L9a - Timber Structures PDF

Design
for Fire and Robustness
Raul ZAHARIA
František WALD
Jean-Marc FRANSSEN
Jean-François DEMONCEAU
Introduction
Wood in fire
List of Lessons at Seminar
Bases of design
Material properties
1. Fire safety RZ
Bases of design
2. Fire and mechanical loading RZ
Material properties
3. Thermal response RZ
Charring
4. Steel structures RZ
Models 5. Concrete structures JMF
Reduced 6. Composite structures JMF
cross-section
7. Advanced models JMF
Reduced
properties 8. Composite floors FW
Worked example 9. Aluminium structures FW
Connections 10. Timber structures FW
Conclusion 11. After fire and Historical structures FW
Fire test 12. Definitions of Design for Robustness JMD
Notes 13. Global response of structures JMD
14. Design recommendations JMD
15. Alternative load path method JMD
European Erasmus Mundus

Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events 2
Timber structures
František Wald
Czech Technical University in Prague
Introduction
Wood in fire
Objectives of the lecture
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
o Burning of timber
Material properties
o Basic design methods
Charring
Models Fire load and structural material
Reduced
cross-section Charring model
Reduced
properties o Timber structures in fire
Worked example
Massive structures – traditional, high fire resistance,
Connections
Conclusion
predictable based on thermal response only
Fire test Timber in wall and floor assemblies - challenges
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Outline of the lecture
Bases of design
Material properties
o Introduction
Bases of design
Material properties o Wood behaviour in fire
Charring
o Bases of design
Models
Reduced o Material properties
cross-section
o Charring rate
Reduced
properties o Charring model
Worked example
Connections
o Reduced cross-section method
Conclusion o Reduced properties method
Fire test
o Worked example
Notes
o Connections
o Conclusion
Master Course o Fire test
o Summary
Introduction
Wood in fire
History
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design • Wood is flammable and combustible
Material properties • Fire - the cause of demages municipalities and towns
Charring
Models
• The first directive - 14th century, in Czech mainly Prague
Reduced • "Imperial-royal patent for extinguishing a fire" (1755) - the
cross-section
prohibition of wooden houses in cities
Reduced
properties • "Fire order of Joseph II." (1785) – distances
Worked example
Connections
• Highest court decree from 1816 - prohibition of wooden
Conclusion
buildings everywhere
Fire test • 1821 the first fire departments in Prague
Notes
• The end of the 19th century
– As structural materil dominate
reinforced concrete, steel, masonry technology
Master Course
under Natural Hazards 6
and Catastrophic Events
Introduction
Wood in fire
History
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
• The first directive - 14th century, in Czech mainly Prague
Reduced • "Imperial-royal patent for extinguishing a fire" (1755) - the
cross-section
prohibition of wooden houses in cities
Reduced
properties • "Fire order of Joseph II." (1785) – distances
Worked example
Connections
• Highest court decree from 1816 - prohibition of wooden
Conclusion
buildings everywhere
Fire test • 1821 the first fire departments in Prague
Notes
• The end of the 19th century
– As structural materil dominate
reinforced concrete, steel, masonry technology
Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
History
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced 14th c. Czech mainly Prague first fire directives
cross-section
Reduced 1755 "Imperial-royal patent for extinguishing a fire"
properties
the prohibition of wooden houses in cities
Worked example
Connections 1785 Fire order of Joseph II. - fire distances
Conclusion 1816 Highest court decree
Fire test
about prohibition of wooden buildings everywhere
Notes
1821 the first Fire departments in Prague

