LRFD-8 AppendexE5

Crosswalk Between the 7th Edition of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications with the
2015 and 2016 Interim Previsions and 8th Edition of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.
The articles in FORWARD tab are organized according to the organization of the 7th Edition.
This tool is intended to help practitioner's who are familiar with the organization of the 7th Edition locate
the corresponding articles in the 8th Edition.
Article/Equation No. Article Change

Simplified Procedure for Prestressed and
7th Edition: 5.8.3.4.3 Nonprestressed Sections
8th Edition: N/A Removed
The articles in BACKWARD tab are organized according to the organization of the 8th Edition.
This tool is intended to help practitioner's find the corresponding 7th Edition article based on the article
from the 8th Edition.
Article/Equation No. Article Change

8th Edition: 5.13 Anchors New
7th Edition: N/A
This sheet has been locked to prevent unintentional overwrights.

The password for this sheet is "LRFD".
Appendix E5
Crosswalk Between the 7th and 8th Editions
7th Ed. With 2016 Interim Revisions 8th Ed.

Article or Equation Article or Equation
5.1 Scope 5.1
5.2 Definitions 5.2
5.3 Notation 5.3
5.4 Material Properties 5.4

5.4.1 General 5.4.1
5.4.2 Normal Weight and Structural Lightweight Concrete 5.4.2
5.4.2.1 Compressive Strength 5.4.2.1
5.4.2.2 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 5.4.2.2
5.4.2.3 Shrinkage and Creep 5.4.2.3
5.4.2.3.1 General 5.4.2.3.1
5.4.2.3.2 Creep 5.4.2.3.2
5.4.2.3.2-1 y ( t ,ti ) = 1.9ks khc k f ktd ti -0.118 5.4.2.3.2-1 y ( t ,ti ) =
5.4.2.3.2-2 ks = 1.45 – 0.13(V/S) ≥ 1.0 5.4.2.3.2-2
5.4.2.3.2-3 khc = 1.56 – 0.008H 5.4.2.3.2-3
5 5
5.4.2.3.2-4 kf = 5.4.2.3.2-4 kf =
1 + f ci� 1 + f ci�
t t
5.4.2.3.2-5
ktd = 5.4.2.3.2-5
ktd =
100 - 4 f ci��
� 100 - 4 f ci��
�
12 � �+ t 12 � �+ t
� f ci�+ 20 � � f ci�+ 20 �
� t � � t �
C5.4.2.3.2-1 �26 e 0.36(V/S ) + t ��1.80 + 1.77 e -0.54(V/S ) � C5.4.2.3.2-1 �26 e 0.36(V/S ) + t ��1.80 + 1.77 e -0.54(V/S ) �
kc = � � � � kc = � � � �
� t �� 2.587 � � t �� 2.587 �
�
� 45 + t �
� �
� 45 + t �
�
� t � � t �
�26 e 0.36(V/S ) + t ��1.80 + 1.77 e -0.54(V/S ) � �26 e 0.36(V/S ) + t �� 1.80 + 1.77 e -0.54(V/S ) �
kc = � �� Revisions
7th Ed. With 2016 Interim � kc = � ��
8th Ed. �
� t �� 2.587 � � t �� 2.587 �
�
� 45 + t �
� �
� 45 + t �
�
� t � � t �
� 0.36(V/S ) + t �� 1064 - 94(V/S ) � � 0.36(V/S ) + t �� 1064 - 94(V/S ) �
C5.4.2.3.2-2
k s = �26e ��
C5.4.2.3.2-2
k s = �26e � � �
� t �� 923 � � t �� 923 �
5.4.2.3.3
� 45 + t
Shrinkage
� 5.4.2.3.3
� 45 + t �
-3
5.4.2.3.3-1 e sh = k s khs k f ktd 0.48 �10 5.4.2.3.3-1 e sh = ks khs k f ktd 0.48 �10-3
5.4.2.3.3-2 khs = (2.00 – 0.014 H) 5.4.2.3.3-2
5.4.2.4 Modulus of Elasticity 5.4.2.4
5.4.2.4-1 Ec = 120, 000 K1 wc 2.0 f c�

0.33
5.4.2.4-1 Ec = 120,000 K1 wc 2.0 f c�
0.33
C5.4.2.4-1 Ec = 2,500 f c�
0.33
C5.4.2.4-1 Ec = 2,500 f c�
0.33
C5.4.2.4-2 Ec = 33, 000 K1 wc1.5 f c� C5.4.2.4-2 Ec = 33, 000 K1 wc1.5 f c�
C5.4.2.4-3 Ec = 1,820 f �
c
C5.4.2.4-3 Ec = 1,820 f �
c
5.4.2.5 Poisson’s Ratio 5.4.2.5

5.4.2.6 Modulus of Rupture 5.4.2.6
5.4.2.7 Tensile Strength 5.4.2.7
5.4.2.8 Concrete Density Modification Factors 5.4.2.8
f ct
5.4.2.8-1 5.4.2.8-1 l = 4.7 �1.0
λ = 4.7 fct / √f’c ≤ 1.0 f c�
C5.4.2.8-1 5.4.2.8-2 0.75 �l = 7.5 wc �1.0
0.75 ≤ λ = 7.5 wc ≤ 1.0
5.4.3 Reinforcing Steel 5.4.3
5.4.3.1 General 5.4.3.1
5.4.3.3 Special Applications 5.4.3.3
5.4.4 Prestressing Steel 5.4.4
5.4.4.1 General 5.4.4.1
5.4.5 Post-Tensioning Anchorages and Couplers 5.4.5
5.4.6 Ducts 5.4.6
5.4.6.1 General 5.4.6.1
5.4.6.2 Size of Ducts 5.4.6.2
5.4.6.3 Ducts at Deviation Saddles 5.4.6.3
5.5 Limit States 5.5

5.5.1 General 5.5.1
5.5.1.1 Limit-State Applicability 5.5.1.1
5.5.1.2 Design Methodologies 5.5.1.2
5.5.1.2.1 General 5.5.1.2.1
5.5.1.2.2 B-Regions 5.5.1.2.2
5.5.1.2.3 D-Regions 5.5.1.2.3
5.5.2 Service Limit State 5.5.2
5.5.3 Fatigue Limit State 5.5.3
5.5.3.1 General 5.5.3.1
5.5.3.1-1 g ( Df ) �( DF ) TH 5.5.3.1-1 g ( Df ) �( DF ) TH
5.5.3.2 Reinforcing Bars 5.5.3.2
5.5.3.2-1 ( DF ) TH = 24 - 20 f min / f y 5.5.3.2-1 ( DF ) TH = 26 -

22 f min
fy
5.5.3.2-2 ( DF ) TH = 16 - 0.33 f min 5.5.3.2-2 ( DF ) TH = 18 - 0.36 f min
5.5.3.3 Prestressing Tendons 5.5.3.3

5.5.3.4 Welded or Mechanical Splices of Reinforcement 5.5.3.4
5.5.4 Strength Limit State 5.5.4
5.5.4.1 General 5.5.4.1
5.5.4.2 Resistance Factors 5.5.4.2
5.5.4.2.1 Conventional Construction 5.5.4.2
5.5.4.2.1-1 0.25 ( e t - e cl ) 5.5.4.2-1 0.25 ( e t - e cl )

0.75 �f = 0.75 + �1.0 0.75 �f = 0.75 + �1.0
( e tl - e cl ) ( e tl - e cl )
0.15 ( e t - e cl ) 0.15 ( e t - e cl )
5.5.4.2.1-2 0.75 �f = 0.75 + �0.9 5.5.4.2-2 0.75 �f = 0.75 + �0.9
( e tl - e cl ) ( e tl - e cl )
5.5.4.2.2 Segmental Construction 5.5.4.2
5.5.4.2.3 Special Requirements for Seismic Zones 2, 3, and 4 5.5.5.2
5.5.4.3 Stability 5.5.4.3
5.5.5 Extreme Event Limit State 5.5.5
5.5.5 Extreme Event Limit State 5.5.5.1
5.6 Design Considerations 5.8

5.6.1 General 5.5.1.1
5.6.2 Effects of Imposed Deformations 5.5.1.1
N/A 5.8.1
5.6.3 Strut-and-Tie Method 5.8.2
5.6.3.1 General 5.8.2.1
5.6.3.2 Structural Modeling 5.8.2.2
C5.6.3.2-1 � �
�a � C5.8.2.2-1 � �
�a �
Vcr = �
0.2 - 0.1� �� f c�
bw d Vcr = �
0.2 - 0.1� �� f c�
bw d
� �d �
� � �d �
�
5.6.3.3 Factored Resistance 5.8.2.3
5.6.3.3-1 Pr = fPn 5.8.2.3-1 Pr = fPn

5.6.3.4 Proportioning of Ties 5.8.2.4
5.6.3.4.1 Strength of Tie 5.8.2.4.1
Pn = f y Ast + Aps ( f pe + f y ) Pn = f y Ast + Aps �
5.6.3.4.1-1 5.8.2.4.1-1
�f pe + f y �
�
5.6.3.4.2 Anchorage of Tie 5.8.2.4.2
5.6.3.5 Proportioning of Node Regions 5.8.2.5
5.6.3.5.1 Strength of the Node Face 5.8.2.5.1
5.6.3.5.1-1 5.8.2.5.1-1
Pn = fcuAcn
5.6.3.5.2 Effective Cross-Sectional Area of Node Face 5.8.2.5.2
5.6.3.5.3 Limiting Compressive Stress at the Node Face 5.8.2.5.3
5.6.3.5.3a General 5.8.2.5.3a
5.6.3.5.3a-1 5.8.2.5.3a-1
fcu = mνf ′c
5.6.3.5.3b Back Face of a CCT Node 5.8.2.5.3b
5.6.3.6 Crack Control Reinforcement 5.8.2.6
5.6.3.6-1
Av 5.8.2.6-1
Av
�0.003 �0.003
bw sv bw sv
5.6.3.6-2
Ah 5.8.2.6-2
Ah
�0.003 �0.003
bw sh bw sh
5.7 Design for Flexural and Axial Force Effects 5.6

5.7.1 Assumptions for Service and Fatigue Limit States 5.6.1
5.7.2 Assumptions for Strength and Extreme Event Limit States 5.6.2
5.7.2.1 General 5.6.2.1
c 0.003 c 0.003
5.7.2.1-1 � 5.6.2.1-1 �
ds 0.003 + e cl ds 0.003 + e cl
5.7.2.2 Rectangular Stress Distribution 5.6.2.2
5.7.3 Flexural Members 5.6.3
5.7.3.1 Stress in Prestressing Steel at Nominal Flexural Resistance 5.6.3.1
5.7.3.1.1 Components with Bonded Tendons 5.6.3.1.1
5.7.3.1.1-1 � c � 5.6.3.1.1-1 � c �
1- k
f ps = f pu � � 1- k
f ps = f pu � �
� dp � � dp �
� � � �
5.7.3.1.1-2 � f py � 5.6.3.1.1-2 � f py �
k = 2 � 1.04 - � k = 2 � 1.04 - �
� f pu � � f pu �
� � � �
Aps f pu + As f s - As�f s�
- a1 f c�
(b - bw ) h f Aps f pu + As f s - As�f s�
- a1 f c�
(b - bw )h f
c= c=
5.7.3.1.1-3 f pu 5.6.3.1.1-3 f pu
a1 f c�
b1bw + kAps a1 f c�
b1bw + kAps
dp dp
- a1 f c�
- a1 f c�
(b - bw )h f
c= c=
7th Ed. With 2016 Interimf puRevisions 8th Ed. f pu
a1 f c�
b1bw + kAps
Article or Equation
dp Article or Equation
dp
Aps f pu + As f s - As��fs Aps f pu + As f s - As��fs
5.7.3.1.1-4 c= 5.6.3.1.1-4 c=
f pu f pu
a1 f c�b 1b + kAps a1 f c�b 1b + kAps
dp dp
5.7.3.1.2 Components with Unbonded Tendons 5.6.3.1.2
5.7.3.1.2-1 �d p - c � 5.6.3.1.2-1 �d p - c �
f ps = f pe + 900 � �� f py f ps = f pe + 900 � �� f py
�l e � �l e �
5.7.3.1.2-2 �2 l � 5.6.3.1.2-2 �2 l �
le = � i � le = � i �
�2 + N s � �2 + N s �
Aps f ps + As f s - As�f s� - a1 f c�
(b - bw )h f Aps f ps + As f s - As�f s� - a1 f c�
(b - bw )h f
5.7.3.1.2-3 c= 5.6.3.1.2-3 c=
a1 f c�
b1 b w a1 f c�
b1 b w
Aps f ps + As f s - As�f s� Aps f ps + As f s - As�f s�
5.7.3.1.2-4 c= 5.6.3.1.2-4 c=
a1 f c�b1 b a1 f c�b1 b
C5.7.3.1.2-1 f ps = f pe + 15.0 (ksi) C5.6.3.1.2-1 f ps = f pe + 15.0 (ksi)
5.7.3.1.3 Components with Both Bonded and Unbonded Tendons 5.6.3.1.3

5.7.3.1.3a Detailed Analysis 5.6.3.1.3a
5.7.3.1.3b Simplified Analysis 5.6.3.1.3b
5.7.3.2 Flexural Resistance 5.6.3.2
5.7.3.2.1 Factored Flexural Resistance 5.6.3.2.1
5.7.3.2.1-1 M r = fM n 5.6.3.2.1-1 M r = fM n
5.7.3.2.2 Flanged Sections 5.6.3.2.2
5.7.3.2.2-1
M n = A ps f ps ( dp -
a
2
) + As f s ( ds -
a
2
) -
5.6.3.2.2-1
a
2
) + As f s ( ds -
a
2
) -
As�� (
f s d s�-
2
a
) ( b - bw ) h f
+ a1 f c�
�a
�-
�2
hf
2
�
�
�
As�� (
f s d s�-
a
2
) ( b - bw ) h f
+ a1 f c�
�a
�-
�2
hf
2
�
�
�
5.7.3.2.3 Rectangular Sections 5.6.3.2.3
5.7.3.2.4 Other Cross-Sections 5.6.3.2.4
5.7.3.2.5 Strain Compatibility Approach 5.6.3.2.5
5.7.3.2.6 Composite Girder Section 5.6.3.2.6
5.7.3.3 Limits for Reinforcement N/A
5.7.3.3.1 Maximum Reinforcement--- deleted 2005 N/A
5.7.3.3.2 Minimum Reinforcement 5.6.3.3
� �S �� S ��
5.7.3.3.2-1
M cr = g 3 �( g 1 f r + g 2 fcpe ) Sc - M dnc �S c - 1�� 5.6.3.3-1
( g 1 f r + g 2 fcpe ) Sc - M dnc �S c - 1��
M cr = g 3 �
� � nc �� nc ��
5.7.3.4 Control Cracking by Distribution of Reinforcement 5.6.7
5.7.3.4-1 700 g e 5.6.7-1 700 g e

s � - 2d c s � - 2d c
b s f ss b s f ss
N/A dc 5.6.7-2 dc
βs = 1 + βs = 1 +
0.7( h - d c ) 0.7( h - d c )
5.7.3.4-2 Ask �0.012 (dl - 30) 5.6.7-3 Ask �0.012 (d l - 30)
5.7.3.5 Moment Redistribution 5.6.3.4
5.7.3.6 Deformations 5.6.3.5
5.7.3.6.1 General 5.6.3.5.1
5.7.3.6.2 Deflection and Camber 5.6.3.5.2
�M �
3
� � M ��
3
�M �
3
� � M ��
3
5.7.3.6.2-1 1 - � cr ��I cr �I g
I e = � cr �I g + � 5.6.3.5.2-1 1 - � cr ��I cr �I g
I e = � cr �I g + �
�M a � � M
� � a �� M a � � M
� � a ��
Ig Ig
5.7.3.6.2-2 M cr = f r 5.6.3.5.2-2 M cr = f r
yt yt
5.7.3.6.3 Axial Deformation 5.6.3.5.3
5.7.4 Compression Members 5.6.4
5.7.4.1 General 5.6.4.1
5.7.4.2 Limits for Reinforcement 5.6.4.2
5.7.4.2-1 As Aps f pu 5.6.4.2-1 As Aps f pu

