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•The idea that something is fit for a purpose with respect to time.
•The ability of a device or system to perform a required function under stated conditions
•The probability that a functional unit will perform its required function for a specified
budget.
A pencil sharpener may be more reliable than an airliner, but has a much
The reliability program plan is essential for a successful reliability program and
It specifies not only what the reliability engineer does, but also the tasks
management.
System reliability parameters:
The most common reliability parameter is the mean time between failures (MTBF), which
can also be specified as the failure rate or the number of failures during a given period.
The MTBF is usually specified in hours, but can also be used with other units of
measurement such as miles or cycles.
2. The parts stress modelling approach: Is an empirical method for prediction based on
counting the number and type of components of the system, and the stress they undergo
during operation.
Design for reliability:
Design For Reliability (DFR), is an emerging discipline that refers to the process
This process encompasses several tools and practices and describes the order
Typically, the first step in the DFR process is to set the system’s reliability
requirements.
development of a model.
requirements.
Reliability test requirements:
chance of failure.
program that provides enough evidence that the system meets its
requirement.
For systems that must last many years, reliability engineering may be used to
ratio. After this procedure has been done for many stress
limits”.
S-N Curves
In studying failure data for complex welded
specimens it has been found that plotting
stress range rather than maximum stress
better describes metal behavior. Thus, for
joints the term “S-N curve" means a plot of
stress range versus cycles to failure.
The stress range is the difference between
the maximum tensile stress and the
minimum (compressive) stress that may
occur in a particular joint due to a variety of
applied loads.
Miner Damage Rule
The significant contributor to cumulative fatigue damage is the low stress, and the high cycle load
situation. The measure of cumulative damage that is used is the Palmgren-Miner rule.
𝑲
𝒏𝒊
𝑫= ≤𝟏
𝑵𝒊
𝒊=𝟏
could take 6 cycles before it would fail. Dividing two cycles by six cycles, the accumulated damage is
Two more cycles of a higher amplitude are applied. At this higher amplitude, four cycles would be
required for failure to occur. Dividing two cycles by four cycles, an additional 0.5 of damage has
occurred. The total accumulated damage is now 0.83. According to Miner’s Rule, no failure has
occurred.
Miner Damage Rule
One more cycle of the higher amplitude is now applied. The accumulated damage is now 1.08.
The drawbacks to such extensive testing are time and expense. Customers may choose to
Some systems are prohibitively expensive to test; some failure modes may take years to
observe; some complex interactions result in a huge number of possible test cases; and
some tests require the use of limited test ranges or other resources. In such cases,
different approaches to testing can be used, such as accelerated life testing and
simulations.
Accelerated testing:
The purpose of accelerated life testing is to induce field failure in the laboratory at a
In such a test the product is expected to fail in the lab just as it would have failed in the
•To predict the normal field life from the high stress lab life.
An Accelerated testing program can be broken down into the following steps:
It is important for the system designer to know the mission profile because
may vary during the design life of the system containing the component, and the
1. Ambient temperature.
2. Humidity.
4. Vibration.
6. Radiation.
8. Dust.