Epitalon, An Anti-Aging Serum Proven To Work

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Where epitalon's antiageing power is proven by science!
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Epitalon, An Anti-Aging Serum Proven to Work

Epitalon – What is it and how does it work?
Epitalon (a.k.a. epithalon or epithalone) is a synthetically-derived tetrapeptide, meaning that it consists of four
amino acid chains. It was discovered by the Russian scientist Professor Vladimir Khavinson, who then
conducted epitalon-related research for the next 35 years in both animal and human clinical trials. The results
were astounding. For the first time ever, human clinical trials proved beyond doubt that a substance consisted of
powerful life extension and anti-aging properties.
Epitalon’s primary role is to increase the natural production of telomerase, a natural enzyme that
helps cells reproduce telomeres, which are the protective parts of our DNA. This allows the replication of our
DNA so the body can grow new cells and rejuvenate old ones.
Younger people produce a relatively large amount of telomerase and longer telomeres. The longer the telomere
strands are, the better cell health and replication they provide. However, as people age, the production of
telomerase falls and consequently cell replication and health decline. This is the main reason that people age.
Numerous studies have shown the importance of telomerase production and telomere rejuvenation in fighting
the symptoms of aging. In one such study conducted on 913 pairs of twins, the twin with stronger telomerase
production looked younger and had better health than his/her twin counterpart. In another study of 38 people
who were 100 years or older, the healthiest participants had the strongest and longest telomeres.
As epitalon has been shown to increase the production of telomerase which in turn strengthens and lengthens
telomeres, this means that epitalon can play a vital role in decreasing the aging process and thus extending
human longevity.
This breakthrough discovery in understanding telomerase production shows that epitalon is the only known
substance to increase telomerase production and telomere strand length, which are primary factors in fighting
aging.
Epitalon – The benefits

As a result of epitalon’s effect on telomerase production, the benefits are unique and far-reaching. Benefits of
epitalon include:
• Increase of human lifespan
• Significant boosting of energy levels
• Promotion of deeper sleep
• Delay and prevention of age-related diseases such as cancer, heart disease and dementia
• Improvement of skin health and appearance
• Healing of injured and deteriorating muscle cells
The range of benefits that epitalon provides are immense and cannot be squeezed into a single article, but the
following will indicate what research so far has shown epitalon can do. If there is one particular benefit of
epitalon, it is that epitalon lets us live longer and healthier.
Epitalon – A cancer-preventing peptide

Cancer comes in the form of malignant tumors. Epitalon has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancerous
tumors, enabling a longer and healthier life in the future.
Epitalon fights cancer by preventing the occurrence of early-stage tumors. This can be explained by looking at
the link between the human pineal gland and cancer. The pineal gland secretes a pineal hormone called
melatonin, which is responsible for sleep patterns and numerous other functions. According to studies, there is
an inverse relationship between melatonin secretion and malignant tumor growth, and epitalon has been found
to activate melatonin secretion and therefore prevent cancer in its initial stages. Specifically, epitalon decalcifies
and stimulates the pineal gland, enabling it to increase production of melatonin and prevent the growth of
malignant tumors.
Epitalon – Promoting normal deep sleep patterns

Epitalon stimulates production of melatonin through its action on the pineal gland, and this is why people
taking epitalon have reported better sleep patterns and increased deep sleep, which is essential for the body to
repair itself and strengthen the immune system.
Epitalon – A powerful antioxidant

Research has shown that epitalon is a powerful antioxidant that eliminates oxygen-free radicals responsible for
damaging and killing cells. This process, known as oxidative stress, is the root cause of a wide variety of age-
related diseases. It is important to note that the human lifespan is inversely related to the number of oxygen-free
radicals in the human body, and epitalon is responsible for slowing down and killing these killer radicals. Since
free radicals are the main source of degenerative diseases, eliminating them prevents diseases such as cancer,
dementia, Alzheimer’s, muscle and joint pain, heart disease, and more.
Epitalon – Increasing human lifespan

The unique makeup of humans is determined by our DNA strands. On the tip of each DNA strand are
telomeres, which prevent the loss of vital genetic information that happens each time a cell divides. Every time
a cell divides, the telomeres get shorter. The more frequent the cell division, the shorter telomeres become, until
they become too short, preventing further cell division, growth, and rejuvenation. Numerous studies have
shown that the shortening of telomeres is linked to age-related diseases and is a good predictor of early death.
However, there is an enzyme produced naturally in our body called telomerase (not to be confused with
‘telomeres’) which reverses the process of telomere shortening and degradation. Unfortunately our telomerase
production declines significantly as we age.
So, when telomerase production is reactivated, cells can exceed their time limit and continue to divide in a
healthy manner, allowing us to live longer. This is exactly what epitalon does. It reactivates the production of
telomerase which in turn strengthens and elongates the telomeres in our cell’s DNA strands. This decreases cell
death and degeneration, extending the lifespan of our cells and preventing a plethora of age-related diseases.
Early research into epitalon found that people who took epitalon had about a 25% longer life than their non-
epitalon counterparts. These early studies triggered further studies which corroborated the initial findings. One
of these studies reported that epitalon increased the lifespan of elderly and senile individuals by an incredible
50%.
Epitalon – Allowing a longer, healthier life

Through its stimulating action on telomerase production and the pineal gland, epitalon plays an important role
in inhibiting cancerous tumor growth, increasing the effectiveness of deep sleep, preventing a wide variety of
age-related diseases through its elimination of free radicals, and, most importantly, increasing human lifespan.
In addition to all of this, it also promotes improved skin health and gives joint and muscle pain relief, the latter
being a very common symptom of aging.
Epitalon/Epithalon market availability and dosing

Epitalon was rarely heard of just until a few years ago but it is now available in powder and capsule form,
which ensures optimal absorption. Epitalon supplements are marketed under the names ‘Epitalon’ or
‘Epithalon’ or ‘A.G.A.G.’. The recommended adult dosage is from 1 to 50 mg daily (with an average dosage of
2-3mg). For maximum effect, epitalon should be taken on an empty stomach. To date there are no known
documented side effects of epitalon.
References
1. Anisimov, V.N., Khavinson, V.K. (2009). The use of peptide bioregulators for cancer prevention: results
of 35 years of research experience and perspectives. Voprosy Onkologii [Russia]. 55(3):291-304.
2. Bartsch, C. & Bartsch, H. (2000). Pineal gland and cancer – An epigenetic approach to the control of
malignancy: Evaluation of the role of melatonin. Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet]. Austin
(TX): Landes Bioscience; 2000-. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6233/
3. Christensen, K., Thinggaarda, M., McGue, M., Rexbye, H., Hjelmborg, J.B., Aviv, A., … Vaupel, J.W.
(2009). Perceived age as clinically useful biomarker of ageing: cohort study. Bio Medical Journal
(online). 339:b5262. Retrieved from: http://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/339/bmj.b5262.full.pdf
4. Dilman, V. M., Dean, W., Fowkes, S. W., & Dilman, V. M. (1992). The neuroendocrine theory of aging
and degenerative disease. Pensacola, FL: Center for Bio-Gerontology.
5. Khavinson., V.K. (2002). Peptides and ageing. Neuroendocrinology Letters [ special issue]. p. 144.
6. Khavinson, V.K., Bondarev, E., Butyugov, A.A. (2003). Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity
and telomere elongation in human somatic cells. Bulleting of Experimental Builogy and Medicine.
135(6): 590-592. Retrieved from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1025493705728
7. Khavinson, V.K., & Morozov, V. (2003). Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life.
Neuroendocrinology Letters. 24:233-240.
8. Korkushko, O.V., Khavinson, V.K., Shatilo, V.B., Magdich, L.V. (2004). Effect of peptide preparation
epithalamin on circadian rhythm on epiphyseal melatonin-producing function in elderly people. Bulletin
of Experimental Biology and Medicine [Russia]. 137(4): 127-146.
9. Kossoy, G., Anisimov, V.N., Ben-Hur, H., Kossoy, N., Zusman, I. (2006). Effect of the synthetic pineal
peptide epitalon on spontaneous carcinogenesis in femal C3H/He mice. In Vivo. 20(2):253-257.
10.Labunets., I.F., Butenko, G.M., Magdich, L.V., Korkushko, O.V., Khavinson, V.K., Shatilo, V.B. (2004).
Effect of epithalamin on circadian relationship between the endocrine function of the thymus and
melatonin-producing function of the pineal gland in elderly people. Bulletin of Experimental and
Biological Medicine [Russia]. 137(5):617-619.
11.Terry, D.F., Nolan, V.G., Andersen, S.L., Perls, T.T., Cawthon, R. (2008). Association of longer
telomeres with better health in centenarians. The Journals of Gerontology Series A, Biological and
Medical Sciences. 63(8): 809-812.
12.Vanhee, C., Moens, G., Van Hoeck, E., Deconinck, E., De Beer, J.O. (2014). Identification of the small
research tetra peptide epitalon, assumed to be a potential treatment for cancer, old age and retinitis
pigmentosa in two illegal pharmaceutical preparations. Drug Testing & Analysis. 7(3):259-264. doi:
10.1002/dta.1771
Vinogradova, I.A., Bukalev, A.V., Zabezhinski, M.A., Semenchenko, A.V., Khavinson, V.K., Anisimov, V.N.
(2007). Effect of Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly peptide on life span and development of spontaneous tumors in female rats
exposed to different illumination regimes. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 144(6):825-830.
Epitalon and cancer
Cancer is the result of uncontrolled cell growth. Users of epitalon have discovered that it has beneficial effects
on controlling this disharmonious condition. Lets try to see how that happens.
Epitalon is the synthetic version of the peptide Epithalamin which is produced naturally from the pineal gland
and regulates the endocrine system and melatonin production.
Epitalon – inhibitory effect of tumors and carcinoma
There has been a lot of scientific research made and still is being made on the use of epitalon
against cancer. It was found that epitalon has inhibitory effects on the development and growth of tumors with
studies done on mammary tumors, colon carcinogenesis, prostate cancer just to name a few.
Tumors exposed to epitalon have been shown to shrink in size. Treatment with epitalon stopped the metastases
of tumors in mice and it has oncostatic properties, halting the spread of cancer.
“Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers and is a leading cause of mortality in women. It has been
shown that treatment with the pineal indole hormone melatonin inhibits the development of mammary gland
tumorigenesis both in vitro and in vivo.
Clinical use of Epithalamin was shown to be effective for the treatment of ovarian disturbances and of some
types of cancer, breast cancer included” [1]
One of the main benefits of using epitalon is the increase of telomerase and from there come the anti aging
benefits. With cell division telomere length shortens and when they become too short it triggers an alarm signal
and the cell will either stop dividing and die or will continue the multiplication by becoming abnormal and
potentially dangerous (for example leading to cancer).
n short, cells with abnormally short telomeres can become cancerous and telomere extension ought to prevent
cancer.
Epitalon and melatonin
One of the benefits of epitalon besides his anti-aging properties is the stimulation in
production of melatonin from the pineal gland. It boosts the immune system and can slow the rate of
development of cancer cells.
This hormone can do more then help with sleep it has been shown to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy
and contribute to the patient’s well being and also eliminate cancer cells.
According to a study published in Journal of the Danish Medical Association the survival rate of patients who
used melatonin doubled over the course of one year. The researchers behind the study are saying there are good
reasons to continue research in the use of melatonin as a standard treatment against cancer. Unfortunately
pharmaceutical interests do not allow more detailed studies to support the existing mechanisms of healing the
body.
“The role of the modulation of the pineal gland function in development of breast cancer is discussed in this
review. An inhibition of the pineal function with pinealectomy or with the exposure to the constant light regimen
stimulates mammary carcinogenesis, whereas the light deprivation inhibits the carcinogenesis.
Epidemiological observations on increased risk of breast cancer in night shift workers, flight attendants, radio
and telegraph operators and on decreased risk in blind women are in accordance with the results of
experiments in rodents.
Treatment with pineal indole hormone melatonin inhibits mammary carcinogenesis in pinealectomized rats, in
animals kept at the standard light/dark regimen (LD) or at the constant illumination (LL) regimen.
Pineal peptide preparation Epithalamin and synthetic tetrapeptide Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) are potent
inhibitors of mammary carcinogenesis in rodents and might be useful in the prevention of breast cancer in
women at risk.” [2]
More information on light and cancer can also be found in the book Great Sleep! Reduced Cancer!: A
Scientific Approach to Great Sleep and Reduced Cancer Risk by Richard L. Hansler [8]
As you can see there are many research data indicating that melatonin plays an important role in fighting
cancer, and epitalon improves the secretion of melatonin directly in the body by its function as a bioregulator
and pineal gland decalsifier.
A small summary of the benefits of using epitalon against cancer