+ �0.08 + �0.08
Ag Ag f y Ag Ag f y
As A ps f pu As Aps f pu
+ 7th Ed. With 2016 Interim Revisions
�0.08 + �0.088th Ed.
Ag Ag f y Article or Equation Ag Ag f y Article or Equation
Aps f pe Aps f pe
5.7.4.2-2 �0.30 5.6.4.2-2 �0.30
Ag f c� Ag f c�
5.7.4.2-3 As Aps f pu f� 5.6.4.2-3 As Aps f pu f�
+ �0.135 c + �0.135 c
Ag Ag f y fy Ag Ag f y fy
N/A but not greater than 0.015 5.6.4.2-4 As Aps f pu
+ �0.015
Ag Ag f y
5.7.4.3 Approximate Evaluation of Slenderness Effects 5.6.4.3
Ec I g Ec I g
5.7.4.3-1 + Es I s 5.6.4.3-1 + Es I s
EI = 5 EI = 5
1 + bd 1 + bd
Ec I g Ec I g
5.7.4.3-2 5.6.4.3-2
EI = 2.5 EI = 2.5
1+ b d 1+ b d
5.7.4.4 Factored Axial Resistance 5.6.4.4
5.7.4.4-1 Pr = fPn 5.6.4.4-1 Pr = fPn
5.7.4.4-2
� (
kc f c�Ag - Ast - Aps + f y Ast � ) 5.6.4.4-2
(
kc f c�Ag - Ast - Aps + f y Ast �
� )
Pn = 0.85 � � Pn = 0.85 � �
-
� A (
� ps pef - E e
p cu �
�) -
� A (
� ps pef - E e
p cu �
�)
5.7.4.4-3
(A
k f�
� c c g
- Ast - Aps ) + f y Ast �
5.6.4.4-3
� (A
k f�
c c g
Pn = 0.80 � � Pn = 0.80 � �
-A ( f
�
� ps pe
- E p e cu ) �
� -A ( f
�
� ps pe
- E p e cu ) �
�
5.7.4.5 Biaxial Flexure 5.6.4.5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5.7.4.5-1 = + - 5.6.4.5-1 = + -
Prxy Prx Pry f Po Prxy Prx Pry f Po
5.7.4.5-2 ( Ag - Ast - Aps ) + f y Ast - Aps ( f pe - E p ecu )

Po = kc f c� 5.6.4.5-2 ( Ag - Ast - Aps ) + f y Ast - Aps ( f pe - E p e cu )
Po = kc f c�
5.7.4.5-3 M ux M uy 5.6.4.5-3 M ux M uy
+ �1.0 + �1.0
M rx M ry M rx M ry
5.7.4.6 Spirals and Ties 5.6.4.6
�_𝑠=0.45 (𝐴_𝑔/𝐴_𝑐 −1) (𝑓_𝑐^ 4 Asp
′)/𝑓_𝑦ℎ �Ag �f �
5.7.4.6-1 5.6.4.6-1 ρs = �0.45 � - 1� c
( dc s ) �Ac �f yh
5.7.4.7 Hollow Rectangular Compression Members 5.6.4.7
5.7.4.7.1 Wall Slenderness Ratio 5.6.4.7.1
Xu Xu
5.7.4.7.1-1 lw = 5.6.4.7.1-1 lw =
t t
5.7.4.7.2 Limitations on the Use of the Rectangular Stress Block Method 5.6.4.7.2
5.7.4.7.2a General 5.6.4.7.2a
5.7.4.7.2b Refined Method for Adjusting Maximum Usable Strain Limit 5.6.4.7.2b
5.7.4.7.2c Approximate Method for Adjusting Factored Resistance 5.6.4.7.2c
5.7.4.7.2c-1 l w �15, then f w = 1.0 5.6.4.7.2c-1 l w �15, then f w = 1.0
5.7.4.7.2c-2 15 < l w �25, then fw = 1 - 0.025 ( l w - 15 ) 5.6.4.7.2c-2 15 < l w �25, then fw = 1 - 0.025 ( l w - 15 )
5.7.4.7.2c-3 25 < l w �35, then f w = 0.75 5.6.4.7.2c-3 25 < l w �35, then f w = 0.75
5.7.5 Bearing 5.6.5
5.7.5-1 Pr = fPn 5.6.5-1 Pr = fPn
5.7.5-2 Pn = 0.85 f c�
A1m 5.6.5-2 Pn = 0.85 f c�
A1m
5.7.5-3 A2 5.6.5-3 A2
m= �2.0 m= �2.0
A1 A1
5.7.5-4 A2 5.6.5-4 A2
m = 0.75 �1.50 m = 0.75 �1.50
A1 A1
5.7.6 Tension Members 5.6.6
5.7.6.1 Factored Tension Resistance 5.6.6.1
5.7.6.1-1 Pr = fPn 5.6.6.1-1 Pr = fPn

5.7.6.2 Resistance to Combinations of Tension and Flexure 5.6.6.2
5.8 Shear and Torsion 5.7

5.8.1 Design Procedures 5.7.1
5.8.1.1 Flexural Regions 5.7.1.1
5.8.1.2 Regions Near Discontinuities 5.7.1.2
5.8.1.3 Interface Regions 5.7.1.3
5.8.1.4 Slabs and Footings 5.7.1.4
5.8.1.5 Webs of Curved Post-Tensioned Box Girder Bridges 5.7.1.5
5.8.2 General Requirements 5.7.2
5.8.2.1 General 5.7.2.1
5.8.2.1-1 Tr = fTn 5.7.2.1-2 Tr = fTn
5.8.2.1-2 Vr = fVn 5.7.2.1-1 Vr = fVn
5.8.2.1-3 Tu > 0.25fTcr 5.7.2.1-3
A 2 f pc Acp 2
5.8.2.1-4 Tcr = 0.125l f c� cp 1 + 5.7.2.1-4 Tcr = 0.126 K l f c�
pc 0.125l f c� pc
Acp 2
5.8.2.1-5 �2 Aobv N/A
pc
√(𝑉_𝑢^2+((0.9 𝑝_ℎ 𝑇_𝑢)/(2 𝐴_𝑜 ))^2 ) 2
�0.9 p T �
5.8.2.1-6 5.7.3.4.2-5 Veff = V +� h u �
u
2
� 2 Ao �
𝑉_𝑢+(𝑇_𝑢 𝑑_𝑠)/(2 𝐴_𝑜 ) Tu d s
5.8.2.1-7 5.7.3.4.2-6 Veff = Vu +
2 Ao
5.8.2.2 Modifications for Lightweight Concrete 5.4.2.8
5.8.2.3 Transfer and Development Lengths 5.7.2.2
5.8.2.4 Regions Requiring Transverse Reinforcement 5.7.2.3
5.8.2.4-1 Vu > 0.5f ( Vc + V p ) 5.7.2.3-1 Vu > 0.5f ( Vc + Vp )

5.8.2.5 Minimum Transverse Reinforcement 5.7.2.5
b s b s
5.8.2.5-1 Av �0.0316 l f c� v 5.7.2.5-1 Av �0.0316 l f c� v
fy fy
5.8.2.6 Types of Transverse Reinforcement 5.7.2.4
5.8.2.7 Maximum Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement 5.7.2.6
5.8.2.7-1 smax = 0.8d v �24.0 5.7.2.6-1 smax = 0.8d v �24.0
5.8.2.7-2 smax = 0.4d v �12.0 5.7.2.6-2 smax = 0.4d v �12.0

5.8.2.8 Design and Detailing Requirements 5.7.2.7
5.8.2.9 Shear Stress on Concrete 5.7.2.8
5.8.2.9-1 Vu - fV p 5.7.2.8-1 Vu - fV p
vu = vu =
fbv d v fbv d v
Aps f ps d p + As f y d s Aps f ps d p + As f y d s
5.8.2.9-2 de = 5.7.2.8-2 de =
Aps f ps + As f y Aps f ps + As f y
Mn Mn
C5.8.2.9-1 dv = C5.7.2.8-1 dv =
As f y + Aps f ps As f y + Aps f ps
D Dr D Dr
C5.8.2.9-2 de = + C5.7.2.8-2 de = +
2 p 2 p
5.8.3 Sectional Design Model 5.7.3
5.8.3.1 General 5.7.3.1
5.8.3.2 Sections Near Supports 5.7.3.2
5.8.3.3 Nominal Shear Resistance 5.7.3.3
5.8.3.3-1 Vn = Vc + Vs + V p 5.7.3.3-1 Vn = Vc + Vs + V p
5.8.3.3-2 Vn = 0.25 f c�
bv d v + V p 5.7.3.3-2 Vn = 0.25 f c�
bv d v + V p
5.8.3.3-3 V c = 0.0316 b l f c�b v d v 5.7.3.3-3 V c = 0.0316 b l f c�b v d v
Av f y d v (cot q + cot a) sin a Av f y d v (cot q + cot a) sin a

5.8.3.3-4 Vs = 5.7.3.3-4 Vs =
s s
5.8.3.3-5 Vs = Av f y sin a �0.095l f c�
bv d v 5.7.3.3-5 Vs = Av f y sin a �0.095l f c�
bv d v
C5.8.3.3-1
Av f y d v cot q C5.7.3.3-1
Av f y d v cot q
Vs = Vs =
s s
5.8.3.4 Procedures for Determining Shear Resistance 5.7.3.4
5.8.3.4.1 Simplified Procedure for Nonprestressed Sections 5.7.3.4.1
5.8.3.4.2 General Procedure 5.7.3.4.2
4.8 4.8
5.8.3.4.2-1 β= 5.7.3.4.2-1 β=
(1 + 750ε s ) (1 + 750ε s )
4.8 51 4.8 51
5.8.3.4.2-2 b= 5.7.3.4.2-2 b=
(1 + 750e s ) ( 39 + sxe ) (1 + 750e s ) ( 39 + sxe )
θ = 29 + 3500e s θ = 29 + 3500e s
5.8.3.4.2-3 5.7.3.4.2-3
 Mu   Mu 
5.8.3.4.2-4  + 0.5 N u + Vu - V p - Aps f po  5.7.3.4.2-4  + 0.5 N u + Vu - V p - Aps f po 
d d
es =  v  es =  v 
Es As + E p Aps Es As + E p Aps
1.38 1.38
5.8.3.4.2-5 sxe = sx 5.7.3.4.2-7 sxe = sx
ag + 0.63 ag + 0.63
1.38 1.38
sxe = sx7th Ed. With 2016 Interim Revisions sxe = sx 8th Ed.
ag + 0.63
Article or Equation ag + 0.63
Article or Equation
5.8.3.4.3 Simplified Procedure for Prestressed and Nonprestressed Sections N/A
Vi M cre
5.8.3.4.3-1 Vci = 0.02l f c�
bv d v + Vd + �0.06l f c�
bv d v N/A
M max
5.8.3.4.3-2 � M dnc � N/A
M cre = S c �f r + f cpe - �
� S nc �
5.8.3.4.3-3 (
Vcw = 0.06l f c� )
+ 0.30 f pc bv d v + V p N/A
�f pc �
5.8.3.4.3-4 cotθ =1.0 +3 � � N/A
� f ��1.8
� c�
5.8.3.5 Longitudinal Reinforcement 5.7.3.5
5.8.3.5-1 M N �Vu � 5.7.3.5-1 M N �Vu �

Aps f ps + As f y � u + 0.5 u + � - V - 0.5 V cot q
s � Aps f ps + As f y � u + 0.5 u + � - V - 0.5 V cot q
s �
fc � � fc � �
p p
dv f f �fv � dv f f �fv �
5.8.3.5-2 �V � 5.7.3.5-2 �V �
As f y + Aps f ps �� u - 0.5Vs - V p �
cot q As f y + Aps f ps �� u - 0.5Vs - V p �
cot q
�fv � �fv �
5.8.3.6 Sections Subjected to Combined Shear and Torsion 5.7.3.6
5.8.3.6.1 Transverse Reinforcement 5.7.3.6.1
5.8.3.6.2 Torsional Resistance 5.7.3.6.2
2 Ao At f y cot q 2 Ao At f y cot q
5.8.3.6.2-1 Tn = 5.7.3.6.2-1 Tn =
s s
5.8.3.6.3 Longitudinal Reinforcement 5.7.3.6.3
M 0.5 N u M 0.5 N u
Aps f ps + As f y � u + + Aps f ps + As f y � u + +
5.8.3.6.3-1 f dv f 5.7.3.6.3-1 f dv f
2 2 2 2
�V � �0.45 ph Tu � �V � �0.45 ph Tu �
cot q � u - V p - 0.5Vs � + � � cot q � u - V p - 0.5Vs � + � �
�f � � 2 Ao f � �f � � 2 Ao f �
M 0.5 N u M 0.5 N u
f dv f f dv f
7th Ed. With 2016 Interim
� Revisions 8th Ed.
2 2 2 2
�Vu �0.45 ph
Tu � �Vu � �0.45 ph Tu �
cot q � -Article
V p - 0.5 Vs � + �
or Equation � cot q � - V p - 0.5Vs � + �
Article or Equation �
f � � 2 Ao f � �f � � 2 Ao f �
T�n ph Tn ph
5.8.3.6.3-2 Al = 5.7.3.6.3-2 Al =
2 Ao f y 2 Ao f y
5.8.4 Interface Shear Transfer—Shear Friction 5.7.4
5.8.4.1 General 5.7.4.1
5.8.4.1 General 5.7.4.3
5.8.4.1-1 5.7.4.3-1
Vri = fVni
5.8.4.1-2 5.7.4.3-2
Vri ³ Vui
5.8.4.1-3 5.7.4.3-3
Vni = cAcv + m (Avf fy + Pc)
5.8.4.1-4 5.7.4.3-4
Vni £ K1 f ′c Acv,
5.8.4.1-5 5.7.4.3-5
Vni £ K2 Acv
5.8.4.1-6 5.7.4.3-6
Acv = bvi Lvi
5.8.4.1 General 5.7.4.6
Computation of the Factored Interface Shear Force, Vui, for
5.8.4.2 5.7.4.5
Girder/Slab Bridges
5.8.4.2-1 Vu1 5.7.4.5-1 Vu1

vui = vui =
bvi d v bvi d v
5.8.4.2-2 Vui = vui Acv = vui 12bvi 5.7.4.5-2 Vui = vui Acv = vui 12bvi
5.8.4.2-3 Pc 5.7.4.5-3 Pc
Avpc = Avpc =
ff y ff y
C5.8.4.2-1 C5.7.4.5-1
Mu2 = M1 + V1 Dℓ
C5.8.4.2-2 Mu2 C5.7.4.5-2 Mu2

