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Figura 4. Clasificarea restricției selective de creștere în sarcina gemelară monocorială. În tipul 1, spectrele Doppler la
nivelul arterei ombilicale au flux end-diastolic pozitiv, în timp ce în tipul 2 fluxul end-diastolic este absent sau inversat
(AREDF). În tipul 3 aspectul AREDF este ciclic sau intermitent.
Pentru a preveni decesul geamănului pompă se săptămâni ar putea îmbunătăți supraviețuirea121. Totuși,
folosesc diferite tehnici minim invazive, cum ar fi este important de subliniat că evidențele au fost obținute
coagularea cordonului ombilical, ligatura cordonului doar prin studii observaționale, desfășurate pe serii mici
ombilical și fotocoagularea anastomozelor, precum și de cazuri și aceasta nu permite compararea ratelor de
metode intrafetale, ca RFA și terapia intrafetală cu laser deces fetal între cele două grupuri (cel la care
(Figura 5)119. Dacă se folosesc aceste modalități intervenția se face precoce, respectiv tardiv) (NIVEL
terapeutice, rata de supraviețuire a geamănului pompă DE EVIDENȚĂ: 3)
este de aproximativ 80%. De obicei, cazurile de
secvență TRAP se monitorizează, pentru a se decide Sarcinile gemelare monocoriale monoamniotice
momentul intervenției intrauterine, când devine evident (MCMA)
efortul cardiac la geamănul pompă sau dacă perfuzia • În sarcinile MCMA apare aproape întotdeauna
crește (și apare polihidramniosul) și se constată împletirea celor două cordoane ombilicale și aceasta nu
creșterea masei TRAP119. Ca urmare, se indică pare să contribuie la mortalitatea și morbiditatea feților
monitorizarea și executarea examinărilor ecografice (GRAD DE RECOMANDARE: D)
repetate, într-un centru terțiar de medicină fetală. • Se recomandă extracția feților prin operație
Totuși, moartea fetală subită nu poate fi prevenită chiar cezariană, la 32-34 de săptămâni (GRAD DE
dacă se face supraveghere atentă ecografică și evaluare RECOMANDARE: D)
Doppler. Se pare că e mai bine ca tratamentul să fie
administrat înainte de 16 săptămâni, când acesta este Sarcinile gemelare MCMA reprezintă
necesar120. Rata de naștere prematură înainte de 32 de aproximativ 5% din totalul sarcinilor monocoriale122. Se
săptămâni este de aproximativ 10%120. Dovezi recente raportează rate de pierdere de până la 50% înainte de 16
sugerează o relație inversă proporțională între vârsta săptămâni de sarcină123 (NIVEL DE EVIDENȚĂ: 3).
gestațională la tratament și vârsta gestațională la Cele mai multe pierderi se datorează anomaliilor fetale
naștere. De aceea, intervenția electivă la 12-14 și avorturilor spontane123 (NIVEL DE EVIDENȚĂ: 3).
Aceste sarcini trebuie monitorizate în centre cu externare doar aproximativ 25% dintre cei la care s-a
experiență adecvată, deoarece conduita poate fi optat pentru continuarea sarcinii, și majoritatea
complexă. Rata de deces fetal s-a îmbunătățit, de la prezentau morbiditate semnificativă136.
40% în literatura mai veche124-126 până la 10-15% în Clasificarea gemenilor conjuncți depinde de
studiile mai recente127 (NIVEL DE EVIDENȚĂ: 2-). localizarea fuziunii. Cea mai frecventă formă este cea
Într-un studiu de cohortă care a inclus 98 de sarcini de toracopagus, în care gemenii sunt situați față în față
MCMA, rata de mortalitate perinatală (de la 20 de și fuziunea interesează toracele și abdomenul, adesea
săptămâni de gestație până la 28 de zile postpartum) a având ficatul, cordul și structurile intestinale comune136.
