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SPE
Society of PetroIeLm Engineers of AIME
'Member SPE·AIME
The two-phase deviation factors are used 3. The number of moles of the vapor phase
in this calculation since there are two Ng. is calculated by the application of
phases present in the cell below the satur~ thJ real gas law. The volume of the
tion pressure. The first stage is concluded gaseous phase is the difference between
with a constant pressure production of the the initial cell volume VI and the volume
gas phase G2, until the volume of the sample occupied by the liquid (RLV.) at the
is reduced to the original volume VI' See corresponding pressure. J
Figure 3c. In this test the retrograde
condensate occupies 7.80% of VI' and cons~ The number of moles of the liquid phase
quently the gas G2 occupies 92.20% of VI' (Nt.) is the difference between N. and
The moles of G gas produced are 6;193% of Ng.~ J
2 J
the moles orig~nally present in the cell at
the saturation pressure. As a way of checking the accuracy of the
experimental data, it is convenient to
The procedure is repeated in succesive calculate the two-phase deviation factor
stages until a minimum test pressure is (Z2 c) commonly reported in the PVT
reached (generally 700 psig). For this ana~yses for condensates.
pressure, the composition of the gas phase as
well as the composition of the retrograde 4. The number of moles withdrawn in each
liquid remaining in the cell are reported. depletion stage S. is obtained as a
function of the a~ount of mass produced
Table 3 contains the corrected composi in two succeeding stages.
tional analysis of a depletion study perfo£
med on a sample of Gas Condensate A. The following two steps are applied to each
component or pseUdo-component included inthe
For a volatile oil, the procedure is PVT analysis:
identical, but in this case the initial
pressure is the bubble point pressure and the 5. A material balance for each one of the
cell contains liquid and not gas. components renders the equation:
late the mass originally in the cell. than about one percent.
This mas is partitioned into a vapor
Another useful plot* can be generated
and liquid phases, with the molecular
with the calculated liquid compositions
weight of the vapor phase being measured
versus pressure. Again, unexpected humps
in the test. Then it is possible to
in the curves would be indicative of
calculate the molecular weight and the
experimental errors.
mass of the vapor phase.
The most important and sensitive check
Subtracting the mass of the vapor phase on the consistency of the experimental
from the total mass in the cell at the data is a plot of the K-values obtained
beginning of the corresponding depletion through this procedure (step 6) versus
stage, the mass of the liquid phase is pressure. The curves should plot in a
obtained. Finally, with the composition parallel-like trend with no humps or
(step 5), number of moles (step 3), and crossings. The upper curve (higer K-val
mass of the liquid phase in the cell ues) should correspond to nitrogen, -
known, it is possible to calculate both, followed by the curves of methane and
the molecular weight of the liquid, and carbon dioxide. Then, either the curve
the molecular weight of the C + fraction of ethane or the curve of hydrogen suI
7
in the liquid. fide (depending on the fluid composition
and reservoir temperature). Underneath,
the curves of the rest of the components
CONSISTENCY OF THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA should plot, in order of their molecular
weights. The K-values of isobutane and
The consistency of the experimental iso-pentane should always be higher than
data can be revised in several ways. the ones corresponding to the "normal"
components.
The first check can be easily done by
plotting* the composition of the produced gas
versus pressure. Smooth curves should be the APPLICATIONS
norm. Humps in the plot will usually be an
indication of experimental error. To illustrate the utilization of the
method, a discussion of the characterization
For gas-condensate fluids this plot can of three of the fluids in Tables 1 and 2
be extended to the dew point pressure utiliz follows.
ing the composition of the fluid at the dew-
point. However, for volatile oils the plot
can not be extended to the bubble point by CASE 1 GAS SA>J:E 'A
means of the composition of the fluid at the
bubble point (a very common mistake). The Gas-Condensate "A" is in a hot (273°F),
composition of the first "bubble" of gas deep (15 000') reservoir with an original
(consistent with the rest of the data in the pressure over 1 000 psi above the dew point
plot) is very different from the composition pressure. Bottom hole samples were collected
of the oil in the cell at the bubble point. and analized. The maximum retrograde condensa
This is the case even for oils near the tion of 19.4 percent of hydrocarbon pore -
critical conditions. Therefore, the gas comp~ space occurred at a pressure of 3100 psig.
sition obtained in the extrapolation of the Table 3 contains the corrected compositional
K-values (step 7) should be used in this case analysis of a constant volume depletion study
at the reservoir temperature. Table 4 has the
A second check applicable to retrograde concentrations, modified in Table 3, that
condensate gases is by means of the two were originally reported by the lab.