Cu 2 = Cu 2 =
dv dv
C5.8.4.2-3 M1 V1Dl C5.7.4.5-3 M1 V1Dl
Cu 2 = + Cu 2 = +
dv dv dv dv
C5.8.4.2-4 M1 C5.7.4.5-4 M1
C1 = C1 =
dv dv
C5.8.4.2-5 C5.7.4.5-5
Vh = Cu2 – C1
C5.8.4.2-6 V1Dl C5.7.4.5-6 V1Dl

Vh = Vh =
dv dv
C5.8.4.2-7 V1 C5.7.4.5-7 V1
Vhi = Vhi =
dv dv
5.8.4.3 Cohesion and Friction Factors 5.7.4.4
5.8.4.4 Minimum Area of Interface Shear Reinforcement 5.7.4.2
5.8.4.4-1
0.05 Acv 5.7.4.2-1
0.05 Acv
Avf � Avf �
fy fy
5.8.5 Principal Tensile Stresses in Webs of Segmental Concrete Bridges 5.9.2.3.3
VQg
N/A 5.9.2.3.3-1 t =
I g bw
VQg Tpc
N/A 5.9.2.3.3-2 t = + 2
I g bw Acp
VQg T
N/A 5.9.2.3.3-3 t = +
I g Bw 2 Ao bw
N/A 5.9.2.3.3-4 f min =

1
2
( (f pcx )
+ f pcy - (f pcx
+ f pcy ) + ( 2t )
2 2
)
7th Ed. With 2016 Interim Revisions
Article or Equation
f min =
1
2
(( )
8th Ed.
f pcx + f pcy - (
f
Article or Equation pcx
+ f pcy ) + ( 2t )
2
)
2
N/A
5.8.6 Shear and Torsion for Segmental Box Girder Bridges

C5.9.2.3.3-1
5.12.5.3.8
f max =
1
2
(( )
f pcx + f pcy + (f pcx
+ f pcy ) + ( 2t
2
) )
2
5.8.6.1 General 5.12.5.3.8a

5.8.6.2 Loading 5.12.5.3.8b
5.8.6.3 Regions Requiring Consideration of Torsional Effects 5.7.2.1
5.8.6.3-1 N/A
Tu > 1/3 fTcr
5.8.6.3-2 Tcr = 0.0632 K l f c�

2 Ao be 5.7.2.1-5 Tcr = 0.126 K l f c�
2 Ao be
f pc f pc
5.8.6.3-3 K = 1+ � 2.0 5.7.2.1-6 K = 1+ �2.0
0.0632 l f c� 0.126l f 'c
5.8.6.4 Torsional Reinforcement 5.12.5.3.8d
5.8.6.4-1 Tu �f Tn 5.12.5.3.8d-1 Tu �fTn
5.8.6.4-2 2 Ao At f y 5.12.5.3.8d-2 2 Ao At f y
Tn = Tn =
s s
Tu ph Tu ph
5.8.6.4-3 A ³ 5.12.5.3.8d-3 A ³
2 f Ao f y 2 f Ao f y
Mu Mu
5.8.6.4-4 5.12.5.3.8d-4 Ar e d =
(0.9d e f y ) (0.9d e f y )
5.8.6.5 Nominal Shear Resistance 5.12.5.3.8c
5.8.6.5-1 Vn = Vc + Vs 5.12.5.3.8c-1 Vn = Vc + Vs
5.8.6.5-2 Vn = 0.379 l f c�bv dv 5.12.5.3.8c-2 Vn = 0.379λ f c�bv d
Vc = 0.0632λK f c�bv d
5.8.6.5-3 Vc = 0.0632 K l f c�bv dv 5.12.5.3.8c-3 Vc = 0.0632λK f c�bv d
Av f y d v Av f y d
5.8.6.5-4 Vs = 5.12.5.3.8c-4 Vs =
s s
f pc f pc
5.8.6.3-3 K = 1+ � 2.0 5.12.5.3.8c-5 K = 1+ �2.0
0.0632 l f c� 0.0632 l f c'
�Vu � � Tu � �Vu � � Tu �
5.8.6.5-5
� +�
� �0.474 l f c�
� 5.12.5.3.8c-6
� � +� �0.474λ
� f c�
�bv d v � �2 Ao be � �v � �2 Ao be
b d �
5.8.6.6 Reinforcement Details 5.12.5.3.8e
5.8.6.6-1 5.7.2.6-1 smax = 0.8d v �24.0

smax = 0.8dv ≤ 36.0 in.
5.8.6.6-2 5.7.2.6-2 smax = 0.4d v �12.0

smax = 0.4dv ≤ 18.0 in.
5.9 Prestressed Concrete 5.9

5.9.1 General Design Considerations 5.9.1
5.9.1.1 General 5.9.1.1
5.9.1.2 Specified Concrete Strengths 5.9.1.2
5.9.1.3 Buckling 5.9.1.5
5.9.1.4 Section Properties 5.9.1.3
5.9.1.5 Crack Control 5.9.1.4
5.9.1.6 Tendons with Angle Points or Curves 5.9.1.6
N/A 5.9.2
5.9.2 Stresses Due to Imposed Deformation 5.9.2.1
5.9.2-1 = F 1- e
F� ( -y ( t , ti )
) 5.9.2.1-1 = F 1- e
F� ( -y ( t , ti )
)
5.9.2-2 F� ( )
= F 1 - e -y ( t ,ti ) / y ( t , ti ) 5.9.2.1-2 ( )
= F 1 - e -y ( t ,ti ) / y ( t , ti )
F�
5.9.3 Stress Limitations for Prestressing Tendons 5.9.2.2
5.9.4 Stress Limits for Concrete 5.9.2.3
5.9.4.1 For Temporary Stresses before Losses 5.9.2.3.1
5.9.4.1.1 Compression Stresses 5.9.2.3.1a
5.9.4.1.2 Tensile Stresses 5.9.2.3.1b
5.9.4.2 For Stresses at Service Limit State after Losses 5.9.2.3.2
5.9.4.2.2 Tension Stresses 5.9.2.3.2b
5.9.5 Loss of Prestress 5.9.3
5.9.5.1 Total Loss of Prestress 5.9.3.1
5.9.5.1-1 Df pT = Df pES + Df pLT 5.9.3.1-1 Df pT = Df pES + Df pLT
5.9.5.1-2 Df pT = Df pF + Df pA + Df pES + Df pLT 5.9.3.1-2 Df pT = Df pF + Df pA + Df pES + Df pLT
5.9.5.2 Instantaneous Losses 5.9.3.2

5.9.5.2.1 Anchorage Set 5.9.3.2.1
5.9.5.2.2 Friction 5.9.3.2.2
5.9.5.2.2a Pretensioned Construction 5.9.3.2.2a
5.9.5.2.2b Post-Tensioned Construction 5.9.3.2.2b
5.9.5.2.2b-1 Df pF = f pj ( 1 - e -( Kx + m a ) ) 5.9.3.2.2b-1 Df pF = f pj ( 1 - e -( Kx + m a ) )
5.9.5.2.2b-2 (
Df pF = f pj 1 - e -m (a+ 0.04) ) 5.9.3.2.2b-2 (
Df pF = f pj 1 - e -m( a+ 0.04) )
C5.9.5.2.2b-1 a = 2 2
av + ah C5.9.3.2.2b-1 a = 2 2
av + ah
C5.9.5.2.2b-2 a = SDa = S D a v2 + D a 2h C5.9.3.2.2b-2 a = SDa = S D a v2 + Da 2h

5.9.5.2.3 Elastic Shortening 5.9.3.2.3
5.9.5.2.3a Pretensioned Members 5.9.3.2.3a
5.9.5.2.3a-1
Ep 5.9.3.2.3a-1
Ep
Df pES = f cgp Df pES = f cgp
E ct E ct
7thEEd.
p With 2016 Interim Revisions Ep 8th Ed.
E ct Article or Equation E ct Article or Equation
Aps f pbt ( I g + em Ag ) - em M g Ag
2
Aps f pbt ( I g + em 2 Ag ) - em M g Ag
C5.9.5.2.3a-1 Df pES = C5.9.3.2.3a-1 Df pES =
Ag I g Eci Ag I g Eci
Aps ( I g + em 2 Ag ) + Aps ( I g + em 2 Ag ) +
Ep Ep
5.9.5.2.3b Post-Tensioned Members 5.9.3.2.3b
5.9.5.2.3b-1 N - 1 Ep 5.9.3.2.3b-1 N -1 Ep
2 N E ci 2 N E ci
N - 1 Aps f pbt ( I g + em Ag ) - em M g Ag
2
C5.9.5.2.3b-1 Df pES = C5.9.3.2.3b-1

2N A I E
Aps ( I g + em 2 Ag ) + g g ci
Ep
C5.9.5.2.3b-2 Asp2 C5.9.3.2.3b-2 Asp2

N = N1 + N2 N = N1 + N2
Asp1 Asp1
5.9.5.2.3c Combined Pretensioning and Post-Tensioning 5.9.3.2.3c
5.9.5.3 Approximate Estimate of Time Dependent Losses 5.9.3.3
f pi Aps f pi Aps
5.9.5.3-1 Df pLT = 10.0 g h g st + 12.0g h g st + Df pR 5.9.3.3-1 Df pLT = 10.0 g h g st + 12.0 g h g st + Df pR
Ag Ag
5.9.5.3-2 g h = 1.7 - 0.01H 5.9.3.3-2 g h = 1.7 - 0.01H
5 5
5.9.5.3-3 g st = 5.9.3.3-3 g st =
(1 + f ci�
) (1 + f ci�
)
5.9.5.4 Refined Estimates of Time-Dependent Losses 5.9.3.4
5.9.5.4.1 General 5.9.3.4.1
DfpLT = (DfpSR + DfpCR + DfpR1)id +
5.9.5.4.1-1 5.9.3.4.1-1
(DfpSD + DfpCD + DfpR2 – DfpSS)df
5.9.5.4.2 Losses: Time of Transfer to Time of Deck Placement 5.9.3.4.2
5.9.5.4.2a Shrinkage of Girder Concrete 5.9.3.4.2a
5.9.5.4.2a-1 Df pSR = e bid E p K id 5.9.3.4.2a-1 Df pSR = ebid E p K id

1 1
5.9.5.4.2a-2
K id = 5.9.3.4.2a-2
K id =
E p Aps � Ag e pg
2
� E p Aps � Ag e 2pg �
1+ 1+
� [ 1 + 0.7ψb ( t f ,ti ) ]
� 1+ 1+
� [ 1 + 0.7ψb ( t f ,ti ) ]
�
Eci Ag � I g � Eci Ag � I g �
5.9.5.4.2b Creep of Girder Concrete 5.9.3.4.2b
Ep Ep
5.9.5.4.2b-1
Df pCR = f cgp ψ b ( td , ti ) K id 5.9.3.4.2b-1
Df pCR = f cgp ψ b ( td , ti ) K id
Eci Eci
5.9.5.4.2c Relaxation of Prestressing Strands 5.9.3.4.2c
5.9.5.4.2c-1
f pt�f pt � 5.9.3.4.2c-1 �f pt
f pt �
Df pR1 = � - 0.55 � Df pR1 = � - 0.55 �
K L �f py � K L �f py �
�f log (24t ) �f pt � 3(Df pSR + Df pCR ) �
��
C5.9.5.4.2c-1 Df pR1 = � pt �
�
- 0.55 ��
�1 -
� �KidC5.9.3.4.2c-1
K � log(24t ) f f
�
�L i � py ��
�
�� pt �
5.9.5.4.3 Losses: Time of Deck Placement to Final Time 5.9.3.4.3
5.9.5.4.3a-1 Df pSD = e bdf E p K df 5.9.3.4.3a-1 Df pSD = e bdf E p K df
1 1
5.9.5.4.3a-2
K df = 5.9.3.4.3a-2
K df =
E p Aps � Ac e pc � E p Aps � Ac e pc �
2 2
1+ 1+
� [
�1 + 0.7ψ b ( t f , ti ) ] 1+ 1+
� [
�1 + 0.7ψ b ( t f , ti ) ]
Eci Ac � I c � Eci Ac � I c �
Ep Ep
5.9.5.4.3b-1
Df pCD = f �
Eci cgp � b f i ( )
ψ t , t - ψb ( td , ti ) �K
� df 5.9.3.4.3b-1
Df pCD = f �
ψ t , t - ψb ( td , ti ) �K
� df
E E
ψ+ p Df cd b � �t f , td �
�K df ψ+ p Df cd b �
�t ,t �
�K
5.9.5.4.3c Ec
Relaxation of Prestressing �
Strands� 5.9.3.4.3c Ec �f d � df
5.9.5.4.3c-1 Df pR 2 = Df pR 1 5.9.3.4.3c-1 Df pR 2 = Df pR 1
5.9.5.4.3d Shrinkage of Deck Concrete 5.9.3.4.3d
Ep Ep
5.9.5.4.3d-1
Df pSS =
Ec
Df cdf K df �
1 + 0.7ψ b t f , t d
� ( )�
�
5.9.3.4.3d-1
Df pSS =
Ec
Dfcdf K df �
1 + 0.7ψ b t f , t d
� ( )�
�
e ddf Ad Ec deck �1 e pc ed � e ddf Ad Ec deck
5.9.5.4.3d-2 Df cdf = � - �
5.9.3.4.3d-2 Df cdf =
[ 1 + 0.7ψ ( t
d f
, td ) ] �Ac Ic � [ 1 + 0.7ψ ( t
d f
, td ) ]
5.9.5.4.4 Precast Pretensioned Girders without Composite Topping 5.9.3.4.4
5.9.5.4.5 Post-Tensioned Nonsegmental Girders 5.9.3.4.5
N/A 5.9.3.5
5.9.5.5 Losses for Deflection Calculations 5.9.3.6
5.10 Details of Reinforcement 5.10