fost de 19%128. Dar valoarea ei a scăzut la 17% după Dacă se continuă sarcina, examinările
excluderea feților cu malformații letale. Decesul ecografice trebuie practicate de către un expert (cu sau
perinatal a fost raportat doar în două cazuri din grupul fără aportul MRI) pentru a se descrie cât mai detaliat
celor care au depășit 32 de săptămâni de sarcină (4%). anatomia cardiovasculară a feților (cât și a celorlalte
Incidența TTTS și a leziunilor cerebrale a fost de 6% și, organe) în perioada antepartum. Deși au fost raportate și
respectiv, de 5%128 (NIVEL DE EVIDENȚĂ: 3). nașteri vaginale a unor gemeni conjuncți, riscurile de
Vârsta la care se recomanda nașterea variază între 32 și lipsă de progresiune a travaliului, de travaliu distocic și
36 săptămâni de sarcină. Argumentele științifice recente de ruptură uterină sunt semnificative, astfel încât, în
sugerează că sarcinile MCMA au un risc de IUD prezent, este considerată standard extracția prin operație
superior celorlalte tipuri de sarcină gemelară, și se cezariană electivă. Aceste sarcini trebuie evaluate într-
recomandă nașterea prin operație cezariană între 32 și un centru de referință în medicina fetală, de către echipe
34 de săptămâni (NIVEL DE EVIDENȚĂ: 3). Această multidisciplinare. Și consilierea părinților trebuie făcută
recomandare se bazează pe observația că riscul de IUD în echipe multidisciplinare. Nașterea trebuie finalizată
prin continuarea sarcinii MCMA peste 32+4 săptămâni într-un centru cu expertiză în managementul medical și
îl depășește pe cel de complicații neonatale non- chirurgical postnatal al acestor cazuri, datorită riscului
respiratorii dacă se permite nașterea129. De aceea este înalt de mortalitate postnatală și datorită faptului că
bine ca momentul nașterii să fie stabilit după evaluarea morbiditatea se regăsește în aproape toate cazurile.
individuală a cazurilor.
Este important de știut că împletirea celor două AUTORII GHIDULUI
cordoane ombilicale apare în aproape toate sarcinile
MCMA, la evaluarea ecografică sistematică și Doppler A. Khalil, Fetal Medicine Unit, St George’s Hospital,
color130. Un review sistematic, ce a inclus 114 sarcini St George’s University of London, London, UK
monoamniotice (228 de feți) cu împletire de cordoane, a M. Rodgers, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination,
ajuns la concluzia că aceasta nu contribuie la University of York, UK
mortalitatea și morbiditatea perinatală a gemenilor din A. Baschat, The Johns Hopkins Center for Fetal
sarcinile MCMA127. Mai mult, prezența unei incizuri Therapy, Baltimore, MD, USA
(notch) la nivelul spectrelor de arteră ombilicală, în A. Bhide, Fetal Medicine Unit, St George’s Hospital, St
absența altor semne de deteriorare fetală, nu afectează George’s University of London, London, UK
prognosticul perinatal131(NIVEL DE EVIDENȚĂ: 2-). E.Gratacos, Fetal Medicine Units and Departments of
În sarcinile MCMA la care se practică reducția Obstetrics, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, University
selectivă (datorită discordanței de anomalii, a secvenței of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
TRAP, a unei forme severe de TTTS sau de sFGR), se K.Hecher, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal
recomandă și ocluzia cu secționare a cordonului Medi- cine, University Medical Center Hamburg-
ombilical, pentru a preveni decesul celuilalt geamăn Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
prin accidente de cordon132-135. Prognosticul perinatal M. D. Kilby, Centre for Women’s and Children’s
este similar cu cel din sarcinile gemelare MCDA cu Health, University of Birmingham and Fetal Medicine
discordanțe, la care se face tratament prin ocluzie a Centre, Birmingham Women’s Foundation Trust, Birm-
cordonului ombilical. Totuși, ratele de ruptură precoce ingham, UK
prematură de membrane sunt mai mari, și vârsta L. Lewi, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
gestațională la naștere este mai mică în sarcinile University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
MCMA decât în cele MCDA. (NIVEL DE K. H. Nicolaides, Harris Birthright Research Centre for
EVIDENȚĂ: 3). Fetal Medicine, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
D. Oepkes, Division of Fetal Medicine, Department of
Gemenii conjuncți Obstetrics, Leiden University Medical Center,
Sarcina cu gemeni conjuncți se întâlnește foarte rar, Leiden, The Netherlands
fiind aproximativ 1 din 100.000 de sarcini (1% din N. Raine-Fenning, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics
sarcinile monocoriale). Gemenii conjuncți provin and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of
întotdeauna din sarcini MCMA. Standardul actual este Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
diagnosticul ecografic în primul trimestru (prin K. Reed, Twin and Multiple Births Association
vizualizarea apoziției intime și fixe a celor doi feți, ale (TAMBA)
căror tegumente fuzionează localizat). Într-o serie L. J. Salomon, Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-
recentă de 14 cazuri (raportate într-un singur centru de HP, Universit´e Paris Descartes, Paris, France
referință) după precizarea diagnosticului, 20% din A. Sotiriadis, Department of Obstetrics and
părinți au optat pentru întreruperea sarcinii și 10% din Gynaecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,
feți au decedat in utero. Au supraviețuit până la Thessaloniki, Greece
B. Thilaganathan, Fetal Medicine Unit, St George’s 19. Sueters M, Middeldorp JM, Lopriore E, Oepkes D, Kanhai HH,
Hospital, St George’s University of London, London, Vandenbussche FP. Timely diagnosis of twin-to-twin transfusion
syndrome in monochorionic twin pregnancies by biweekly
UK sonography combined with patient instruction to report onset of
Y. Ville, Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, symptoms. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 28: 659–664.
Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France 20. de Villiers SF, Slaghekke F, Middeldorp JM, Walther FJ, Oepkes
D, Lopriore E. Placental characteristics in monochorionic twins with
spontaneous versus post-laser twin anemia-polycythemia sequence.
CITARE Placenta 2013; 34: 456–459.
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Baschat A, Bhide A, Gratacos E, Hecher K, Kilby MD, the presence of a vanished twin: nuchal translucency or combined
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ANEXA 1 Gradele de recomandare și nivele de evidență folosite în ghidul prezent
Clasificarea nivelelor de evidență
1++ Meta-analize de înaltă calitate, review-uri sistematice asupra unor studii randomizate controlate sau studii
randomizate controlate cu risc foarte mic de interferență asupra datelor
1+ Meta-analize bine conduse, review-uri sistematice asupra unor studii randomizate controlate sau studii
randomizate controlate, cu risc mic de interferență asupra datelor
1– Meta-analize, review-uri sistematice asupra unor studii randomizate controlate sau studii randomizate
controlate, cu risc mare de interferență asupra datelor
2++ Review-uri sistematice de bună calitate, asupra unor studii case–control sau studii de cohortă sau studii case–
control de înaltă calitate sau studii de cohortă, cu risc foarte mic de intricare, interferență sau alterare prin hazard a
datelor și cu o probabilitate mare să existe relația de cauzalitate
2+ Studii case–control bine conduse sau studii de cohortă cu risc mic de intricare, interferență sau alterare prin
hazard a datelor și cu o probabilitate moderată să existe relația de cauzalitate
2– Studii case–control sau studii de cohortă cu risc mare de intricare, interferență sau alterare prin hazard a datelor
și cu un risc semnificativ să nu existe relația de cauzalitate
3 Studii non-analitice, de ex. raportări de caz, serii de cazuri
4 Opinia unui expert
Grade de recomandare
A Cel puțin o meta-analiză, un review sistematic sau un studiu controlat randomizat, clasificate în grupa 1++ și ale
căror concluzii pot fi aplicate direct asupra populației țintă; sau review sistematic asupra unor studii controlate
randomizate sau asupra unor demonstrații științifice care pot fi încadrate ca studii din grupa 1+, ale căror concluzii pot fi
aplicate direct asupra populației țintă și ale căror rezultate sunt similare pe ansamblu
B Demonstrații științifice care includ studii clasificate în grupa 2++, ale căror concluzii pot fi aplicate direct
asupra populației țintă și ale căror rezultate sunt similare pe ansamblu; sau extrapolarea demonstrațiilor raportate de
studii clasificate ca 1++ sau 1+
C Demonstrații științifice care includ studii clasificate în grupa 2+, ale căror concluzii pot fi aplicate direct asupra
populației țintă și ale căror rezultate sunt similare pe ansamblu; sau extrapolarea demonstrațiilor raportate de studii
clasificate ca 2++
D Nivel de evidență 3 sau 4; sau extrapolarea demonstrațiilor raportate de studii clasificate ca 2++
Punct de bună practică medicală Recomandarea celei mai bune practici medicale, pe baza experienței clinice a
grupului de experți care au elaborat ghidul