May 2014

Technical Requirements and

Evaluation of Grid Code Compliance
for Wind Power Plants in Jordan

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2
Table of Contents

1.  Introduction 1-1 

2.  Definition and Acronyms 2-1 

3.  Steady State Requirements 3-1 

3.1  Voltage-Frequency Operating Range 3-1 
3.1.1  Voltage range 3-1 
3.1.2  Frequency range 3-1 
3.1.3  Duration of operation in relation to voltage and frequency 3-1 
3.2  Active Power Control 3-2 
3.3  Reactive Power Control 3-3 

4.  Requirements during Contingency 4-1 

4.1  Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) 4-1 
4.1.1  LVRT with respect to staying grid connected 4-1 
4.1.2  Fast voltage control 4-2 
4.1.3  Possible combined implementation of reference tracking Var
controller and fast voltage controller 4-4 
4.2  Negative Sequence Handling (optionally) 4-5 
4.3  High Voltage Ride-Through (HVRT) 4-6 

5.  Requirements concerning Harmonics Emission and Grid

Resonances 5-1 
5.1  Voltage Flicker 5-1 
5.2  Harmonics 5-1 
5.3  Phase Unbalance 5-2 

6.  Required data and simulation studies 6-1 

6.1  Single Line Diagram 6-1 
6.2  Generator Converter System of WT 6-1 
6.3  Closed Loop WT and WF Controller 6-1 
6.4  Reactive Power Compensation Equipment (if required) 6-2 
6.5  Transformer Data 6-3 
6.6  Cable Data 6-3 

7.  Studies 7-1 

7.1  Load Flows 7-1 

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 I
 7.1.1  Load flow and reactive power capability during rated voltage 7-2 
7.1.2  Load flow and reactive power capability during admissible
voltage conditions 7-3 
7.2  Short Circuit Calculation 7-3 
7.3  Dynamic LVRT Calculation 7-4 

8.  Commissioning Tests 8-1 

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 II
1. Introduction
This document contains a summary of the major grid code requirement
concerning connection and operation of wind turbines in the Jordanian
power systems. The focus is on wind farms connected to the high voltage
level, i.e. 400 kV and 132 kV. The requirements are defined from the point
of view of grid operators. Wind farms as a whole can fulfill the
requirements in different ways. Therefore, implementation examples shown
in this document represent only examples and are not obligatory for the
wind farm investors. Additional equipment on the wind turbines such as
STATCOM can also be used if it is technically more favorable.

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 1-1
2. Definition and Acronyms
MV: Medium voltage
HV: High voltage
WT: Wind turbine
WF: Wind farm consisting of several wind turbines connected to the point
of common coupling via a wind farm collector grid.
PCC: Point of common coupling (see Figure 2-1) located on the HV
substation side of the wind farm grid. It can reach up to the incoming cable
sealing ends.
EPC: Engineering, procurement and construction

GRID

HV PCC

Wind Farm
(WF) MV
Substation

LV MV MV LV

LV MV MV LV

LV MV MV LV

Branch 1 Branch n

Figure 2-1: Wind farm design and definition of PCC

LVRT: Low voltage ride-through

HVRT: High voltage ride-through

Sign convention (see also Figure 2-2):

 consumed active power is defined positive

 generated active power is defined negative
 reactive power by inductive equipment is defined to be positive. With
respect to synchronous generators, this is also characterized as “under-
excited” reactive power (operation). The use of term “inductive reactive
power” is also common.

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 2-1
  reactive power by capacitive equipment is defined negative. With respect
to synchronous generators, reactive power consumption is also
characterized as “over-excited” reactive power. The use of term
“capacitive power” is also common.

Generation Consumption

Imag
P: negative P: positive
Capacitive

Q: negative Q: negative
I I
V
Real
Inductive

I I
P: negative P: positive
Q: positive Q: positiv

Figure 2-2: Sign convention

Definition of active/reactive currents

Active Current:
p 1 P
iP  in p.u. or IP  ( VLL : the magnitude of the
v 3 VLL
symmetrical three-phase system line-to-line voltage).
Active current has always the same sign as the corresponding active power.

Reactive Current:
q 1 Q
iQ  in per unit (p.u.) or IQ  .
v 3 VLL
Reactive current has always the samesign as the corresponding reactive
power.

