NAME: ___________________________________ DATE PERFORMED: _________________ GRP #: ______________

G/SEC: ___________________________________ DATE SUBMITTED : __________________ SCORE: _____________

WORKSHEET 04. MOLECULAR GENETICS

I. DNA AND RNA

Directions: Illustrate the major differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA: __________________________________________ RNA: ____________________________________________

SUGAR: SUGAR: _________________________________________
________________________________________

NITROGENOUS BASES: __________________________ NITROGENOUS BASES: ____________________________

STRAND: STRAND: ________________________________________

_______________________________________

II. CHARGAFF’S RULE

Directions: Identify the composition of a given DNA segment using Chargaff’s rule.

1. If guanine makes up 31% of the nucleotide sample of DNA from an organism, what is the percentage of the other nitrogenous
bases?
ANS: C = _________ % ; A = _________ % ; T = _________ %

2. A segment of DNA has 120 adenine bases and 120 cytosine bases. What is the total number of nucleotides present in the
DNA segment?
ANS: ___________ nucleotides

3. In humans, there is approximately 30% adenine. What is the percentage of guanine and thymine present?
ANS: G = __________ % ; T = __________ %

4. If there are 500 nucleotides in a segment of DNA and 20% of it is thymine, then how many nitrogenous bases of each kind are
present in the segment?
ANS: T = __________ ; A = __________ ; C = __________ ; G = __________

III. DNA REPLICATION

Directions: Label the different parts of DNA replication process, and draw corresponding shapes for the different enzymes
involved in the process.

a. _________________________________
b. _________________________________
c. _________________________________
d. _________________________________
e. _________________________________
f. _________________________________

ENZYMES:
a. HELICASE - triangle
b. TOPOISOMERASE – torus (donut-shape)
c. SSB – 4 small circles
d. RNA PRIMER – small square
e. DNA PRIMASE – cone
f. DNA POLYMERASE – rectangle
 g. DNA LIGASE – cylinder

EXAMPLES:
1. AGC-AGG-CAG-ATC-GTC
Leading Strand: ______________________________
Lagging Strand: ______________________________
Replicated Strand: ____________________________
3. CAC-GGT-ACT-TGG-CAC
Leading Strand: _______________________________
Lagging Strand: ______________________________
Replicated Strand: _____________________________

2. TTA-CCG-ACG-TTG-AAA 4. GTA-CAT-TTT-GGG-AAC
Leading Strand: ______________________________ Leading Strand: _______________________________
Lagging Strand: ______________________________ Lagging Strand: ______________________________
Replicated Strand: ____________________________ Replicated Strand: _____________________________

IV. THE GENETIC CODE

Directions: Complete the genetic code below to show the different combinations of nitrogenous bases forming the amino acids.

_________ PHE _________ SER _________ TYR _________ CYS

_________ PHE _________ SER _________ TYR _________ CYS
_________ LEU _________ SER ________ STOP ________ STOP
_________ LEU _________ SER ________ STOP _________ TRP
_________ LEU _________ PRO _________ HIS _________ ARG
_________ LEU _________ PRO _________ HIS _________ ARG
_________ LEU _________ PRO _________ GLN _________ ARG
_________ LEU _________ PRO _________ GLN _________ ARG
__________ ILE _________ THR _________ ASN _________ SER
__________ ILE _________ THR _________ ASN _________ SER
__________ ILE _________ THR _________ LYS _________ ARG
_________ MET _________ THR _________ LYS _________ ARG
__________ VAL __________ ALA _________ ASP _________ GLY
__________ VAL __________ ALA _________ ASP _________ GLY
__________ VAL __________ ALA _________ GLU _________ GLY
__________ VAL __________ ALA _________ GLU _________ GLY

V. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Directions: Using the filled-up genetic code above, identify the sequence of peptides to be formed.

1. AGC-AGG-CAG-ATC-GTC 3. CAC-GGT-ACT-TGG-CAC
Transcribed Strand: _____________________________ Transcribed Strand: ____________________________
Translated Strand: ______________________________ Translated Strand: _____________________________
Amino Acid Sequence: ___________________________ Amino Acid Sequence: __________________________

2. TTA-CCG-ACG-TTG-AAA 4. GTA-CAT-TTT-GGG-AAC
Transcribed Strand: _____________________________ Transcribed Strand: ____________________________
Translated Strand: ______________________________ Translated Strand: _____________________________
Amino Acid Sequence: ___________________________ Amino Acid Sequence: __________________________

Guide Questions:

1. How is the process of TRANSCRIPTION done?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. How is the process of TRANSLATION done?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What is the difference between a PEPTIDE and a POLYPEPTIDE?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. How is the peptide strand of humans different from other species?

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
VI. GENETIC MUTATIONS AND CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS
Directions: Illustrate how certain chromosomal aberrations occur.

NORMAL CHROMOSOME INVERSION

NONDISJUNCTION DELETION

DUPLICATION TRANSLOCATION

Directions: Construct a sample of the different types of mutation affecting DNA strands.

1. THE ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE What is KARYOTYPING?
__________________ : THQ ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE _______________________
__________________ : THE ONE BIG … … … … … _______________________
__________________ : THE ONE QBI GFL YHA DON ERE DEY _______________________
__________________ : THE ONE BIG … HAD ONE RED EYE _______________________
__________________ : THE ONE BIG WET FLY HAD ONE RED EYE _______________________
__________________ : THE ONE BIG FLY FLY HAD ONE RED EYE
__________________ : THE ONE BIG FLY FLY FLY FLY HAD ONE RED EYE

2. TWO MEN RUN FOR THE WIN AND CRY

Deletion : ______________________________________________
Insertion : ______________________________________________
Duplication : ______________________________________________
Expanding : ______________________________________________
Nonsense : ______________________________________________
Missense : ______________________________________________
Frameshift : ______________________________________________

VII. GENETIC DISORDERS

Directions: Complete the table below by supplying the information about germline mutation.

Situation Oocyte Sperm Chromosome Number Consequence

X X
Normal
X Y
XX X
XX Y
Female Nondisjunction
-- X
-- Y
Male Nondisjunction X --
(Meiosis I) X XY
X XX
Male Nondisjunction
X YY
(Meiosis II)
X --

Directions: Complete the table below by supplying the needed information about somatic mutation.

Disorder Type Symptoms

Lung infections and congestion; poor fat digestion; male
infertility; poor weight gain; salty sweat
Dwarfism with short limbs; normal-sized head and trunk
 Extra finger and/or toes

Fused fingers and/or toes

Combination of polydactyly and syndactyly

Lack of skin melanin

Lack of skin pigmentation

Joint paint; spleen damage; high risk of infection

Progressive brain cell deterioration; error in chromosome
#4
Defect in chromosome #19; Inability to remove low-
density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood
An extra chromosome in chromosome #9

An extra chromosome in chromosome #13

An extra chromosome in chromosome #18

An extra chromosome in chromosome #21

Very high-pitched tone when crying; deletion of part of
chromosome #5

VIII. GENETIC ENGINEERING

Directions: Explain the ff. briefly but concisely, and in layman’s terms.

1. GENETIC ENGINEERING
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2. RECOMBINANT DNA
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3. BIOTECHNOLOGY
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4. PHARMACOGENOMICS
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5. RESTRICTION ENYZME
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
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6. MONOCULTURE
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
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7. GMOs
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
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8. BIOETHICS
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
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9. BIOREMEDIATION
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10. GENETIC TESTING
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