Md.

Al_Imran Roton
University of Dhaka
Bangladesh
INTRODUCTION
BAT ALGORITHM
BEHAVIOUR OF MICROBATS
ACOUSTICS OF ECHOLOCATION
IDEALIZED RULES OF BA
BAT MOTION
LOUDNESS AND PULSE EMISSION
PSEUDO CODE OF THE BAT ALGORITHM
FLOWCHART
VARIENTS OF BA
APPLICATIONS
PROS and CONS
SUMMARY
REFERANCES
 Meta-heuristic algorithms such as particle
swarm optimization, firefly algorithm and
harmony search are now becoming powerful
methods for solving many tough optimization
problems.
 ANALYSIS NUMERICAL METHODS

ALGORITHM,
REAL MODEL, COMPUTER
WORLD SOLUTION IMPLIMENTATION
PROBLEM TECHNIQUE

VALIDATION
SENSITIVITY VERIFICATION
ANALYSIS
 The vast majority of heuristic and meta-
heuristic algorithms have been derived
from the behavior of biological systems
and/or physical systems in nature.

The Bat Algorithm (BA), based on the

echolocation behavior of bats.
 Bat-inspired algorithm is a meta-
heuristic optimization algorithm developed
by Xin-She Yang in 2010. This bat
algorithm is based on the echolocation
behaviour of micro bats with varying pulse
rates of emission and loudness.
 Bats emit sonar signals in order to locate potential prey. This
signals bounce back if they hit an object. Bats are able to
interpret the signals to see if the object is large or small and
if it is moving toward or away from them.

Bat send sound signal Echo signal used to

with frequency f calculate the distance S
 PULSE DURATION
ULTRASONIC BURST DURATION
8 to 10 ms
FREQUENCY RANGE
5 to 20 ms
BURST RATE
25 kHz to
150 kHz PULSE
10 to 200
Time delay
between per second
emission
110dB
and
detection

3-D
scenario

Time
Loudness
difference
variations
between
of the
their two
echoes
ears
 All bats use echolocation to sense distance, and they
also ‘know’ the difference between food/prey and
background barriers in some magical way.

Bats fly randomly with velocity vi at position xi with a

fixed frequency f min, varying wavelength λ and loudness
A0 to search for prey. They can automatically adjust the
wavelength (or frequency) of their emitted pulses and
adjust the rate of pulse emission r ∈ [0,1], depending on
the proximity of their target.

Although the loudness can vary in many ways, we

assume that the loudness varies from a large (positive)
A0 to a minimum constant value A min.
 No ray tracing is used in estimating the time
delay and 3 dimensional topology.
 frequency f in a range [fmin, fmax]

In this paper used Frequency [20kHz to

500kHz]

 wavelengths [λmin, λmax]

In this paper used Wavelength [0.7mm to

17mm]
 • β ∈ [0, 1]
fi= fmin+ (fmax− fmin)β
• fmin= 0 & fmax= 100
• x* is the current
vit+1= vit+ (xit-1–x*)fi global best location
• t is number of
xit+1= xit+ vit iteration
xnew= xold+ ЄAt
Є ∈ [−1,1]

At = <Ait> is the average loudness of all

the bats at this time step
Ait+1 = αAit,
rit = ri0[1 − exp(−γt)],
Where α and γ are constants.
Objective function f (x), x = (x1, ...,xd)T
Initialize the bat population xi (i = 1,2, ...,n) and vi
Define pulse frequency fi at xi
Initialize pulse rates ri and the loudness Ai
while(t <Max number of iterations)
Generate new solutions by adjusting frequency, and updating velocities and
locations/solutions
if ( rand > ri )
Select a solution among the best solutions
Generate a local solution around the selected best solution
end if
Generate a new solution by flying randomly
if(rand <Ai & f (xi) < f (x∗))
Accept the new solutions
Increase ri and reduce Ai
end if
Rank the bats and find the current best x∗
end while
Postprocess results and visualization
Multi-objective bat algorithm (MOBA) by Yang (2011)

Fuzzy Logic Bat Algorithm (FLBA) by Khan et al. (2011)

K-Means Bat Algorithm (KMBA) by Komarasamy and Wahi (2012)

Chaotic Bat Algorithm (CBA) by Lin et al. (2012)

Binary bat algorithm (BBA) by Nakamura et al. (2012)

Differential Operator and Levy flights Bat Algorithm (DLBA)by Xie

et al. (2013)

Improved bat algorithm (IBA) by Jamil et al. (2013)

 Continuous
Optimization
in
engineering
design
Fuzzy Logic Combinatorial
Optimization
and Other and
Applications Scheduling

