PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

University of the City of Manila

College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

CHE 525:
CHE Elective III: Renewable Energy Win

SUBMITTED BY:
Saligue, Mikho Yves M.

SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Emier Villanueva
PROFESSOR

WIND ENERGY
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 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 3
How Wind Works................................................................................................................................... 3
History on the use of Wind Energy................................................................................................... 3
WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES ............................................................................................................ 6
Wind Energy Basics .............................................................................................................................. 7
Types of Wind Turbines ....................................................................................................................... 8
PHILIPPINE STATUS ON WIND ENERGY ............................................................................................... 10
R. A. No. 9513: The Renewable Energy Act of 2008 ................................................................. 10
Local Wind Farms ............................................................................................................................... 12

WIND ENERGY
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 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

INTRODUCTION
Wind is the movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of low
pressure. In fact, wind exists because the sun unevenly heats the surface of the
Earth. As hot air rises, cooler air moves in to fill the void. As long as the sun shines,
the wind will blow. And wind has long served as a power source to humans.

How Wind Works

Wind is simply air in motion. It is caused by the uneven heating of the Earth’s
surface by the sun. Because the Earth’s surface is made of very different types of
land and water, it absorbs the sun’s heat at different rates. One example of this
uneven heating can be found in the daily wind cycle.

During the day, the air above the land heats up more quickly than the air
over water. The warm air over the land expands and rises, and the heavier, cooler
air rushes in to take its place, creating wind. At night, the winds are reversed
because the air cools more rapidly over land than over water. In the same way,
the atmospheric winds that circle the earth are created because the land near
the Earth’s equator is heated more by the sun than the land near the North and
South Poles.

History on the use of Wind Energy

Since early recorded history, people have utilized wind energy. It propelled
boats along the Nile River as early as 5,000 B.C., and helped Persians pump water
and grind grain between 500 and 900 B.C. As cultures harnessed the power that
wind offered, the use of windmills spread from Persia to the surrounding areas in
the Middle East, where windmills were used extensively in food production.
Eventually, around 1,000 A.D., wind power technology spread north to European
countries such as The Netherlands, which adapted windmills to help drain lakes
and marshes in the Rhine River Delta.

1850 U.S. Wind Engine Company

Established Daniel Halladay and John
Burnham start the U.S. Wind Engine
Company and build the Halladay

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 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Windmill, which is designed for the

landscape of the American West.

1890 Steel Blades Invented for Windmills

The invention of steel blades for
windmills makes them more efficient
and as homesteaders move west,
more than six million windmills are
erected throughout the countryside.

1941 Largest Turbine Powered Local Utility

During WWII The largest wind turbine
of the time operates on a Vermont
hilltop known as “Grandpa’s Knob.”
Its 1.25 megawatts feed electric
power to the local utility network for
several months during World War II.

1970 Skyrocketing Gas Prices Renewed

Interest in Wind Power The price of oil
skyrockets and so does interest and
research in wind turbines and the
power they generate.

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 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

1980 First Large Wind Farms are Installed

The first large (utility-scale) wind farms
are installed in California. As a result,
many important lessons are learned,
such as greater awareness of
environmental affects and proper
siting--where wind turbines are
installed--which lead to the
development of lower impact designs

1981 NASA Scientists Developed Method to

Predict Turbine Performance National
Aeronautics and Space
Administration scientists Larry Viterna
and Bob Corrigan develop “The
Viterna Method,” which becomes the
most common method used for
predicting wind turbine performance,
thus increasing the efficiency of
turbine output to this day.

1990 Private sector exploration,

development, utilization and
commercialization for power
generation and other uses was
initiated under Executive Order No.
462, as amended by Executive Order
No. 232 (PH)

1993 National Wind Technology Center

Built The National Wind Technology
Center (NWTC) is built to be the
nation's premier wind energy
technology research facility. The
NWTC continues to help industry
reduce the cost of energy so that

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 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

wind can compete with traditional

energy sources.

2005 First Wind Farm in Northern Luzon at 33

MW capacity was installed (initially at
25 MW)

2013 First Grid-Connected Offshore Wind

Turbine in the U.S. With the support of
a $12 million investment from the U.S.
Department of Energy, the University
of Maine deploys a1:8 scale, 20-kw
concretecomposite floating platform
wind turbine--the first to be deployed
in the world--strengthening American
leadership in innovative clean energy.

WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

Wind energy technologies use the energy in wind for practical purposes,
such as generating electricity, charging batteries, pumping water, and grinding
grain. Mechanical or electrical power is created through the kinetic energy of the
wind. Wind power available is proportional to the cube of its speed, which means
that the power available to a wind generator increases by a factor of eight if the
wind speed doubles.

The turbine’s blades are similar to the propeller blades on an airplane. The
hub of the turbine is rotated as the rotor blades generate lift from the passing
wind. This rotating action then turns a generator, which creates electricity.

When the wind blows a pocket of low-pressure air forms on the downwind
side of the blade. The low-pressure air pocket then pulls the blade toward it,
causing the rotor to turn. This is called lift. The force of the lift is actually much
stronger than the wind’s force against the front side of the blade, which is called
drag. The combination of lift and drag is what causes the rotor to spin.

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 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Since the wind’s speed typically increases with height above ground (due
to decreasing due to friction with the ground), wind turbines are mounted on a
tower to capture more energy. At 100 feet (30 meters) or more above ground,
they can take advantage of faster and less turbulent wind.

Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture the most energy. At 100
feet (30 meters) or more above ground, they can take advantage of faster and
less turbulent wind. For the best utilization of wind turbines, they should be placed
where wind speeds reach 16-20 mph and are at a height of 50m. It is also
important that utility-scale power plants are located near existing power lines and
in the windiest sites available.

Wind energy technologies can be used as stand-alone applications,

connected to a utility power grid, or even combined with a photovoltaic system.
For utility-scale sources of wind energy, turbines are usually built close together to
form a wind farm that provides bulk power.

Wind Energy Basics

Wind turbines convert the energy in wind to electricity by rotating propeller-like

blades around a rotor. The rotor turns the drive shaft, which turns an electric
generator. Three key factors affect the amount of energy a turbine can harness
from the wind: wind speed, air density, and swept area. Power can be calculated
by:

1
𝑃 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉 3
2

where P is power, 𝜌 is the density of air 𝐴 is the swept area and 𝑉 is the wind speed.

Wind speed. The amount of energy in the wind varies with the cube of the wind
speed, in other words, if the wind speed doubles, there is eight times more energy
in the wind ( 2^3 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8). Small changes in wind speed have a large impact
on the amount of power available in the wind.

Density of the air. The denser the air, the more energy received by the turbine. Air
density varies with elevation and temperature. Air is less dense at higher
elevations than at sea level, and warm air is less dense than cold air. All else being

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 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

equal, turbines will produce more power at lower elevations and in locations with
cooler average temperatures.

Swept area of the turbine. The larger the swept area (the size of the area through
which the rotor spins), the more power the turbine can capture from the wind.
Since swept area is A = pi r^2 , where r = radius of the rotor, a small increase in
blade length results in a larger increase in the power available to the turbine.

Types of Wind Turbines

1. Horizontal Axis

Horizontal axis wind turbines are the

most common type used. All of the
components (blades, shaft, generator) are on
top of a tall tower, and the blades face into
the wind. The shaft is horizontal to the ground.
The wind hits the blades of the turbine that are
connected to a shaft causing rotation. The
shaft has a gear on the end which turns a
generator. The generator produces electricity
and sends the electricity into the power grid.
The wind turbine also has some key elements
that adds to efficiency. Inside the Nacelle (or head) is an anemometer, wind
vane, and controller that read the speed and direction of the wind. As the wind
changes direction, a motor (yaw motor) turns the nacelle so the blades are
always facing the wind. The power source also comes with a safety feature. In
case of extreme winds, the turbine has a break that can slow the shaft speed. This
is to inhibit any damage to the turbine in extreme conditions.

2. Vertical Axis

In vertical axis turbines, like the eggbeater-style Darrieus model, the shaft
the blades are connected to is vertical to the ground. All of the main components
are close to the ground. Also, the wind turbine itself is near the ground, unlike
horizontal where everything is on a tower. There are two types of vertical axis wind

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 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

turbines; lift based and drag based. Lift based designs are
generally much more efficient than drag, or ‘paddle’
designs.

Another type of vertical axis wind turbine is savonius

wind turbine. Savonius wind turbines are a type of vertical-
axis wind turbine (VAWT), used for converting the force of
the wind into torque on a rotating shaft. The turbine consists
of a number of aerofoils, usually—but not always—vertically
mounted on a rotating shaft or framework, either ground
stationed or tethered in airborne systems.