Symmetrical Components

g  1 a a  ga 
2

 1 1  2
  
 g 2   1 a a   gb 
  3 1 1 1   g 
 g 0     c

Where the variable “g” may represent voltages and currents of the three
1 3
phase system, and the complex unity vectors are: a    j and
2 2
2 1 3
a  j
2 2

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 2-2
 The index “1”, “2” and “0” denote positive, negative and zero sequence
components, respectively.

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 2-3
3. Steady State Requirements

3.1 Voltage-Frequency Operating Range

3.1.1 Voltage range

For the following nominal high voltage levels, the continuous operating
voltages under normal conditions are defined as:

 400 kV system: 380 kV (-5%) to 420 kV (+5%)

 132 kV system: 118.8 kV (-10%) to 145.2 kV (+10%)

There should be no technical limitation within these voltage limits. The

operation times are defined in section 3.1.3.

3.1.2 Frequency range

The frequency operation range under normal conditions is defined as 49.95
Hz to 50.05 Hz. This frequency range is the same regardless of whether
there exists interconnection to other systems or not.

Under system stress the range is extended to 48.75 Hz to 51.25 Hz. Under
extreme system fault conditions all generating units must be disconnected at
a frequency greater than or equal to 51.5 Hz or at a frequency less than or
equal to 47.5 Hz.

Additional requirement for active power control are described in section 3.2.

3.1.3 Duration of operation in relation to voltage and frequency

Figure 3-1 shows the frequency range and the corresponding time frame for
which continuous operation must be guaranteed.

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 3-1
 Line-to-line voltage
level in kV

HVRT
requirement
according to
151.8 440 section 4.3
t  2 hours
145.2 420

immediate
immediate disconnection
132

400

continuous
disconnection

118.8 380
t  2 hours
112.2 360 LVRT
requirement
according to
section 4.1

47.5 48 48.5 49 49.5 50 50.5 51 51.5 Frequency in Hz

Figure 3-1: Required duration of operation of a wind farm in dependency to the PCC voltage
and the nominal frequency

3.2 Active Power Control

With regard to active power output, it must be possible for the generating
plants to operate at reduced power output. The following should be
implemented, but not activated.

It has to be activated on request of the grid operator anytime.

The generating plants must be capable of reducing their active power in

steps amounting to a maximum 10% of the agreed active power at
connection point. This power reduction must be possible in any operating
condition and from any operating point to a target value given by the
network operator. This target value is normally preset without steps or in
steps, and corresponds to a percentage value related to the agreed active
connection power. The network operator shall not interfere in the control of
the generating plants. It shall only be responsible for signaling.

The ability to reduce the power feed-in is included in the EPC scope of
work and has to be implemented in such a way that during operation it is at
the plant operator’s remit.

The reduction of the power output to the respective target value must be
realized without delay, but within one minute, at the latest.

All generating units must reduce at a frequency of more than 50.5 Hz the
instantaneous active power, while in operation, with a gradient of 40% of
the generators instantaneously available capacity per Hz as fast as possible,
but within a maximum of 10 seconds. The time 10 seconds refers to the rise

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 3-2
 time of the active power step response to a frequency change, and may vary
in a reasonable range and has to be adjusted according to the requirements
of the transmission system operator.

50.5 frequency in Hz
f grid
P
P
% P  40%  Pm per Hz

50.5 Hz  f grid
P  20 Pm at 50.5 Hz  f grid  51.5 Hz
50 Hz
Pm instantaneously available power
P power reduction
f grid grid frequency

For 47.5 Hz < f grid  50.5 Hz continues operation

At f grid  47.5 Hz and f grid  51.5 Hz disconnection from grid

Figure 3-2: Active power reduction about 50.5 Hz grid frequency

3.3 Reactive Power Control

Regarding the reactive power control, it must be possible to operate the WF
in any operating point within the range cos φ = 0.95 under-excited
(inductive) to cos φ = 0.85 over-excited (capacitive) at PCC in the voltage
range indicated in Table 3-1 and for nominal active power supply.

vPCC High Voltage

Ride Through
vmax (HVRT)

Overexcited Underexcited

(Capacitive) (Inductive)

Power factor

0.85 0.875 0.90 0.925 0.95 0.975 0.975 0.95

vmin Low Voltage

Ride Through
(LVRT)

Figure 3-3: Reactive power requirement during normal operation and nominal
active power supply

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 3-3
 For active power supply below the nominal power the Figure 3-4 indicates
the minimum reactive power and power factor requirements.

pPCC in p.u.
qPCC in p.u.