Master Course
Since 19th century
– As structural material dominate
Sustainable Constructions reinforced concrete, steel, masonry technology
Introduction
Wood in fire
Today
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
• Requirements local, e.g in Germany
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Today
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
• Requirements local, e.g in Switzerland
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Fire
Bases of design
of Globe theatre in Prague
Material properties
Bases of design Buid 1995
Material properties
Charring replo12 Nov
Models
2005
Reduced
cross-section Příklady
Reduced
properties ze zahraničí
Worked example
Connections
se stejnou stavební kulturou
Conclusion
jako v ČR
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Fire
Bases of design
of Globe theatre in Prague
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
• Built in 1999
Charring – After London and Neuss
Models third unique theater space Elizabethan era
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties • Fire 12 Nov. 2005
Worked example
Connections
• Fire reported 2:50
Conclusion
• The intervention of firemen 3:02
Fire test
Notes • Burned to 45 min
• Inappropriately close Maroldova panorama
Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Intervention of firefighters
Bases of design
Material properties
Material properties
Models
2005
Reduced
Reduced
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
jako v ČR
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
To fireman attack
Bases of design
Material properties
Material properties
Models
2005
Reduced
Reduced
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
jako v ČR
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
To fireman attack
Bases of design
Material properties
Material properties
Models
2005
Reduced
Reduced
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
jako v ČR
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
To fireman attack
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
Reduced
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
jako v ČR
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
To fireman attack
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
Reduced
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
jako v ČR
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
After fire
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design Melted
Material properties
Charring
street lights
Models
Reduced
and
cross-section driedPříklady
Reduced
properties triesze zahraničí
Worked example
Connections
se the
outside stejnou stavební kulturou
Conclusion theater
jako v ČR
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Fire
Bases of design of Globe theatre in Prague
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
Reduced
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
jako v ČR
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Fire
Bases of design of Globe theatre in Prague
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
Reduced
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
jako v ČR
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Fire of globe theatre
Bases of design
Material properties
Material properties
Models
2005
Reduced
Reduced
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
jako v ČR
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Cardington fire tests
Bases of design
on timber bulding
Material properties
Bases of design 6th floors buiding
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Cardington fire tests
Bases of design
on timber bulding
Material properties
Bases of design 6th floors buiding
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Detail plan of wall construction
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Application in the Wälludden project.
Introduction
Wood in fire
Three fire tests
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
• Fire compartment
Charring • Fire on timber stairs
Models
Reduced
• Spread of fire
cross-section
at the window
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Požární úsek po požáru R 60
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Timber stairs fire test
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
View of four- and five-storey blocks
Bases of design
in the Wälludden development
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Timber thermal conductivity
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Thermal conductivity, W/mK
Material properties
1000
Charring
Models Aluminium, 3xxx, 6xxx
Reduced
100 Aluminium, 5xxx, 7xxx
cross-section
Reduced Steel
properties
Worked example
10
Connections
Conclusion
Concrete, max
Fire test Temperature, °C
800 1000
1 Notes
Concrete, min
0 200 400 600
1200
Timber and char layer

0,1
Master Course
0,01
Introduction
Wood in fire
Wood behaviour in fire
Bases of design
Material properties
• Pyrolysis
Bases of design
Material properties – Thermal degradation of wood producing combustible
Charring gases and accompanied by a loss in mass
Models
– starting from 250°C about
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Residual cross section
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
• Char layer protects the residual cross section
Charring from high temperatures
Models
Reduced
cross-section Residual cross
Reduced section
properties
Worked example - cold
Connections
Conclusion - load-bearing
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Charring
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
“Modern manmade intumescent materials applied
Charring to steel structural elements are
Models in essence an attempt to replicate
Reduced
cross-section what timber does naturally.”
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
From Smith I, Frangi A, Overview of design issues for tall timber buildings,
Sustainable Constructions Structural Engineering International, SEI 2/2008
Introduction
Wood in fire
Charring rate β
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design • Ratio (mm/min)
Material properties
Charring
between charring depth dchar and fire time t
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Charing rate
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Depends on
Material properties •Fire exposure
Charring – Constant value for ISO-fire exposure
Models
Reduced
•Wood species
cross-section – Spruce: ≈ 0.7 mm/min
Reduced
properties
Worked example •Small influence of
Connections
Conclusion
– Moisture content
Fire test – Density of wood
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Timber density ρ
Bases of design
and the charring rate (RC)
Material properties
-1
Bases of design RC % min
Material properties 200
Charring 180
Models
Reduced
160
cross-section
140
Reduced
properties 120
Worked example
100
Connections
Conclusion 80
Fire test
60
Notes
40
20
ρ kgm -3
Master Course
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Introduction
Wood in fire
Bases of design
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
• Fire resistance of timber structural elements
Charring of sufficiently large cross-section can be
Models calculated on the basis of predictable charring
Reduced
cross-section rate
Reduced
properties
– Heavy timber structure
Worked example • Charring
Connections
Conclusion
– Light timber/timber based structures
Fire test • Fire protection
Notes
• The boundary between the charred timber
and carbonized timber is assumed at 300 °C
Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Eurocode 5
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
• Eurocode 5 (EN 1995) provides rules
Charring for the design of timber structures.
Models
– EN 1995-1-2 is the Fire Part of Eurocode 5
Reduced
cross-section • The two other parts of Eurocode 5 are:
Reduced
properties – EN 1995-1-1 Common rules and rules for buildings
Worked example
Connections
– EN 1995-2 Bridges
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Basic strategies
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
• Use of massive cross-sections
Material properties
• Increase of cross sections by charring depth
Charring
Models • Protection of the timber elements with non
Reduced
cross-section
combustible materials
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design • Mechanical
Material properties
– Simplified methods for the reduction of the strength
Charring
Models
and stiffness parameters
Reduced
cross-section
– For advanced calculation methods, a non-linear
Reduced relationship between strain and compressive stress
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Design strength in fire
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design The fire resistance lower reliability of materials,
Material properties
than at ambient temperatures
Charring
Models The design value on 20% fractale
Reduced
cross-section Not 5% fractale as at ambient temperature
Reduced
properties
Worked example f 20
Connections f d,fi = k mod,fi
Conclusion γ M,fi
Fire test
Notes f 20 = kfi f k
kmod,fi modification factor based on design procedure