-phase deviation factor. The calculated
values (step 3) should not differ in When the procedure was applied to the
more than a unit in the third decimal original data and the K-values were plotted,
place in all instances. This condition a few inconsistencies were apparent. Figure
is not severe, therefore, satisfying it 4 shows the K-value curves that were thought
is not a conclusive proof of consistency to indicate errors in the experimental infor
of the experimental data. mation. The most notorious are the crossovers
shown by the curves for iso-butane and normal
All of the compositional PVT reports,
butane, and the ones shown by the curves of
include the analysis of the liquid
remaining in the cell at the end of the ethane and hydrogen sulfide.
las depletion stage. This composition
To correct those curves the concentra
should be compared against the calcul~
tios originally reported by the lab were -
ted composition (step 5). For most
modified until a set of smooth K-value curves
components with initial mole conce~
was obtained. It was necessary to make 19
trations greated than 0.4 percent, the
changes of which 12 were beyond the experi
difference between the calculated and
mental occuracy. Of the other seven, only
the measured compositions should be less
four resulted in changes greater than one
percent (and less than one and a half percen~ CASE 3. GAS CONDENSATE liB"
of the original concentrations.
As a contrast to the former two instances
Table 5 and Figure 5 contain the calcu this case is presented to show the usefulness
lated compositions of the retrograde liquid of the procedure not only in the characteriza
condensed in the cell for each pressure tion of a fluid but also in correcting experT
level. Included in Table 5 is a list ot the mental information inadequately obtained or -
calculated two-phase deviation factors. reported.
Evidently there is an excellent match
between the values measured in the lab and As the basis for an urgent simulation
the ones calculated by this procedure. The study, a first attempt to characterize the
composition of the first drop of dew, is fluid of Gas Condensate liB" by the method
shown in Table 5 as the composition of the presented in this paper failed. Several of
liquid at the dew point of 6720 psig. the calculated compositions for the retrogr~e
liquid were negative and consequently, the
Table 6 shows the calculated equilibrium K-values as well. A thorough analysis of the
ratios graphically displayed in Figure 6. The information and the calculations, pointed out
K-values at the dew point are extrapolations that the major source of error was probably
of the trend shown by the rest of the curves. the original fluid composition. (First column
Actually, four different extrapolating of Table 8). The method was applied in
equations combined with four different ways several instances until a consistent set of
of forcing the extrapolated values to sat- K-value curves was obtained. The calculated
isfy the dew point condition were used. initial composition after seven trials is
Therefore, the numbers on the second columns shown in the second column of Table 8. With
of Tables 5 and 6 were chosen out of 16 these numbers and the calculated K-values
possible sets. (Figure 9) it was possible to continue the
reservoir study.
Figure 7 shows the behavior of the
molecular weight of the heptanes plus fra~ The third column of Table 8, has the
tion. As pressure decreases from the dewpoint composition modified by the service company
the molecular weight of this fraction de- that performed the PVT study, several weeks
creases up to a minimum at around 1300 psig. after they were notified of the error. With
Beyond that, there is a slight increase. As these modifications still several humps were
a result of this decrease and of the calc~ present in the K-value curves.
lated liquid compositions, the apparent m~
lecular weight of the retrograde liquid, The compositions of columns 2 and 3 are
first decreases showing a minimum at about very similar, nonetheless, the composition
4800 psig, and then increases. calculated with the outlined procedure
resulted in a consistent set of K-values and
Once the PVT data has been analized in allowed the reservoir study to continue in a
this manner, it is possible to either use matter of hours.
the information directly into a model, or to
attempt to calibrate the parameters of an
equation of state with the knowledge that CONCLUSIONS
the experimental information is consistent
throughout. Even having fairly good experi A method that allows to obtain the
mental data, as it is the case for Gas equilibrium ratios, liquid compositions and,
Condensate "A", serious difficulties could the molecular weight of the liquid and of
have arisen in trying to match the behavior the C 7 + fraction in the liquid for a variable
of the butanes for example, using an composition fluid has been presented. The
equation of state. data required is obtained from a constant
volume depletion test.
CASE 2. VOLATILE OIL "c"
The method is practical and efficient
Figure 8 shows the equilibrium ratios even for a desk calculator. The procedure can
calculated from a PVT analysis for Volatile cut down significantly the time required to
Oil "C". The K-value curves only required characterize a fluid. Furthermore, the
three very slight modifications to plot in a method permits to:
smooth way. The similarity between the
Detect experimental errors
measured composition of the liquid left in
the cell at 700 psig, and the composition Correct such errors
calculated by the method is remarkable. The Adjust the parametersof an equation of
maximum difference between any two compos state with the certainty that the base
itions is less than 0.3 percent (Table 7),
informatio is consistent
The consistency shown by the Volatile utilize the calculated K-value table
Oil "c" data has been the best shown out of directly into compositional simulation
28 PVT analyses characterized to date. packages.
6 A METHOD TO DETERMINE K-VALUES FROM LABORATORY DATA AND ITS APPLICATIONS SPE 10127
WSP total mass produced, % of initial 6. Eilerts C.K. et al.: "Phase Relations
moles of Gas Condensate Fluids", Monograph 10,
Vols. 1 and 2; Bureau of Mines-American
x mol fraction in the liquid phase, Gas Association, 1959.
dimensionless
7. Lohrenz, J., Clark G.C. y Francis R.J.:
y mol fraction in the gas phase, "A Compositional Material Balance for
dimensionless Combination Drive Reservoirs with Gas
and Water Injection", Trans. AIME, 1963.
z deviation factor, dimensionless
8. Dykstra, H. Y Mueller, T.D.: "Calcula
tion of Phase Compositions and Prope;
SUBSCRIPTS
ties for Lean or Enriched Gas Drive"-;-
SPEJ, Sep. 1965.
saturation pressure conditions
9. Hoffmann, A.E., Crump, J.S. y Hocott C.
2 any other pressure
R.: "Equilibrium Constants for a Gas
Condensate System", Trans. AIME, v. 198,
c calculated
1953.