-0.62 0.33

-0.3

Overexcited -1.0 Underexcited

(Capacitive) (Inductive )

Figure 3-4: Minimum PQ diagram to be fulfilled by WT and WF

Table 3-1: Nominal, minimum and maximum voltage levels for normal operation

Nominal voltage Rated minimum Rated maximum

at the PCC voltage voltage
VPCC in kV vmin in p.u. vmax in p.u.

132 0.9 1.1

400 0.95 1.05

The reactive power of the WF must be adjustable. It must be possible to

pass through the reactive power range (marked area in Figure 3-3) within
max. 10 seconds and as often as required, by system operator.

Outside the voltage range provided in Table 3-1 the WF has to be operated
in voltage control mode as explained in Section 4.1.2. As such, the voltage
controller should inject additional reactive current resulting in stabilizing the
voltage change. A controller implementation example is shown in Figure
4-4.

The grid operator can define the steady-state operating point by providing
the required values or characteristics for

 Q P C C ,ref - reference value for reactive power supply into PCC

 cos PCC power factor of supply into PCC

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 3-4
  Q P C C ,ref is derived from a voltage-Var droop characteristic
 cos PCC is derived from a voltage cos φ (V)

An implementation example for the steady-state Var settings and controller

design are shown in
pPCC

qPCC,ref
cos PCC,ref
tan arccos  cos PCC,ref  

PCC Var Alternative

Controller output signals WT 1

individual WTs
Alternatively

Distribution to
qPCC,ref qPCC,ref qPCC
 1 
kI 1   
 s TI 
 vWT
WT n
qPCC,max qPCC
qPCC,ref
vPCC,ref
kDroop

qPCC,min
vPCC
Figure 3-5.

Figure 3-5: Definition and control of PCC reactive power

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 3-5
4. Requirements during Contingency

4.1 Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT)

The Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) specifies the capability range for
wind turbines to remain connected to the system during and following grid
faults, including the requirement to participate on the dynamic voltage
control. The dynamic voltage control, to be superimposed on the steady
state voltage control, is to be implemented as a fast local control to change
the reactive current output of the wind power plant as necessary to counter
the sudden voltage change resulting from grid faults.

4.1.1 LVRT with respect to staying grid connected

Figure 4-1 shows the basic requirements concerning LVRT with respect to
PCC voltage. The curve refers to the positive sequence voltage at
fundamental frequency. The solid red line represents the lower border of the
voltage which should not be exceeded following balanced and unbalanced
grid faults and fault clearance.

Positive sequence
fundamental
frequency PCC Typical voltage behavior
voltage in p.u.
following fault clearance

1.0
0.9
0.8

0.6 LVRT border

line

0.4

0.2

Time in sec
0.0
0 0.25 1.5 ... 180

Instant of fault occurance

Figure 4-1: Definition of voltage characteristic at the PCC for LVRT

The requirements are summarized in the following:

 A voltage fall below the red line triggers the immediate disconnection of
the unit. WT must be capable of remaining connected at or above this
limit during and immediately after any short circuit which is correctly
isolated by protection schemes even in the case of action by the second

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 4-1
 level protection. WT must survive a voltage dip of at least the depth
shown in the solid red line at the PCC in Figure 4-1.
 Wind farms must survive any incident of this severity in the voltage dip
and duration.
 The wind farms shall recover, at the minimum, 90% of their generation
prior to the incident in less thanone minute after the short circuit.

4.1.2 Fast voltage control

WT and WF must respond to a sudden voltage collapse/increase with the
corresponding fast positive sequence fundamental frequency reactive
current output in accordance with
Figure 4-2. The requirements refer to the PCC. It is recommended to
implement fast voltage controller functionality at the WT level
corresponding to the requirements below. However, to fulfill these
requirements in the PCC, under circumstances, higher requirements must be
implemented at WT level as indicated in
Figure 4-2. It is at the discretion of the EPC contractor whether only WT or
other Var equipment like STATCOM close to the PCC are installed for Var
generation and fast voltage control.

