A

PAPER ON

ADVANCE EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT

DESIGN OF
STRUCTURES

BY

B.UMAMAHESHWARA G.SOHAIL AHAMMED

III BTECH, CIVIL III BTECH, CIVIL
Email : b.umamaheshwara10@gmail.com sohail.sam369@gmail.com
Ph.No: 8125133426 Mobile: 9703483437

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

G.PULLAREDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

 Abstract:
Existence of non-engineered buildings, no
doubt, has been one of the major cause of
collapse of buildings in most of the affected
regions. Indian Standard Codes for
Earthquake Resistant Design & construction
prescribes, besides other things, use of
properly designed structures will reduce the
effect of earthquakes. It is important to
follow the provisions of the codes in a
sincere way in construction of buildings for
mitigating the effect of such hazards in
future. Earthquake resistant buildings are
required to have the ability to sway back and
forth during an earthquake and to withstand
earthquake effects with some damage, but
without collapse. For this the structure,
particularly their main elements, need to be
built with ductility in them. To achieve the
required performance it is also important to
have right selection of building designing
techniques.
Keywords:
Base isolation, earthquake generated forces,
spherical sliding isolation systems, energy
dissipation device, energy dissipation device,
layouts.
INTRODUCTION:
Earthquake:
An earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the Earth
caused by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath
the Earth’s surface. For hundreds of millions of
years, the forces of plate tectonics have shaped the
Earth as the huge plates that form the Earth’s surface
move slowly over, under, and past each other.
Sometimes the movement is gradual. At other times,
the plates are locked together, unable to release the
accumulating energy. When the accumulated energy
grows strong enough, the plates break free causing
the ground to shake. Most earthquakes occur at the
boundaries where the plates meet; however, some
earthquakes occur in the middle of plates.
Advanced Earthquake Resistant Design
Techniques
Introduction:
The conventional approach to earthquake resistant
design of buildings depends upon providing the
building with strength, stiffness and inelastic
deformation capacity which are great enough to
withstand a given level of earthquake–generated
force. This is generally accomplished through the
selection of an appropriate structural configuration
and the careful detailing of structural members, such
as beams and columns, and the connections between
them.
Fig 1
In contrast, we can say that the basic approach
underlying more advanced techniques for earthquake
resistance is not to strengthen the building, but to
reduce the earthquake–generated forces acting upon
it. Among the most important advanced techniques of
earthquake resistant design and construction are base
isolation and energy dissipation devices.
Base Isolation
It is easiest to see this principle at work by referring
directly to the most widely used of these advanced
techniques, which is known as base isolation. A base
isolated structure is supported by a series of bearing
pads which are placed between the building and the
building's foundation.(See Figure 1) A variety of
different types of base isolation bearing pads have
now been developed. For our example, we'll discuss
lead–rubber bearings. These are among the
frequently–used types of base isolation bearings. (See
Figure 2) A lead–rubber bearing is made from layers
of rubber sandwiched together with layers of steel. In
the middle of the bearing is a solid lead "plug." On
top and bottom, the bearing is fitted with steel plates
which are used to attach the bearing to the building
and foundation. The bearing is very stiff and strong
in the vertical direction, but flexible in the horizontal
direction.
Earthquake Generated Forces:
Fig 2
To get a basic idea of how base isolation works, first
examine Figure 3. This shows an earthquake acting
on both a base isolated building and a conventional,
fixed–base, building. As a result of an earthquake, the
ground beneath each building begins to move. In
Figure 3, it is shown moving to the left.
Each building responds with movement which tends
toward the right. We say that the building undergoes
displacement towards the right. The building's
displacement in the direction opposite the ground
motion is actually due to inertia. The inertial forces
acting on a building are the most important of all
those generated during an earthquake.
It is important to know that the inertial forces which
the building undergoes are proportional to the
building's acceleration during ground motion. It is
also important to realize that buildings don't actually
shift in only one direction.
Because of the complex nature of earthquake ground
motion, the building actually tends to vibrate back
and forth in varying directions. So, Figure 3 is really
a kind of "snapshot" of the building at only one
particular point of its earthquake response.
fig 3
In addition to displacing toward the right, the un–
isolated building is also shown to be changing its
shape– from a rectangle to a parallelogram. We say
that the building is deforming. The primary cause of
earthquake damage to buildings is the deformation
which the building undergoes as a result of the
inertial forces acting upon it.
The different types of damage which buildings can
suffer are quite varied and depend upon a large
number of complicated factors. But to take one
simple example, one can easily imagine what
happens to two pieces of wood joined at a right angle
by a few nails, when the very heavy building
containing them suddenly starts to move very quickly
— the nails pull out and the connection fails.
Response of Base Isolated Building
By contrast, even though it too is displacing, the
base–isolated building retains its original, rectangular
shape. It is the lead–rubber bearings supporting the
building that are deformed. The base–isolated
building itself escapes the deformation and damage—
which implies that the inertial forces acting on the
base–isolated building have been reduced.
Experiments and observations of base–isolated
buildings in earthquakes have been shown to reduce
building accelerations to as little as 1/4 of the
acceleration of comparable fixed–base buildings,
which each building undergoes as a percentage of
gravity. As we noted above, inertial forces increase,
and decrease, proportionally as acceleration increases
or decreases.
Acceleration is decreased because the base isolation
system lengthens a building's period of vibration, the
time it takes for the building to rock back and forth
and then back again. And in general, structures with
longer periods of vibration tend to reduce
acceleration, while those with shorter periods tend to
increase or amplify acceleration.