Master Course (elevated temperature and moisture)
γM,fi partial factor = 1,0
Introduction
Wood in fire
Design strength in fire
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
f 20 = kfi f k
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Material properties
– For advanced calculation methods
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Reduction factor
for strength parallel to grain of softwood 45
Introduction
Wood in fire
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Material properties
– For advanced calculation methods
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Effect of temperature
on modulus of elasticity parallel to grain of softwood46
Introduction
Wood in fire
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design • Thermal
Material properties
– Annex B EN 1995-1-2:2004
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Temperature-thermal conductivity relationship
for wood and the char layer
Introduction
Wood in fire
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design • Thermal
Material properties
– Annex B EN 1995-1-2:2004
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Temperature-specific heat relationship
for wood and the char layer
Introduction
Wood in fire
Charring depth
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design – The distance between the outer surface
Material properties of the original member
Charring
and the position
Models
Reduced
of the char-line
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Charing depth
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
• Under the standard fire exposure
Material properties • An approximate linear relationship
Charring
• From numerous fire tests
Models
Reduced
on wood and wood-based materials
cross-section
Reduced
properties
d char,0 = β 0 t
Worked example
Connections
where
Conclusion
Fire test
β0 is the one-dimensional design charring rate
Notes under the standard fire exposure
t is the time of fire exposure in mins

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Typical charring rates β0
Bases of design
according to EN 1995-1-2:2005
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Material β0
Charring mm/min
Models Softwood Glued laminated timber 0,65
Reduced
cross-section
and beech with a characteristic density of
Reduced ≥ 290 kg/m3
properties
Worked example
Solid timber 0,65
Connections with a characteristic density of
Conclusion ≥ 290 kg/m3
Fire test
Hardwood Solid or glued laminated hardwood 0,65
Notes
with a characteristic density of
≥ 290 kg/m3
European Erasmus Mundus Solid or glued laminated hardwood 0,50
Master Course
with a characteristic density of
Sustainable Constructions ≥ 450 kg/m3
Introduction
Wood in fire
Effect of corner roundings
Bases of design
and fissures
Material properties
Bases of design • The notional charring rate βn
Material properties
Charring
• Equivalent residual cross-section
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced Border of effective
properties cross-section
Worked example
Connections Border of residual
Conclusion cross-section
Fire test Unaffected
Notes part
Initial surface
d char
of section
of member d0
d ef
Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
The notional charring rate βn
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
according to EN 1995-1-2
Introduction
Wood in fire
Charring model
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
• for unprotected surfaces
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Charring model
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
For innitially protected surfaceas
Charring •Different charring phases
Models
Reduced
tch is time of start of charring
cross-section
Reduced
tf is failure time of cladding (fall off)
properties
Worked example
•For wood-based panels and gypsum
Connections plasterboards (type A or H)
Conclusion
Fire test
tch is tf
Notes •For gypsum plasterboards (type F)
tch < tf
Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Charring model
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
For initially protected surfaces
Charring •For wood-based panels and gypsum
Models
plasterboards type A or H: tch = tf
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Charring model
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring •For wood-based panels and gypsum
Models
plasterboards type A or H: tch = tf
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Charring model
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring •For gypsum plasterboards type F: tch < tf
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Charring model
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Charring model
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Time of start of charring
Bases of design
(failure times of panels)
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
• For wood-based panels
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
• For gypsum plasterboards type A, H or F
Connections (one layer)
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes
• where hp is the thickness of the panel, in mm