5.10.1 Concrete Cover 5.10.1
5.10.2 Hooks and Bends 5.10.2
5.10.2.1 Standard Hooks 5.10.2.1
5.10.2.2 Seismic Hooks 5.10.2.2
5.10.2.2 Seismic Hooks 5.11.4.1.4
5.10.2.3 Minimum Bend Diameters 5.10.2.3
5.10.3 Spacing of Reinforcement 5.10.3
5.10.3.1 Minimum Spacing of Reinforcing Bars 5.10.3.1
5.10.3.1.1 Cast-in-Place Concrete 5.10.3.1.1
5.10.3.1.2 Precast Concrete 5.10.3.1.2
5.10.3.1.3 Multilayers 5.10.3.1.3
5.10.3.1.4 Splices 5.10.3.1.4
5.10.3.1.5 Bundled Bars 5.10.3.1.5
5.10.3.2 Maximum Spacing of Reinforcing Bars 5.10.3.2
N/A 5.9.4
5.10.3.3 Minimum Spacing of Prestressing Tendons and Ducts 5.9.4.1
5.10.3.3.1 Prestensioning Strand 5.9.4.1
N/A 5.9.5
N/A 5.9.5.1
5.10.3.3.2 Post-Tensioning Ducts—Girders Straight in Plan 5.9.5.1.1
5.10.3.3.3 Post-Tensioning Ducts—Girders Curved in Plan 5.9.5.1.2
5.10.3.4 Maximum Spacing of Prestressing Tendons and Ducts in Slabs 5.9.4.2
5.10.3.5 Couplers in Post-Tensioning Tendons 5.9.5.3
5.10.4 Tendon Confinement 5.9.5.4
5.10.4.1 General 5.9.5.4.1
5.10.4.2 Wobble Effect in Slabs 5.9.5.4.2
5.10.4.3 Effects of Curved Tendons 5.9.5.4.3
5.10.4.3.1 Design for In-Plane Force Effects 5.9.5.4.4
5.10.4.3.1a In-Plane Force Effects 5.9.5.4.4a
5.10.4.3.1a-1
Pu 5.9.5.4.4a-1
Pu
Fu -in = Fu - in =
R R
5.10.4.3.1b Shear Resistance to Pull-out 5.9.5.4.4b
5.10.4.3.1b-1 Vr = fVn 5.9.5.4.4b-1 Vr = fVn
5.10.4.3.1b-2 Vn = 0.15d eff l f ci� 5.9.5.4.4b-2 Vn = 0.15d eff l f ci�
d duct
5.10.4.3.1b-3 d eff = d c + 5.9.5.4.4b-3
4
d duct d duct
5.10.4.3.1b-4 d eff = t w - 5.9.5.4.4b-4 d eff = t w -
2 2
5.10.4.3.1b-5 d eff = d c +
d duct
+
�s
duct
5.9.5.4.4b-5
4 2
5.10.4.3.1c Cracking of Cover Concrete 5.9.5.4.4c
SF
� � SF
� �
5.10.4.3.1c-1 � u -in h � hds2 5.9.5.4.4c-1 � u -in h � hds2
M end =� ds �
M end =� ds �
12 12
�SFu -in � 2 �SFu - in � 2
� hds hds
5.10.4.3.1c-2
� hds �
�
5.9.5.4.4c-2 �
� hds �
�
M mid = M mid =
24 24
SFu -in
� �2 � SF �
�hdsInterim Revisions
�Ed. Withh 2016
7th � u - in h � hds2 Ed.
8th
M mid = � ds �
M mid = � Article ds �
Article or Equation or Equation
24 24
5.10.4.3.1c-3 f cr = ff r 5.9.5.4.4c-3 f cr = ff r
5.10.4.3.1d Regional Bending 5.9.5.4.4d
5.10.4.3.1d-1 fcont SFu -in hc 5.9.5.4.4d-1 fcont SFu -in hc

Mu = Mu =
4 4
5.10.4.3.2 Out-of-Plane Force Effects 5.9.5.4.5
5.10.4.3.2-1
Pu 5.9.5.4.5-1
Pu
Fu - out = Fu - out =
pR pR
5.10.5 External Tendon Supports 5.9.5.5
5.10.6 Transverse Reinforcement for Compression Members 5.10.4
5.10.6.1 General 5.10.4.1
5.10.6.2 Spirals 5.10.4.2
5.10.6.3 Ties 5.10.4.3
5.10.7 Transverse Reinforcement for Flexural Members 5.10.5
5.10.8 Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement 5.10.6
1.30bh 1.30bh
5.10.8-1 As � 5.10.6-1 As �
2 ( b + h) f y 2 ( b + h) f y
5.10.8-2 0.11 �As �0.60 5.10.6-2 0.11 �As �0.60
1.3 Ag 1.3 Ag
C5.10.8-1 C5.10.6-1
As � As �
Perimeter ( f y ) Perimeter ( f y )
5.10.9 Post-Tensioned Anchorage Zones 5.9.5.6
5.10.9.1 General 5.9.5.6.1
5.10.9.2 General Zone and Local Zone 5.9.5.6.1
5.10.9.2.1 General 5.9.5.6.1
5.10.9.2.2 General Zone 5.9.5.6.2
5.10.9.2.3 Local Zone 5.9.5.6.3
5.10.9.2.4 Responsibilities 5.9.5.6.4
5.10.9.3 Design of the General Zone 5.9.5.6.5
5.10.9.3.1 Design Methods 5.9.5.6.5a
5.10.9.3.2 Design Principles 5.9.5.6.5b
5.10.9.3.3 Special Anchorage Devices 5.9.5.6.6
5.10.9.3.4 Intermediate Anchorages 5.9.5.6.7
5.10.9.3.4a General 5.9.5.6.7a
5.10.9.3.4b Crack Control Behind Intermediate Anchors 5.9.5.6.7b
5.10.9.3.4b-1 Tia = 0.25Ps - f cb Acb 5.9.5.6.7b-1 Tia = 0.25Ps - f cb Acb

5.10.9.3.4c Blister and Rib Reinforcement 5.9.5.6.7c
5.10.9.3.5 Diaphragms 5.9.5.6.8
5.10.9.3.6 Multiple Slab Anchorages 5.8.4.5.5
� a� � a�
5.10.9.3.6-1 1- �
T1 = 0.10 Pu � 5.8.4.5.5-1 1- �
T1 = 0.10 Pu �
� s� � s�
� a� � a�
5.10.9.3.6-2 1- �
T2 = 0.20 Pu � 5.8.4.5.5-2 1- �
T2 = 0.20 Pu �
� s� � s�
5.10.9.3.7 Deviation Saddles 5.9.5.6.9
Application of the Strut-and-Tie Model to the Design of the General 5.8.2.7
5.10.9.4 Zone
5.10.9.4.1 General 5.8.2.7.1
5.10.9.4.2 Nodes 5.8.2.7.2
5.10.9.4.3 Struts 5.8.2.7.3
5.10.9.4.4 Ties 5.8.2.7.4
5.10.9.5 Elastic Stress Analysis 5.8.3
5.10.9.5 Elastic Stress Analysis 5.8.3.1
5.10.9.6 Approximate Stress Analyses and Design 5.8.4
5.10.9.6 Approximate Stress Analyses and Design 5.8.4.5
5.10.9.6.1 Limitations of Application 5.8.4.5.1
5.10.9.6.2 Compressive Stresses 5.8.4.5.2
0.6 Pu k 0.6 Pu k
f ca = f ca =
5.10.9.6.2-1 � �1 1 � � 5.8.4.5.2-1 � �1 1 � �
1+ l c � - �
Ab � � 1+ l c � - �
Ab � �
� �b t �
� � �b t �
�
� �eff �
� � �eff �
�
5.10.9.6.2-2 � s �� n� 5.8.4.5.2-2 � s �� n�
k =1+ � 2- ��0.3 + � k =1+ � 2- ��0.3 + �
� a eff �� 15 � � a eff �� 15 �
5.10.9.6.2-3 k=1 5.8.4.5.2-3 k=1
5.10.9.6.3 Bursting Forces 5.8.4.5.3
� a� � a�
5.10.9.6.3-1 Tburst = 0.25 �Pu � 1 - �+ 0.5 | S ( Pu sin a) | 5.8.4.5.3-1 Tburst = 0.25 �Pu � 1 - �+ 0.5 | S ( Pu sin a) |
� h� � h�
5.10.9.6.3-2 d burst = 0.5 ( h - 2e) + 5e sin a 5.8.4.5.3-2 d burst = 0.5 ( h - 2e) + 5e sin a
5.10.9.6.4 Edge Tension Forces 5.8.4.5.4
5.10.9.7 Design of Local Zones 5.8.4.4
5.10.9.7.1 Dimensions of Local Zone 5.8.4.4.1
5.10.9.7.2 Bearing Resistance 5.8.4.4.2
5.10.9.7.2-1 Pr = ff n Ab 5.8.4.4.2-1 Pr = ff n Ab
5.10.9.7.2-2 A 5.8.4.4.2-2 A
f n = 0.7 f ci� f n = 0.7 f ci�
Ag Ag
5.10.9.7.2-3 f n = 2.25 f ci� 5.8.4.4.2-3 f n = 2.25 f ci�
0.33 0.33
5.10.9.7.2-4 �E � 5.8.4.4.2-4 �E �
n /t �0.08 � b � n /t �0.08 � b �
5.10.9.7.3
�fb �
Special Anchorage Devices 5.8.4.4.3
�fb �
5.10.10 Pretensioned Anchorage Zones 5.9.4.4
5.10.10.1 Splitting Resistance 5.9.4.4.1
5.10.10.1-1 Pr = f s As 5.9.4.4.1-1 Pr = f s As
5.10.10.2 Confinement Reinforcement 5.9.4.4.2
5.10.11 Provisions for Seismic Design 5.11
5.10.11.1 General 5.11.1
5.10.11.2 Seismic Zone 1 5.11.2
5.10.11.3 Seismic Zone 2 5.11.3
5.10.11.3 General 5.11.3.1
5.10.11.4 Seismic Zones 3 and 4 5.11.4
5.10.11.4.1 Column Requirements 5.11.4.1
5.10.11.4.1a Longitudinal Reinforcement 5.11.4.1.1
5.10.11.4.1b Flexural Resistance 5.11.4.1.2
5.10.11.4.1c Column Shear and Transverse Reinforcement 5.11.4.1.3
5.10.11.4.1d Transverse Reinforcement for Confinement at Plastic Hinges 5.11.4.1.4
f c� 4 Asp f c�
5.10.11.4.1d-1 r s �0.12 5.11.4.1.4-1 rs = �0.12
fy ( dc s ) f yh
f c��Ag � f c��Ag �
5.10.11.4.1d-2 Ash �0.30 shc � - 1�
5.11.4.1.4-2 Ash �0.30 shc � - 1�
f y �Ac � f yh �Ac �
f c� f c�
5.10.11.4.1d-3 Ash �0.12shc 5.11.4.1.4-3 Ash �0.12shc
fy f yh
5.10.11.4.1e Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement for Confinement 5.11.4.1.5
5.10.11.4.1f Splices 5.11.4.1.6
5.10.11.4.2 Requirements for Wall-Type Piers 5.11.4.2
5.10.11.4.2-1 Vr = 0.253l f c�
bd , 5.11.4.2-1 Vr = 0.253l f c�
bd ,
5.10.11.4.2-2 Vr = fVn 5.11.4.2-2 Vr = fVn
5.10.11.4.2-3 Vn = �
� + rh f y �
0.063l f c� �bd 5.11.4.2-3 Vn = �
� + rh f y �
0.063l f c� �bd
5.10.11.4.3 Column Connections 5.11.4.3
5.10.11.4.3-1 Vn �0.380 bd l f c� 5.11.4.3-1 Vn �0.380 bd l f c�

5.10.11.4.4 Construction Joints in Piers and Columns 5.11.4.4
5.10.11.4.4-1 Vn = ( Avf f y + 0.75Pu ) 5.11.4.4-1 Vn = ( Avf f y + 0.75 Pu )

5.10.12 Reinforcement for Hollow Rectangular Compression Members 5.10.7
5.10.12.1 General 5.10.7.1
5.10.12.2 Spacing of Reinforcement 5.10.7.2
5.10.12.3 Ties 5.10.7.3
5.10.12.4 Splices 5.10.7.4
5.10.12.5 Hoops 5.10.7.5
5.11 Development and Splices of Reinforcement 5.10.8