Among the benefits that epitalon brings to the human body those related to fighting cancer are :
1. Increasing the elongation of telomeres offering protection against cancer and other old age diseases, by
protecting DNA degradation and the possible transformation of damaged cells into cancer cells
2. Stimulation of melatonin that helps with sleep patterns and regulates the circadian rhythms bringing us
back into balance with nature. It is well known that the body heals while sleeping. It boosts the immune
system and reduces the side effects of chemotherapy
3. Regulates the whole endocrine system and the signaling between cells
4. Neutralisation of harmful free radicals
All this benefits exists while epitalon has no toxicity and no side effects except that users exposed to epitalon
are living longer, healthier with better physical condition, looking younger
Epitalon from Biotrends

Epitalon made by Biotrends has the best purity on the market and it comes packed with other well known
cancer fighting supplements like resveratrol, lycopene and l-carnosine.
• Resveratrol alone has been shown to kill 44 percent of exposed cancer cells. Also cancer cells treated
with resveratrol become more susceptible to radiation treatments.
• Lycopene another potent anti cancer component next to epitalon helps prevent lung, stomach and
prostate cancer. It is also powerful antioxidant stopping free radicals in the body.
• L-carnosine is a natural antioxidant anti-inflammatory and anti-senescence that has been given a lot of
attention in recent years as an anticancer helper.
In conclusion if you are looking for a natural way to restore the balance of your body to its vibrant natural
younger state or want to complement traditional medicine in helping the body heal, epitalon is one discovery
that can change your life.
Hopefully the information presented will provide a new perspective on the possibilities of improving the
quality of life offered by modern research and take advantage of the benefits of using epitalon and live a
longer and healthier life.
References
1. Inhibitory effect of the peptide epitalon on the development of spontaneous mammary tumors in HER-2/
neu transgenic mice http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.10570/full
2. The role of pineal gland in breast cancer development https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791421
3. Effect of the synthetic pineal peptide epitalon on spontaneous carcinogenesis in female C3H/He mice.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16634527
4. Melatonin and cancer https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4233441/
5. Convergent Effects of Resveratrol and PYK2 on Prostate Cells.
6. A potential role for resveratrol as a radiation sensitizer for melanoma treatment
http://www.journalofsurgicalresearch.com/article/S0022-4804(13)00114-5/abstract
7. The Anti-Proliferative Effect of L-Carnosine Correlates with a Decreased Expression of Hypoxia
Inducible Factor 1 alpha in Human Colon Cancer Cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4013086/
8. Great Sleep! Reduced Cancer!: A Scientific Approach to Great Sleep and Reduced Cancer Risk by
Richard L. Hansler https://goo.gl/B9sCal
Epitalon-Science.com
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Epitalon as nootropic
Nootropics are substances that improve cognitive function by producing positive effects on mental
performance. They are also called brain boosters or cognitive enhancers.
The term was coined by a Romanian psychologist and chemist Corneliu E. Giurgea from the greek words νους
nous, or “mind”, and τρέπειν trepein meaning to turn.
Epitalon itself is not registered as a nootropic, but has similar effects, produced by more natural
mechanisms, than classical nootropic substances.
Epitalon is a synthetic peptide based on epithalamin which is produced in the pineal gland that has the function
of regulating the circadian rhythm and melatonin production. Both of this contribute to a better quality sleep
that brings better productivity, concentration and cognitive functions to the person.
The evidence is that many people who use epitalon reported that they experienced improved mood, mental
clarity and better concentration same as with other nootropics.
Epitalon is an endogenous melatonin secretion stimulant
There are scientific studies and specialized publications about melatonin showing beneficial
effects on brain and sleep, but few have investigated the repercussion of introducing large amounts of synthetic
melatonin in the body that might have side effects.
The preferred way to take advantage of the benefits of melatonin is to increase the natural production by using
stimulants of endogenous melatonin secretion such as epitalon.
“This hormone (melatonin) has been proven to play the key role in biologic rhythm control and exert diverse
effects upon the functioning of the endocrine, nervous and immune systems. Reduced melatonin production is
considered to entail age-related neurodegenerative changes and certain diseases . Introduction of melatonin
produces a geroprotective influence. However, this could in some cases provoke considerable side effects,
such as neoplastic growth etc. These circumstances necessitate the search for effective stimulants of
endogenous melatonin secretion. Epithalamin and Epitalon – physiologically active preparations of the
pineal gland appear to be among the most promising medications of their kind.” [2]
Both epitalon and melatonin have been shown to contribute to the optimization of the brain cognitive function
by protracted memory and also mnemotropic properties (decreasing the extent of memory disorders). [4]
Nootropics use by students
Nootropics are used more often by students in academically competitive environments as they
are trying to improve performance, concentration and memory.
Recent studies have shown that over 30% of students took a smart drug and the rate is increasing as more
people go with this new trend.
Adding epitalon to your stack of nootropics, in this age range, is ideal because besides improving the mental
capacities of the brain it also prevents telomerase shortening ahead of time thus delaying aging.
Calvin Harley talks in TEDMED about the role of telomeres in longevity and mentions that one factor that
contributes to telomerases shortening or loss is stress, that is very common in students. So besides the increase
in brain health epitalon also stops brain cell aging. [3]
How nootropics or smart drugs work

Main areas that nootropics affect are :
• Increased neuroplasticity or memory – help with the creation of new synaptic connections and
improve the learning process of new information
• Focus and concentration – by stimulating the release of serotonin and dopamine in the brain that is
accompanied by an increase in alertness
• Better quality of sleep accompanied by an increase in cognitive functions and productivity
• Improve mood and anti anxiety – an increase in stimulation with greater mental positive energy,
concentration and focus and a state of calmness by targeting specific neurotransmitters like GABA
(gamma aninobutryic acid)
Nootropics and side effects

The main concern with the use of cognitive enhancers is the side effects many drugs have.
One of the requirements that a substance to be placed in categories nootropic, as it was defined by their creator,
Dr Cornelius Giurgea is to be safe and non toxic for the brain.
As seen in numerous studies the use of the synthetic pineal peptide Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) has not side
effects or toxicity.
“Long-term exposure to Epitalon in small doses did not show any toxic effect.” [5]
Nootropics have neuroprotective properties that can slow the signs of aging on the brain and prevent the
cognitive decline seen in the elderly. Also they help in maintaining the basic structures found in brain cells and
have antioxidant effects.
The best nootropic regimen or stack

This is a common question in the nootropics. Many users begin with a single substance either be it a more
natural kind like coffee, ginkgo biloba or synthesis most notably Piracetam.
For starters it’s okay, but for consistent results it is ideal to combine multiple substances for more powerful
synergistic effects.
Also many search for the best nootropics substance or drug there is but every substance has better result in
some fields like memory, concentration or better cognitive process so it is a good idea to try what works best
for you.
Epitalon has good nootropics effects as related by users and it has been shown to have no side effects or
toxicity, and it can enhance the power of other nootropics and also prevent aging of body cells as well as
brain cells.
References :
1. Nootropic Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootropic
2. Synthetic tetrapeptide epitalon restores disturbed neuroendocrine regulation in senescent monkeys http://
www.nel.edu/22_4/NEL220401A03_Khavinson_w.pdf
3. What do telomeres tell you about longevity? http://www.tedmed.com/talks/show?id=7252
4. Comparative study of the effects of melatonin and epitalon on the protracted memory under the shuttle
labyrinth test conditions in rats in the course of aging https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17209456
5. Effect of the synthetic pineal peptide epitalon on spontaneous carcinogenesis in female C3H/He mice.
• Home
• As nootropic
• As anti-ageing
ANTI AGEING
• Resveratrol
• L-Carnosine
Epitalon, An Anti-Aging Serum Proven to Work
Epitalon – What is it and how does it work?
Epitalon (a.k.a. epithalon or epithalone) is a synthetically-derived tetrapeptide, meaning that it consists of four
amino acid chains. It was discovered by the Russian scientist Professor Vladimir Khavinson, who then
conducted epitalon-related research for the next 35 years in both animal and human clinical trials. The results
were astounding. For the first time ever, human clinical trials proved beyond doubt that a substance consisted of
powerful life extension and anti-aging properties.
Epitalon’s primary role is to increase the natural production of telomerase, a natural enzyme that
helps cells reproduce telomeres, which are the protective parts of our DNA. This allows the replication of our
DNA so the body can grow new cells and rejuvenate old ones.
Younger people produce a relatively large amount of telomerase and longer telomeres. The longer the telomere
strands are, the better cell health and replication they provide. However, as people age, the production of
telomerase falls and consequently cell replication and health decline. This is the main reason that people age.
Numerous studies have shown the importance of telomerase production and telomere rejuvenation in fighting
the symptoms of aging. In one such study conducted on 913 pairs of twins, the twin with stronger telomerase
production looked younger and had better health than his/her twin counterpart. In another study of 38 people
who were 100 years or older, the healthiest participants had the strongest and longest telomeres.
As epitalon has been shown to increase the production of telomerase which in turn strengthens and lengthens
telomeres, this means that epitalon can play a vital role in decreasing the aging process and thus extending
human longevity.
This breakthrough discovery in understanding telomerase production shows that epitalon is the only known
substance to increase telomerase production and telomere strand length, which are primary factors in fighting
aging.
Epitalon – The benefits

As a result of epitalon’s effect on telomerase production, the benefits are unique and far-reaching. Benefits of
epitalon include:
• Increase of human lifespan
• Significant boosting of energy levels
• Promotion of deeper sleep
• Delay and prevention of age-related diseases such as cancer, heart disease and dementia
• Improvement of skin health and appearance
• Healing of injured and deteriorating muscle cells
The range of benefits that epitalon provides are immense and cannot be squeezed into a single article, but the
following will indicate what research so far has shown epitalon can do. If there is one particular benefit of
epitalon, it is that epitalon lets us live longer and healthier.
Epitalon – A cancer-preventing peptide
Cancer comes in the form of malignant tumors. Epitalon has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancerous
tumors, enabling a longer and healthier life in the future.
Epitalon fights cancer by preventing the occurrence of early-stage tumors. This can be explained by looking at
the link between the human pineal gland and cancer. The pineal gland secretes a pineal hormone called
melatonin, which is responsible for sleep patterns and numerous other functions. According to studies, there is
an inverse relationship between melatonin secretion and malignant tumor growth, and epitalon has been found
to activate melatonin secretion and therefore prevent cancer in its initial stages. Specifically, epitalon decalcifies
and stimulates the pineal gland, enabling it to increase production of melatonin and prevent the growth of
malignant tumors.
Epitalon – Promoting normal deep sleep patterns