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Failure modes of protective boards
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design • Thermal degradation (mechanical failure) of the
Material properties
boards
Charring
Models • Pull-out failure of fasteners due to excessive
Reduced
cross-section
charring of timber member
Reduced
properties 1 Timber member
Worked example
2 Steel channel
Connections
Conclusion 3 Panel
Fire test 4 Fastener for fixing of steel channel to
Notes timber member
5 Fastener for fixing of panel to steel
channel
Master Course
6 Char layer
Steel channels for fixing panels in the ceiling

Introduction
Wood in fire
Fixing of fire protective panels
Bases of design
to beams or columns
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Failure modes of protective boards
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Verification methods
Bases of design
for load-bearing function
Material properties
Bases of design • Analysis of
Material properties
– Entire structure (global analysis)
Charring
Models – Sub-assemblies (e.g. frames)
Reduced
cross-section – Members (e.g. walls, floors, columns, beams)
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Ed,fi ≤ Rd,fi
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Machanical loading
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
• As simplification for residential, social,
Charring commercial and administration areas:
Models
Reduced
Ed,fi = 0.6 Ed
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Simple analytical models
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
• Reduced cross-section method
Charring – kmod,fi = 1
Models
Reduced
– Reduced cross section
cross-section
Reduced
• The reduced properties method
properties
Worked example
– kmod,fi < 1
Connections – Reduced material propertíes
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Reduced cross-section method
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring Border of effective
Models cross-section
Reduced
cross-section
Border of residual
Reduced
properties cross-section
Worked example Unaffected
Connections
part d char
Initial surface of section
Conclusion of member d0
Fire test
d ef
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Reduced cross-section method
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
def = dchar,n + k0 d0
Charring
Models
Reduced
with
cross-section
Reduced
d0 = 7 mm,
properties
Worked example
dchar,n charring depth
Connections unprotected surfaces
Conclusion
Fire test k0 = t / 20
Notes
t time of standard
fire exposure t < 20 mins
Master Course
k0 = 1.0
for longer fire exposure durations
Introduction
Wood in fire
Reduced properties method
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
• For rectangular cross-sections of softwood
Charring • Exposed to fire on three or four sides and
Models
round cross-sections exposed to fire along
Reduced
cross-section their whole perimeter.
Reduced
properties • The residual cross-section
Worked example
Connections
• A modification factor kmod,fi
Conclusion replace
Fire test
the modification factor for normal temperature
Notes
design kmod given in EN 1995-1-1: 2005

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Modification factor kmod,fi
Bases of design
Material properties
fk
Bases of design
f fi,d = k mod,fi kfi
Material properties
γ M,fi
Charring
Models where kmod,fi is the modification factor for fire, which takes
Reduced
cross-section
into account the influence of temperature and humidity;
Reduced γM,fi is the partial factor for timber in fire,
properties
Worked example fk is the characteristic strength at ambient temperature,
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test For solid timbers kfi = 1.25.
Notes
For glued-laminated timber and wood-based panels,
kfi = 1.15.
For for connections with fasteners in shear with side
Master Course
members of steel and for connections with axially loaded
fasteners of wood and wood-based panels, kfi = 1.05.
Introduction
Wood in fire
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design Ek,05
Material properties Efi,d = k mod,fi kfi
Charring
γ M,fi
Models Emean
Reduced Efi,d = k mod,fi
cross-section γ M,fi
Reduced
properties Ek,05 is the characteristic modulus of elasticity at
Worked example
Connections
ambient temperature for 5 % fractile, and
Conclusion Emean is the average modulus of elasticity at ambient
Fire test
Notes
temperature. kfi is the coefficient for transferring the
model from characteristic value to average value.