Figure 4-2 demonstrates the required static gain of the voltage controller. A
controller with higher dynamic gain e.g. by implementing PD (proportional-
differential) controller characteristic is acceptable as long as the stability of
the voltage controller is guaranteed.

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 4-2
 Figure 4-2: Static voltage controller characteristic

During Fault Ride-Through mode reasonable reduction of active current in

favor of reactive current supply is allowed.

The positive sequence voltage drop or rise is defined with respect to the pre-
fault 30-second-average voltage. It is allowed to calculate this value
continuously including the low/high voltage periods (moving voltage
average of the past 30 seconds).
v1  v1,Fault  v1 (30 s )

Figure 4-3 demonstrates the minimum dynamic requirements of the voltage

controller based on the step response for the fast reactive current injection
with the corresponding rise and settling times.

Rise Time < 30 ms

Settling Times < 60 ms

The step response of the reactive current must be well damped (damping
ratio >5%) and should settle at the steady-state value

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 4-3
 iQ,1  iQ,1 (t  0)  k1  v1

where iQ,1 (t  0) represents the reactive current before the fault occurrence.
The injected reactive current represents an addition to the steady-state
reactive current supplied before the fault.

Reactive Current

20%

Steady State Value

-10%

Settling Time
 60 ms

Rise Time
 30 ms

Time

Figure 4-3: Step response for required reactive current

4.1.3 Possible combined implementation of reference tracking Var

controller and fast voltage controller
This section does not spell out grid code requirements per se but provides
merely an example for possible implementation. Alternative solutions are
allowed if these lead to similar grid code compliant behavior.

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 4-4
 PCC Var tracking controller
Stop if
vPCC < vPCC_min
vPCC > vPCC_max
or all WT reachediQ limit
To other WT
qPCC,ref vWT,ref within the same
 1  wind farm
kI 1  
 s TI 
-

qPCC
WT voltage controller
iQ_WT,max
vWT,ref0  1 p.u. iQ_WR,ref
To converter
kiQ control
-
vWT iQ_WT,min

Figure 4-4: Example for combined implementation of reference tracking Var

controller and fast voltage controller

In the approach shown in Figure 4-4 both steady state reactive power
generation and fast voltage control are implemented at WT level. However,
other approaches such as using STATCOM for static Var generation as well
as for fast voltage control is allowed if the described requirements are met.
In Figure 4-4 centralized wind farm controller is implemented for Var
tracking in the PCC.

In case of a single WT both PCC Var tracking and fast local control can be
implemented at the WT level.

Note that in this case (Figure 4-4) no dead band implementation is required.

4.2 Negative Sequence Handling (optionally)

In case of unbalanced grid faults the grid operator can require that WT to
respond to a sudden negative sequence voltage increase with a fast negative
sequence reactive current output.

One possible option for the required negative sequence reactive current
injection is visualized in Figure 4-5.

This should be implemented as a fast voltage control at the WT level. The

iQ2 versus v2 characteristic shall correspond to the values at the WT
terminal.

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 4-5
 Negative sequence
reactive current

iQ,2 in p.u.

Negative sequence reactive

1.0
current injection for voltage
limitation (inductive )

iQ,2
0.5
Gain : k2  k2
v2 Negative Sequence
flexible setting range and has to voltage rise
be defined according to section 7.3 v2 in p.u.
0
0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Figure 4-5: Static voltage controller characteristic in the negative sequence

During unbalanced grid faults the priority between positive sequence active
current, positive sequence reactive current and negative sequence reactive
current has to be determined as result of dynamic grid assessment, see
section 7.3.

The required step response of the controller in the negative sequence is

identical with the dynamic time restrictions in the positive sequence.

4.3 High Voltage Ride-Through (HVRT)

The curves in Figure 4-6 refer to the positive sequence voltage at the
fundamental frequency.

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 4-6
 Positive sequence
fundamental frequency
voltage in p.u.

