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What is literature?
Is any printed material used for research reference.
Most common examples of literature are journals, books, biographies, essays, official
documents and reports, newspaper clippings and feature articles, and concept papers among
others.
Liberally, other literature may also include speeches, letters, presentation materials (like
Powerpoint and PDF slides) and online materials from the internet (like Google Scholar or other
online encyclopedia).
For quantitative research, additional literature includes financial statements, audit reports,
statistical surveys, feasibility studies, numerical graphs and such other similar literature or
documents that are numerical and quantitative in nature.
1. Appropriateness of the literature. Is the literature proper or suitable for the research topic or
problem being addressed?
2. Reliability of the literature. Is the source of the literature credible and can be trusted?
3. Identifiability of the literature. Is the literature identifiable enough for proper citation.
4. Recency of the literature. Except for citing literature for classical theories and important
concepts, it is better to cite the most recent possible literature to be able to locate the research
in the latest trends in the field of discipline.
There are no hard and fast rule in making conceptual framework, but the following offer some helpful
tips:
1. A conceptual framework is aimed to capture the entire picture of the research, or the crux of the
research. Be creative in using symbols, illustrations, diagrams, charts and schemes.
2. Make use to align the conceptual framework with the research objectives and research
questions, and back it up with appropriate RRL.
3. Be clear in the use of symbols, illustrations, diagrams, charts and schemes by providing
distinctive features of each.
4. Be clear also in the use of solid and broken lines as connectors; they may have some meanings
that can either clarify or confuse. Connectors also need distinctive features.
5. Start simple, but do not be simplistic. Be elaborate, but be careful about over-complicating and
long winding visual presentation.
6. All the symbols, illustrations, diagrams, charts and schemes need to be explained in the textual
discourse analysis, including their relationships as shown in the connectors.
7. Conceptual framework needs RRL to support the claims of the research, or what the researcher
or the students wants to convey through the research.
8. Sometimes, conceptual frameworks may include the methodological techniques used to study
variables in groups, but this is not necessary.
9. Conceptual framework is normally in one visual presentation, but it can be broken down into
several figures for elaboration of the main parts.
The Research Hypotheses
Hypothesis
o Is often defined as an educated guess. It is a “specified testable expectation about empirical
reality” grounded from a more general prediction (Babble 2010, 46).
o It is a proposed explanation of a phenomenon that indicates how variable A influences or
possibly leads to variable B. Hypothesis written in this manner can be subjected to testing.
Null Hypothesis
o It states that there is no significant relationship between the dependent and independent
variables.
o It assumes that “something”, usually a measure of relationship, “equals zero”.
Alternative Hypothesis
o Predicts the opposite of the null hypothesis.
o It usually states that there is relationship between the variables.