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design The modification factor for fire kmod,fi may be
Material properties
determined in the following way:
Charring
Models •for bending strength: 1 p
Reduced
k mod,fi = 1.0 −
cross-section
200 A r
Reduced
properties •for compression strength: 1 p
Worked example
k mod,fi = 1.0 −
125 A r
Connections
Conclusion •for tension strength and modulus of elasticity:
Fire test
Notes 1 p
k mod,fi = 1.0 −
where 330 A r
p is the perimeter
Master Course
of the fire exposed residual cross-section,
Ar is the area of the residual cross-section.
Introduction
Wood in fire
Worked example
Bases of design
Solid timber beam
Material properties
Bases of design The design beam is made of soft solid timber
Material properties
Charring
of cross-section 180 x 220 mm.
Models The required fire resistance is 60 mins.
Reduced
cross-section The beam span is 5.0 m.
Reduced
properties The total mechanical load for the ultimate limit state
Worked example
design at normal temperature is
Connections
Conclusion gd + qd = 6.5 kN/m.
Fire test
Notes
The ratio of the characteristic variable load to the
characteristic permanent load is Qk,1/Gk = 1.0.

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Worked example
Bases of design
Solid timber beam
Material properties
Bases of design The bending moment at normal 2
temperature is:
Material properties
Charring M Ed =
( g d + qd ) ℓ
=
6.5 × 52
= 20.31 kNm
Models 8 8
Reduced
cross-section
The ratio of the variable load to the permanent load:
Reduced
properties
ξ = Qk,1/Gk = 1.0
Worked example
Connections The reduction factor for fire design is:
Conclusion
Fire test
ηfi = (γ GA + ψ 1,1 ξ ) /(γ G + γ Q,1 ξ ) =
Notes
(1.0 + 0.2 × 1.0 ) / (1.35 + 1.5 × 1.0 ) = 0.42
Master Course
The design bending moment at fire situation is:
M fi,d = ηfi M d = 0.42 × 20.31 = 8.53 kNm
Introduction
Wood in fire
Using reduced properties method
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
• The coefficient for the 20 % fractile of strength is
Charring kfi = 1.25
Models (from Tab. 2.1 of EN 1995-1-2: 2005)
Reduced
cross-section • Partial safety factor for the material at fire situation
Reduced
properties γm,fi = 1.0
Worked example
• The design notional charring rate under the standard
Connections
Conclusion
fire exposure
Fire test for solid timber βn = 0.8 mm/min
Notes
(from see Table 3.1 of EN 1995-1-2: 2005).
• The charring depth is:
Master Course
β n tx=60 = 48 mm
d char = 0.8
Introduction
Wood in fire
Residual cross-section
Bases of design
mm3
Material properties
Bases of design • The residual width is:
Material properties
Charring
br = b − 2 d char = 180 − 2 × 48mm
= 84
Models • The residual height is:
Reduced
cross-section hr = h − d char = 220 − 48 =mm
172
Reduced
properties The elastic modulus for the residual cross-section
Worked example
exposed to fire by three sides is:
Connections
Conclusion
br × hr2 84 × 1722 mm 33
W =r = = 414 ⋅ 10
Fire test 6 6
Notes
• The area of the residual cross-section is

102 −2
Ar = br hr = 0.084 × 0.172 = 1.4 ×m
Master Course
• Perimeter of the fire exposed residual cross-section:
−2
Sustainable Constructions p = br + 2 hr = 0.084 + 2 × 0.172 = 42.8 m⋅
2 10
Introduction
Wood in fire
Bending normal stress
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
The modification factor for fire for the reduced properties
Charring method is:
1 p −2
Models kmod,fi = 1.0 − = 1, 0 − 1 42.8 × 10 = 0.85
Reduced 200 Ar 200 1.4 × 10−2
cross-section
The design bending strength is:
Reduced f m,k 22
properties f m,fi,d = kmod,fi kfi = 0.85 × 1.25 = 23.4 N/mm2
Worked example
γ M,fi 1.0
Connections The design bending normal stress
6
is:
Conclusion M fi,d 8.53 × 10
σ m,fi,d = = 3
= 20.6 N/mm2
Fire test Wr 414 × 10
Notes Evaluation by stresses:
σ m,fi,d = 20.6 N/mm2 ≤ kcrit f m,fi,d = 1.0 × 23.4 = 23.4 N/mm2
Master Course
Therefore, the beam is satisfactory for fire resistance
rating of 60 mins.
Note: The utilisation factor is σ m,fi,d / f m,fi,d = 20.6/23.4 = 0.88
78
Introduction
Wood in fire
Using
Bases of design
the reduced cross-section method
Material properties
Bases of design The beam was further checked using the reduced cross-
Material properties
section method and the results were found to be more
Charring
Models
conservative compared to the reduced properties
Reduced method. The reduced cross-section calculation method
cross-section
Reduced
results are presented below.
properties
Worked example
Connections The modification factor for fire kmod,fi = 1.0;
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes
The coefficient for the 20 % fractile strength or stiffness
property for solid timber kfi = 1.25;
Master Course
The partial safety factor for fire γm,fi = 1.0