3. Ducted Wind Turbines

Ducted Wind Turbines Ducted wind turbines are positioned at the edge of
the roof of a building and utilize the airflow along a building’s side. The air flows
upwards, hugging the building wall then enters the front of the duct. Turbine
blade diameter is usually around 600 mm. The devices are relatively small leaving
little visual impact to the building. They are positioned on a building.

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 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

PHILIPPINE STATUS ON WIND ENERGY

R. A. No. 9513: The Renewable Energy Act of 2008

“AN ACT PROMOTING THE DEVELOPMENT, UTILIZATION AND

COMMERCIALIZATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES”

It is an act that gave way to accelerate the development of the country’s

renewable energy resources by providing fiscal and non-fiscal incentives to
private sector investors and equipment manufacturers / suppliers.

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PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

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 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Local Wind Farms

1. Bangui Wind Farm

Bangui Wind Farm is a wind farm in Bangui,

Ilocos Norte, Philippines. The wind farm uses 20 units of
70-metre (230 ft) high Vestas V82 1.65 MW wind
turbines, arranged on a single row stretching along a
nine-kilometer shoreline off Bangui Bay, facing the
West Philippine Sea. It now has a maximum capacity
of about 19 MW.

2. Burgos Wind Farm

Burgos Wind Farm is a wind farm in Burgos,

Ilocos Norte, Philippines. It is the second wind farm
built in the province of Ilocos Norte and the
largest project of its kind in the Philippines. The
estimated cost for the construction of the wind
farm was US$450 million. The wind farm was
commissioned in November 9, 2014 and upon its
completion it became the largest wind farm in
the country and in Southeast Asia, covering 600 hectares and three barangays of
Burgos, namely Saoit, Poblacion and Nagsurot. The project was the first one to be
nominated by the Department of Energy as eligible for the department's feed-in
tariff scheme.

3. Caparispiran Wind Farm

Caparispisan Wind Farm is a wind farm in Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte,

Philippines. The wind farm was joint venture of AC Energy Holdings Incorporated,
the Philippine Alliance for Infrastructure and the UPC Philippines Wind Holdco. The
wind farm was fully commissioned by the Energy Regulatory Commission on
November 11, 2014 and was later inaugurated in November 19 of the same year.
The wind farms have 27 individual wind turbines occupying a 625- hectare land
area. AC Energy Holdings Inc. is planning to increase the wind farms capacity to
81 MW (Safety Factored) by 2015.

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 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

4. Pililla Wind Farm

The "Pililla, Rizal" Wind Energy

Service Contract granted to Alternergy
Philippine Holdings Corporation (APHC)
covers an area of 4,515 hectares under
Department of Energy WESC NO. 2009-09-
018. This Wind Energy Service Contract
(WESC) has two phases, Pililla Wind Power
Project under WESC NO. 2009-09-018-AF1
and the Mt. Sembrano Wind Power
Project under WESC NO. 2009-09-018-AP2.

Phase 1 of this project is a wind farm in Barangay Halayhayin in Pililla, Rizal,

Philippines. The project consists of 27 wind turbine generators grouped into three
clusters with aggregate capacity of 54 megawatts (MW). The said project, after
completion will interconnect to Meralco’s MalayaTeresa 115 kilovolts (kV)
transmission line located just 10 kilometers from the project site.

5. Nabas Wind Farm

Nabas Wind Farm is composed of 18 wind turbine

generators that supplies 36 MW of power. It is situated in
Nabas, Aklan, as well a tourism center aimed to spur
tourism and add livelihood in the area.

6. Tarec Wind Farm

Tarec operates the 54-MW San Lorenzo wind farm on

Guimaras Island. The plant has 27 wind turbines
supplying 61.3 gigawatt-hours of wind powered
electricity to the Visayas Grid through the National Grid
Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP).

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 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

REFERENCES

Status, Challenges and Forecast of the Philippines Wind Industry. Renewable

Energy Management Bureau from Philippine Department of Energy. Extracted
from
https://d2oc0ihd6a5bt.cloudfront.net/wpcontent/uploads/sites/837/2016/03/4M
arasigan_REPresentation-Wind-Energy-2016-1Q.pdf

Energy Resources: Wind Power. http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/wind.htm

Wind Energy Foundation. http://windenergyfoundation.org/what-is-wind-energy/

National Geographic Society. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/

environment/globalwarming/wind-power/

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