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* Filtration may be defined as the separation of solid from a fluid by means of a porous
medium that retains the solid but allows the fluid to pass.
*The suspension of solid and liquid to be filtered is known as the slurry. The porous
medium used to retain the solids is described as the filter medium;
* The accumulation of solids on the filter is referred to as the filter cake, while the clear
liquid passing through the filter is the filtrate.
• The surface upon which solids are deposited in a filter is called the
“Filter medium”
• Usually, the resistance to flow due to the filter medium itself is very low,
but will increase as a layer of solids builds up , blocking the pores of the
medium and forming a solid cake.
• The object of the filter aid is to prevent the medium from becoming
blocked and to form an open, porous cake, so reducing the resistance to
flow of the filtrate. The particles must be inert, insoluble, incompressible,
and irregular shaped.
• Filter aids may be used in either or both two ways:
• 1-Pre- coating technique: by forming a pre-coat over the filter medium
by filtering a suspension of the filter aid .
• 2-Body- mix technique: A small proportion of the filter aid (0.1-0.5 %) is
added to the slurry to be filtered. This slurry is recirculated through the
filter until a clear filtrate is obtained, filtration then proceeds to
completion.
• The following filter aids may be used:
• Diatomite ( Kieselguhr ) , obtained from natural siliceous deposites.
• Perlite , it is an aluminium silicate.
• Cellulose and Asbestos.
Industrial Filters
• A-Gravity filters,
• Vacuum filters operate practically at higher pressure differentials than gravity filters.
• Rotary vacuum filter and the leaf filter are most extensively used.
• Advantages:
• 1- The slurry can be filtered from any vessel.
• 2-The cake can be washed simply by immersing the filter
in a vessel of Water.
• 3- Removal of the cake is facilitated by the use of reverse
air flow.
.Fig. Filter leaf
4- The filter can be modified by employing
a suitable number of unites.
5- The leaf filter is most satisfactory
if the solids content of the slurry is not
too high, 5 % being a suitable maximum.
6- Labour costs for operating the filter are
comparatively moderate.
• The drum is dipped into the slurry and vacuum applied to the outlet,
which is connected to the filtrate receiver. When the cake has
formed, the cake drained or partially dried by vacuum.
• The drum is sprayed with water to wash the cake. Retaining the
vacuum connection drains the cake and produces partial dryness
then, removed by a doctor knife.
• When the solids of the slurry are too much that the filter cloth
becomes blocked with the particles, a pre-coat filter may be used.
A pre-coat of filter aid is deposited on the drum prior to the filtration
process.
Advantages & disadvantages of rotary drum filter
• Advantages:
• 1-The rotary filter is automatic and is continuous in operation, so that the labour costs
are very low.
• 2- The filter has a large capacity , so it is suitable for the filtration of highly
concentrated solutions.
• 3- Variation of the speed of rotation enables the cake thickness to be controlled.
• 4- Pre-coat of filter aid could used to accelerate the filtration rate.
• Disadvantages:
• 1- The rotary filter is a complex piece of equipment , with many moving parts and is
very expensive,.
• 2- In addition to the filter itself, some accessories are connected ,e.g, a vacuum
pump, vacuum receivers , slurry pumps and agitators are required .
• 3- The cake tends to crack due to the air drawn through by the vacuum system, so
that washing and drying are not efficient.
• 4- Being a vacuum filter, the pressure difference is limited to 1 bar and hot filtrates
may boil.
• 5- It is suitable only for straight- forward slurries
• Uses:
• 1- The rotary filter for continuous operation on large quantities of
slurry.
2- Suitable for slurry contains considerable amounts of solids in the
range 15-30%.
• C- Pressure Filters:
• Examples are the sweetland filter, plate and frame filter press.
Plate and Frame Press
Plate and Frame Filter Press
The operation
• The slurry enters the frame from the feed channel,
• The filtrate passes through the filter medium on to the surface of the
plate while the solids form a filter cake in the frame.
• The filtrate then drained down the surface of the plate , between the
projections on the surface and escapes from the outlet.
• Filtration is continued until the frame is filled with filter cake, when
the process is stopped , the frame emptied, and the cycle re-started.
• Channels for the slurry inlet and the filtrate outlet can be arranged by
fitting eyes to the plates and frames. This has the advantages that the
filtrate from each plate can be seen and, in the event of a broken cloth, the
faulty plate can be isolated and the filtration continued with one plate less.
• Advantages:
• Types of baskets:
A- Imperforated, in which the liquid is removed through a skimming tube , while the
solid particles, sediment to the wall.
• In pharmacy, the centrifuge is commonly used for drying crystals and for
separating emulsions into their constituent liquids.
B- Perforated basket, in which the liquid passes out through the holes.
• Disadvantages:
• 1- Batch process
• 2- It involves a considerable labour cost, making the process
expensive.
Equipment selection:
• Ideally the equipment chosen should allow a fast filtration rate to minimize
production costs, be cheap to by and run, be easily cleaned and resistant to
corrosion, and be capable of filtering large volumes of products.
• 5- The degree of filtration required. This affect the chosen pore size of
membrane filters or the filter grade to be used.