5.11.1 General 5.10.8.1
5.11.1.1 Basic Requirements 5.10.8.1.1
5.11.1.2 Flexural Reinforcement 5.10.8.1.2
5.11.1.2.1 General 5.10.8.1.2a
5.11.1.2.2 Positive Moment Reinforcement 5.10.8.1.2b
C5.11.1.2.2-1 Mn C5.10.8.1.2b-1 Mn
ld � + la ld � + la
Vu Vu
5.11.1.2.3 Negative Moment Reinforcement 5.10.8.1.2c
5.11.1.2.4 Moment Resisting Joints 5.10.8.1.2d
5.11.2 Development of Reinforcement 5.10.8.2
5.11.2.1 Deformed Bars and Deformed Wire in Tension 5.10.8.2.1
5.11.2.1.1 Tension Development Length 5.10.8.2.1a
5.11.2.1.1-1 �λ �λ cf �λ rc �λ er � 5.10.8.2.1a-1 �λ �λ cf �λ rc �λ er �
l d
= l db �� rl
� λ
�
� l d
= l db �� rl
� λ
�
�
� � � �
fy fy
5.11.2.1.1-2 l db = 2.4db 5.10.8.2.1a-2 l db = 2.4db
f c� f c�
5.11.2.1.2 Modification Factors which Increase ℓd 5.10.8.2.1b
5.11.2.1.3 Modification Factors which Decrease ℓd 5.10.8.2.1c
db
5.11.2.1.3-1 0.4 �l rc = �1.0 5.10.8.2.1c-1
cb + ktr
db
0.4 �l rc = �1.0
cb + ktr
d b 2016 Interim Revisions
0.4 �l7th
rc =
Ed. With �1.0 8th Ed.
+ ktr or Equation
cbArticle Article or Equation
db db
5.11.2.1.3-1 0.4 �l rc = �1.0 5.10.8.2.1c-2 lrc =
cb + ktr cb + ktr
5.11.2.1.3-2 5.10.8.2.1c-3
ktr = 40Atr/(sn)
( As required ) ( As required )
5.11.2.1.3-3 l er = ( 5.10.8.2.1c-4 l er = (
As provided ) As provided )
5.11.2.2 Deformed Bars in Compression 5.10.8.2.2
5.11.2.2.1 Compressive Development Length 5.10.8.2.2a
N/A 5.10.8.2.2a-1 l d = l db ler lrc
5.11.2.2.1-1
0.63 d b f y 5.10.8.2.2a-2
0.63 db f y
l db � l db �
f c� f c�
5.11.2.2.1-2 l db �0.3 d b f y 5.10.8.2.2a-3 l db �0.3 db f y
5.11.2.2.2 Modification Factors 5.10.8.2.2b
5.11.2.3 Bundled Bars 5.10.8.2.3
5.11.2.4 Standard Hooks in Tension 5.10.8.2.4
5.11.2.4.1 Basic Hook Development Length 5.10.8.2.4a
N/A 5.10.8.2.4a-1 �l l l �
l dh = l hb �� rc cw er �
� l �
� fy � �_ℎ𝑏=(38.0𝑑_𝑏)/60.0
5.11.2.4.1-1 38.0db 5.10.8.2.4a-2 (𝑓_𝑦/(√(𝑓′_𝑐 ) ))
l hb = � �
60.0 �l f ��
5.11.2.4.2
�
Modification Factors
c �
5.10.8.2.4b
5.11.2.4.3 Hooked-Bar Tie Requirements 5.10.8.2.4c
5.11.2.5 Welded Wire Fabric 5.10.8.2.5
5.11.2.5.1 Deformed Wire Fabric 5.10.8.2.5a
f y - 20.0 f y - 20.0
5.11.2.5.1-1 l hd �0.95db 5.10.8.2.5a-1 l hd �0.95db
λ f c� λ f c�
y - 20.0
7th dEd. fWith 2016 Interim Revisions f y - 20.08th Ed.
l hd �0.95 b l hd �0.95db
λ f c�or Equation
Article f c�or Equation
λArticle
Aw f y Aw f y
5.11.2.5.1-2 l hd �6.30 5.10.8.2.5a-2 l hd �6.30
sλw f c� sλw f c�
5.11.2.5.2 Plain Wire Fabric 5.10.8.2.5b
Aw f y Aw f y
5.11.2.5.2-1 5.10.8.2.5b-1
l d = 8.50 l d = 8.50
s w l f c� s w l f c�
5.11.2.6 Shear Reinforcement 5.10.8.2.6
5.11.2.6.1 General 5.10.8.2.6a
5.11.2.6.2 Anchorage of Deformed Reinforcement 5.10.8.2.6b
0.44 db f y 0.44 d b f y
5.11.2.6.2-1 5.10.8.2.6b-1
le � le �
l f c� l f c�
5.11.2.6.3 Anchorage of Wire Fabric Reinforcement 5.10.8.2.6c
5.11.2.6.4 Closed Stirrups 5.10.8.2.6d
5.11.3 Development by Mechanical Anchorages 5.10.8.3
5.11.4 Development of Prestressing Strand 5.9.4.3
5.11.4.1 General 5.9.4.3.1
5.11.4.2 Bonded Strand 5.9.4.3.2
� 2 � � 2 �
5.11.4.2-1 l d �k �f ps - f pe �db 5.9.4.3.2-1 l d �k �f ps - f pe �db
� 3 � � 3 �
f pe l px f pe l px
5.11.4.2-2 f px = 5.9.4.3.2-2 f px =
60db 60db
l px - 60db l px - 60db
5.11.4.2-3 f px = f pe + (
f -f
( l d - 60db ) ps pe
) 5.9.4.3.2-3 f px = f pe + (
f -f
)
5.11.4.3 Partially Debonded Strands 5.9.4.3.3
5.11.5 Splices of Bar Reinforcement 5.10.8.4
5.11.5.1 Detailing 5.10.8.4.1
5.11.5.2 General Requirements 5.10.8.4.2
5.11.5.2.1 Lap Splices 5.10.8.4.2a
2πAsp f ytr l s 2πAsp f ytr l s
Smax = S max =
kAl f ul kAl f ul
5.11.5.2.1-1 Smax = 5.10.8.4.2a-1 S max =
kAl f ul kAl f ul
5.11.5.2.2 Mechanical Connections 5.10.8.4.2b
5.11.5.2.3 Welded Splices 5.10.8.4.2c
5.11.5.3 Splices of Reinforcement in Tension 5.10.8.4.3
5.11.5.3.1 Lap Splices in Tension 5.10.8.4.3a
5.11.5.3.2 Mechanical Connections or Welded Splices in Tension 5.10.8.4.3b
5.11.5.4 Splices in Tension Tie Members 5.10.8.4.4
5.11.5.5 Splices of Bars in Compression 5.10.8.4.5
5.11.5.5.1 Lap Splices in Compression 5.10.8.4.5a
5.11.5.5.1-1 l c = 0.5mf y d b 5.10.8.4.5a-1 l c = 0.5mf y db
5.11.5.5.1-2 (
l c = m 0.9 f y - 24.0 db ) 5.10.8.4.5a-2 (
l c = m 0.9 f y - 24.0 db )
5.11.5.5.2 Mechanical Connections or Welded Splices in Compression 5.10.8.4.5b
5.11.5.5.3 End-Bearing Splices 5.10.8.4.5c
5.11.6 Splices of Welded Wire Fabric 5.10.8.5
5.11.6.1 Splices of Welded Deformed Wire Fabric in Tension 5.10.8.5.1
5.11.6.2 Splices of Welded Smooth Wire Fabric in Tension 5.10.8.5.2
5.12 Durability 5.14

5.12.1 General 5.14.1
N/A 5.14.2
N/A 5.14.2.1
N/A 5.14.2.2
N/A 5.14.2.3
N/A 5.14.2.4
N/A 5.14.2.5
5.12.2 Alkali-Silica Reactive Aggregates 5.14.2.6
N/A 5.14.2.7
5.12.4 Protective Coatings 5.14.4
5.12.5 Protection for Prestressing Tendons 5.14.6
5.13 Specific Members 5.12

5.13.1 Deck Slabs 5.12.1
5.13.2 Diaphragms, Deep Beams, Brackets, Corbels, and Beam Ledges N/A
5.13.2.1 General N/A
5.13.2.2 Diaphragms 5.8.2.8
5.13.2.2 Diaphragms 5.12.4
5.13.2.3 Detailing Requirements for Deep Beams 5.8.4.1
�_𝑅=𝜙𝑓_𝑦 𝐴_𝑠≥0.12𝑏_𝑣 𝑠
5.13.2.3-1 N/A
5.13.2.4 Brackets and Corbels 5.8.4.2

5.13.2.4.1 General 5.8.4.2.1
5.13.2.4.1-1 M u = Vu av + N uc (h - d ) 5.8.4.2.1-1 M u = Vu av + N uc (h - d )
5.13.2.4.2 Alternative to Strut-and-Tie Model 5.8.2.9
5.13.2.4.2 Alternative to Strut-and-Tie Model 5.8.4.2.2
5.13.2.4.2-1 Vn = 0.2 f c�
bw d e 5.8.4.2.2-1 Vn = 0.2 f c�
bd e
5.13.2.4.2-2 Vn = 0.8 bw d e 5.8.4.2.2-2 Vn = 0.8 bd e
Vn = ( 0.2 - 0.07 av / d ) f c�
bw d e �0.2 - 0.07 av �
5.13.2.4.2-3 5.8.4.2.2-3 Vn = � �f c�
bd e
� de �
Vn = ( 0.8 - 0.28 av / de ) bw d �0.8 - 0.28 av �
5.13.2.4.2-4 5.8.4.2.2-4 Vn = � �bd e
� de �
2 Avf 2 Avf
5.13.2.4.2-5 As � + An 5.8.4.2.2-5 As � + An
3 3
5.13.2.4.2-6 Ah �0.5 ( As - An ) 5.8.4.2.2-6 Ah �0.5 ( As - An )
N
An � uc
ff y
An �N uc / ff y N
5.13.2.4.2-7 5.8.4.2.2-7 An � uc
ff y
5.13.2.5 Beam Ledges 5.8.4.3
5.13.2.5.1 General 5.8.4.3.1
5.13.2.5.2 Design for Shear 5.8.4.3.2
5.13.2.5.3 Design for Flexure and Horizontal Force 5.8.4.3.3
5.13.2.5.4 Design for Punching Shear 5.8.4.3.4
5.13.2.5.4-1 Vn = 0.125 l f c�
(W + 2 L + 2d e ) d e 5.8.4.3.4-3 Vn = 0.125l f c�
bo d f
5.13.2.5.4-2 Vn = 0.125 l f c�
( W + L +d e ) d e 5.8.4.3.4-3 Vn = 0.125l f c�
bo d f
5.13.2.5.4-3 ( 0.5W + L + d e + c ) d e
Vn = 0.125l f c� 5.8.4.3.4-3 Vn = 0.125l f c�
bo d f
N/A 5.8.4.3.4-1 S > 2d f + W
N/A 5.8.4.3.4-2 bw + 2av > L + 2d f
N/A 5.8.4.3.4-4 bo = W + 2 L + 2d f
N/A 5.8.4.3.4-5 bo = 0.5W + L + d f + c £ W + 2 L + 2d f
p
N/A 5.8.4.3.4-6 bo = (D + d f ) + D
2
p
N/A 5.8.4.3.4-7 bo = (D + d f ) + D + c £ p (D + d f ) + D
4 2 2
5.13.2.5.5 Design of Hanger Reinforcement 5.8.4.3.5
Ahr ( 0.5 f y ) 0.5 Ahr f y ( W + 3av )

5.13.2.5.5-1
Vn = ( W + 3av ) 5.8.4.3.5-1 Vn =
s s
5.13.2.5.5-2
Ahr f y 5.8.4.3.5-2
Ahr f y
Vn = S Vn = S
s s
Ahr f y
(
Vn = 0.063l f c�
bf d f + ) s
( W + 2d )
f
Ahr f y Ahr f y
Vn = 7th Ed.SWith 2016 Interim Revisions Vn = S 8th Ed.
s Article or Equation s Article or Equation
Ahr f y
5.13.2.5.5-3 (
Vn = 0.063l f c� bf d f + )s
( W + 2d f ) 5.8.4.3.5-3
(
Vn = 0.063l f c�
bf d f + )
Ahr f y
s
( W + 2d )
f
5.13.2.5.6 Design for Bearing 5.8.4.3.6

5.13.3 Footings 5.12.8
5.13.3.1 General 5.12.8.1
5.13.3.2 Loads and Reactions 5.12.8.2
5.13.3.4 Moment in Footings 5.12.8.4
5.13.3.5 Distribution of Moment Reinforcement 5.12.8.5
5.13.3.5-1 � 2 � 5.12.8.5-1 � 2 �
A s- BW = A s- SD � � A s -BW = A s-SD � �
�b + 1 � �b + 1 �
5.13.3.6 Shear in Slabs and Footings 5.12.8.6
5.13.3.6.1 Critical Sections for Shear 5.12.8.6.1
5.13.3.6.2 One-Way Action 5.12.8.6.2
5.13.3.6.3 Two-Way Action 5.12.8.6.3
� 0.126 � � 0.126 �
5.13.3.6.3-1 Vn = �
0.063 + �l f c�
bo d v �0.126 l f c�
bo d v 5.12.8.6.3-1 Vn = � 0.063 + �l f c�
bo d v �0.126 l f c�
bo d v
� b � bc �
c
�
5.13.3.6.3-2
Vn = Vc + Vs �0.192 l f c�bo d v 5.12.8.6.3-2 Vn = Vc + Vs �0.192 l f c�bo d v
5.13.3.6.3-3
Vc = 0.0632 l f c�
bo d v 5.12.8.6.3-3 Vc = 0.0632 l f c�
bo d v
Av f y d v Av f y d v
5.13.3.6.3-4 Vs = 5.12.8.6.3-4 Vs =
s s
5.13.3.7 Development of Reinforcement 5.12.8.7
5.13.3.8 Transfer of Force at Base of Column 5.12.8.8
5.13.4 Concrete Piles 5.12.9
5.13.4.1 General 5.12.9.1
5.13.4.2 Splices 5.12.9.2
5.13.4.3 Precast Reinforced Piles 5.12.9.3
5.13.4.3.1 Pile Dimensions 5.12.9.3.1
5.13.4.3.2 Reinforcing Steel 5.12.9.3.2
5.13.4.4 Precast Prestressed Piles 5.12.9.4
5.13.4.4.1 Pile Dimensions 5.12.9.4.1
5.13.4.4.2 Concrete Quality 5.12.9.4.2
5.13.4.4.3 Reinforcement 5.12.9.4.3
5.13.4.5 Cast-in-Place Piles 5.12.9.5
5.13.4.5.1 Pile Dimensions 5.12.9.5.1
5.13.4.6 Seismic Requirements 5.11
5.13.4.6.1 Zone 1 N/A
5.13.4.6.2 Zone 2 5.11.3.2
5.13.4.6.2a General 5.11.3.2.1
5.13.4.6.2b Cast-in-Place Piles 5.11.3.2.2
5.13.4.6.2c Precast Reinforced Piles 5.11.3.2.3
5.13.4.6.2d Precast Prestressed Piles 5.11.3.2.4
5.13.4.6.3 Zones 3 and 4 5.11.4.5
5.13.4.6.3a General 5.11.4.5.1
5.13.4.6.3b Confinement Length 5.11.4.5.2
5.13.4.6.3c Volumetric Ratio for Confinement 5.11.4.5.3
5.13.4.6.3d Cast-in-Place Piles 5.11.4.5.4
5.13.4.6.3e Precast Piles 5.11.4.5.5
5.14 Provisions for Structure Types 5.12