Introduction
Wood in fire
Charring rate
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
The charring rate under standard fire exposure for solid
Charring timber βn = 0.8 mm/min.
Models
The depth of layer with assumed zero strength and
Reduced
cross-section stiffness d0 = 7 mm.
Reduced
properties k0 = 1.0 (the surface of the beam is not protected and
Worked example
t ≥ 20 min)
Connections
Conclusion The effective charring depth is:
Fire test
d ef = β n t + k 0 d 0 = 0.8 × 60 + 1.0 × 7 = 55 mm
Notes
The reduced width, see Figure 6.31, is:

bfi = b − 2 d ef = 180 − 2 × 55 = 70 mm
Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Reduced cross section
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
The reduced width, see Figure 6.31, is:
Charring bfi = b − 2 d ef = 180 − 2 × 55 = 70 mm
Models
Reduced
The reduced height is:
cross-section
hfi = h − d ef = 220 − 55 = 165 mm
Reduced
properties bfi = 70 def = 55
Worked example
Connections
hfi = 165
Conclusion
b = 180
Fire test
h = 220 def = 55
Notes
The section modulus for the beam
with the reduced cross-section exposed is:
Master Course
bfi ⋅ hfi2 70 × 1652 33
Wfi = = = 318
mm× 10
6 6
Introduction
Wood in fire
Design strength
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
The design strength in fire in bending is:
f m,k 22
Charring f m,fi,d = kmod,fi kfi = 1.0 × 1.25 = 27.5 N/mm2
Models γ M,fi 1.0
Reduced
The design bending normal stress is:
cross-section
Reduced f m,k 22
properties f m,fi,d = kmod,fi kfi = 1.0 × 1.25 = 27.5
Worked example γ M,fi 1.0
Connections N/mm2 < f m,fi,d = 27.5 N/mm2
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes
Therefore, the beam is satisfactory for 60 mins fire
resistance.
Master Course
Note: The utilisation factor is 26.8/27.5 = 0.97.
However, 0.97 > 0.88 so the reduced cross-section method
is more conservative than the reduced properties method.82
Introduction
Wood in fire
Connections
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
• The fire resistance of connections is influenced
Charring by the burn-up of its surface.
Models
• EN 1995-1-2: 2005 (CEN 1995-2005b) gives
Reduced
cross-section rules for fire design of connections made with
Reduced
properties nails, bolts, dowels, screws, split-ring
Worked example connectors, shear-plate connectors and
Connections
toothed-plate connectors for resistance
Conclusion
Fire test up to 60 min.
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Connections
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design • For connections with side members of wood,
Material properties
for connections with external steel plates, and
Charring
Models
for axially loaded screws, the simplified rules
Reduced and the reduced load method may be used.
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Connections
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
• For connections with side members of wood,
Charring for connections with external steel plates, and
Models for axially loaded screws, the simplified rules
Reduced
cross-section and the reduced load method may be used.
Reduced
properties • It also gives the best engineering practice
Worked example related to the structural detailing of walls and
Connections
floors.
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Connections
Bases of design
with side members of wood
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Simplified rules
Bases of design
- unprotected connections
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
a fi
Introduction
Wood in fire
Simplified rules a3t
a 4t
a fi
Bases of design
- unprotected connections
t1
a4 afi
a fi
t 1,min
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Simplified rules
Bases of design
- protected connections
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Simplified rules
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Simplified rules
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Connections
Bases of design
Reduced load method
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Connections
Bases of design
Refuced load method
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Advanced calculation methods
Bases of design
FE analysis
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Fire separation function
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Conclusions
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design • Resistance of timber structures during fire
Material properties
Charring
can be well predicted
Models • Timber structures in fire charring
Reduced
cross-section – Remaining sections not changed its strength
Reduced
properties
and stiffness
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion • Tests
Fire test
– To achieve higher fire resistance
Notes
– If no design procedure available
– To precise the design procedures
Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
EN 1995-1-2
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Formative assessment question
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
• What are the advantages of prescriptive based
Charring approach for fire safety
Models of buildings?
Reduced
cross-section • How is defined section factor?
Reduced
properties • What are the advantages of fire engineering?
Worked example
Connections
• Explain major steps of fire engineering?
Conclusion • How are divided the models of fire?
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Fire test at CTU in Prague
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
• Timber based wall panel
Charring
40 min
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
67 min
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
83 min
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring – Gas temperature
Models
Reduced
cross-section 1400
Reduced
properties 1200
Worked example
1000
Connections
Conclusion Teplota [°C] 800
Fire test
600
Notes
400
200
Master Course
0
0 100 200
Sustainable Constructions Čas [min]
Introduction
Wood in fire
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring – Temperatures in panel
Models
Reduced 900,00
cross-section
800,00
Reduced
properties 700,00
Worked example
600,00
Connections
PH1
Teplota [°C]
Conclusion 500,00
PH2
Fire test PH3
400,00
PH4
Notes
300,00
200,00
European Erasmus Mundus 100,00