1.3
border line

1.2

1.1

1.0
Typical voltage behavior
following fault clearance
0.9

0.0 60.0 Time in sec

Instant of fault occurance

Positive sequence
fundamental frequency
voltage in p.u.

1.3
border line

1.2

1.1

1.0
Typical voltage behavior
due to a switching event
0.9

0.0 60.0 Time in sec

Instant of switching event

Figure 4-6: Definition of voltage characteristic at the PCC for HVRT

Exceeding the solid border line triggers the immediate disconnection of the
unit. Wind generators must be capable of remaining connected at or below
this limit during and immediately after any short circuit which is correctly
cleared by protection schemes even by the second level protection. Any
other disturbances as well should not result in the border line shown in
Figure 4-6 being crossed.

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 4-7
5. Requirements concerning Harmonics Emission and
Grid Resonances

5.1 Voltage Flicker

Voltage Flicker is rapid change in voltage that distorts or interferes with the
normal sinusoidal voltage waveform of the Transmission Network. Such
interference is a product of a relatively large current inrush when Apparatus,
such as a large motor, is suddenly switched on, or resulting from the sudden
increased Demand from for example welding equipment.

The current inrush acting over the Network impedance is the mechanism
that produces the voltage dip (sudden fall) and the corresponding voltage
swell (sudden rise) when the Apparatus concerned is offloaded.

WF are required to minimise the occurrence of Voltage Flicker on the

Transmission Network as measured at the PCC. The Voltage
Flicker limits are contained in the following documents:

a) IEC/TR3 61000-3-7 “Assessment of emission limits for fluctuating loads

in MV and HV power systems”.
b) IEC 868 / Engineering Recommendation P28 (pg 17) “Limits on voltage
flicker short term and long term severity values”.
c) IEC 61400-21 “Measurement and assessment of power quality
characteristics of grid connected wind turbines”

In general, the total Voltage Flicker at a Point of Common Coupling shall

not exceed:

a) ± 1% of the steady state voltage level, when these occur repetitively

(long term); or
b) ± 3% of the steady state voltage level, when these occur infrequently
(short term).

Strict conformity with the IEC flicker curve is required.

5.2 Harmonics
Harmonics are generating waveforms that distort the fundamental 50 Hz
wave. The limits for harmonic distortion levels are given in the following
documents:

a) BS EN 50160:2000 “Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by

public distribution systems”.
b) UK Engineering Recommendation G5/4, February 2001 “Planning levels
for harmonic voltage distortion and the connection of non-linear
equipment to transmission systems and distribution networks”.

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 5-1
 c) IEC/TR3 61000-3-6 “Assessment of emission limits for distorting loads
in MV and HV power systems”.
d) IEC 61400-21 “Measurement and assessment of power quality
characteristics of grid connected wind turbines”

In general, the maximum total levels of harmonic distortion on the System

under Normal Operation conditions, planned outages and fault outage
conditions (unless during System Stress) shall not exceed the values shown
in the Table 5-1.

Table 5-1: Harmonic Voltage Distortions

Voltage Level Acceptable Harmonic Distortion Levels

132 kV a Total Harmonic Distortion of 2% with no individual harmonic
greater of 1.5%.
400 kV a Total Harmonic Distortion of 1.5% with no individual harmonic
greater than 1%

5.3 Phase Unbalance

Under Normal Operation, the maximum negative phase sequence
component of the phase voltage of the Power System should remain below
1%. A control as described in section 4.2 can be implemented to support this
requirement.

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 5-2
6. Required data and simulation studies
The Contractor is required to provide information, which are listed in the
following sections and tables.

6.1 Single Line Diagram

A single line diagram containing at least the following information in
clearly legible form has to be provided:

 Type of generator converter system

 AC cable types and length, number of parallel circuits
 Configuration of 33/LV kV transformers and circuit breaker, breaker
 Switching position of breakers during normal operation
 Short-circuit strength of 33kV busbars, breakers(Ithermal, Ipeak)
 Short-circuit strength of low voltage busbars, breaker (Ithermal, Ipeak)

6.2 Generator Converter System of WT

Information about the inverters as listed in Table 6-1 has to be provided.