D dew point
10. Scientific Software Corporation, N-COMP
User's Manual.
g gas
11. Abel, W., Jackson, R.F. y Wattenbarger,
i i-th component
R.A.: "Simulation of a Partial Pressure
Maintenance Gas Cycling Project with a
i iso-
Compositional Model, Carson Creek Field,
Albert'a", JPT, Jan. 1970.
j j-th depletion stage,
j = 1 at the saturation pressure 12. Jones, D.M. y Erbar J.: "Computer
Determination of Data Matched Equilib
liquid rium Ratios", JPT, Aug. 1970. -
'D
• •• (A. 1)
10.732 zD T
N. = NT (l - WSP./100) (A. 2)
J J
p. (l - RLV/IOO)
J · " (A. 3)
(N ). =
g J 10.732 z. T
J r
(Ni'.). = N - (N ). (A. 4)
J j g J
Pj (A. 5)
(Z 2 ).
pc J 10.732N.T
J r
i - i-I • •. (A. 6)
S.
J 100
· .• (A.7)
solving for xi
(y i) 1 N T - (y i) j [( N g) j + S j] (A. 8)
(x.) .
l J
(N i'.) j
6. Equilibrium Ratios
K.l
[ xi 1 (A. 9)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
GC"DII GC"E" GCtlp" GC"B'I GC"G" GC"A" GC"H" GenI" GC"J" GC"K"
C 69.93 70.60 77.22 74.96 71. 68 74.51 69.79 67.55 71. 02 70.20
1 - N2
C2 C
6
24.05 22.80 15.71 17.87 20.77 17.83 22.14 23.59 19.23 19.74
CO - H S
2 2
C7 + 6.02 6.60 7.07 7.17 7.55 7.66 8.07 8.86 9.75 10.06
Reservoir
~I.'emperature 160 271 314 266 266 273 264 237 277 274
(oF)
TABLE 2
C. C
L 6
22.~~ 35.37 23.3[; 23.72 23.58 29.43 26.25 25.80 39.80
CO -H S
2 2
Reservoir
Temperature 241 276 279 270 266 318 275 261 286
(oF)
TABLE 3
CORRECTED COMPOSiTIONAL ANALYSES FOR GAS CONDENSATE "Au (MOL. PERCENT)
MW OF C7+ 174 153 141 132 124 118 113 111 196
SG OF C7+ .814 .799 .788 .779 .771 .765 .760 .757 .830
Z-FACTOR
EQ. GAS 1.213 1.108 1. 021 .954 .917 .912 .936 .962
TWO-PHASE 1. 213 1.116 1. 033 .964 .910 .863 .804 .710
WELL STREAt\j
PRODUCED
CUM.% OF INIT. .000 6.193 14.359 25.021 38.349 53.801 70.557 81. 868
RETROGRADE
LIQUID .000 7.800 14.900 18.200 19.400 19.300 18.100 17 .100
VOLUME
TABLE 4
(r10L. PERCENT)
C';)MPOlJEN~'
~ 4900 4000 3100 2200 1300
H S
2
.11 .11 .11 .11 .12
CO 2.6G
2
C 7.24 7.23
2
iC .78
4
nC 1. 36 1. 32
4
iC .59 .58
5
nC .59 .59
5
C .62
6
C7 + 6.40 5.06 1. 77
TABLE 5
CALCULATED COf1POS IT IONS OF RETROGRADE LI QU ID CONDENSED IN THE CELL,CONDENSATE "A"
(MOL. PERCENT)
T\'cO-PHASE Z
EAPQR_C!iE.~K
* EXTRAPOLATED
TABLE G
CALCULATED EQUILIBRIUM RATIOS-FOR GAS CONDEi~SATE "At:
PRESSURE (PSIG)
MEASURED CALCULATED
COl·1POSITION C0I1POSITION DIFFERENCE
COMPONENT (Nolo %) (Ho1.%) (% )
H2 S ~31 .31
CO .. 65 .65
2
I.J~ .12 .12
nC 2.42 2.42
5
Cli 3.96 3.96
100.00 1',0.00
TABLE 8
COMPARISON BETWEEN ORIGINAL COMPOSITIC~S
FOR GAS CONDENSATE nen
H S 1. 27 1. 27 1.27
2
CO 2 2.33 2.33 2.33
C8 0.66 1. 21 1. 23
C 1. 21 1. 03 1. 02
9
C10 0.93 0.76 0.76
RETROGRADE
CONDENSATE
28 GASES
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PRESSU RE (PSIG)
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