Finally, since they are highly elastic, the rubber

isolation bearings don't suffer any damage. But what
about that lead plug in the middle of our example
bearing? It experiences the same deformation as the
rubber. However, it also generates heat as it does so.

In other words, the lead plug reduces, or dissipates,

the energy of motion—i.e., kinetic energy—by
converting that energy into heat. And by reducing the
energy entering the building, it helps to slow and
eventually stop the building's vibrations sooner than
would otherwise be the case —in other words, it
damps the building's vibrations. (Damping is the
fundamental property of all vibrating bodies which
tends to absorb the body's energy of motion, and thus
reduce the amplitude of vibrations until the body's
motion eventually ceases.)
(fig. 4)
During an earthquake, the building is free to slide on
the bearings. Since the bearings have a curved
surface, the building slides both horizontally and
vertically (See Figure 4.) The force needed to move
the building upwards limits the horizontal or lateral
forces which would otherwise cause building
deformations. Also, by adjusting the radius of the
bearing's curved surface, this property can be used to
design bearings that also lengthen the building's
period of vibration.

For more information read this article titled

protective systems for Buildings: Applications of
spherical sliding isolation systems as it describes one
particular type of spherical sliding isolation system,
and its successful use in making some structures
more earthquake resistant.

Energy Dissipation Devices:

Snapshot from shake table video of testing base
isolated (right) and regular (left) building model
Spherical Sliding Isolation Systems:
As we said earlier, lead–rubber bearings are just one
of a number of different types of base isolation
bearings which have now been developed. Spherical
Sliding Isolation Systems are another type of base
isolation. The building is supported by bearing pads
that have a curved surface and low friction.
The second of the major new techniques for
improving the earthquake resistance of buildings also
relies upon damping and energy dissipation, but it
greatly extends the damping and energy dissipation
provided by lead–rubber bearings.
As we've said, a certain amount of vibration energy is
transferred to the building by earthquake ground
motion. Buildings themselves do possess an inherent
ability to dissipate, or damp, this energy. However,
the capacity of buildings to dissipate energy before
they begin to suffer deformation and damage is quite
limited.
 The building will dissipate energy either by Damping Devices and Bracing Systems:
undergoing large scale movement or sustaining
increased internal strains in elements such as the
building's columns and beams. Both of these
eventually result in varying degrees of damage. So,
by equipping a building with additional devices
which have high damping capacity, we can greatly
decrease the seismic energy entering the building,
and thus decrease building damage.

Accordingly, a wide range of energy dissipation

devices have been developed and are now being
installed in real buildings. Energy dissipation devices
are also often called damping devices. The large
number of damping devices that have been developed
can be grouped into three broad categories:
Friction Dampers– these utilize frictional
forces to dissipate energy
 Metallic Dampers– utilize the deformation
of metal elements within the damper
 Viscoelastic Dampers– utilize the controlled
shearing of solids
 Viscous Dampers– utilized the forced
movement (orificing) of fluids within the
damper
Fluid Viscous Dampers:
(fig. 5)
Damping devices are usually installed as part of
bracing systems. Figure 5 shows one type of damper–
brace arrangement, with one end attached to a
column and one end attached to a floor beam.
Primarily, this arrangement provides the column with
additional support.
Most earthquake ground motion is in a horizontal
direction; so, it is a building's columns which
normally undergo the most displacement relative to
the motion of the ground. Figure 5 also shows the
damping device installed as part of the bracing
system and gives some idea of its action.

Once again, to try to illustrate some of the general

principles of damping devices, we'll look more
closely at one particular type of damping device, the
Fluid Viscous Damper, which is one variety of
viscous dampers that has been widely utilized and
has proven to be very effective in a wide range of
applications.

The article, titled application of fluid viscous

dampers to earthquake resistant design, describes the
basic characteristics of fluid viscous dampers, the
process of developing and testing them, and the
installation of fluid viscous dampers in an actual
building to make it more earthquake resistant.
 New Earthquake –Resistant Design pulls
Buildings upright after violent quake:

Keeping Buildings Upright During Quakes A

new structural system dissipates energy to
replaceable fuses and pulls buildings back
upright after violent earthquakes. Xiang Ma,
Stanford University

When a quake strikes, the new system dissipates

energy through steel frames in the building's core
and exterior. These frames are free to rock up and
down within fittings fixed at their bases. Steel
tendons made from twisted steel cables run the
length of each frame, keeping the frames from
moving so much that the building could shear.
When the quake stops, these tensile tendons pull
the frames back down into the "shoes" at their
bases, returning the building to its plumb, upright
position.

So where does all that energy go? At the base of

each frame is a flexible steel "fuse" that takes the
brunt of the force, keeping the frame and
constituent tendons from shouldering the entire
load. The fuses are easily replaceable when they
blow -- just like an electrical fuse -- so after a
quake, the building can be refitted with fresh fuses
for its next bout with Earth's occasional tectonic
fits.

Many elements of the system have been tested

before, this is the first time they've been melded
into a complete system and successfully put
through the motions. For testing, the team
constructed a three-quarters-size model of a
standard three-story office building, with a
footprint 120 by 180 feet, and a mass comparable
to a full-size building. Then they shook the hell out
of it. Even at a magnitude 1.75 times that of the
1994 Northridge earthquake -- itself a 6.7 on the
Richter scale -- the only damage recorded in the
frame was in the replaceable fuses.

Effect of shape of a building during earth Destruction due to undesirable design:

quake:
Earthquakes cause massive vibrations in the
According to building codes earthquake-resistant Earth’s crust. This can cause a number of problems
structures are meant to withstand the largest in the ground, which in turn becomes a hazard to
earthquake of a certain probability that is likely to all life and property. The effect depends on the
occur at their location. This means the loss of life geology of soil and topography of the land.
should be minimized by preventing collapse of the
buildings for rare earthquakes while the loss of
functionality should be limited for more frequent
ones
 (5) Analytical tools for reliable prediction of
structural response.
(6)It is fairly well accepted that earthquakes will
continue to occur and cause disasters if we are not
prepared. Assessing earthquake risk and improving
engineering strategies to mitigate damages are the
only options before us. Geologists, seismologists
and engineers are continuing their efforts to meet
the requirements of improved zoning maps, reliable
databases of earthquake processes and their effects;
better understanding of site characteristics and
development of EQRDs. As for the engineer, the
ultimate goal will remain the same: to design the
perfect, but costeffective structure, that behaves in
a predictable and acceptable manner. The ongoing
research and development activities in the area of
EQRD of structures offer significant promise in
realizing that goal in the coming years.

References:
1. Hamburger, R. O. and Holmes, W. T., Vision
statement: EERI/
1964 Niigata earthquake FEMA Performance-based seismic engineering
project, Background
The most destructive of all earthquake hazards is document for EERI/FEMA action plan, Earthquake
caused by seismic waves reaching the ground Engineering
surface at places where human-built structures, Research Institute, Oakland, CA, 1998.
such as buildings and bridges, are located. When 2. Der Kiureghian, A., Advances in Earthquake
seismic waves reach the surface of the earth at such Engineering, University
places, they give rise to what is known as strong of California, Berkeley, CA, 1994.
ground motion. Strong ground motions cause’s 3. Priestley, M. J. N., Proc. 12WCEE, Auckland,
buildings and other structures to move and shake in New Zealand, Paper
a variety of complex ways. Many buildings cannot No. 2831 on CD-ROM, Feb. 2000.
withstand this movement and suffer damages of 4. Freeman, S. A., Proc. 6US NCEE, Seattle, 1998.
various kinds and degrees. 5. Moehle, J. P., Earthq. Spectra, 1992, 3, 403–428.
6. Elsesser, Eric, Proc. 50th Annual meeting of
Earthquake Engineering
Conclusions: Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, Feb. 1998.
7. Power, M. S., Chiou, S. and Mayes, R. L., in
In the coming years, the field of EQRD of Research Progress
structures is most likely to witness the following and Accomplishments, MCEER, NY, July, 1999.
significant developments:
(1) A complete probabilistic analysis and design
approach that rationally accounts for uncertainties
present in the structural system will gradually
replace deterministic approaches, especially in the
characterization of the loading environment.
(2) Performance-based design processes will take
centre stage, making conventional descriptive
codes obsolete.
(3) The acceptable risk criterion for design
purposes will be prescribed in terms of
performance objectives and hazard levels.
(4) The development of new structural systems and
Devices will continue for base-isolation, passive
Energy dissipation and active control systems,
along
With the proliferation of non-traditional civil
engineering materials and techniques.