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LIGA PROCESS
Introduction
The MEMS micromachining process known as LIGA utilizes the following
three fabrication process steps
Lithographie Lithography
Galvanoformung Electroplating
Abformung Molding
LIGA fabrication is used to create high-aspect ratio structures through the use of x-
rays produced by a synchrotron or relatively low aspect ratio structures through the
use of UV (ultraviolet) light.
LIGA Micromaching Process
The LIGA process involves the following steps:
l. A very thick (up to hundreds of microns) resist layer of polymethylmethacrylate
(PMMA) is deposited onto a primary substrate.
2. The PMMA is exposed to columnated X-rays and is developed.
3. Metal is electrodeposited onto the primary substrate.
4. The PMMA is removed or stripped, resulting in a freestanding metal structure.
5. Plastic injection molding takes place.
3. Electroforming 4. Stripping
5. Replication
LIGA Micromaching Process
Step-1
Coat thick photoresist (300 m to > 500 m) on a
substrate with an electrically conductive surface.
Step-2:- Irradiation
X-ray lithography with extended exposure from
highly collimated X-radiation to penetrate thick
Resist with well- defined sidewalls.
Step-4: Electroforming
Carriers are fabricated from materials with high thermal conductivity to reduce
thermal gradients. Ex: Vitreous carbon and graphite, Silicon, silicon nitride,
titanium, and diamond.
Absorbers are gold, nickel, copper, tin,
lead, and other X-ray absorbing metals.
Photoresist
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X- Ray Lithography
“It is a process used in microfabrication to pattern parts of a thin film or the bulk of
a substrate. It uses light to transfer a geometric pattern from a photomask to a light-
sensitive chemical "photoresist" on the substrate”.
A mask consisting of a pattern made with an X-ray absorbing material on a thin X-ray
transparent membrane.
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Synchrotron radiation x-ray source:
the choice for x-ray lithography
Storage Ring
Shield Wall
Straight line
Bend and
emit when
passing a
magnet
Accelerated
here
Cone aperture
~ 1/g
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Spectrum of synchrotron radiation (bending magnet)
Bending Magnet
(critical energy)
1.24nm
You can try to understand the following calculation if interested. It won’t be included in exams.
In the frame moving with the electron, electron “sees” a periodic magnet structure moving toward it
with a relativistically contracted period ’=u/g (u is magnet period, g1/(1-2)1/2, v/c)
The frequency of this emitted radiation is f’=c/’=cg/u.
To the observer, the relativistic form of Doppler frequency formula is: f=f’/(g(1-))=c/(u(1-
))2g2c/u. (for 1, 1-1/2g2)
So the observed wavelength is: =c/f= u /2g2.
E.g, for 1.9GeV, g=1900/0.511=3718; with u =5cm, gives =1.8nm (x-ray).
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Advantages of synchrotrons for X-ray lithography
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X- Ray Lithography Steps
X- Ray Lithography Steps Cont.
1. Irradiation:
The first step in x- ray lithography is irradiation which involves exposing a thick layer of
resist to high-energy beam of x-rays from a synchrotron. The mask membrane is normally a
low atomic number material such as diamond, beryllium, or a thin membrane of a higher
atomic number material such as silicon or silicon carbide.
2. Development:
In this step the pattern is etched into the resist substrate by the use of x- rays.
3. Electroforming: