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BY THABISO MASEMULA
201126123
07 MARCH 2014
WHAT IS A TISSUE?
• ANIMAL TISSUE
Animal tissues can be grouped into four basic
types: connective, muscle, nervous, and epithelial.
• PLANT TISSUE
Plant tissues are categorized broadly into three tissue systems:
the epidermis, theground tissue, and the vascular tissue.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANIMAL AND PLANT
TISSUES
ANIMAL TISSUE PLANT TISSUE
Since animals are mobile so they require Since plants are stationary so they do not
more energy, hence more living tissues are require much energy, Hence more living
required. tissues are not required.
Animals move from one place to another in In plants, most tissues provide structural
search of food, shelter etc., hence they need strength. Most of these tissues are dead
more energy and there more tissues are 9can provide mechanical strength as easily as
living. the living ones and need less maintenance.
A. Apical Meristems
Responsible for increase in length of the plant body.
Found on root tips and apical buds
B. Lateral Meristems
Responsible for increase in girth or diameter
Ex: Cambium present in woody plants and produce the cork
PERMANENT TISSUES
• Cells of this tissue have lost their ability to divide and they have a
specialized structure to perform specific functions.
• Based on the type of cells present in the tissue, the Permanent tissue
is divided into two categories:
Simple Permanent Tissue
Complex Permanent Tissue.
• Simple permanent tissue consist of only one type of cells (eg.
Parenchyma),
• the complex permanent tissue consists of more than one type of cells
(eg. Xylem and phloem)
SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUES
Dermal (Surface Tissue)
Forms the protective outer covering of the plant body
Epidermis
Produce cutin to protect plants against loss of water
Produce root hairs for absorption of water and minerals
Periderm
Replaces the epidermis
Constitutes the corky outer bark of old trees.
CONT……
Fundamental (Ground Tissue)
Used in the production and storage of food and in the support of plant.
• Parenchyma
Parenchyma on leaves function for photosynthesis
Mechanical strength by maintaining turgidity and also store waste products.
• Collenchyma
Support of stems and adapt themselves to the rapid elongation of leaves.
• Sclerenchyma
Provides elasticity, flexibility, and rigidity to the plant body forming support.
CONT…….
Vascular Tissue
• Xylem
Primarily functions for the transport of water and dissolved
substances upward in the plant body.
• Phloem
Primary functions in the transport of organic materials such as
carbohydrates and amino acids.
ANIMAL TISSUES
Epithelial tissue
• Epithelial tissue covers the whole surface of the body. It is made up of
cells that are closely packed and are composed of one or more layers.
This tissue is specialized to form the covering or lining of all internal
and external body surfaces. Epithelial tissue that occurs on surfaces
on the interior of the body is known as endothelium.
• Made up of continuous sheets of densely packed cells, with little
space or intercellular material between them.
CONT……….
A basement membrane is usually present.
• Functions:
Forms the covering or lining of all free body surfaces, both
internal and external to protect cells from mechanical injury
and water loss.
Some has special functions of absorption, secretion,
excretion, sensation and respiration.
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
• Two bones are connected to each other by another type of connective tissue
called ligament
• Tissue is very elastic and has strength and contains very little matrix
• The muscles are connected to the bones by another type of connective
tissue called tendons
• Tendons are fibrous with great strength and limited flexibility
• Cartilage is another type of connective tissue, which has widely spaced
cells
• The cartilage is seen at the surface of the joints, nose, ear, trachea and
larynx
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES
• Functions: (1) for flexibility and support, (2) shock absorption and (3)
reduction of friction.
SMOOTH MUSCLES
• These are also known as the unstriated or the involuntary muscles
• They occur as bundles which are spindle shaped and have a single
nucleus
• The movement of these muscles cannot be controlled
• The tissue are often seen in the walls of the alimentary canal, visceral
organs except the heart
TYPES CONT.….
CARDIAC MUSCLES
• They show the characteristics of both the striated and smooth
muscles
• The cells of this muscles are branched cylindrical and uninucleated,
the intercellular spaces are filled with the connective tissue
• They have dark and light bands on them
• The muscles around the heart show rhythmic contraction and
relaxation throughout the life , and hence these involuntary muscles
are also known as the cardiac muscles
NERVOUS TISSUE
• It is a tissue which is specialized to transmit messages within the body
• Brain, spinal cord and nerves are all composed of nervous tissue
• The cells of this tissue are called nerve cells or neurons
• The neurons have the ability to receive stimuli within or outside the
body and to conduct impulses (signals) to different parts of the body
• The impulse travels from one neuron to another
• Many nerve fibres bound together make up a nerve
• The neurons have the three main parts
TYPES OF NEURONS
1. Motor Neurons/Efferent
Accept nerve impulses from the CNS
Transmit them to muscles or glands
2. Sensory Neurons/Afferent
Accept impulses from sensory receptors
Transmit them to the CNS
3. Interneurons/Association
Convey nerve impulses between various parts of the CNS
REFERENCE LIST
• Chauhan, N. (2013). History of animal tissue culture and natural surroundings for
animal cell. http://www.slideshare.net/neeje/history-of-animal-tissue-culture-and-
natural-surroundings-for-animal-cell-16654220?qid=bb711369-20e7-4842-ba1d-
4f16ef99fb18&v=qf1&b=&from_search=5 \
Assessed on 07 March 2014
• Martin, J. (2012). Tissues. http://www.slideshare.net/josephmartin37266136/tissues-
27026546?qid=6a01a9f0-a316-402e-8d43-
43bc57bb7eb1&v=default&b=&from_search=5
Assessed on 06 March 2014
• Roderno-Desingano, C. (2012). Plant
Tissues.http://www.slideshare.net/tamnameko/plant-and-animal-
tissues?qid=bb711369-20e7-4842-ba1d-4f16ef99fb18&v=qf1&b=&from_search=1
Assessed on 07 March 20114
CONT………
• Schwann, Theodor (1839). Microscopic Investigations on the
Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Plants and Animals.
Berlin.(English translation by the Sydenham Society, 1847)
• Starr,C., Taggart, R., Evers, C. and Starr, L. (2013:). Biology: The
Unity and Diversity of Life. 13th edition. Brooks/Cole Cengage
Learning