Epitalon stimulates production of melatonin through its action on the pineal gland, and this is why people
taking epitalon have reported better sleep patterns and increased deep sleep, which is essential for the body to
repair itself and strengthen the immune system.
Epitalon – A powerful antioxidant

Research has shown that epitalon is a powerful antioxidant that eliminates oxygen-free radicals responsible for
damaging and killing cells. This process, known as oxidative stress, is the root cause of a wide variety of age-
related diseases. It is important to note that the human lifespan is inversely related to the number of oxygen-free
radicals in the human body, and epitalon is responsible for slowing down and killing these killer radicals. Since
free radicals are the main source of degenerative diseases, eliminating them prevents diseases such as cancer,
dementia, Alzheimer’s, muscle and joint pain, heart disease, and more.
Epitalon – Increasing human lifespan

The unique makeup of humans is determined by our DNA strands. On the tip of each DNA strand are
telomeres, which prevent the loss of vital genetic information that happens each time a cell divides. Every time
a cell divides, the telomeres get shorter. The more frequent the cell division, the shorter telomeres become, until
they become too short, preventing further cell division, growth, and rejuvenation. Numerous studies have
shown that the shortening of telomeres is linked to age-related diseases and is a good predictor of early death.
However, there is an enzyme produced naturally in our body called telomerase (not to be confused with
‘telomeres’) which reverses the process of telomere shortening and degradation. Unfortunately our telomerase
production declines significantly as we age.
So, when telomerase production is reactivated, cells can exceed their time limit and continue to divide in a
healthy manner, allowing us to live longer. This is exactly what epitalon does. It reactivates the production of
telomerase which in turn strengthens and elongates the telomeres in our cell’s DNA strands. This decreases cell
death and degeneration, extending the lifespan of our cells and preventing a plethora of age-related diseases.
Early research into epitalon found that people who took epitalon had about a 25% longer life than their non-
epitalon counterparts. These early studies triggered further studies which corroborated the initial findings. One
of these studies reported that epitalon increased the lifespan of elderly and senile individuals by an incredible
50%.
Epitalon – Allowing a longer, healthier life
Through its stimulating action on telomerase production and the pineal gland, epitalon plays an important role
in inhibiting cancerous tumor growth, increasing the effectiveness of deep sleep, preventing a wide variety of
age-related diseases through its elimination of free radicals, and, most importantly, increasing human lifespan.
In addition to all of this, it also promotes improved skin health and gives joint and muscle pain relief, the latter
being a very common symptom of aging.
Epitalon/Epithalon market availability and dosing

Epitalon was rarely heard of just until a few years ago but it is now available in powder and capsule form,
which ensures optimal absorption. Epitalon supplements are marketed under the names ‘Epitalon’ or
‘Epithalon’ or ‘A.G.A.G.’. The recommended adult dosage is from 1 to 50 mg daily (with an average dosage of
2-3mg). For maximum effect, epitalon should be taken on an empty stomach. To date there are no known
documented side effects of epitalon.
References
1. Anisimov, V.N., Khavinson, V.K. (2009). The use of peptide bioregulators for cancer prevention: results
of 35 years of research experience and perspectives. Voprosy Onkologii [Russia]. 55(3):291-304.
2. Bartsch, C. & Bartsch, H. (2000). Pineal gland and cancer – An epigenetic approach to the control of
malignancy: Evaluation of the role of melatonin. Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet]. Austin
(TX): Landes Bioscience; 2000-. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6233/
3. Christensen, K., Thinggaarda, M., McGue, M., Rexbye, H., Hjelmborg, J.B., Aviv, A., … Vaupel, J.W.
(2009). Perceived age as clinically useful biomarker of ageing: cohort study. Bio Medical Journal
(online). 339:b5262. Retrieved from: http://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/339/bmj.b5262.full.pdf
4. Dilman, V. M., Dean, W., Fowkes, S. W., & Dilman, V. M. (1992). The neuroendocrine theory of aging
and degenerative disease. Pensacola, FL: Center for Bio-Gerontology.
5. Khavinson., V.K. (2002). Peptides and ageing. Neuroendocrinology Letters [ special issue]. p. 144.
6. Khavinson, V.K., Bondarev, E., Butyugov, A.A. (2003). Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity
and telomere elongation in human somatic cells. Bulleting of Experimental Builogy and Medicine.
135(6): 590-592. Retrieved from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1025493705728
7. Khavinson, V.K., & Morozov, V. (2003). Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life.
Neuroendocrinology Letters. 24:233-240.
8. Korkushko, O.V., Khavinson, V.K., Shatilo, V.B., Magdich, L.V. (2004). Effect of peptide preparation
epithalamin on circadian rhythm on epiphyseal melatonin-producing function in elderly people. Bulletin
of Experimental Biology and Medicine [Russia]. 137(4): 127-146.
9. Kossoy, G., Anisimov, V.N., Ben-Hur, H., Kossoy, N., Zusman, I. (2006). Effect of the synthetic pineal
peptide epitalon on spontaneous carcinogenesis in femal C3H/He mice. In Vivo. 20(2):253-257.
10.Labunets., I.F., Butenko, G.M., Magdich, L.V., Korkushko, O.V., Khavinson, V.K., Shatilo, V.B. (2004).
Effect of epithalamin on circadian relationship between the endocrine function of the thymus and
melatonin-producing function of the pineal gland in elderly people. Bulletin of Experimental and
Biological Medicine [Russia]. 137(5):617-619.
11.Terry, D.F., Nolan, V.G., Andersen, S.L., Perls, T.T., Cawthon, R. (2008). Association of longer
telomeres with better health in centenarians. The Journals of Gerontology Series A, Biological and
Medical Sciences. 63(8): 809-812.
12.Vanhee, C., Moens, G., Van Hoeck, E., Deconinck, E., De Beer, J.O. (2014). Identification of the small
research tetra peptide epitalon, assumed to be a potential treatment for cancer, old age and retinitis
pigmentosa in two illegal pharmaceutical preparations. Drug Testing & Analysis. 7(3):259-264. doi:
10.1002/dta.1771
Vinogradova, I.A., Bukalev, A.V., Zabezhinski, M.A., Semenchenko, A.V., Khavinson, V.K., Anisimov, V.N.
(2007). Effect of Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly peptide on life span and development of spontaneous tumors in female rats
exposed to different illumination regimes. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 144(6):825-830.
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Compare Epitalons
Lets take a short look at what is epitalon ?

Epitalon is a small peptide made of 4 amino acids: Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly that was first discovered as a peptide
preparation of the pineal gland that was later manufactured and sold as Epithalamin or Epitalon in the form of a
commercial drug.
One of the main advantages of epitalon is its anti ageing properties via its action on telomerase activation that
causes the telomeres to lengthen and protect the dna information from corruption during cell division. It
stimulates melatonin release, helps promote pineal gland health, has antioxidant properties, boots energy levels,
give you a better sleep just to name a few of the benefits.
It has been tested over a period of 35 years by Russian researcher Professor Vladimir Khavinson and his team
of scientists both on humans and animals. They did not discover any side effects and also there are no reports of
adverse effects on the forums where people have documented their personal use of epitalon. Basically these
peptides are made of strings of amino acids same as the food we eat.
How is epitalon best administrated
There are several types of administration based on what you can find on the market. You can find epitalon in
powder form that needs preparation and then it is injected or taken sub lingual as drops or in the form of gastro
protective capsules that are taken orally probably the most convenient way.
Most of the epitalon you can find online it is in lyophilized powder form that needs careful preparation and
storage before you can use it so it does not get contaminated, but you can also find it in capsule form. If you do
not use the reconstituted solution faster then 10-14 days stored in fridge you will have to add some alcohol to it
to preserved it but that might alter its content to some extent.
Best absorbed if of course by intravenous injection but that is cumbersome and not really for everyday use,
because you have to take care to sanitise everything so you do not bring pathogens in your bloodstream. Next
best thing will be in gatro protective capsuled as it passes the digestive juices and it is absorbed in the
intestines. Also the capsules contain the peptides in more pure form as it is less processed in the freezing and
reconstituting process. There are also the sub lingual drops but some of the peptides are lost as they are
damaged by the saliva.
What does lyophilized powder mean ?
Lyophilization is a processing method used in pharmaceutical and biotechnology for storing perishable
materials and be easier to transport and also offer bigger shelf life. It is also known as the freeze-drying, a
process that consists in the conversion of water from a frozen state directly into a gaseous state without passing
through the liquid state.
You can see a demonstration of how to reconstitute peptides in powder form here :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luAHgt3bDJk
After you have reconstitute it you can take it only by injection form otherwise if taken in oral form it should be
taken in a gastro protective capsule as the peptides are broken in the stomach.
We have taken a look at the main online suppliers of epitalon and reviewed their offers and products.
Biotrends HK Co., LTD a company based in Hong Kong they provide full company information.
They sell epitalon in gastroprotective capsule so no need to bother with storage, preparation or
injecting it yourself (if you hate needles). It also comes packed other antioxidants and health maintaining
peptides : L-Carnosine, Lycopene and Resveratrol for a better synergy effect.
One bottle 60 pills and a total of 60mg Epithalamine, 9000mg L-Carnosine, 1440mg L-Carnosine, 7500mg
Resveratrol and costs 149.95$. They recommend a daily dosage of 2 pills so one bottle is enough for one
month.
They also added the Pure A.E.D.G. in sealed vial (powder form >98% purity) at a very good price of 169$ /
100mg . They pack it in 50mg vials so you open less quantity at once and you can store it for longer periods of
time.
They offer shipping methods starting with free shipping up to FED-EX or DHL depending on the destination
and payment methods : Paypal, western union or wire transfer.
You can read more information and testimonials on http://epitalon.net or buy it from here`
Ceretropic is a nootropics supplier based in Phoenix, AZ..
Besides this, they have no other information on the company that manufactures the peptides they sell.
They have a large variety of nootropics and peptides.
There is no information on the form but the image shows a vial and it says it requires bacteriostatic water for
reconstituting the peptides so it must be powder.
You will also require a syringe to transfer the water to the peptides and need to store it in fridge all the time
don’t drop it or shake it to hard.
One vial contains 100 ml and cost 119$ plus shipping and you also have to buy bacteriostatic water. They only
take as payment options Bitcoin or Offshore Visa/Mastercard (China).
http://www.ceretropic.com/epitalon/
BioLuma Research was one of the first lab to produce it and sell epitalon online since 2013.
They sell it in 50mg vials of freez-dried powder with more then 98% purity. The product was
marketed as Pure-Epitalon and later turned to Rejuv Epitalon.
Two bottle or 100mg costs 377$ but according to information available on the internet they do not ship
anymore and seem to be out of business. We included this in the comparison as honorary for being a pioneer in
the field. Many people have tested it and wrote their testimonials on specialised forums.
The package come with a drop applicator and instructions on how to reconstitute the peptide.
Besides their main site https://www.biolumaresearch.com/ there are a few more that sold their products.
Maxim Holding Assets LLC
They sell epithalon in powder form, 10MG vials at $34.99. They only ship to united states with USPS
and accept check for payment options.
They have a facebook page https://www.facebook.com/Maximpeptides/ that it is not maintained with only
promotions and marketing offers. There are also some people complaining that orders are not shipped and get
no responses from either facebook or email.
http://www.maximpeptide.com/epithalon-10mg/
Peptidesciences – No company information
It is a peptide provider from USA. They sell epitalon in 20mg powder vials at $95.00 more expensive
then most. You will need to buy bacteriostatic water as well, they offer it for free but only for orders over 200$.
They say on the product page they ship worldwide but when you try to checkout you can only chose united
states and only shipping method is USPS but they do accept credit card payment.
https://www.peptidesciences.com/epithalon
Extreme Peptide – no company information most likely based in usa
Epitalon in white powder form in 10ml bottle at $39.99 per vial. Wide variety of peptides. They ship
outside of united states but not worldwide only to some countries using fedex and it is quite expensive at 35$
shipping costs almost as a bottle of product. They accept credit card and have a notice for cross border
processing fee.
http://www.extremepeptides.com/epithalon-10mg/
5kits No company information the site redirect to a private sale domain
It says it ships from china but not wordwide although they a big list of countries. They sell it in boxes
of 10 vials each one of 10mg. One box containing 100mg costs $346$. Shipping and handling expenses are 70$
one of the most expensive among the reviewed sellers. They offer payments methods bitcoin, they offer 7%
discount on bitcoin, western union and moneygram.
http://steroid.es/epitalon.html
Price/
Manufacturer Epitalon Form Payment Options Shipping
10mg
Gastroprotective capsule 60
1mg/pill Word-wide:
25$ Paypal
or Fed-ex
Biotrends or Wester Union
Pure A.E.D.G. in sealed DHL
16.9$ Wire transfer
vial 2x50mg Registered Post
(powder form >98% purity)
Bitcoin UPS
Ceretropic Vial powder 11.9$ Offshore Visa/Mastercard International Mail
(China) USPS
USPS only
Maximpeptide Powder 10mg 34.99$ Check only They only ship to
USA
Peptidesciences Powder 20mg 47.5$ Credit card USPS only
They only ship to
USA
USPS
Extreme Peptide Powder 10mg 39.99$ Credit card FedEx but not
wordwide
UPS , TNT , DHL etc
Bitcoin
(user cannot chose)
steroid 5kits Powder 34.6$ Wester Union
Fixed shipping fee
Moneygram
70$
Time to Decide. Which one is best ?

