 

 Introduction
 Steps for Design
• Geometry Modeling
• Loading
• Design Parameters
• Analysis & Design

• Connections & Bracing

 Pipe Rack Design Flow Chart
 Benefits of Steel Structure
 Load Resisting Systems
 Frame Types
 Concentric / Eccentric Braced Frame
 Steel Frame Connection Types
Simple Connection
Moment Connection
EM Connection Capacity Design Flow Chart
 Reduced construction time & no seasonal effect.

 Light weight and reduced foundation cost.

 Durable , Long Lasting and Recyclable.

 Easier to modify and reinforce if required.

 Fabrication off-site possible (right).

 On site erection is a time saving process (left).

 Schedule advantage.
 Forces from Gravity ,wind and

seismic is imposed on all structures.

 Applied vertical forces are gravity

loads.

 Forces that act horizontally such as

wind, seismic require a lateral load

resisting system to be built in

structure.

 When lateral loads are applied to a

structure, horizontal diaphragm

Structural steel frame elevation
transfer the load to the lateral load

resisting system.
 The type of lateral load (Seismic, Wind, Friction, Thermal ) resisting system to
be used in a Structure Should be taken care in the Earlier Planning Stage.

Braced Frame Rigid Frame

Common lateral load resisting systems

 Rigid frame, utilize the moment connection and this type is preferred where
diagonal or x- bracing should avoid due to access requirement.

 Draw back of rigid frame is more cost than braced frame.

 Braced frame is the economical method of resisting wind load in multi storey

structural frame.

 Bracing creates triangular configuration in the structures.

 Some structures like below picture take the advantage of both rigid and

braced at the same time.

 Member or system that provides stiffness
and strength to limit the out of plan
movement of another member at the braced
point. (AISC Spec2010)

 Two types of bracing is defined in AISC

(1997) seismic provision in steel structural
building.
A. Concentric Bracing

B. Eccentric Bracing
 Concentrically braced frame are those in which the centerlines of members that
meet at a joint intersect at a same work point to form a vertical truss system that
resist lateral forces.
 Commonly used bracing system in steel structure is

X- bracing ( above left) Chevron (above right)

 Connection for X- bracing are
located at beam to column
joint.

 Bracing connection may

require large gusset plate at
the beam to column joint.
 The members used in chevron bracing
are designed for both compression and
tension

 Chevron bracings allows for doorways or

corridors through the bracing lines in a
structure.

“CHEVRON” “V” “DIAGONAL”

ELEVATION WITH SEVERAL BRACING CONFIGURATION

 Chevron bracing members use two types
of connections.

 The Floor level connection may use a

gusset plate as like in x-braced frame.

 The bracing members are connected to

the beam/girder at the top and converge to
a common point.

 When gusset plate is used, it in important

to consider their size when laying out any
mechanical equipment pass through
braced bays.
 Eccentric brace is commonly used in seismic regions and allow corridors and
walkway through bay frame.

 In an eccentrically braced frames, bracing connect to a separate work point on

beam/girder.

 The beam/girder segment or “link” between them absorbs energy from seismic
activity through plastic deformation.
Stiffeners
Link

Beam or Girder

Gusset Plate

Eccentric Brace

E/B with typical brace to beam connection

Adopted AISC 327-05
 Eccentrically braced frame looks very similar to chevron bracing.
 Eccentric single diagonal brace can also be use to brace a frame.
 The specification of structural steel building (AISC 2010) defines two types of
frame connections.

 Simple Connection (below left)

 Moment Connection (below right)

 Moment connection are of two types: FR & PR

 Simple Connection: Connection that transmit negligible amount of bending
moment between connected members.

 Moment Connection: Connection that transmit bending moment between

connected members.
• Fully restrained moment connection FR : transfer moments with a negligible
amount of rotation between connected members.

• Partially restrained moment connection PR : transfer moments, but rotation

between connected members is not negligible.
 Adopted from Vol -II Connection .

 Simple connection (A) have rigidity but is assumed to rotate free.

 Connection (B & C) are examples of partially restrained moment

connections.

 Connection (D & E) are examples of fully restrained moment.

 Connection is assumed to be rotation free.

 Vertical forces are primary forces transferred by the connection.

 For this Connection a separate resisting system is required to design.

 Single plate Connection
( Shear Tab)
A plate is welded to the supporting
member and bolted to the web of the
supported beam.
 Double Angle Connection
The in plane pair of legs are attached to
the web of the supported member and out
of plane pair of legs attached to the
supporting beam web or flange.
 Shear end plate  Seated connection
connection An angle is mounted with one leg vertical
A plate is welded perpendicular to the against the supporting column & the other
leg provides a “seat” upon which the beam
end of supported web and bolted to
is mounted ,a stabilizer connection is
supporting beam.
provided at top of the web.
 Designed as rigid connection with little or no rotation.
 Moment and vertical shear forces are transferred through the
connection.
 Two types of moment connection are allowed:
1. Partially restrained moment connection.
2. Fully restrained moment connection.
 Fully restrained (FR)Connection  Partially restrained (PR)Connection

 Have sufficient strength to transfer moment  Have sufficient strength to transfer

with negligible rotation between connected moments with rotation between

members. connected members.