5.14.1 Beams and Girders 5.12.3
5.14.1.1 General 5.12.3.1
5.14.1.2 Precast Beams 5.12.3.2
5.14.1.2.1 Preservice Conditions 5.12.3.2.1
5.14.1.2.2 Extreme Dimensions 5.12.3.2.2
5.14.1.2.3 Lifting Devices 5.12.3.2.3
5.14.1.2.4 Detail Design 5.12.3.2.4
5.14.1.2.5 Concrete Strength 5.12.3.2.5
5.14.1.3 Spliced Precast Girders 5.12.3.4
5.14.1.3.1 General 5.12.3.4.1
5.14.1.3.2 Joints between Segments 5.12.3.4.2
5.14.1.3.2a General 5.12.3.4.2a
5.14.1.3.2b Details of Closure Joints 5.12.3.4.2b
5.14.1.3.2c Details of Match-Cast Joints 5.12.3.4.2c
5.14.1.3.2d Joint Design 5.12.3.4.2d
5.14.1.3.3 Girder Segment Design 5.12.3.4.3
5.14.1.3.4 Post-Tensioning 5.12.3.4.4
5.14.1.4 Bridges Composed of Simple Span Precast Girders Made Continuous 5.12.3.3
5.14.1.4.1 General 5.12.3.3.1

5.14.1.4.2 Restraint Moments 5.12.3.3.2
5.14.1.4.3 Material Properties 5.12.3.3.3
C5.14.1.4.3-1 �A � C5.12.3.3.3-1 �A �
e effective = e sh � c � e effective = e sh � c �
�Atr � �Atr �
5.14.1.4.4 Age of Girder When Continuity Is Established 5.12.3.3.4
5.14.1.4.5 Degree of Continuity at Various Limit States 5.12.3.3.5
5.14.1.4.6 Service Limit State 5.12.3.3.6
5.14.1.4.7 Strength Limit State 5.12.3.3.7
5.14.1.4.8 Negative Moment Connections 5.12.3.3.8
5.14.1.4.9 Positive Moment Connections 5.12.3.3.9
5.14.1.4.9a General 5.12.3.3.9a
5.14.1.4.9b Positive Moment Connection Using Mild Reinforcement 5.12.3.3.9b
5.14.1.4.9c Positive Moment Connection Using Prestressing Strand 5.12.3.3.9c
5.14.1.4.9c-1 (l dsh - 8) 5.12.3.3.9c-1 (l dsh - 8)

f psl = f psl =
0.228 0.228
5.14.1.4.9c-2 (l - 8) 5.12.3.3.9c-2 (l - 8)
f pul = dsh
f pul = dsh
0.163 0.163
5.14.1.4.9d Details of Positive Moment Connection 5.12.3.3.9d
5.14.1.4.10 Continuity Diaphragms 5.12.3.3.10
5.14.1.5 Cast-in-Place Girders and Box and T-Beams 5.12.3.5
5.14.1.5.1 Flange and Web Thickness 5.12.3.5.1
5.14.1.5.1a Top Flange 5.12.3.5.1a
5.14.1.5.1b Bottom Flange 5.12.3.5.1b
5.14.1.5.1c Web 5.12.3.5.1c
5.14.1.5.2 Reinforcement 5.12.3.5.2
5.14.1.5.2a Deck Slab Reinforcement Cast-in-Place in T-Beams and Box Girders 5.12.3.5.2a
5.14.1.5.2b Bottom Slab Reinforcement in Cast-in-Place Box Girders 5.12.3.5.2b

5.14.2 Segmental Construction 5.12.5
5.14.2.1 General 5.12.5.1
5.14.2.2 Analysis of Segmental Bridges 5.12.5.2
5.14.2.2.1 General 5.12.5.2.1
5.14.2.2.2 Construction Analysis 5.12.5.2.2
5.14.2.2.3 Analysis of the Final Structural System 5.12.5.2.3
5.14.2.3 Design 5.12.5.3
5.14.2.3.1 Loads 5.12.5.3.1
5.14.2.3.2 Construction Loads 5.12.5.3.2
5.14.2.3.3 Construction Load Combinations at the Service Limit State 5.12.5.3.3
5.14.2.3.4 Construction Load Combinations at Strength Limit States 5.12.5.3.4
5.14.2.3.4a Superstructures 5.12.5.3.4a
5.14.2.3.4a-1 5.12.5.3.4a-1
ΣγQ = 1.1(DC + DIFF) + 1.3(CEQ + CLL) + A + AI
5.14.2.3.4a-2 5.12.5.3.4a-2
ΣγQ = DC + CEQ + A + AI
5.14.2.3.4b Substructures 5.12.5.3.4b
5.14.2.3.5 Thermal Effects During Construction 5.12.5.3.5
5.14.2.3.6 Creep and Shrinkage 5.12.5.3.6
C5.14.2.3.6-1
Ec C5.12.5.3.6-1
Ec
Eeff = Eeff =
y (t , ti ) + 1 y (t , ti ) + 1
5.14.2.3.7 Prestress Losses 5.12.5.3.7
5.14.2.3.8 Provisional Post-Tensioning Ducts and Anchorages 5.12.5.3.9
5.14.2.3.8a General 5.12.5.3.9a
5.14.2.3.8b Bridges with Internal Ducts 5.12.5.3.9b
5.14.2.3.8c Provision for Future Dead Load or Deflection Adjustment 5.12.5.3.9c
5.14.2.3.9 Plan Presentation 5.12.5.3.10
5.14.2.3.10 Box Girder Cross-Section Dimensions and Details 5.12.5.3.11
5.14.2.3.10a Minimum Flange Thickness 5.12.5.3.11a
5.14.2.3.10b Minimum Web Thickness 5.12.5.3.11b
5.14.2.3.10c Length of Top Flange Cantilever 5.12.5.3.11c
5.14.2.3.10d Overall Cross-Section Dimensions 5.12.5.3.11d
5.14.2.3.10e Overlays 5.14.5
5.14.2.3.11 Seismic Design 5.12.5.3.12
5.14.2.4 Types of Segmental Bridges 5.12.5.4
5.14.2.4.1 General 5.12.5.4.1
5.14.2.4.2 Details for Precast Construction 5.12.5.4.2
5.14.2.4.3 Details for Cast-in-Place Construction 5.12.5.4.3
5.14.2.4.4 Cantilever Construction 5.12.5.4.4
5.14.2.4.5 Span-by-Span Construction 5.12.5.4.5
5.14.2.4.6 Incrementally Launched Construction 5.12.5.4.6
5.14.2.4.6a General 5.12.5.4.6a
5.14.2.4.6b Force Effects Due to Construction Tolerances 5.12.5.4.6b
5.14.2.4.6c Design Details 5.12.5.4.6c
5.14.2.4.6d Design of Construction Equipment 5.12.5.4.6d
5.14.2.5 Use of Alternative Construction Methods 5.12.5.5
5.14.2.6 Segmentally Constructed Bridge Substructures 5.12.5.6
5.14.2.6.1 General 5.12.5.6.1
5.14.2.6.2 Construction Load Combinations 5.12.5.6.2
Longitudinal Reinforcement of Hollow, Rectangular Precast
5.14.2.6.3 5.12.5.6.3
Segmental Piers
5.14.3 Arches 5.12.6
5.14.3.1 General 5.12.6.1
5.14.3.2 Arch Ribs 5.12.6.2
5.14.4 Slab Superstructures 5.12.2
5.14.4.1 Cast-in-Place Solid Slab Superstructures 5.12.2.1
5.14.4.1-1
100 5.12.2.1-1
100
�50% �50%
L L
5.14.4.1-2 100 f pe 5.12.2.1-2 100 f pe
�50% �50%
L 60 L 60
5.14.4.2 Cast-in-Place Voided Slab Superstructures 5.12.2.2
5.14.4.2.1 Cross-Section Dimensions 5.12.2.2.1
5.14.4.2.2 Minimum Number of Bearings 5.12.2.2.2
5.14.4.2.3 Solid End Sections 5.12.2.2.3
5.14.4.2.4 General Design Requirements 5.12.2.2.4
5.14.4.2.5 Compressive Zones in Negative Moment Area 5.12.2.2.5
5.14.4.2.6 Drainage of Voids 5.12.2.2.6
5.14.4.3 Precast Deck Bridges 5.12.2.3
5.14.4.3.1 General 5.12.2.3.1
5.14.4.3.2 Shear Transfer Joints 5.12.2.3.2
5.14.4.3.3 Shear-Flexure Transfer Joints 5.12.2.3.3
5.14.4.3.3a General 5.12.2.3.3a
5.14.4.3.3b Design 5.12.2.3.3b
5.14.4.3.3c Post-Tensioning 5.12.2.3.3c
5.14.4.3.3d Longitudinal Construction Joints 5.12.2.3.3d
5.14.4.3.3e Cast-in-Place Closure Joint 5.12.2.3.3e
5.14.4.3.3f Structural Overlay 5.12.2.3.3f
5.14.5 Additional Provisions for Culverts 5.12.7
5.14.5.1 General 5.12.7.1
5.14.5.2 Design for Flexure 5.12.7.2
5.14.5.3 Design for Shear in Slabs of Box Culverts 5.12.7.3
� A Vd � � A Vd �
5.14.5.3-1 0.0676 l f c�+ 4.6 s u e �
Vc = � bd e 5.12.7.3-1 0.0676 l f c�+ 4.6 s u e �
Vc = � bd e
� bd e M u � bd e M u �
�
N/A 5.12.7.3-2 Vc �0.126l f c�
bd e
5.15 References 5.15

Appendix A5 Basic Steps for Concrete Bridges Appendix A5

A5.1 General A5.1
A5.2 General Considerations A5.2
A5.3 Beam and Girder Superstructure Design A5.3
A5.4 Slab Bridges A5.4
A5.5 Substructure Design A5.5
Appendix B5 General Procedure for Shear Design with Tables Appendix B5

B5.1 Background B5.1
B5.2 Sectional Design Model—General Procedure B5.2
√(𝑉_𝑢^2+((0.9 𝑝_ℎ 𝑇_𝑢)/(2 𝐴_𝑜 ))^2 ) 2
5.8.2.1-6 B5.2-1 �0.9 p T �
Veff = V +� h u �
u
2
� 2 Ao �
𝑉_𝑢+(𝑇_𝑢 𝑑_𝑠)/(2 𝐴_𝑜 ) Td
5.8.2.1-7 B5.2-2 Veff = Vu + u s
2 Ao
�M u � �M u �
B5.2-1 � + 0.5 N u + 0.5 V u - V p cot q - A f
ps po � B5.2-3 � + 0.5 N u + 0.5 V u - V p cot q - A f
ps po �
�dv � �dv �
ex = ex =
2( Es As + E p Aps ) 2( Es As + E p Aps )
�M u � �M u �
B5.2-2 � + 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu - V p cot q - Aps f po � B5.2-4 � + 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu - V p cot q - Aps f po �
ex = �d v � ex = �d v �
�M u � �M u �
B5.2-3 � + 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu - V p cot q - Aps f po � B5.2-5 � + 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu - Vp cot q - Aps f po �
ex = �d v � ex = �d v �
2 ( Ec Ac + Es As + E p Aps ) 2 ( Ec Ac + Es As + E p Aps )
�M u � �M u �
� + 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu - V p cot q - Aps f po � � + 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu - Vp cot q - Aps f po �
d v Ed. With 2016 Interim Revisions
�7th � �d v 8th Ed. �
ex = ex =
(
2 Ec Aor
Article c + Es As + E p Aps
Equation ) ( Ec Acor+Equation
2Article Es As + E p Aps )
1.38 1.38
sxe = s x �80 in. sxe = s x �80 in.
B5.2-4 ag + 0.63 B5.2-6 ag + 0.63
CB5.2-1 et + e c CB5.2-1 et + ec
ex = ex =
2 2
Upper Limits for Articles Affected by Concrete Compressive
Appendix C5 Strength Appendix C5
Articles Modified to Allow the Use of Reinforcement with a

Appendix D5 Appendix D5
Specified Minimum Yield Strength Up to 100 ksi
N/A 5.13
N/A 5.13.1
N/A 5.13.2
N/A 5.13.2.1
N/A 5.13.2.2
N/A 5.13.2.3
N/A 5.13.3
N/A 5.13.4
8th Ed. Modifications to the 8th Ed.
Article or Equation Unchanged Editorial Updated New Removed
Scope P
Definitions P
Notation P
Material Properties P
General P
Normal Weight and Lightweight Concrete P
Compressive Strength P
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion P
Creep and Shrinkage P
General P
Creep P
y ( t ,ti ) = 1.9k s k hc k f ktd ti -0.118 P
ks = 1.45 – 0.13(V/S) ≥ 1.0 P
khc = 1.56 – 0.008H P
5
kf = P
1 + f ci�
t
ktd =
100 - 4 f ci��
� P
12 � �+ t
� f ci�+ 20 �
� t �
�26 e 0.36(V/S ) + t ��1.80 + 1.77 e -0.54(V/S ) � P
kc = � � � �
� t �� 2.587 �
�
� 45 + t �
�
� t �
�26 e 0.36(V/S ) + t �� 1.80 + 1.77 e -0.54(V/S ) �
kc = � ��
8th Ed. � Modifications to the 8th Ed.
� t �� 2.587 �
�
� 45 + t �
�
� t �
� 0.36(V/S ) + t �� 1064 - 94(V/S ) �
ks = �26e � � �
P
� t �� 923 �
� 45 + t
Shrinkage
�
P
-3
e sh = ks khs k f ktd 0.48 �10 P
khs = (2.00 – 0.014 H) P

Modulus of Elasticity P
Ec = 120, 000 K1 wc 2.0 fc�
0.33
P
Ec = 2,500 f c�
0.33
P
Ec = 33, 000 K1 wc1.5 f c� P
Ec = 1,820 f �
c P
Poisson’s Ratio P
Modulus of Rupture P
Tensile Strength P
Concrete Density Modification Factor P
f ct
l = 4.7 �1.0 P
f c�
0.75 �l = 7.5 wc �1.0 P
Reinforcing Steel P
General P
Special Applications P
Prestressing Steel P
General P
Post-Tensioning Anchorages and Couplers P
Post-Tensioning Ducts P
General P
Size of Ducts P
Ducts at Deviation Saddles P
Limit States and Design Methodologies P

General P
Limit-State Applicability P
Design Methodologies P
General P
B-Regions P
D-Regions P
Service Limit State P
Fatigue Limit State P
General P
g ( Df ) �( DF ) TH P
Reinforcing Bars and Welded Wire Fabric Reinforcement P
22 f min
( DF ) TH = 26 - P
fy
( DF ) TH = 18 - 0.36 f min P
Welded or Mechanical Splices of Reinforcement P
Strength Limit State P
General P
Resistance Factors P
0.25 ( e t - e cl )
0.75 �f = 0.75 + �1.0 P
( e tl - e cl )
0.15 ( e t - e cl )
0.75 �f = 0.75 + �0.9 P
( e tl - e cl )
Special Requirements for Seismic Zones 2, 3, and 4 P
Stability P
Extreme Event Limit State P
General P
Design of D-Regions P
General P
Strut-and-Tie Method (STM) P
General P
Structural Modeling P
� �
�a �
Vcr = �
0.2 - 0.1� �� f c�
bw d P
� �d �
�
Factored Resistance P
Pr = fPn P
Proportioning of Ties P
Strength of Tie P
Pn = f y Ast + Aps �
�f pe + f y �
� P
Anchorage of Tie P
Proportioning of Node Regions P
Strength of a Node Face P
P
Pn = fcuAcn
Effective Cross-Sectional Area of the Node Face P
Limiting Compressive Stress at the Node Face P
General P
P
fcu = mνf ′c
Back Face of a CCT Node P
Crack Control Reinforcement P
Av
�0.003 P
bw sv
Ah
�0.003 P
bw sh
Design for Flexural and Axial Force Effects – B Regions P