Table 6-1: Generator converter system data

Manufacturer
Typ []
Rated Voltage [kV]
Apparent Power (@ 25°C) [kVA]
Apparent Power (@ 50°C) [kVA]
Active Power (@ 25°C) [kW]
Active Power (@ 50°C) [kW]
Maximum Current [A]
Power factor []
(@maximum Active power)
Maximum Power factor []
(overexcited/lagging)
Maximum Power factor []
(underexcited/leading)

6.3 Closed Loop WT and WF Controller

A technical description about the functions for the closed loop WT and WF
plant controller has to be provided, including a signal flow diagram and
description of input signals.

The necessary information is listed in Table 6-2:

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 6-1
 Table 6-2: Closed loop WF plant controller data

Manufacturer []
WF Plant controller Type []
closed loop control of the WF Plant [yes/no]
foreseen to control the Power
Factor at the PCC on 33 kV
Ability to control a fixed power [yes/no]
factor
Ability to control a variable power [yes/no]
factor
Ability to control the Power Factor [yes/no]
to a characteristic curve P(cosφ)
Ability to control a fixed power in [yes/no]
kvar
Ability to control a power/voltage [yes/no]
characteristic Q(U)

Table 6-3: Closed loop WT plant controller data

Manufacturer []
WT controller Type []
closed loop control of the WT Plant [yes/no]
foreseen to control the Power
Factor at the PCC on 33 kV
Ability to control a fixed power [yes/no]
factor
Ability to control a variable power [yes/no]
factor
Ability to control the Power Factor [yes/no]
to a characteristic curve P(cosφ)
Ability to control a fixed power in [yes/no]
kvar
Ability to control a power/voltage [yes/no]
characteristic Q(U)

6.4 Reactive Power Compensation Equipment (if required)

The necessary information about the external compensation devices, if used,
has to be provided as listed in Table 6-4.

Table 6-4: Reactive power data

Rated Voltage: [kV]

Type of Compensation []
Total reactive power [Mvar]
(inductive/capacitive)
Number of steps []
(inductive/capacitive)
Number of steps [Mvar/step]
(inductive/capacitive)

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 6-2
6.5 Transformer Data
Following necessary information about the 33 kV transformer have to be
provided as listed in Table 6-5.

Table 6-5: Transformer data

Voltage Ratio: [kV/kV]

Power Rating [kVA]
Winding Type [2-W,3-W]
Cooling Typ ONAN
Vector group []
Short circuit impedance [%]
Short circuit power PK [kW]
No load power P0 [kW]
No load current [A]
Number and steps of off load tap [+x, ± % , - y]
changer

6.6 Cable Data

Following electrical parameters of the cable, as listed in Table 6-6 have to
be provided.

Table 6-6: Cable data

Rated Voltage [kV]

Cross section [mm2]
Type of cable []
Conductor resistant [Ω/km]
Conductor inductance [Ω /km]
Conductor capacitance [μF/km]
Short Circuit withstand 1S [A]

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 6-3
7. Studies
Following steady state analyses have to be performed by a power system
analysis software such as PSSE/E or DIgSILENT, taking into account the
electrical equipment and configuration. The final results and the used
models, including the validated user model for the LVRT have to be handed
over to the grid operator.

7.1 Load Flows

Following load flow data of the transformers and cables have to be
presented in a tabular form as listed in Table 7-1 and Table 7-2 and
graphically for the load flow scenario 1, given in 7.1.1.

Table 7-1: Transformer tap settings and loading for steady state simulations for
scenario 1

33/LV kV Transformer No. Tap Setting Loading [pu]

e.g. No1 e.g. Neutral e.g. 0.95
….

Table 7-2: Cable section loading for scenario 1

33kVCable Section Loading [pu]

e.g. No1 e.g. 0.95
….

For the load flow scenario 1 to 13 the reactive power capability of the
participating WF at the PCC should be presented graphically as indicated in
Figure 7-1 and Table 7-3.

The ordinate (y-axis) in Figure 7-1 indicates the active power, pavailable in
p.u. at PCC. The abscissa (x-axis) indicates the reactive power, qPCC in p.u.
at the PCC. The sign convention defined in Section 2 is used.