Whether you are an old user of epitalon that started with BioLuma with drop applicator, hardcore user that
preferences the purest form in injection or just want to improve your health and longevity and go with the
newest improvements and use gastroprotective pills you can find an offer in here. We tried to look at payments
methods, shipments, price and reviews. We hope you find the information useful.
To Your best Heath and Longevity Success!
• Home
• As nootropic
• As anti-ageing
ANTI AGEING
• Resveratrol
• L-Carnosine
Scientific references behind Epitalon’s spectacular
working
Epitalon Induces Telomere Elongation in Human:
– Epithalon Peptide Induces Telomerase Activity and Telomere Elongation in Human Somatic Cells Buy
on Springer 39.95USD
Published in Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. June 2003, Volume 135, Issue 6, pp 590-592
Abstract: Addition of Epithalon peptide in telomerase-negative human fetal fibroblast culture induced
expression of the catalytical subunit, enzymatic activity of telomerase, and telomere elongation, which can be
due to reactivation of telomerase gene in somatic cells and indicates the possibility of prolonging life span of a
cell population and of the whole organism.
– Peptide Promotes Overcoming of the Division Limit in Human Somatic Cell Buy on Springer 39.95USD
Published in Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. May 2004, Volume 137, Issue 5, pp 503-506
Abstract: We previously showed that treatment of normal human diploid cells with Epithalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-
Gly) induced expression of telomerase catalytic subunit, its enzymatic activity, and elongation of telomeres.
Here we studied the effect of this peptide on proliferative potential of human fetal fibroblasts. Primary
pulmonary fibroblasts derived from a 24-week fetus lost the proliferative potential at the 34th passage. The
mean size of telomeres in these cells was appreciably lower than during early passages (passage 10). Addition
of Epithalon to aging cells in culture induced elongation of telomeres to the size comparable to their length
during early passages. Peptide-treated cells with elongated telomeres made 10 extra divisions (44 passages) in
comparison with the control and continued dividing. Hence, Epithalon prolonged the vital cycle of normal
human cells due to overcoming the Heyflick limit.
Publications by Pr. Khavinson concerning Epithalon and Anti-Aging: Complete list

– Article from 2003 : “Epithalon Peptide Induces Telomerase Activity and Telomere Elongation in Human
Somatic Cells”, Buy at springer.com
– Article from 2009 : “Peptide Regulation of Aging: 35-Year Research Experience” Buy at
springer.com. Version visible online www.khavinson.ru/peptide-regulation-of-ageing
– Article from 2011 : “Morphofunctional fundamentals for peptide regulation of aging”,Buy on
springer.com
– Article from 2002 : “Pineal-regulating tetrapeptide epitalon improves eye retina condition in retinitis
pigmentosa”, Free on khavinson.ru
– Article from 2002 : “Effect of Epitalon on Interleukin-1ß Signal Transduction and the Reaction of
Thymocyte Blast Transformation Under Stress”, Free on khavinson.ru
– Article from 2001 : “Epitalon stimulates melatonin production and restores circadian rhythm of cortisol
in old rhesus monkeys”, Free on khavinson.ru
– Article from 2001 : “Synthetic tetrapeptide epitalon restores disturbed neuroendocrine regulation in
senescent monkeys”, Free on khavinson.ru
– Article from 2003 : “Epitalon and colon carcinogenesis in rats: Proliferative activity and apoptosis in
colon tumors and mucosa”, Free on khavinson.ru
– Article from 2003 : “Effect of Epitalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor
incidence in female Swiss-derived SHR mice”, Free on khavinson.ru
– Article from 2003 : “Effect of Epithalon in Campbell Rats of Various Ages”, Free on khavinson.ru
– Article from 2002 : “Epitalon influences pineal secretion in stress-exposed rats in the daytime”, Free on
khavinson.ru
– Article from 2000 : “Regulating Effect of Epithalone on Gastric Endocrine Cells in Pinealectomized
Rats”, Free on khavinson.ru
– Article from 2000 : “Effect of epitalon on the lifespan increase in Drosophila melanogaster”, Free on
khavinson.ru
– Article from 2000 : “Effect of Epithalone on the Age-Specific Changes in the Time Course of Lipid
Peroxidation in Drosophila melanogaster”, Free on khavinson.ru
– 144 pages book: “Peptides and Aging”, 54 USD
– 104 pages book: “The interrelation between life span and peptide regulation of gene activity”, 139 USD
– 578 pages book: “The Pineal Gland and Cancer: Neuroimmunoendocrine Mechanisms in Malignancy”, 195
USD
– 336 pages book: “Modulating Aging and Longevity”, 175 Euros
– free PDF: “Institut of Gerontology and Bioregualtion of St Petersburg”,
After Telomerase Activation They Live 24% Longer!

Article pulished in The EMBO Scientific Publications; full article for free here.
RESULTS: Based on this notion, we tested the effects of a telomerase gene therapy in adult (1 year of age) and
old (2 years of age) mice. Treatment of both groups of mice with an AAV of wide tropism expressing mouse
telomerase (mTERT) demonstrated remarkable beneficial effects on health and fitness, improving several
molecular biomarkers of aging. Moreover, telomerase-treated mice did not develop more neoplasias comparing
to their control littermates, suggesting that the known tumorigenic activity of telomerase is severely decreased
when expressed in adult or old organisms. Finally, re-introduction of mTERT in both 1- and 2-year old mice
increased significantly its median lifespan (24 and 13%, respectively). These beneficial effects were not
observed with a reporter virus (eGFP) or a catalytically inactive TERT (TERT-DN) demonstrating the strict
dependency of an active telomerase complex.
The rate of increase of short telomeres predicts longevity in mammals.

Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center,
Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
Full PDF, Open Access on Cell Press
Abstract: Aberrantly short telomeres result in decreased longevity in both humans and mice with defective
telomere maintenance. Normal populations of humans and mice present high interindividual variation in
telomere length, but it is unknown whether this is associated with their lifespan potential. To address this issue,
we performed a longitudinal telomere length study along the lifespan of wild-type and transgenic telomerase
reverse transcriptase mice. We found that mouse telomeres shorten ~100 times faster than human telomeres.
Importantly, the rate of increase in the percentage of short telomeres, rather than the rate of telomere shortening
per month, was a significant predictor of lifespan in both mouse cohorts, and those individuals who showed a
higher rate of increase in the percentage of short telomeres were also the ones with a shorter lifespan. These
findings demonstrate that short telomeres have a direct impact on longevity in mammals, and they highlight the
importance of performing longitudinal telomere studies to predict longevity.
Copyright © 2012 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Partial reversal of aging achieved in mice.