Assumptions for Service and Fatigue Limit States P
Assumptions for Strength and Extreme Event Limit States P
General P
c 0.003
� P
ds 0.003 + e cl
Rectangular Stress Distribution P
Flexural Members P
Stress in Prestressing Steel at Nominal Flexural Resistance P
Components with Bonded Tendons P
� c � P
1- k
f ps = f pu � �
� dp �
� �
� f py � P
k = 2 � 1.04 - �
� f pu �
� �
- a1 f c�
(b - bw )h f
c=
f pu P
a1 f c�
b1bw + kAps
dp
- a1 f c�
(b - bw )h f
c=
8th Ed. f pu Modifications to the 8th Ed.
a1 f c�
b1bw + kAps
Article or Equation
dp Unchanged Editorial Updated New Removed
Aps f pu + As f s - As��fs
c=
f pu P
a1 f c�b 1b + kAps
dp
Components with Unbonded Tendons P
�d p - c � P
f ps = f pe + 900 � �� f py
�l e �
�2 l � P
le = � i �
�2 + N s �
Aps f ps + As f s - As�f s� - a1 f c�
(b - bw ) h f
c= P
a1 f c�
b1 b w
Aps f ps + As f s - As�f s�
c= P
a1 f c�b1 b
f ps = f pe + 15.0 (ksi) P
Components with Both Bonded and Unbonded Tendons P
Detailed Analysis P
Simplified Analysis P
Flexural Resistance P
Factored Flexural Resistance P
M r = fM n P
Flanged Sections P
a
2
) + As f s ( ds -
a
2
) -
P
As�� (
f s d s�-
2
a
) ( b - bw ) h f
+ a1 f c�
�a
�-
�2
hf
2
�
�
�
Rectangular Sections P
Other Cross-Sections P
Strain Compatibility Approach P
Composite Girder Sections P
Minimum Reinforcement P
� �S ��
M cr = g 3 �( g 1 fr + g 2 fcpe ) Sc - M dnc �S c - 1�� P
� � nc ��
Control Cracking by Distribution of Reinforcement P
700 g e
s � - 2d c P
b s f ss
dc P
βs = 1 +
0.7( h - d c )
Ask �0.012 (d l - 30)
Moment Redistribution P
Deformations P
General P
Deflection and Camber P
�M �
3
� � M ��
3
1 - � cr ��I cr �I g
I e = � cr �I g + � P
�M a � � M
� � a ��
Ig
M cr = f r P
yt
Axial Deformation P
Compression Members P
General P
Limits for Reinforcement P
As Aps f pu
+ �0.08 P
Ag Ag f y
As Aps f pu
+ �0.088th Ed. Modifications to the 8th Ed.
Ag Ag f y Article or Equation Unchanged Editorial Updated New Removed
Aps f pe
�0.30 P
Ag f c�
As Aps f pu f�
+ �0.135 c P
Ag Ag f y fy
As Aps f pu
+ �0.015 P
Ag Ag f y
Approximate Evaluation of Slenderness Effects P
Ec I g
+ Es I s
5 P
EI =
1 + bd
Ec I g
P
EI = 2.5
1+ b d
Factored Axial Resistance P
Pr = fPn P
(
� ) P
Pn = 0.85 � �
-
� A (
� ps pef - E e
p cu �
�)
� (A
k f�
c c g
P
Pn = 0.80 � �
-A ( f
�
� ps pe
- E p e cu ) �
�
Biaxial Flexure P
1 1 1 1
= + - P
Prxy Prx Pry f Po
( Ag - Ast - Aps ) + f y Ast - Aps ( f pe - E p e cu )
Po = kc f c�
P
M ux M uy
+ �1.0 P
M rx M ry
Spirals, Hoops, and Ties P
4 Asp �Ag �f �
ρs = �0.45 � - 1� c P
Hollow Rectangular Compression Members P
Wall Slenderness Ratio P
Xu
lw = P
t
Limitations on the Use of the Rectangular Stress Block Method P
General P
Refined Method for Adjusting Maximum Usable Strain Limit P
Approximate Method for Adjusting Factored Resistance P
l w �15, then f w = 1.0 P
15 < l w �25, then fw = 1 - 0.025 ( l w - 15 ) P
25 < l w �35, then f w = 0.75 P

Bearing P
Pr = fPn P
Pn = 0.85 fc�
A1m P
A2 P
m= �2.0
A1
A2 P
m = 0.75 �1.50
A1
Tension Members P
Resistance to Tension P
Pr = fPn P
Resistance to Combined Tension and Flexure P
Design for Shear and Torsion – B Regions P

Design Procedures P
Flexural Regions P
Regions Near Discontinuities P
Interface Regions P
Slabs and Footings P
Webs of Curved Post-Tensioned Box Girder Bridges P
General Requirements P
General P
Tr = fTn P
Vr = fVn P
Tu > 0.25fTcr P
Acp 2
Tcr = 0.126 K l f c� P
pc
2
�0.9 p T �
u
2
P
� 2 Ao �
Tu d s
Veff = Vu + P
2 Ao
Transfer and Development Lengths P
Regions Requiring Transverse Reinforcement P
Vu > 0.5f ( Vc + V p ) P
Minimum Transverse Reinforcement P
b s
Av �0.0316 l f c� v P
fy
Types of Transverse Reinforcement P
Maximum Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement P
smax = 0.8d v �24.0 P
smax = 0.4d v �12.0 P

Design and Detailing Requirements P
Shear Stress on Concrete P
Vu - fV p P
vu =
fbv d v
Aps f ps d p + As f y d s
de = P
Aps f ps + As f y
Mn
dv = P
As f y + Aps f ps
D Dr
de = + P
2 p
Sectional Design Model P
General P
Sections Near Supports P
Nominal Shear Resistance P
Vn = Vc + Vs + V p P
Vn = 0.25 f c�
bv d v + V p P
V c = 0.0316 b l f c�b v d v P
Av f y d v (cot q + cot a) sin a

Vs = P
s
Vs = Av f y sin a �0.095l f c�
bv d v P
Av f y d v cot q
Vs = P
s
Procedures for Determining Shear Resistance Parameters β and θ P
Simplified Procedure for Nonprestressed Sections P
General Procedure P
4.8
β= P
(1 + 750ε s )
4.8 51
b= P
(1 + 750e s ) ( 39 + sxe )
θ = 29 + 3500e s
P
 Mu 
 + 0.5 N u + Vu - V p - Aps f po  P
d
es =  v 
Es As + E p Aps
1.38
sxe = sx P
ag + 0.63
1.38 8th Ed. Modifications to the 8th Ed.
sxe = sx
ag + 0.63
Longitudinal Reinforcement P
M N �Vu � P
Aps f ps + As f y � u + 0.5 u + � - V - 0.5 V cot q
s �
fc � �
p
dv f f �fv �
�V � P
cot q
�fv �
Sections Subjected to Combined Shear and Torsion P
Transverse Reinforcement P
Torsional Resistance P
2 Ao At f y cot q
Tn = P
s
M 0.5 N u
Aps f ps + As f y � u + +
f dv f P
2 2
�V � �0.45 ph Tu �
cot q � u - V p - 0.5Vs � + � �
�f � � 2 Ao f �
M 0.5 N u
f dv f
8th Ed. 2 2 Modifications to the 8th Ed.
�Vu � �0.45 ph Tu �
cot q � - V p - 0.5Vs � + �
Article or Equation � Unchanged Editorial Updated New Removed
�f � � 2 Ao f �
Tn ph
Al = P
2 Ao f y
Interface Shear Transfer—Shear Friction P
General P
Interface Shear Resistance P
P
Vri = fVni
P
Vri ³ Vui
P
P
P
Vni £ K2 Acv
P
Acv = bvi Lvi
Interface Shear in Box Girder Bridges P
Computation of the Factored Interface Shear Force for Girder/Slab
Bridges P
Vu1
vui = P
bvi d v
Vui = vui Acv = vui 12bvi P
Pc
Avpc = P
ff y
P
Mu2 = M1 + V1 Dℓ
Mu2
Cu 2 = P
dv
M1 V1Dl
Cu 2 = + P
dv dv
M1
C1 = P
dv
P
Vh = Cu2 – C1
V1Dl
Vh = P
dv
V1
Vhi = P
dv
Cohesion and Friction Factors P
Minimum Area of Interface Shear Reinforcement P
0.05 Acv
Avf � P
fy
Principal Tensile Stresses in Webs P P
VQg
t = P
I g bw
VQg Tpc
t = + 2
P
I g bw Acp
VQg T
t = + P
I g Bw 2 Ao bw
f min =
1
2
( (f pcx )
+ f pcy - (f pcx
+ f pcy ) + ( 2t )
2 2
) P
f min =
1
2
(( )
8th Ed.
f pcx + f pcy - (
f
Article or Equation pcx
+ f pcy ) + ( 2t )
2
)
2
Unchanged
Modifications to the 8th Ed.
Editorial Updated New Removed
f max =
1
2
(( )
f pcx + f pcy +
Alternative Shear Design Procedure
(f pcx
+ f pcy ) + ( 2t
2
) )
2
P
P
General P
Loading P
General P
Tcr = 0.126 K l f c�
2 Ao be P
f pc
K = 1+ �2.0 P
0.126l f 'c
Torsional Reinforcement P
Tu �fTn P
2 Ao At f y P
Tn =
s
Tu ph
A ³ P
2 f Ao f y
Mu
Ar e d = P
(0.9d e f y )
Vn = Vc + Vs P
Vn = 0.379λ f c�bv d P
Vc = 0.0632λK f c�bv d
Vc = 0.0632λK f c�bv d P
Av f y d
Vs = P
s
f pc
K = 1+ �2.0 P
0.0632 l f c'
�Vu � � Tu �
� � +� �0.474λ
� f c� P
b d 2 A b
�v � � o e �
Reinforcement Details P
smax = 0.8d v �24.0 P
smax = 0.4d v �12.0 P
Prestressing P
General Design Considerations P
General P
Design Concrete Strengths P
Buckling P
Section Properties P
Crack Control P
Tendons with Angle Points or Curves P
Stress Limitations P
Stresses Due to Imposed Deformation P
= F 1- e
F� ( -y ( t , ti )
) P
( )
= F 1 - e -y ( t ,ti ) / y ( t , ti )
F� P
Stress Limitations for Prestressing Steel P
Stress Limits for Concrete P
For Temporary Stresses before Losses P
Compressive Stresses P
Tensile Stresses P
For Stresses at Service Limit State after Losses P
Tensile Stresses P
Prestress Losses P
Total Prestress Loss P
Df pT = Df pES + Df pLT P
Df pT = Df pF + Df pA + Df pES + Df pLT P
Instantaneous Losses P
Anchorage Set P
Friction P
Pretensioned Members P
Post-Tensioned Members P
Df pF = f pj ( 1 - e -( Kx + m a ) ) P
(
Df pF = f pj 1 - e -m (a+ 0.04) ) P
a = 2 2
av + ah P
a = SDa = S D a v2 + D a 2h P
Elastic Shortening P
Ep
Df pES = f cgp P
E ct
Ep 8th Ed. Modifications to the 8th Ed.
Df pES = f cgp
E ct Article or Equation Unchanged Editorial Updated New Removed
Df pES = P
Ag I g Eci
Aps ( I g + em 2 Ag ) +
Ep
N - 1 Ep
Df pES = f cgp P
2 N E ci
2
Df pES =
2N A I E P
Aps ( I g + em 2 Ag ) + g g ci
Ep
A sp2
N = N1 + N2 P
A sp1
Combined Pretensioning and Post-Tensioning P
Approximate Estimate of Time Dependent Losses P
f pi Aps
Df pLT = 10.0 g h g st + 12.0 g h g st + Df pR P
Ag
g h = 1.7 - 0.01H P
5
g st = P
(1 + fci�
)
Refined Estimates of Time-Dependent Losses P
General P
P
Losses: Time of Transfer to Time of Deck Placement P
Shrinkage of Girder Concrete P
Df pSR = ebid E p K id P
1
K id =
E p Aps � Ag e 2pg � P
1+ 1+
� [ 1 + 0.7ψb ( t f ,ti ) ]
�
Eci Ag � I g �
Creep of Girder Concrete P
Ep
Df pCR = f cgp ψb ( td , ti ) K id P
E
Relaxation of ciPrestressing Strands P
f pt�f pt � P
Df pR 1 = � - 0.55 �
K L �f py �
Δ𝑓_𝑝𝑅1=[𝑓_𝑝𝑡/(𝐾_𝐿^′ ) log(𝑡)/log(𝑡_𝑖 ) (𝑓_𝑝𝑡/𝑓_𝑝𝑦 −0.55)]
[1−3(Δ𝑓_𝑝𝑆𝑅+Δ𝑓_𝑝𝐶𝑅 )/𝑓_𝑝𝑡 ] 𝐾_𝑖𝑑 P
Losses: Time of Deck Placement to Final Time P