  Welded flange plate connection  Bolted flange plate connection
 Top and bottom flange plates connect the flanges of supported member to the supporting
column.

 A single plate is used to transfer the vertical shear force.

*With column web

  Bolted extended end plate  Welded flange connection
connection
 Complete joint penetration groove
 A plate is welded to the end of welds directly top and bottom
supported beam and bolted to the flanges of the supported member
to supporting column.
supporting column flange.
 A shear connection at web is used
to transfer the vertical shear force.
*With column
 PR moment connection
 A double angle simple connection
transfers vertical shear forces while top
and bottom flange plates resist moment
forces produced by wind.
 Top and bottom angle with shear
end plate connection
 Angles are bolted or welded to the top
and bottom flanges of the supported
member and to the supporting column.
 A shear end plate on the web is used to
transfer vertical shear forces.

End Moment
Connection
(1) MEMBER
Mm = 0.6Fy x Sx (kN-m)
Vm = 0.4Fy x Awn (kN)
Tm = 0.6Fy x 2Af (kN)
Af = bfb x tfb (mm2)
Awn = ( d1 - 2tfb ) x twb
(mm2)
(2) HIGH STRENGTH BOLT
Mb = n1 x Qt x ( d1 - tfb ) (kN-m)
Vb = n2 x Qs (kN)
Tb = 2 x n1 x Qt (kN)
n1= Number of tension bolts
n2= Total Number of bolts
(3) WELD
Mw = Ff x ( d1 - tfb ) (kN-m)
Ff = Fw x Awf (kN)
Vw = Fw x Aww(kN)
Tw = Fw x 2Awf
Awf = 0.707 x S1 x (2bfb+2tfb-twb )
(mm2) Aww = 0.707 S2 x ( d1 / 2 - tfb ) x
2 (mm2)
(4) END PLATE
Mp = Ff x ( d1 - tfb ) (kN-m)
Tp = 2 x Ff (kN)
Ff = 4 x Me / ( αm x Pe ) (kN)
Me = bp x 0.75Fy x tp2 / 6 (kN-m)
αm = Ca x Cb x (Af / Aw)1/3 x (Pe /
db)1/4
Pe = Pf - (db / 4) - 0.707S1 (mm)
Ca = 1.13
Cb = ( bfb / bp )1/2
db = (mm)
Aw = twb x (d1 - 2tfb) (mm2)
SAFE LOAD OF CONNECTION
Ma =min.(Mm,Mw,Mb,Mp,Mst) (kN-m)
Ta = min.(Tm,Tw,Tb,Tp,Tst) (kN)
Va = min. (Vm,Vw,Vb) (kN)
(5) STIFFENER DESIGN
(5-1) COLUMN FLANGE BENDING
STRENGTH
Fcap = 4 x Me /( αm x Pe )
Me = bs x 0.75Fy x tfc2 / 6 (kN)
bs= 2.5 x ( Pf + tfb + Pf ) (kN-m)
Pe = g / 2 - db / 4 - k1 (mm)
αm = Ca x Cb x ( Af / Aw )1/3 x ( Pe / db )1/4
(mm)
Af / Aw = 1.0
min Mst = Ff x ( d1 - tfb ) (kN-m)
Ff = Fcap + Fst (kN)
min Tst = 2Ff (kN)
(5-2) TENSION CAPACITY OF STIFFENER
PLATE
Fst = 0.6Fy x Ast (kN)
Ast = ts x ( bfc - twc - 2 x 5 - 2 x 25 ) (mm2)
(5-3) SHEAR CAPACITY OF STIFFENER
PLATE
Fst = 0.4Fy x Ast (kN)
(5-4) STIFFENER WELD CAPACITY OF
COLUMN FLANGE
Fst = fw x Ast (kN)
Ast = 0.707 x lw x Sflg (mm
(5-5) STIFFENER WELD CAPACITY OF
COLUMN WEB
Fst = fw x Ast (kN)
Ast = 0.707 x lw x Sweb (mm2)
lw = 4 x (dc/2 - tfc - 25 - Sweb) : HALF
lw = 4 x (dc - 2tfc - 2x25 - 2xSweb) : FULL
 AISC VOLUME-II CONNECTION
 CONNECTION TEACHING TOOLKIT (AISC)
 AISC 327-05 SEISMIC DESIGN MANUAL
 AISC 2010 SPECIFICATION FOR STRUCTURAL
STEEL BLDGS