Control of telomerase gene appears to control process
In a report posted online by the journal Nature in advance of print publication, researchers led by Ronald A.
DePinho, a Harvard Medical School (HMS) professor of genetics, said they achieved the milestone in aging
science by engineering mice with a controllable telomerase gene. The telomerase enzyme maintains the
protective caps called telomeres that shield the ends of chromosomes.
Extracts from: Wall Street Journal
“Aging ills reversed in mice”
“These mice were equivalent to 80-year-old humans and were about to pass away,” says Ronald DePinho, co-
author of the paper and a scientist at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston. After the experiment, “they were
the physiological equivalent of young adults.”
The experiment focused on telomerase, an enzyme that makes small units of DNA that seal the tips of
chromosomes. These DNA units, known as telomeres, act like the plastic caps at the ends of a shoelace,
preventing the chromosomes from fraying and the genes inside them from unraveling. In 2009, three U.S.
scientists won the Nobel Prize in medicine for illuminating the mysteries of telomerase.
As people age, low levels of telomerase are linked to the erosion of telomeres. Dr. DePinho and his colleagues
wanted to see if by reactivating telomerase in mice they could halt—or possibly reverse—the shortening of
telomeres, and thus turn back the clock on some aspects of aging.
One month later, the treated mice showed surprising signs of rejuvenation. Overall, their telomeres had
lengthened and the levels of telomerase had increased. This woke up the dormant brain stem
cells, producing new neurons. The spleen, testes and brain grew in size.
In addition, key organs started to function better. The treated mice regained their sense of smell. The male
animals’ once-depleted testes produced new sperm cells, and their mates gave birth to larger litters. The treated
animals went on to have a typical lifespan, though they didn’t live longer than normal mice.
The reversals of age-related decline seen in the animals “justify exploration of telomere rejuvenation strategies
for age-associated diseases,” the paper concludes.
Statistically, people with longer telomeres in their blood cells have an increased number of healthy years
beyond the age of 60, Dr. DePinho said. And those over 60 with the shortest telomeres have higher rates of
diabetes, cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer’s.
Extracts from: The Harvard Gazette
Researchers led by Ronald A. DePinho (above), a Harvard Medical School professor of genetics, say their work
shows for the first time a dramatic reversal of many aspects of age-related degeneration in mice, a milestone in
aging science achieved by engineering mice with a controllable telomerase gene.
With ageing in humans, low levels of telomerase are associated with progressive erosion of telomeres, which
can then contribute to tissue degeneration and functional decline in the elderly. By creating mice with a
telomerase switch, the researchers were able to generate prematurely aged mice. The switch has allowed
scientists to determine whether the reactivation of telomerase in the animals would restore telomeres and
mitigate the signs and symptoms of aging.
The work showed a dramatic reversal of many aspects of aging, including reversal of brain disease and
infertility.
Telomere loss created a cascade of signals that cause the cessation of cell division or self-destruction, stem cells
are retiring, the organes atrophy, and brain cells die.
Genetic variation in human telomerase is associated with telomere length in Ashkenazi centenarians Full
article on NCBI.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 January 26; 107(Suppl 1): 1710–1717.
Published online 2009 November 13. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0906191106
Abstract: Telomere length in humans is emerging as a biomarker of aging because its shortening is associated
with aging-related diseases and early mortality.
However, genetic mechanisms responsible for these associations are not known. Here, in a cohort of Ashkenazi
Jewish centenarians, their offspring, and offspring-matched controls, we studied the inheritance and
maintenance of telomere length and variations in two major genes associated with telomerase enzyme activity,
hTERT and hTERC.
We demonstrated that centenarians and their offspring maintain longer telomeres compared with controls with
advancing age and that longer telomeres are associated with protection from age-related diseases, better
cognitive function, and lipid profiles of healthy aging.
Sequence analysis of hTERT and hTERC showed overrepresentation of synonymous and intronic mutations
among centenarians relative to controls. Moreover, we identified a common hTERT haplotype that is associated
with both exceptional longevity and longer telomere length.
Thus, variations in human telomerase gene that are associated with better maintenance of telomere length may
confer healthy aging and exceptional longevity in humans.
A role for sister telomere cohesion in telomere elongation by telomerase Full article on PMC.
Cell Cycle. 2012 January 1; 11(1): 19–25.
Published online 2012 January 1. doi: 10.4161/cc.11.1.18633
Abstract: Telomere length homeostasis is achieved by a balance of telomere shortening caused by DNA
replication and nucleolytic attack and telomere lengthening by telomerase.
The importance of telomere length maintenance to human health is best illustrated by dyskeratosis congenita
(DC), a disease of telomere shortening caused by mutations in telomerase subunits. DC patients suffer stem cell
depletion and die of bone marrow stem cell failure.
Recently a new class of particularly severe DC patients was found to harbor mutations in the shelterin subunit
TIN2. The DC-TIN2 mutations were clustered in small domain of unknown function.
In a recently published study we showed that the DC mutation cluster in TIN2 harbored a binding site for
heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) and, further, that HP1 binding to TIN2 was required for sister telomere
cohesion in S phase and for telomere length maintenance by telomerase.
We briefly review and discuss the implications of our findings in this Extra View and present some new data
that may shed light on how sister telomere cohesion could influence telomere elongation by telomerase.
Introduction: Human telomeres are comprised of double-stranded TTAGGG repeats that run out as a single
stranded overhang to the 3′ end of the chromosome and a six-subunit complex called shelterin.[1] Due to the
end replication problem and nucleolytic processing, telomeres shorten with each round of cell division.
This shortening functions as a molecular clock inducing cells to cease division and senesce.[2,3] Shortening can
be counteracted by telomerase, a specialized reverse transcriptase that adds telomere repeats to chromosome
ends.[4,5]
In humans, telomerase is expressed in the germ line and during embryogenesis but is repressed for the most part
in the human soma.[6] Hence, the stock of telomeres that an individual possesses at birth must suffice over their
lifetime.
Defects in telomere maintenance can have severe consequences for human health, as evidenced by the genetic
disease dyskeratosis congenita (DC).[7] DC is caused by mutations in telomerase subunits, resulting in very
short telomeres in highly proliferating tissues.[8,9] DC patients suffer stem cell depletion and die of bone
marrow stem cell failure.
Understanding how telomerase functions in the germ line and during embryogenesis will be crucial to
understanding the mechanism of disease in DC and the role of telomerase in human health.
– 1. de Lange T. Shelterin: the protein complex that shapes and safeguards human telomeres. Genes Dev.
2005;19:2100–2110. doi: 10.1101/gad.1346005. [PubMed]
– 2. Harley CB, Futcher AB, Greider CW. Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts. Nature.
1990;345:458–460. doi: 10.1038/345458a0. [PubMed]
– 3. Hastie ND, Dempster M, Dunlop MG, Thompson AM, Green DK, Allshire RC. Telomere reduction in
human colorectal carcinoma and with ageing. Nature. 1990;346:866–868. doi: 10.1038/346866a0. [PubMed]
– 4. Greider CW, Blackburn EH. Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in
Tetrahymena extracts. Cell. 1985;43:405–413. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90170-9. [PubMed]
– 5. Greider CW, Blackburn EH. The telomere terminal transferase of Tetrahymena is a ribonucleoprotein
enzyme with two kinds of primer specificity. Cell. 1987;51:887–898. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90576-
9. [PubMed]
– 6. Wright WE, Piatyszek MA, Rainey WR, Byrd W, Shay JW. Telomerase activity in human germline and
embryonic tissues and cells. Dev Genet. 1996;18:173–179. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-
6408(1996)18:2<173::AIDDVG10>3.0.CO;2-3. [PubMed]
– 7. Bessler M, Wilson DB, Mason PJ. Dyskeratosis congenita. FEBS Lett. 2010;584:3831–3838. doi:
10.1016/j.febslet.2010.05.019. [PMC free article]
– 8. Alter BP, Baerlocher GM, Savage SA, Chanock SJ, Weksler BB, Willner JP, et al. Very short telomere
length by flow fluorescence in situ hybridization identifies patients with dyskeratosis congenita. Blood.
2007;110:1439–1447. doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-02-075598. [PMC free article]
– 9. Gadalla SM, Cawthon R, Giri N, Alter BP, Savage SA. Telomere length in blood, buccal cells, and
fibroblasts from patients with inherited bone marrow failure syndromes.Aging (Albany NY) 2010;2:867–
874. [PMC free article]
Antioxidant properties of geroprotective peptides of the pineal gland. Buy on PUBMED.

Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2007;44 Suppl 1:213-6.
Abstract: It was shown that peptide preparations from the pineal gland (epithalamin and epitalon) possess
antioxidant properties exceeding in some cases the effects of the well-known scavenger of reactive oxygen
species (ROS), the melatonin, which is also produced by the pineal gland.
The methods used in our experiments in old rats included determination of total antioxidant and antiradical
activities, as well as those of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase=SOD, glutathione peroxidase,
glutathione-S-transferase, etc.) in blood serum, liver and brain.
It has been revealed that epithalamin (polipeptide preparation from bovine brain) and its active fragment,
epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) along with their ability to stimulate melatonin production, have an antioxidant
mechanism that is quite different from the action of melatonin.
Epithalamin can be more beneficial than melatonin because the former not only produces direct antioxidant
effects, but also is able to stimulate the expression of SOD, ceruloplasmin and other antioxidant enzymes. The
possibility of oxidation chains by their interaction with different ROS by means of binding of transition metals
(Fe(2+)) cannot also be excluded.
Thus, the results of our experiments testify that the pineal gland peptides enhance the antioxidant defense
system, which can contribute to their geroprotective properties.
The role of pineal gland in breast cancer development. Buy on PUBMED.

Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2003 Jun;46(3):221-34.
Abstract: The role of the modulation of the pineal gland function in development of breast cancer is discussed
in this review.
An inhibition of the pineal function with pinealectomy or with the exposure to the constant light regimen
stimulates mammary carcinogenesis, whereas the light deprivation inhibits the carcinogenesis. Epidemiological
observations on increased risk of breast cancer in night shift workers, flight attendants, radio and telegraph
operators and on decreased risk in blind women are in accordance with the results of experiments in rodents.
Treatment with pineal indole hormone melatonin inhibits mammary carcinogenesis in pinealectomized rats, in
animals kept at the standard light/dark regimen (LD) or at the constant illumination (LL) regimen.
Pineal peptide preparation Epithalamin and synthetic tetrapeptide Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) are potent
inhibitors of mammary carcinogenesis in rodents and might be useful in the prevention of breast cancer in
women at risk.
Inhibitory effect of peptide Epitalon on colon carcinogenesis induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in

rats. Buy on PUBMED.
Cancer Lett. 2002 Sep 8;183(1):1-8.
Abstract: The effect of synthetic pineal peptide Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) on colon carcinogenesis was
firstly studied in rats. Eighty 2-month-old outbred male LIO rats were subdivided into four groups and were
weekly exposed to five subcutaneous injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) at a single dose of 21 mg/kg
body weight.
Additionally, 5 days a week, some of the rats were given subcutaneous injections of saline at a dose of 0.1 ml
during the whole experiment (group 1, control) or Epitalon at a single dose of 1 microg during the whole
experiment (group 2), Epitalon after termination of carcinogen injections (group 3) or during the period of
DMH exposure (group 4).
Colon carcinomas developed in 90-100% of DMH-treated rats. The number of total colon tumors per rat was
4.1; 2.7; 3.7; 2.9 in groups 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively (the difference in groups 2 and 4 compared with group 1 is
significant).
In rats from group 2, colon tumors were smaller than in control animals. In group 2, the incidence, as well the
multiplicity of tumors in ascending and descending colon, were significantly decreased in comparison with
group 1.
In group 4, the mean number of tumors per rat was significantly decreased, too. A trend to decrease the number
of tumors in the rectum in rats from groups 2, 3 and 4, treated with Epitalon was found.
Epitalon inhibited also the development of tumors in jejunum and ileum. Thus, our results demonstrated an
inhibitory effect of Epitalon on chemically induced bowel carcinogenesis in rats.
Melatonin as antioxidant, geroprotector and anticarcinogen. Buy on PUBMED.

Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 May-Jun;1757(5-6):573-89. Epub 2006 Apr 17.
Abstract: The effect of the pineal indole hormone melatonin on the life span of mice, rats and fruit flies has
been studied using various approaches. It has been observed that in female CBA, SHR, SAM and transgenic
HER-2/neu mice long-term administration of melatonin was followed by an increase in the mean life span. In
rats, melatonin treatment increased survival of male and female rats.
In D. melanogaster, supplementation of melatonin to nutrient medium during developmental stages produced
contradictory results, but and increase in the longevity of fruit flies has been observed when melatonin was
added to food throughout the life span.
In mice and rats, melatonin is a potent antioxidant both in vitro and in vivo. Melatonin alone turned out neither
toxic nor mutagenic in the Ames test and revealed clastogenic activity at high concentration in the COMET
assay. Melatonin has inhibited mutagenesis and clastogenic effect of a number of indirect chemical mutagens.
Melatonin inhibits the development of spontaneous and 7-12-dimethlbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)- or N-
nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rodents; colon carcinogenesis induced by 1,2-
dimethylhydrazine in rats, N-diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats, DMBA-induced
carcinogenesis of the uterine cervix and vagina in mice; benzo(a)pyrene-induced soft tissue carcinogenesis and
lung carcinogenesis induced by urethan in mice.
To identify molecular events regulated by melatonin, gene expression profiles were studied in the heart and
brain of melatonin-treated CBA mice using cDNA gene expression arrays (15,247 and 16,897 cDNA clone sets,
respectively).
It was shown that genes controlling the cell cycle, cell/organism defense, protein expression and transport are
the primary effectors for melatonin. Melatonin also increased the expression of some mitochondrial genes (16S,
cytochrome c oxidases 1 and 3 (COX1 and COX3), and NADH dehydrogenases 1 and 4 (ND1 and ND4)),
which agrees with its ability to inhibit free radical processes.
Of great interest is the effect of melatonin upon the expression of a large number of genes related to calcium
exchange, such as Cul5, Dcamkl1 and Kcnn4; a significant effect of melatonin on the expression of some
oncogenesis-related genes was also detected.
Thus, we believe that melatonin may be used for the prevention of premature aging and carcinogenesis.
Telomere length in early life predicts lifespan Free .PDF.

