Advanced Techniques for Reservoir Simulation and Modeling of Nonconventional Wells Final Report Reporting Period Start Date: September 1, 1999 Reporting Period End Date: August 31, 2004 Principal Authors: Louis J. Durlofsky Khalid Aziz, Date Report Issued: August 20, 2004 DOE Award Number DE-AC26-99BC15213 Submitting Organization: Department of Petroleum Engineering School of Earth Sciences Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-2220Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade nam¢ trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.Contents 1, General Introduction and Overview 1 1.1 Advanced Simulation Techniques eed 1.2 Calculation of Productivity and Coupling the Well to the Simulator. 3 1.3. Near-Well Upscaling and Optimum Deployment of Nonconventional Wells. 6 1.4 Variations from the Original Research Plan 9 Part I. Development of Advanced Reservoir Simulation Techniques for Modeling Nonconventional Wells. 2. General Purpose Research Simulator (GPRS)... 2.1 Overview of GPRS. 2.2 Linear Solvers in GPRS 2.3. Implementation of the Tracer Option 3. Gridding and Upscaling for 3D Unstructured Systems. 60 3.1 Basic Issues with Unstructured Models 60 3.2. Overview of the Gridding and Upscaling Procedure 61 3.3. Grid Generation Methodology 3.3.1 Soft Frame Model....... 3.3.2. Grid Refinement. 3.3.3 Flow Adaptation. 3.4. Transmissibility Upscaling. 3.5 Streamline Simulation on Unstructured Grids 3.6 Results for Unstructured Grid Generation and Upscaling, 3.7 Summary 3.8 References .... Part II. Coupling of the Reservoir and Nonconventional Wells in Simulators 16 4. Numerical Calculation of Productivi for Nonconventional Wells. 4.1. Semianalytical Formulation... enn 4.1.1 Problem Formulation. 9 4.1.2. Transformation of Anisotropic Reservoir System 80 4.1.3 Dimensionless Variables 81 4.1.4 Wellbore/Reservoir Coupling Model... oe 82 4.1.5. Reservoir Flow... . 82 4.1.6 Wellbore Hydraulics... seven 84 4.1.7 Solution of the System 84 4.1.8 Incorporation of Skin into Solution 85 Index and Well Index