motor vehicles till 31 March 2012 (a) 159.5 million
(b)149.5 million (c)139.5 million (d)None of these
27. The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission was launched in 2005 for …7 Years…
period (up to March 2012) as a reform-based programme to fast-track planned infrastructure
development and, hence, improve the quality of life in the “mission cities” (a)7 Years (b) 5 Years
(c) 5 Years (c) 3 Years (d) 1 Year
28. The consumption of LPG by the transport sector during 2009/10 was …0.225 MT… (a) 0.225 MT
(b) 0.425 MT (c) 0.625 MT (d) None of these
29. The National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP), formulated by the Ministry of Urban Development
(MoUD) in …2006… (a)2004 (b)2005 (c)2006 (d)2007
30. The AAI also provides Air Traffi c Management Services over Indian air space and adjoining
oceanic areas with the help of ground installations at all airports and…25… other locations to
ensure safe aircraft operations. (a)23 (b)24 (c)25 (d)None of these
31. The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) started its operations on …25 December 2002… and it
is the world’s 13th largest metro system in terms of length (a) 25 December 2002 (b)25
December 2003 (c)25 December 2004 (d)None of these
32. Personalized modes constituting mainly two-wheelers and cars accounted for about …86%… of
the total number of motor vehicles in the country (a)25% (b)50% (c)76% (d)86%
33. Maritime transport handles more than …90%… by volume and 70% by value of India’s trade
(a)70% (b)80% (c)90% (d)None of these
Answer to the point the following questions on Energy Technologies in Transport Sector in T&L:
34. Compare different modes of transport highlighting prime movers, fuel, specific fuel consumption,
cost, advantages and disadvantages [4x6x3]

Modes of Prime movers Fuel Cost Specific fuel Advantage &

Transport consumption (per Disadvantage
1000 passenger-
km)
AIR Gas-turbine engines ATF –Aviation expensive Propeller 80ltr Fastest mode
Turbine Fuel Jet 30-40ltr of transport

Road IC engines Petrol/ Diesel Cheap 2-wheeler 10-16lt Last mile

4wheeler  15-25lt connectivity.
Bus 4-5ltr Causes
Truck  20ltr pollution
Rail Diesel-electric Electricity Cheap Electric 20ltr
locomotive
Water Generator Diesel Container  5ltr Cheapest mode
of transport for
bulk
commodities