Edited by Cynthia Kenyon, University of California, San Francisco, CA, and approved November 29, 2011.
Abstract: The attrition of telomeres, the ends of eukaryote chromosomes, is thought to play an important role
in cell deterioration with advancing age. The observed variation in telomere length among individuals of the
same age is therefore thought to be related to variation in potential longevity.
Studies of this relationship are hampered by the time scale over which individuals need to be followed,
particularly in long-lived species where lifespan variation is greatest. So far, data are based either on simple
comparisons of telomere length among different age classes or on individuals whose telomere length is
measured at most twice and whose subsequent survival is monitored for only a short proportion of the typical
lifespan. Both approaches are subject to bias.
Key studies, in which telomere length is tracked from early in life, and actual lifespan recorded, have been
lacking. We measured telomere length in zebra ?nches (n=99) from the nestling stage and at various points
thereafter, and recorded their natural lifespan (which varied from less than 1 to almost 9 y). We found telomere
length at 25 d to be a very strong predictor of realized lifespan (P < 0.001); those individuals living longest had
relatively long telomeres at all points at which they were measured. Reproduction increased adult telomere loss,
but this effect appeared transient and did not influence survival.
Our results provide the strongest evidence available of the relationship between telomere length and lifespan
and emphasize the importance of understanding factors that determine early life telomere length.
Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Leukocyte Telomere Length in Women Free .PDF.
Mengmeng Du, Jennifer Prescott, Peter Kraft, Jiali Han, Edward Giovannucci, Susan E. Hankinson, and
Immaculata De Vivo
Abstract: Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is a potential indicator of cellular aging; however, its relation to
physical activity and sedentary behavior is unclear.
The authors examined cross-sectionally associations among activity, sedentary behavior, and LTL among 7,813
women aged 43–70 years in the Nurses’ Health Study. Participants self-reported activity by questionnaire in
1988 and 1992 and sedentary behavior in 1992. Telomere length in peripheral blood leukocytes, collected in
1989–1990, was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The least-squares mean telomere length
(z-score) was calculated after adjustment for age and other potential confounders. For total activity, moderately
or highly active women had a 0.07-standard deviation (SD) increase in LTL (2-sidedPtrend¼0.02) compared
with those least active.
Greater moderate- or vigorous-intensity activity was also associated with increased LTL (SD ¼ 0.11 for 2–4 vs.
<1 hour/week and 0.04 for 7 vs. <1 hour/week; 2-sided Ptrend ¼ 0.02). Specifically, calisthenics or aerobics
was associated with increased LTL (SD ¼ 0.10 for 2.5 vs. 0 hours/week; 2-sided Ptrend ¼ 0.04). Associations
remained after adjusment for body mass index. Other specific activities and sitting were unassociated with LTL.
Although associations were modest, these findings suggest that even moderate amounts of activity may be
associated with longer telomeres, warranting further investigation in large prospective studies.
Telomere length, cigarette smoking, and bladder cancer risk in men and women. Free on PMC.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007 Apr;16(4):815-9.
Abstract: Truncated telomeres are among the defining characteristics of most carcinomas. Given the role of
telomeres in tumorigenesis, we reasoned that constitutionally short telomeres might be associated with an
increased risk of bladder cancer. Using quantitative real-time PCR, we measured relative telomere length in
bladder cancer cases and healthy controls and evaluated the association between telomere length, cigarette
smoking, and bladder cancer risk in a case-control study nested within the Health Professionals Follow-up
Study and a case-control study nested within the Nurses’ Health Study.
Telomeres were significantly shorter in bladder cancer cases (n = 184) than in controls (n = 192). The mean
relative telomere length in cases was 0.23 (SD, 0.16) versus 0.27 (SD, 0.15) in controls (P = 0.001). The
adjusted odds ratio for bladder cancer was 1.88 (95% confidence interval, 1.05, 3.36) for individuals in the
quartile with the shortest telomeres as compared with individuals in the quartile with the longest telomeres
(P(trend) = 0.006).
We observed a statistically significant difference in telomere length among men and women (P < 0.001);
however, the interaction between gender, telomere length, and bladder cancer risk was not significant.
We also observed a significant difference in telomere length across categories of pack-years of smoking (P =
0.01). These findings suggest that truncated telomeres are associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer.
Associations between Rotating Night Shifts, Sleep Duration, and Telomere Length in Women Free on
PMC.
PLoS One. 2011; 6(8): e23462. Published online 2011 August 10. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023462
Background: Telomere length has been proposed as a marker of aging. However, our knowledge of lifestyle
risk factors determining telomere length is limited.
Methods: We evaluated the associations between years of rotating night shifts, self-reported sleep duration, and
telomere length in 4,117 female participants from the Nurses’ Health Study. Telomere length in peripheral blood
leukocytes was determined by Real-Time PCR assay. Information on rotating night shifts and sleep duration
was collected via questionnaires prior to blood collection. We used multivariable linear regression to investigate
the associations between rotating night shifts, sleep duration, and telomere length.
Results: Compared with women in the category (9 hours), those in the lowest category of sleep duration (<6
hours) had a 0.12 unit decrease in z score after adjustment for age, BMI and cigarette smoking (equivalent to 9-
year telomere attrition, P for trend =0.05). Significant positive association between sleep duration and telomere
length was seen among women under age of 50 (P for trend =0.004), but not among those over 50 (P for trend
=0.33) (P for interaction =0.005). In addition, we observed that women with a longer history of rotating night
shifts tended to have shorter telomere length, but this relation was not statistically significant (P for trend
=0.36).
Conclusion: We found that sleep duration was positively associated with telomere length among women under
50 years old. Further research is needed to confirm the observed associations.
Relative Telomere Length and Cognitive Decline in the Nurses’ Health Study Free on PMC.
Neurosci Lett. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 March 29.
Abstract: Telomeres are short DNA repeats on the ends of mammalian chromosomes, which can undergo
incomplete replication leading to gradual shortening with each cell cycle.
Age and oxidative stress are contributors to telomere shortening; thus, telomere length may be a composite
measure of biologic aging, and a potential predictor of health status in older adults.
We evaluated whether relative telomere length (the proportion of telomere repeat copy number to single gene
copy number, using a real-time PCR method) predicts cognitive decline measured ten years later among ~2,000
older participants in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS). Mixed linear regression was used to evaluate mean
differences in cognitive decline according to telomere length. After adjustment for potential confounders, we
found that decreasing telomere length was associated with more cognitive decline, although associations were
modest (e.g. for a global score, averaging all six tests in our cognitive battery, mean difference=0.03 standard
units per SD increase in telomere length; p=0.04).
The magnitude of these estimates was similar to the differences we find in this cohort for women one year apart
in age (e.g. the differences that we observe between women who are 73 versus 74 years of age); thus, our
results suggest that telomere length is not a particularly powerful marker of impending cognitive decline.
Synthetic drugs with anti-ageing effects. Buy on PUBMED.

G.H.G. Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana 141104, India.
Abstract: Although ageing is a natural wear and tear phenomenon, it can at least be postponed or prevented by
certain approaches. Some chemicals that are present in the diet or in dietary supplements have been
documented to have anti-ageing effects. Recently, a number of synthetic drugs used for other therapeutic
indications have been shown to have anti-ageing potential.
Herbals in the control of ageing. Buy on PUBMED.

G.H.G. Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana 141104, India.
Abstract: The significance of herbals and herbal products is gaining worldwide recognition. The concept of
complementary or alternative medicine is becoming much more widely accepted, and there is an increasing
belief in the efficacy of herbal remedies. Recently, the role of herbal drugs, herbal products and certain
phytochemicals in the control of ageing has been documented using modern scientific approaches. This review
pulls together such studies and critiques the efficacy and value of herbal medicines in the control of the ageing
process.
Resveratrol – Slowing the Aging Process
The free radical theory of aging

Recently, the free radical theory of aging (FRTA) has been gaining credibility. This theory states that humans
age as a result of cells accumulating damage over time from ‘free radicals’ which trigger a wide variety of age-
related diseases.
Free Radicals
Free radicals are groups of atoms with unpaired electrons which are created when certain molecules interact
with oxygen. Once these free radicals are formed, they start a harmful chain reaction that damages cellular
components. As a result, cells start aging, their performance significantly slows and they eventually die. The
key defense our body uses to fight free radicals is antioxidants.
Antioxidants
Antioxidants are a group of molecules that safely interact with free radicals and neutralise them. In the body,
there is a comprehensive system of antioxidants including vitamins C and E. However, there are many powerful
antioxidants that our bodies don’t synthesize including Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in plants and red wine.
Resveratrol – What is it?

Resveratrol is a naturally-synthesized polyphenol (a group of plant compounds) that serves as a barrier of
defence against fungal invasions in plants. It is found in grape skins, wine (especially red wine), blueberries,
peanuts, and Japanese knotweed. Resveratrol is a powerful antioxidant responsible for neutralizing free radicals
and preventing them from damaging cells.
The benefits of Resveratrol are impressive, and there have been over 4,400 studies conducted that show how
it helps promote and protect our health.
The benefits of Resveratrol include:
• increasing heart health and longevity
• increasing muscle health
• protecting the body from heart disease, diabetes and cancer
• promoting cell health and longevity
• protecting spinal cord from injury
• supporting dental and oral health
• suppressing certain cancers
• lowering hypertension
• decreasing blood sugar levels
• reducing bad cholesterol
It is an impressive list.
Resveratrol – How it works
Resveratrol works in two ways:
1. It protects the inner lining of the arteries from free radical damage
2. It optimizes the dilation of blood vessels by protecting the body’s ability to manufacture nitric oxide,
which is critical to keeping our blood vessels dilated.
These two amazing functions of Resveratrol allow it to play a preventative and positive role in the neutralising
of many age-related diseases. Below are some of the particular benefits that Resveratrol offers.
The Benefits of Resveratrol

Resveratrol – Preventing cancer initiation
Cancer comes about in three successive stages: initiation, promotion, and progression. Resveratrol prevents the
development of cancer in all three stages. The best way to reduce cancer is by preventing it from entering the
first stage, of initiation. Resveratrol does this by inhibiting the pro-inflammatory enzymes responsible for
cancer’s initiation. In addition, Resveratrol potentiates the activity of certain enzymes responsible for
destroying carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). Therefore, Resveratrol is proactive in the early stages of
cancer development.
The second stage, promotion, may take years to develop and this is where diet and exercise play a vital role in
keeping cancer in check. Resveratrol plays a powerful role in this stage and in the final stage, significantly
reducing the size of tumours. In numerous studies, Resveratrol has been effective in inhibiting a wide variety of
cancers including:
• lung cancer
• colorectal cancer
• gastric cancer
• breast cancer
• prostate cancer
• skin cancer (specifically melanoma)
It has also been effective in suppressing cancers including leukaemia, fibrosarcoma, and neuroblastoma.
Resveratrol – Preventing heart disease and stroke

Free radicals, which cause oxidative stress, are the source of many age-related diseases, including heart disease.
It develops when the walls of the arteries become inflamed due to oxidative stress, resulting in collagen cell and
muscle build up.
Studies have found that Resveratrol reduces the risk of vascular oxidation related to heart disease. It eliminates
the free radicals responsible for cellular damage, increases the production of nitric oxide, which plays a
protective role for our cardiovascular health, and inhibits platelet aggregation which causes stroke. In all these
ways, Resveratrol prevents heart-related diseases such as:
• cardiovascular disease
• coronary heart disease
• stroke
• heart attacks
Resveratrol – Preventing diabetes
Scientific studies also demonstrate the beneficial role of Resveratrol in the prevention of diabetes. Research in
the United Kingdom displayed the ability of Resveratrol to protect against the high production of glucose in
diabetics patients which can damage ‘mitochondria’, the cell’s power-generating units. Resveratrol effectively
eliminates the free radicals responsible for such glucose damage. Leading scientist and researcher, Dr. Matt
Whiteman, mentions that “antioxidant effects (of Resveratrol) …are well-documented … our research shows
the link between high levels of glucose, its damaging effect on cell structure, and the ability of Resveratrol to
protect against, and mend that damage”.
Resveratrol – Fighting obesity, a significant cause of cancer

Obesity is a significant factor in cancer development worldwide, and in 2008 over two-thirds of Americans, for
example, were either overweight or obese. However, it has now been persuasively demonstrated that
Resveratrol can treat the major obesity-related health concerns by creating the same conditions as a calorie-
restricted diet (limiting the intake of calories while maintaining the appropriate intake of vital nutrients and
minerals).
In a 2006 Harvard study, Dr. David Sinclair and his colleagues conducted a study showing how Resveratrol
prevented many obesity-related diseases. He reported that “just with a simple molecule [Resveratrol] … you
can reduce most of the negative impact of obesity, even if you do not lose weight. These negative impacts
include diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease which can eventually kill people who are
overweight”.
Resveratrol – Extending human longevity through mimicking calorie restriction

In addition to the role of Resveratrol in preventing age-related diseases, which would indirectly imply that
Resveratrol extends human life, there have been other studies conducted during the past two decades
establishing a direct relationship between Resveratrol and extended lifespan. Among these was a study
conducted by a life-extension sponsored research centre. The study showed how Resveratrol mimicked calorie
restriction, which is the number one documented anti-aging strategy to date. In animal testing, caloric
restriction improved age-related health decline with studies showing that Resveratrol-induced calorie restriction
prolonged animal life by as much as 60%.
Resveratrol – Dosage and availability

The recommended daily dosage of Resveratrol is at least 250 mg. There are no known side effects of
Resveratrol, but as the actual percentage of Resveratrol in supplement products may vary, it is important to buy
supplements from a reputable source and follow the dosage recommendations.
Resveratrol can be consumed through drinking red wine or by taking natural supplements. As wine
consumption can carry alcohol-related health risks, the natural preference for most people is to take Resveratrol
as a supplement.