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 7-1
 Reactive power requirement for a wind farm
for upcc = 0.95, 1.0, 1.05 p.u.
pPCC in p.u.
qPCC in p.u.
3

-0.62 0.33

5 2 7
-0.3

4 1 6

Overexcited -1 Underexcited
(Capacitive) (Inductive )

Figure 7-1: Reactive power capability for scenario 1 to 13

Table 7-3: Example of reactive power capability table for the WF

Scenario Reactive power Reactive power Active power at

Requirement capability at PCC PCC
[pu] [pu] pu]
Scenario 1 0 0 -1
… … … …
Scenario 13 0.33 e.g. 0.35 -1

7.1.1 Load flow and reactive power capability during rated voltage
Table 7-4 lists the load flow scenarios during rated voltage at the PCC:

Table 7-4: Load flow scenarios during rated voltage

Operation Voltage at Power Factor Active power

Scenario PCC (33kV) requirement at PCC output of PV Plant
[pu] [] [%]
Scenario 1 1.0 1 100
Scenario 2 1.0 1 30
Scenario 3 1.0 1 0
Scenario 4 1.0 0.85 capacitive 100
Scenario 5 1.0 0.85 capacitive 30
Scenario 6 1.0 0.95 inductive 100
Scenario 7 1.0 0.95 inductive 30

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 7-2
7.1.2 Load flow and reactive power capability during admissible voltage
conditions
Table 7-5 lists the load flow scenarios during admissible voltage conditions
(± 10%) at the PCC, where the WF operates in a stable mode without any
equipment tripping.

Table 7-5: Load flow scenarios during admissible voltage conditions

Operation Voltage at Power Factor Active power

Scenario PCC (33kV) requirement at output of PV
PCC Plant
[pu] [] [%]
Scenario 8 0.9 1 100
Scenario 9 0.9 0.85 Capacitive 100
Scenario 10 0.9 0.95 Inducive 100
Scenario 11 1.1 1 100
Scenario 12 1.1 0.85 Capacitive 100
Scenario 13 1.1 0.95 Inductive 100

7.2 Short Circuit Calculation

A Short circuit analysis should be performed for the WF and their AC
equipment. Therefore three phase short circuit analysis according to IEC
60909 taking into account:

 All sectionalizers at the 33 kV busbar are open

 Short Circuit contribution of each 132/33 transformer should be assumed
as Ik`` =16 kA
 Fault clearing time of 80ms

Table 7-6: Short circuit analysis - cable for scenario 1

33 kV Cable Section Loading Ik`` Ithermal

[pu] [kA] [kA]
e.g. No1 e.g. 0.95 e.g. 16 e.g. 15
….

Table 7-7: Short circuit analysis - Substation for scenario 1

33 kV Internal Substation Loading Ik`` Ithermal

[pu] [kA] [kA]
e.g.S/S#1 e.g. 0.95 e.g. 16 e.g. 15
….

Furthermore it is necessary to quantify/estimate the maximum short circuit

contribution from the WF at the PCC in Amperes.

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 7-3
7.3 Dynamic LVRT Calculation
A dynamic LVRT calculation analysis should be performed for the WF and
all related AC equipment. The controlling scheme of the WTs and the WF
and of any other dynamic controlled equipment, if any, should be
implemented in such a simulation. The gain k1 for the positive sequence
voltage control (see section 4.12) and the optional gain k2 for the negative
sequence current injection (see section 4.2) should be adjusted according to
the results of the dynamic LVRT calculation analysis. The following
scenarios and results should be presented.

Table 7-8: LVRT scenarios for three-phase short circuits

LVRT WF WT other equipment

Residual Time Sequence Natural Sequence Natural Sequence Natural
Voltage Line Line Line Line Line Line
at the Currents Currents Currents Currents Currents Currents
PCC at PCC at PCC at MV at MV at MV at MV
50% 100ms
25% 100ms
20% 100ms
10% 80ms

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 7-4
8. Commissioning Tests
The contractor has to prove during the commissioning tests that the installed
equipment is fully functional in relation to the grid code and this document.
The testing scheme has to be submitted with the Quality Assurance and will
be agreed on during the detailed engineering phase.

The following tests will be required but not necessarily limited to:

 reactive power
 set points
 operating range
 control times

 active power
 set points
 control (by given frequency changes)

 protection functions.

7737A02/FICHT-13535576-v2 8-1