Master Course
0,00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Čas [min]
Introduction
Wood in fire
Fire test of timber
Bases of design
and steel fibre reinforced floor
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
Charring
Models
Reduced
cross-section
Reduced
properties
Worked example
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
List of Lessons at Seminar
Bases of design
Material properties
1. Fire safety RZ
Bases of design
2. Fire and mechanical loading RZ
Material properties
3. Thermal response RZ
Charring
4. Steel structures RZ
Models 5. Concrete structures JMF
Reduced 6. Composite structures JMF
cross-section
7. Advanced models JMF
Reduced
properties 8. Composite floors FW
Worked example 9. Aluminium structures FW
Connections 10. Timber structures FW
Conclusion 11. After fire and Historical structures FW
Fire test 12. Definitions of Design for Robustness JMD
Notes 13. Global response of structures JMD
14. Design recommendations JMD
15. Alternative load path method JMD

Master Course
Thank you
for your attention
František WALD
wald@fsv.cvut.cz
Introduction
Wood in fire
Notes to users of the lecture
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
• Text books
Charring – Wang Y., Burgess I., Wald F., Gillie M.,
Models Performance Based Fire Engineering of Structures
Reduced CRC Press 2012, ISBN: 978-0-415-55733-7.
cross-section
Reduced – Buchanan A. H.,
properties
Structural Design for Fire Safety,
Worked example
Wiley, 2001, ISBN 0471889938.
Connections
Conclusion
Fire test
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Notes to users of the lecture
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design
Material properties
• Further readings,
Charring
e.g. Models of separation function
Models of wall and floor assemblies
Reduced
cross-section see the lecture 1E6 Timber structures
Reduced
properties
Worked example • Keywords for the lecture:
Connections
Conclusion
fire design, timber structures, charing
Fire test rate, elemental design, Eurocodes.
Notes

Master Course
Introduction
Wood in fire
Sources
Bases of design
Material properties
Bases of design • Frangi A., ETH Zurich, Fire resistance assessment
Material properties of timber structures, Structural Fire Design,
Charring
Models
Workshop with worked examples, 27-28
Reduced November 2012, Brussels.
cross-section
Reduced • Östman B. et al, Fire safety in timber buildings,
properties
Worked example Technical guideline for Europe, SP Rapporter no.
Connections 2010:19, 2010 Stockholm.
Conclusion
Fire test • Mostyn Bullock, Tom Lennon, Vahik Enjily, The
Notes
Fire Resistance of Medium-Rise Timber Frame
Buildings Summary Report, TF2000 -
Compartment Fire Test, BRE, UK, 2000.
Master Course

L9a - Timber Structures PDF

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Design

for Fire and Robustness

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Timber and char layer

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kmod,fi modification factor based on design procedure

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• where hp is the thickness of the panel, in mm

Steel channels for fixing panels in the ceiling

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• The area of the residual cross-section is