References
1. American Association for Cancer Research (2008). Cancer Preventive Properties Identified In
Resveratrol, Found In Red Wine, Red Grapes. Science Daily. Retrieved July 4, 2015
from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080707081848.htm
2. Athar M., Back J.H., Tang X., Kim K.H., Kopelovich L., Bickers D.R., Kim A.L. (2007). Resveratrol: A
review of pre-clinical studies for human cancer prevention. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology .
224(3): 274–283.
3. FREE PDF: Baur, J.A., Pearson, K.J., Price, N.L. (2006). Resveratrol improves health and survival of
mice on a high-calorie diet. Nature. 444(7117):337-42.
4. Chung, M.Y., Lim, T.G., Lee, K.W. (2013). Molecular mechanisms of chemopreventive phytochemicals
against gastroenterological cancer development. The World Journal of Gastroenterology. 19(7): 984-
993.
5. Guarente, L., Picard, F. (2005). Calorie restriction—the SIR2 connection. Cell. 120(4):473-82.
6. FREE PDF: Heilbronn, L.K., de Jonge, L., Frisard, M.I. (2006). Effect of 6-month calorie restriction on
biomarkers of longevity, metabolic adaptation, and oxidative stress in overweight individuals: a
randomized controlled trial. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 295(13):1539-48.
7. Ingram, D.K., Anson, R.M., DeCabo, R. (2004). Development of calorie restriction mimetics as a
prolongevity strategy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1019: 412-423.\
8. FREE PDF: Pistell, P. J., Bauer, J. A., Pearson, K. J., Price, N. L., Kalra, A., Allard, J. S., . . .
Sinclaire, D. A. (2006). Resveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet (7117).
Retrieved from Nature website: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17086191
9. FREE: Prasad K. (2012). Resveratrol, Wine, and Atherosclerosis. The International Journal of
Angiology. 21:7–18.
10.Dr. Sinatra, S. (2015, March 9). Retrieved from http://www.drsinatra.com/the-health-benefits-of-
resveratrol
11.BOOK: Dr. Sinclair, D.A. (2005). Toward a unified theory of caloric restriction and longevity
regulation. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 126(9): 987-1002.
12.FREE PDF: Smoliga, J.M., Bost, J., Maroon, J.C. (2007). Potential benefits of resveratrol
supplementation for optimizing health and preventing chronic disease. ConsumerLab.
13.BOOK: Soleas, G. J., Diamandis, E. P., & Goldberg, D. M. (2000). The world of resveratrol. NY: The
American Institute of Cancer Research. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publisher. Retrieved from FREE
PDF: http://www.utoronto.ca/acdclab/pubs/PM/11480664.pdf
14.The Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (2008). Grape Skin Compound Fights The
Complications of Diabetes. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 21, 2008, from http://www.sciencedaily.com
/releases/2008/03/080318094514.htm
15.Valenzano, D.R., Terzibasi, E., Genade, T. (2006). Resveratrol prolongs lifespan and retards the onset of
age-related markers in a short-lived vertebrate. Current Biology. 16(3):296-300.
• Home
• As nootropic
• As anti-ageing
ANTI AGEING
• Resveratrol
• L-Carnosine
Carnosine: The Naturally Occurring Wonder
Supplement
The modern day vitamin and supplement market is filled with products making bold and
unsubstantiated claims. There are products alleging they can prevent cancer, eliminate wrinkles, slow down the
ageing process, and more. A very small percentage of these products actually do what they claim.
L-Carnosine is one among the rare dietary supplements that studies show do deliver on their health claims. This
dietary supplement is a naturally-occurring protein that was showcased on the Dr. Oz TV show in 2012 as the
miracle drug that cures aging. It has since been shown to cure certain types of cancer and has many other health
benefits backed up by scientific evidence.
What is L-Carnosine?
L-Carnosine, or simply carnosine, is a naturally-occurring dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alinine and
histidine. It is found in high concentrations in the muscle tissue, brain, heart, and eyes; basically in those tissues
that live longest in mammals. It is a natural protein that has a lot of essential benefits for a healthy life. It was
discovered by Russian chemist Vladimir Gulevich in the early 1900s, and even though there wasn’t much
interest in Carnosine outside Russia until the 1990s, it has recently been causing quite a stir.
Carnosine delivers its benefits in two basic ways. First, it delays the aging process of cells (senescence) and
rejuvenates these healthy cells. Secondly, it is toxic to cancerous cells, thereby inhibiting their growth. It is its
dual action – lengthening the lifespan of good cells while being toxic to degenerated ones. Scientists speculate
that Carnosine implements these double actions
“by affecting the energy metabolism and/or protein homeostasis (proteostasis)…Carnosine’s ability to reduce
the formation of altered proteins…and enhance proteolysis of aberrant polypeptides is indicative of its
influence on proteostasis” (Hipkiss et al., 2013. p. 1).
It means that Carnosine can be used in the treatment and prevention of a wide variety of age-related conditions.
A proven wonder drug indeed.
The Benefits and Research behind Carnosine

Studies have shown Carnosine provides a wide variety of health benefits. It promotes heart health, controls
Alzheimer’s, inhibits cancer cell growth, prevents Parkinson’s Disease, fights type-2 diabetes complications
and, perhaps the most popular benefit of all, it slows down the aging process. The following brief descriptions
of the benefits include scientific studies that back up each of these claims:
Carnosine – Fighting Cancer and Chemotherapy Side Effects

Through its actions on glycolysis (the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy), Carnosine has a
detrimental effect on cancerous tumor cells by inhibiting their growth. There are a number of studies
investigating the use of Carnosine on tumour cells. A 2010 study by Renner et al. shows how Carnosine inhibits
ATP production of certain cancer cells (which inhibits the survival and multiplication of these cells). Another
study (Gaunitz et al., 2010) found that Carnosine prevented tumour growth in mice.
In addition to all this, Carnosine has been found to decrease the side effects of chemotherapy. A 2012 study in
the April issue of Cell Biochemistry and Function reported how Carnosine protected mice from detrimental
damage caused by the chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide. Carnosine significantly reduced the damage to
blood cells and other parts of the body caused by cyclophosphamide.
Carnosine – Promoting a Healthy Heart

According to research on animal cultures, Carnosine can protect the heart during attacks. During an actual heart
attack, blood flow to the heart is reduced. When this happens, Carnosine actually minimizes damage to heart
cells and protects the heart from lasting complications. Moreover, Carnosine improves the heart’s ability to
pump (contractility) by enhancing the response of calcium in heart myocytes, thus reducing the chance of
having a heart attack in the first place.
Carnosine – A Natural Antioxidant

In 1997, a research study was conducted that demonstrated the protective effects of Carnosine against a toxic
compound called malondialdehyde (MDA) which is known to cause aging and other complications (Hipkiss et
al., 1997). If MDA is left uncontrolled in the human body, through its toxicity it can cause severe damage to
certain lipids, DNA, and enzymes resulting in significant aging. Again, Carnosine has been shown to protect
cells from the effects of MDA.
Carnosine – Preventing High Blood Pressure

Since Carnosine was discovered in Russia, Russian scientists have led the research into the benefits of
Carnosine and have consistently shown that carnosine can help lower blood pressure. These studies
demonstrated that mammals with high Carnosine levels have lower blood pressure compared to those with low
Carnosine levels.
Carnosine – Fighting the Complications of Type-2 Diabetes

Carnosine minimizes the effects of a wide range of age-related health conditions. Among these conditions are
the complications of Type-2 Diabetes, diabetes-related kidney disease, cataracts, and more. The major
contributing factor of these complications is the Methylglyoxal (MG)-induced glycation of proteins. Carnosine
has been shown to protect proteins from being modified by MG and thus has been used as a preventative
measure against type-2 diabetes complications.
In addition, research has shown that Carnosine may help suppress diabetes-related pain meaning that not only
can carnosine prevent or minimize a variety of type-2 diabetes complications, but it can also minimize the
associated excruciating pain. When it comes to type-2 Diabetes, Carnosine appears to have multiple benefits.
Carnosine – Anti Aging

The most well-known aspect of Carnosine is its anti-aging properties, helping people to look young for longer
as well as providing numerous health benefits already cited!
In 1994, Mcfarland and Holliday conducted a study showing that when Carnosine is added to certain cultures of
human cells (primary human fibroblast cells), the lifespan of these cells significantly increased showing that
senescence (aging) was significantly delayed in these cells. As a Kreloff study advises, the key to a long and
healthy life is to “keep your cells bathed in Carnosine”.
Conclusion: How to Add Carnosine to Your Diet
Carnosine is available as a daily supplement taken orally. To get the maximum health benefits of Carnosine, the
recommended daily dosage for a typical adult is at least 600 mg. It is recommended that you take Carnosine
supplements before meals, and divide the daily amount into two separate dosages to be taken before breakfast
and dinner.
To conclude, the benefits of Carnosine are too many to be ignored. In today’s world of poor eating habits and
toxic pollution, taking Carnosine as a daily health supplement may be more important than ever.