APPLICATIONS

Inverse
Problems
Image
and
Processing Parameter
Estimation
Classifications,
Clustering and
Data Mining
 Pros of BA :
Simple, Flexible and Easy to implement.
Solve a wide range of problems and highly non
linear problems efficiently.
Provides very quick convergence at a very
initial stage by switching from exploration to
exploitation.
The loudness and pulse emission rates
essentially provide a mechanism for automatic
control and auto-zooming into the region.
It gives promising optimal solutions.
Works well with complicated problems
◦ Cons of BA :
If we allow the algorithm to switch to
exploitation stage too quickly by varying A
and r too quickly, it may lead to stagnation
after some initial stage.
Possible works for improve the algorithm :
Parameter tuning.
Parameter control.
Speedup of coverage.
Add Bat smell observation property.
Possible works for Apply the algorithm :
Image segmentation and matching.
Data clustering.
Data classification.
Path planning.
Numerical optimization.
Business optimization.
Transport Engineering.
Optimization in microelectronic application.
 In this report, the concept, classification and
various techniques of optimization with its process
are discussed. The standard bat algorithm,
working principle, variants and its application
areas are presented. The advantages and
disadvantages are also mentioned. This report also
focuses on the importance of using BA as its
having wide number of applications, advantages
and having fewer drawbacks.
1. Xin-She Yang, “A New Metaheuristic Bat-Inspired Algorithm”, NICSO 2010,
SCI 284, pp. 65–74, 2010.
2. Xin-She Yang, “Nature-Inspired Metaheuristic Algorithms” (Second Edition),
University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
3. Xin-She Yang, Amir Hossein Gandomi,“Bat Algorithm: A Novel Approach for
Global Engineering Optimization”,Engineering Computations, Vol. 29, Issue
5, pp. 464--483 (2012).
4. Xin-She Yang, “Bat algorithm: literature review and applications”, Int. J.
Bio-Inspired Computation, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 141–149 (2013).
5. Sashikala Mishra, Kailash Shaw, Debahuti Mishra, “A New Metaheuristic
Bat Inspired Classification Approach for Microarray Data”, Procedia
Technology, vol.4 Feb 2012, pp. 802 – 806
6. Selim Yılmaza, Ecir U. Kücüksille, “A new modification approach on bat
algorithm for solving optimization problems”, Applied Soft Computing,
Volume 28, March 2015, Pages 259–275

7. R. Y. M. Nakamura, L. A. M. Pereira, K. A. Costa, D. Rodrigues, J. P. Papa,

X. S. Yang, “BBA: A Binary Bat Algorithm for Feature Selection”, Graphics,
Patterns and Images (SIBGRAPI), Aug. 2012, pp: 291-297
8. Iztok Fister Jr., Duˇsan Fister, Xin-She Yang, “A Hybrid Bat Algorithm”,
Elektrotehniški vestnik, 2013, in press
REFERANCES
9. Iztok Fister Jr., Duˇsan Fister, Xin-She Yang, “A Hybrid Bat Algorithm”,
Elektrotehniški vestnik, 2013, in press
10. Du, Z. Y., Liu B., (2012). Image matching using a bat algorithm with mutation,
Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 203, No. 1, pp. 88–93.
11. Komarasamy, G., and Wahi, A., (2012). An optimized K-means clustering techniqueusing bat
algorithm, European J. Scientific Research, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp.263-273.
12. Wang, G. G, Guo, L. H., Duan, H., Liu, L, Wang, H. Q., (2012).
A bat algorithm with mutation for UCAV path planning, Scientific World Journal, Vol. 2012, 15
pages. doi:10.1100/2012/418946
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2012/418946/
13. Wang, Gaige, and Guo, Lihong, (2013). A novel hybrid bat algorithm with harmony search for
global numerical optimization, Journal of Applied Mathematics,
(in press).
14. Yang, X. S., Deb, S., and Fong, S., (2011). Accelerated particle swarm optimization and support vector
machine for business optimization and applications, in:
Networked Digital Technologies 2011, Communications in Computer and Information Science, 136, pp.
53–66.
15. Yang, X. S., Gandomi, A. H., Talatahari, S., Alavi, A. H., (2012a). Metaheuristics
in Water, Geotechnical and Transport Engineering, Elsevier, London, UK and
Waltham, USA.
16. Yang, X. S., Karamanoglu, M., Fong, S., (2012b). Bat aglorithm for topology
optimization in microelectronic applications, in: IEEE Int. Conference on Future
Generation Communication Technology (FGCT2012), British Computer Society,
12-14 Dec 2012, London, pp. 150–155.
16 Zhang, J. W., and Wang, G. G., (2012). Image matching using a bat algorithm
with mutation, Applied Mechanics and Materials (Editted by Z. Y. Du and Bin