REFERENCES
1. PDF: Boldyrev, A.A., Gallant, S.C., Sukhich, G.T. (1999). Carnosine, the protective, anti-aging
peptide. Bioscience Report. 19: 581-587
2. Boldyrev, A.A. (1999). Effect of carnosine on age-induced changes in senescence-accelerated
mice. Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine. 2(4):337-342.
3. Chan, W.K., Decker, E.A., Chow, C.K., Boissonneault, G.A. (1994). Effect of dietary carnosine on
plasma and tissue antioxidant concentrations and on lipid oxidation in rat skeletal muscle. Lipids.
29(7):461-466.
4. Ermakova, V.N., Babizhaev, M.A., Bunin, A. (1988). Effect of carnosine on intraocular
pressure. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 105(4):451-453. doi:10.1007/BF00841198
5. Gaunitz, F., Renner, C., Zemitzsch, N., Fuchs, B., Geiger, K., Hermes, M., . . . Meixensberger, J.
(2010). Carnosine retards tumor growth in vivo in an NIH3T3-HER2/neu mouse model. Molecular
Cancer, 9(2).
6. Hipkiss, A.R., Michealis, J., Syrris, P. (1995). Non-enzymatic glycosylation of the dipeptide L-
carnosine, a potential anti-protein-cross-linking agent. FEBS Letters. 371:81-85
7. Hipkiss, A.R., Brownson, C., Carrier, M.J. (2001). Carnosine, the anti-ageing, anti-oxidant dipeptide,
may react with protein carbonyl groups. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 122(13):1431-1445.
8. PDF: Hipkiss, A.R., Brownson, C., Bertani, M.F., Ruiz, E., Ferro, A. (2002). Reaction of carnosine with
aged proteins: Another protective process? Annals of the New York Academy of the Sciences. 959:285-
294.
9. Hipkiss, A. R. (2006). Would carnosine or a carnivorous diet help suppress aging and associated
pathologies? Annals of the New York Academy of the Sciences. 1067:369-374.
10.Hipkiss, A. R., Cartwright, S. P., Bromley, C., Gross, S. R., & Bill, R. M. (2013). Carnosine: can
understanding its actions on energy metabolism and protein homeostasis inform its therapeutic
potential? Chemistry Central Journal, 1-9. Retrieved from
journal.chemistrycentral.com/content/pdf/1752-153X-7-38.pdf
11.BOOK: Holliday, R., Mcfarland, G.A. (2000). A role for carnosine in cellular
maintenance. Biochemistry (Moscow). 65:843-848.
12.FREE: Iovine B, Oliviero G, Garofalo M, Orefice M, Nocella F, Borbone N, et al. (2014) The Anti-
Proliferative Effect of Carnosine Correlates with a Decreased Expression of Hypoxia Inducible Factor
1 alpha in Human Colon Cancer Cells. PLoS ONE. 9(5): e96755. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096755
13.Kamei, J., Ohsawa, M., Miyata, S., & Tanaka, S. (2008). Preventive effect of carnosine on changes in
the thermal nociceptive threshold in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. European Journal of
Pharmacology, 600:83-86.
14.Kim, J., Sohn, E., Kim, C. S., & Kim, J. S. (2011). Renal podocyte apoptosis in Zucker diabetic fatty
rats: involvement of methylglyoxal-induced oxidative DNA damage. Journal of Comparative
Pathology, 144:41-47.
15.PDF: Kreloff, J. (2002). Carnosine: Powerful anti-aging nutrient. Retrieved from Designs for Health
Institute website:
www.rockwellnutrition.com/assets/images/docs/Carnosine-Anti-Aging.pdf
1. Kumar, P. A., Kumar, M. S., & Reddy, G. B. (2007). Effect of glycation on alpha-crystallin structure and
chaperone-like function. Journal of Biochemistry. 408:251-258.
2. FREE: Maynard, L.M., Boissonneault, G.A., Chow, C.K., Bruckner, G.G. (2001). High levels of dietary
carnosine are associated with increased concentrations of carnosine and histidine in rat soleus
mucscle. Journal of Nutrition. 131(2):287-290.
3. PDF: Mcfarland, G. A., & Holliday, R. (1994). Retardation of the senescence of cultured human diploid
fibroblasts by carnosine. Experimental Cell Research. 212(2):167-175. doi:10.1006/excr.1994.1132
4. Mcfarland, G.A., Holliday, R. (1999). Further evidence for the rejuvenating effects of the dipeptide L-
carnosine on cultured human diploid fibroblasts. Experimental Gerontology. 34:35-45.
5. Naghshvar, F., Abianeh, S. M., Ahmadashrafi, S., & Hosseinimehr, S. J. (2012). Chemoprotective effects
of carnosine against genotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide in mice bone marrow cells. Cell
Biochemical Functions. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22535690
6. Ohsawa, M., Mutoh, J., Asato, M., Yamamoto, S., Ono, H., Hisa, H., & Kamei, J. (2012). Carnosine has
antinociceptive properties in the inflammation-induced nociceptive response in mice. European Journal
of Pharmacology. 682:56-61.
7. Quinn, P. J., Boldyrev, A. A., & Formazuyk, V. E. (1992). Carnosine: Its properties, functions, and
potential therapeutic applications. Molecular Aspects in Medicine. 13:379-444.
8. Renner, C., Asperger, A., Seyffarth, A., Meixensberger, J., Gebhardt, R., & Gaunitz, F.
(2010). Carnosine inhibits ATP production in cells from malignant glioma. Neurological Research. p.
101 – 105.
9. Ririe, D. G., Roberts, P. R., Shouse, M. N., & Zaloga, G. P. (2000). Vasodilatory actions of the dietary
peptide carnosine. Nutrition. 16:168-172.
10.Roberts, P. R., Black, K. W., Santamauro, J. T., & Zaloga, G. P. (1998). Dietary peptides improve wound
healing following surgery. Nutrition. 14:266-269.
11.Stovlinsky, S. L., & Dobrota, D. (2000). Anti-ischemic activity of carnosine. Biochemistry
(Moscow). 65:849-855.
12.Stvolinsky, S.L., Kukley, M., Dobrota, D., Mezesova, V., Boldyrev, A. (2000). Carnosine protects rats
under global ischemia. Brain Research Bulletin. 53(4):445-448.
13.Tamaki, N., Funatsuka, A., Fujimoto, S., Hama, T. (1984). The utilization of carnosine in rats fed on a
histidine-free diet and its effect on the levels of tissue histidine and carnosine. Journal of Vitamin and
Nutritional Science (Tokyo). 30(4):541-551.
14.FREE: Yuneva, M.O., Bulygina, E.R., Gallant, S.C., Kramarenko, G.G., Stvolinsky, S.L., Semyonova,
M.L. (1999). Effect of carnosine on age-induced changes in senescence-accelerated mice. Journal of
Anti-Ageing Medicine. 2:337–42
PDF: Zaloga, G. P., Roberts, P. R., & Black, K. W. (1997). Carnosine is a novel peptide modulator of
intracellular and contractility in cardiac cells. American Journal of Physiology, 272.
Epitalon and pineal gland
The pineal gland
The pineal gland is a small endocrine gland located in the epithalamus close to the middle of
the brain and it has the shape of a pine cone, hence the name. Structurally the pineal gland is composed mostly
of pinealocytes, the cells that produce melatonin.
The pineal gland is an important bioregulatory system of the body that produces the hormone melatonin which
has the role of controlling our biological clocks,our sleep and wake cycles based on the level of received light,
and regulate certain reproductive hormones.
There are a few studies that show that besides melatonin there is a peptide made by the pineal gland called
epithalamin that also has a big influence on health of the body. [2][3]
“Most investigators have invoked melatonin as the primary mediator of the endocrine capabilities of the
pineal gland. However, there is evidence that some of the effects of the pineal gland may be a result of pineal
peptide secretion.” [3]
Epithalamin a pineal peptide preparation
Epithalamin is also known and sold as Epitalon, it is a small peptide made of four amino acids
(Ala–Glu–Asp–Gly) and a potent bioregulator that increases melatonin production, has antioxidant effects,
inhibits the formation and growth of cancer, elongates telomeres, attenuates inflammation and helps regulate
the endocrine activity in the body. [2][3]
It has also been proven through studies that the use of epitalon combats the negative effects of stress and
regulates pineal secretions and protects the pineal gland of pathological changes. [1]
Pineal gland calcification
The pineal gland often appears in x-rays as calcified due to fluoride, calcium and phosphorus
crystal deposits that accumulate with age.
There are many assumptions about what causes the calcification, among the reasons most mentioned including
fluoride in water and toothpaste, food additives and artificial sweeteners.
Calcification rates of the pineal gland vary widely from country to country and are correlated with age,
although cases have been observed even in children as early as 2 years old. Calcification occurs in an estimated
40% of Americans by their 17th year.
It is very important to maintain the proper functioning of the pineal gland due to the important work it does in
the body, namely to ensure the proper transmission of nerve signals and ensure a balanced hormonal endocrine
system.
How to decalcify the Pineal Gland

To prevent or to decalcify the pineal gland it is important to avoid the factors that lead there in the first place.
Avoid using fluoridated water by using bottled water or a water filter, use a fluoride free toothpaste, if possible
eat natural fruits and vegetables without pesticides, use supplements that stimulate the pineal gland such as raw
chocolate, melatonin, epitalon (also a stimulant of melatonin), eliminate mercury fillings, meditate.
Epitalon helps in the decalcification process by having a reparative effect on the pineal gland by stimulating its
activity and increasing the production of melatonin.
“Electron microscopy of the pineal gland in gamma-irradiated rats treated with epitalon revealed ultrastructural
signs attesting to enhancement of its functional activity.” [5]
Pineal Gland, Melatonin & Circadian Rhythm

Melatonin secretion by the pineal gland regulates the biological rhythms of the sleep-wake cycles. Melatonin is
secreted in different amounts during the day and night reaching a peak during the night and although it does not
induce sleep by itself it contributes to a good restful sleep.
The circadian rhythm is a cycle of biological activity based on a period of 24 hours responding primarily to
light and darkness in an organism’s environment. These cycles can be disrupted by changes in the normal daily
schedule such as working in night shifts or staying in artificial light during the night.
Jet lag is the same thing and it is happening due to fast changes in the environment that can throw off sleep and
wake cycles. It becomes difficult to sleep at night and stay awake during the day and it leaves you with a sense
of fatigue and irritation due to disruption of normal secretion of melatonin.
In this case, it has repeatedly been demonstrated that taking melatonin, or even better epitalon that increases the
natural secretion of melatonin, close to the target bedtime of the destination can alleviate symptoms; it has the
greatest beneficial effect when jet lag is the worst, when crossing many time zones.
Sleep disorders and old age

Along with age it has been observed a decrease in natural melatonin secretion. A study made in 2007 on
epitalon use in older patients showed that it helped restore the pineal gland function and increase the secretion
of melatonin, which is the basic factor in regulating and restoring normal sleep.
“In the course of aging both monkeys and people reveal decreased night and average daily level of melatonin in
the blood plasma and reduced hormone circadian rhythm amplitude, which evidence the disorder of the pineal
gland melatonin releasing function. Peptide preparations of the pineal gland (Epithalamin–a complex of
peptides isolated from the pineal gland and Epitalon–synthetic tetrapeptide) recover night release of
endogenous melatonin and lead to the normalization of the hormone circadian rhythm in the blood plasma. In
elderly people Epithalamin and Epitalon modulate pineal gland functional state: people with pineal gland
functional insufficiency report an increase of night melatonin level. The preparations of the pineal gland,
effectively increasing melatonin concentration and having no side effects, can be used in clinical geriatric
practice.” [4]
Epitalon has an important role especially after the age of 40 years against aging not only by its action on the
brain and pineal gland but also by increasing telomere length through its action as a telomerase activator.
People who regularly consume epitalon reported better sleep patterns and deeper sleep that are essential for
repairing the body and strengthening the immune system. These effects are made possible by an increase in
endogenous melatonin secretion.
Epitalon can provide you with a better sleep, an increase in the cognitive capacities of your brain and
bio-regulate your whole body though the action of the pineal gland from which it was first extracted. It
has been intensively tested in Russia for more than 25 years and taken even by the researchers for its anti
aging and enhancing properties and it is increasingly used by more people worldwide.
References
1. Epitalon influences pineal secretion in stress-exposed rats in the daytime
http://www.nel.edu/23_56/NEL235602A10_Sibarov.htm
2. Experimental Studies of the Pineal Gland Preparation Epithalamin
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-59512-7_14
3. Twenty years of study on effects of pineal peptide preparation: epithalamin in experimental gerontology
and oncology.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8010617
4. Normalizing effect of the pineal gland peptides on the daily melatonin rhythm in old monkeys and
elderly people. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17969590
5. Reparative effect of epithalon on pineal gland ultrastructure in gamma-irradiated rats.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11329090?dopt=Abstract

Epitalon, An Anti-Aging Serum Proven To Work

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Epitalon, An Anti-Aging Serum Proven to Work

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