Df pSD = ebdf E p K df P
1
K df =
E p Aps � Ac e pc � P
2
1+ 1+
� [
�1 + 0.7ψ b ( t f , ti ) ]
Eci Ac � I c �
Ep
Df pCD = f �
ψ t , t - ψb ( td , ti ) �K
� df P
E
ψ+ p Df cd b � �t f , td �
�K df
Ec
Relaxation of Prestressing �
Strands� P
Df pR 2 = Df pR1 P
Shrinkage of Deck Concrete P
Ep
Df pSS =
Ec
Df cdf K df �
1 + 0.7ψ b t f , td
� ( )�
�
P
e ddf Ad Ec deck �1 e pc ed �
Df cdf = � - �
P
[ 1 + 0.7ψ ( t
d f
, td ) ] �Ac Ic �
Precast Pretensioned Girders without Composite Topping P
Post-Tensioned Nonsegmental Girders P
Losses in Multi-Stage Prestressing P
Losses for Deflection Calculations P
Reinforcement P
Concrete Cover P
Concrete Cover P
Hooks and Bends P
Standard Hooks P
Seismic Hooks P
Transverse Reinforcement for Confinement at Plastic Hinges P
Minimum Bend Diameters P
Spacing of Reinforcement P
Minimum Spacing of Reinforcing Bars P
Cast-in-Place Concrete P
Precast Concrete P
Multilayers P
Splices P
Bundled Bars P
Maximum Spacing of Reinforcing Bars P
Details for Pretensioning P
Minimum Spacing of Pretensioning Strand P
Details for Post-Tensioning P
Minimum Spacing of Post-Tensioning Tendons and Ducts P
Post-Tensioning Ducts—Girders Straight in Plan P
Post-Tensioning Ducts—Girders Curved in Plan P
Maximum Spacing of Pretensioning Strand in Slabs P
Maximum Spacing of Post-Tensioning Ducts in Slabs P
Couplers in Post-Tensioning Tendons P
Tendon Confinement P
General P
Wobble Effect in Slabs P
Effects of Curved Tendons P
Design for In-Plane Force Effects P
In-Plane Force Effects P
Pu
Fu - in = P
R
Shear Resistance to Pull-out P
Vr = fVn P
Vn = 0.15d eff l f ci� P
d duct
d eff = d c + P
4
d duct
d eff = t w - P
2
d eff = d c +
d duct
+
�s duct
P
4 2
Cracking of Cover Concrete P
SF
� �
� u - in h � hds2 P
M end =� ds �
12
�SFu - in � 2
� hds
� hds �
�
P
M mid =
24
� SF �
� u - in h � hds2 Ed.
8th Modifications to the 8th Ed.
M mid = � Article ds �
or Equation Unchanged Editorial Updated New Removed
24
f cr = ff r P
Regional Bending P
fcont SFu -in hc P
Mu =
4
Out-of-Plane Force Effects P
Pu
Fu - out = P
pR
External Tendon Supports P
Transverse Reinforcement for Compression Members P
General P
Spirals P
Ties P
Transverse Reinforcement for Flexural Members P
Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement P
1.30bh
As � P
2 ( b + h) f y
0.11 �As �0.60 P
1.3 Ag
As � P
Perimeter ( f y )
Post-Tensioned Anchorage Zones P
General P
General P
General P
General Zone P
Local Zone P
Responsibilities P
Design of the General Zone P
Design Methods P
Design Principles P
Special Anchorage Devices P
Intermediate Anchorages P
General P
Crack Control Behind Intermediate Anchors P
Tia = 0.25Ps - f cb Acb P
Blister and Rib Reinforcement P
Diaphragms P
Multiple Slab Anchorages P
� a�
1- �
T1 = 0.10 Pu � P
� s�
� a�
1- �
T2 = 0.20 Pu � P
� s�
Deviation Saddles P
Application to the Design of the General Zones of Post-Tensioning
Anchorages P
General P
Nodes P
Struts P
Ties P
Elastic Stress Analysis P
General P
General Zones of Post-Tensioning Anchorages P
Approximate Stress Analysis and Design P
General Zone of Post-Tensioning Anchorages P
Limitations of Application P
0.6 Pu k
f ca =
� �1 1 � � P
1+ l c � - �
Ab � �
� �b t �
�
� �eff �
�
� s �� n� P
k=1+ � 2- ��0.3 + �
� a eff �� 15 �
k=1 P
Bursting Forces P
� a�
Tburst = 0.25 �Pu � 1 - �+ 0.5 | S ( Pu sin a) | P
� h�
d burst = 0.5 ( h - 2e) + 5e sin a P
Edge Tension Forces P
Local Zones P
Dimensions of Local Zone P
Bearing Resistance P
Pr = ff n Ab P
A P
f n = 0.7 f ci�
Ag
f n = 2.25 f ci� P
0.33
�E � P
n /t �0.08 � b �
�f b �
Pretensioned Anchorage Zones P
Splitting Resistance P
Pr = f s As P
Confinement Reinforcement P
Seismic Design and Details P
General P
Seismic Zone 1 P
Seismic Zone 2 P
General P
Seismic Zones 3 and 4 P
Column Requirements P
Column Shear and Transverse Reinforcement P
4 Asp f c�
rs = �0.12 P
( dc s ) f yh
f c��Ag �
Ash �0.30 shc � - 1� P
f yh �Ac �
f c�
Ash �0.12shc P
f yh
Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement for Confinement P
Splices P
Requirements for Wall-Type Piers P
Vr = 0.253l f c�
bd , P
Vr = fVn P
Vn = �
� + rh f y �
0.063l f c� bd
�
P
Column Connections P
Vn �0.380 bd l f c� P
Construction Joints in Piers and Columns P
Vn = ( Avf f y + 0.75 Pu ) P
Reinforcement for Hollow Rectangular Compression Members P
General P
Ties P
Splices P
Hoops P
Development and Splices of Reinforcement P

General P
Basic Requirements P
Flexural Reinforcement P
General P
Positive Moment Reinforcement P
Mn
ld � + la P
Vu
Negative Moment Reinforcement P
Moment Resisting Joints P
Development of Reinforcement P
Deformed Bars and Deformed Wire in Tension P
Tension Development Length P
�λ �λ cf �λ rc �λ er � P
l d
= l db �� rl
� λ
�
�
� �
fy
l db = 2.4d b P
f c�
Modification Factors which Increase ℓd P
Modification Factors which Decrease ℓd P
P
0.4 ≤ λrc ≤ 1.0
db
lrc = P
cb + ktr
P
ktr = 40Atr/(sn)
( As required )
l er = ( P
As provided )
Deformed Bars in Compression P
Compressive Development Length P
l d = l db ler lrc P
0.63 db f y
l db � P
f c�
l db �0.3 db f y P
Modification Factors P
Bundled Bars P
Standard Hooks in Tension P
Basic Hook Development Length P
�l l l �
l dh = l hb �� rc cw er � P
� l �
�_ℎ𝑏=(38.0𝑑_𝑏)/60.0
(𝑓_𝑦/(√(𝑓′_𝑐 ) )) P
Hooked-Bar Tie Requirements P
Welded Wire Reinforcement P
Welded Deformed Wire Reinforcement P
f y - 20.0
l hd �0.95db P
λ f c�
f y - 20.08th Ed. Modifications to the 8th Ed.
l hd �0.95db
f c�or Equation
λArticle Unchanged Editorial Updated New Removed
Aw f y
l hd �6.30 P
sλw f c�
Welded Plain Wire Reinforcement P
Aw f y
l d = 8.50 P
s w l f c�
Shear Reinforcement P
General P
Anchorage of Deformed Reinforcement P
0.44 d b f y
le � P
l f c�
Anchorage of Wire Fabric Reinforcement P
Closed Stirrups P
Development by Mechanical Anchorages P
Development of Pretensioning Strand P
General P
Bonded Strand P
� 2 �
l d �k �f ps - f pe �d b P
� 3 �
f pe l px
f px = P
60db
l px - 60db
f px = f pe + (
f -f
) P
Debonded Strands P
Splices of Bar Reinforcement P
Detailing P
Lap Splices P
2πAsp f ytr l s
S max =
kAl ful
2πAsp f ytr l s
S max = P
kAl ful
Mechanical Connections P
Welded Splices P
Splices of Reinforcement in Tension P
Lap Splices in Tension P
Mechanical Connections or Welded Splices in Tension P
Splices in Tie Members P
Splices of Bars in Compression P
Lap Splices in Compression P
l c = 0.5mf y db P
(
l c = m 0.9 f y - 24.0 db ) P
Mechanical Connections or Welded Splices in Compression P
End-Bearing Splices P
Splices of Welded Wire Reinforcement P
Splices of Welded Deformed Wire Reinforcement in Tension P
Splices of Welded Smooth Wire Reinforcement in Tension P
Durability P
Design Concepts P
Major Chemical and Mechanical Factors Affecting Durability P
General P
Corrosion Resistance P
Freeze-Thaw Resistance P
External Sulfate Attack P
Delayed Ettringite Formation P
Alkali-Silica Reactive Aggregates P
Alkali-Carbonate Reactive Aggregates P
Concrete Cover P
Concrete Cover P
Protective Coatings P
Protection for Prestressing Tendons P
Provisions for Structure Components and Types P

Deck Slabs P
P
P
Application to the Design of Pier Diaphragms P
Diaphragms P
Deep Components P
P
Brackets and Corbels P
General P
M u = Vu av + N uc (h - d ) P
Application to the Design of Brackets and Corbels P
Alternative to Strut-and-Tie Model P
Vn = 0.2 f c�
bd e P
Vn = 0.8 bd e P
�0.2 - 0.07 av �
Vn = � �f c�
bd e P
� de �
�0.8 - 0.28 av �
Vn = � �bd e P
� de �
2 Avf
As � + An P
3
Ah �0.5 ( As - An ) P
N
An � uc
ff y
N
An � uc P
ff y
Beam Ledges P
General P
Design for Shear P
Design for Flexure and Horizontal Force P
Design for Punching Shear P
Vn = 0.125l f c�
bo d f P
Vn = 0.125l f c�
bo d f P
Vn = 0.125l f c�
bo d f P
S > 2d f + W P
bw + 2av > L + 2d f P
bo = W + 2 L + 2d f P
bo = 0.5W + L + d f + c £ W + 2 L + 2d f P
p
bo = (D + d f ) + D P
2
p
bo = (D + d f ) + D + c £ p (D + d f ) + D P
4 2 2
Design of Hanger Reinforcement P
0.5 Ahr f y ( W + 3av ) P
Vn =
s
Ahr f y
Vn = S P
s
Ahr f y 8th Ed. Modifications to the 8th Ed.
Vn = S
s Article or Equation Unchanged Editorial Updated New Removed
Ahr f y
(
Vn = 0.063l f c�
bf d f + ) s
( W + 2d )
f
P
Design for Bearing P

Footings P
General P
Loads and Reactions P
Moment in Footings P
Distribution of Moment Reinforcement P
� 2 � P
A s -BW = A s-SD � �
�b + 1 �
Shear in Slabs and Footings P
Critical Sections for Shear P
One-Way Action P
Two-Way Action P
� 0.126 � P
Vn = � 0.063 + �l f c�
bo d v �0.126 l f c�
bo d v
� bc �
Vn = Vc + Vs �0.192 l f c�bo d v P
Vc = 0.0632 l f c�
bo d v P
Av f y d v
Vs = P
s
Transfer of Force at Base of Column P
Concrete Piles P
General P
Splices P
Precast Reinforced Piles P
Pile Dimensions P
Reinforcement P
Precast Prestressed Piles P
Pile Dimensions P
Concrete Quality P
Reinforcement P
Cast-in-Place Piles P
Pile Dimensions P
Reinforcement P
Seismic Design and Details
Concrete Piles
General P
Concrete Piles
General P
Confinement Length P
Volumetric Ratio for Confinement P
Precast Piles P

Beams and Girders P
General P
Precast Beams P
Preservice Conditions P
Extreme Dimensions P
Lifting Devices P
Detail Design P
Concrete Strength P
Spliced Precast Girders P
General P
Joints Between Spliced Girders P
General P
Details of Closure Joints P
Details of Match-Cast Joints P
Joint Design P
Girder Segment Design P
Post-Tensioning P
Bridges Composed of Simple Span Precast Girders Made Continuous P
General P
Restraint Moments P
�A � P
e effective = e sh � c �
�Atr �
Age of Girder When Continuity Is Established P
Degree of Continuity at Various Limit States P
Negative Moment Connections P
Positive Moment Connections P
General P
Positive Moment Connection Using Nonprestressed Reinforcement P
Positive Moment Connection Using Prestressing Strand P
(l dsh - 8)
f psl = P
0.228
(l - 8)
f pul = dsh
P
0.163
Details of Positive Moment Connection P
Continuity Diaphragms P
Cast-in-Place Box Girders and T-Beams P
Flange and Web Thickness P
Top Flange P
Bottom Flange P
Web P
Reinforcement P
Deck Slab Reinforcement Cast-in-Place in T-Beams and Box Girders P
Bottom Slab Reinforcement in Cast-in-Place Box Girders P
Segmental Concrete Bridges P
General P
Analysis of Segmental Bridges P
General P
Construction Analysis P
Analysis of the Final Structural System P
Design P
Loads P
Construction Loads P
Construction Load Combinations at the Service Limit State P
Construction Load Combinations at Strength Limit States P
Superstructure Load Effects and Structural Stability P
P
P
Substructures P
Thermal Effects During Construction P
Ec
Eeff = P
y (t , ti ) + 1
Prestress Losses P
Provisional Post-Tensioning Ducts and Anchorages P
General P
Bridges with Internal Ducts P
Provision for Future Dead Load or Deflection Adjustment P
Plan Presentation P
Box Girder Cross-Section Dimensions and Details P
Minimum Flange Thickness P
Minimum Web Thickness P
Length of Top Flange Cantilever P
Overall Cross-Section Dimensions P
Deck Protection Systems P
Seismic Design P
Types of Segmental Bridges P
General P
Details for Precast Construction P
Details for Cast-in-Place Construction P
Cantilever Construction P
Span-by-Span Construction P
Incrementally Launched Construction P
General P
Force Effects Due to Construction Tolerances P
Design Details P
Design of Construction Equipment P
Use of Alternative Construction Methods P
Segmentally Constructed Bridge Substructures P
General P
Construction Load Combinations P
Longitudinal Reinforcement of Hollow, Rectangular Precast Segmental
Piers P
Arches P
General P
Arch Ribs P
Slab Superstructures P
Cast-in-Place Solid Slab Superstructures P
100
�50% P
L
100 f pe
�50% P
L 60
Cast-in-Place Voided Slab Superstructures P
Cross-Section Dimensions P
Minimum Number of Bearings P
Solid End Sections P
General Design Requirements P
Compressive Zones in Negative Moment Area P
Drainage of Voids P
Precast Deck Bridges P
General P
Shear Transfer Joints P
Shear-Flexure Transfer Joints P
General P
Design P
Post-Tensioning P
Longitudinal Construction Joints P
Cast-in-Place Closure Joints P
Structural Overlay P
Culverts P
General P
Design for Flexure P
Design for Shear in Slabs of Box Culverts P
� A Vd � P
0.0676 l f c�+ 4.6 s u e �
Vc = � bd e
� bd e M u �
Vc �0.126l f c�
bd e P
References P
Basic Steps for Concrete Bridges P

General P
General Considerations P
Beam and Girder Superstructure Design P
Slab Bridges P
Substructure Design P
General Procedure for Shear Design with Tables P

Background P
Sectional Design Model—General Procedure P
2
�0.9 p T � P
u
2
� 2 Ao �
Td
Veff = Vu + u s P
2 Ao
�M u �
� + 0.5 N u + 0.5 V u - V p cot q - A f
ps po � P
�dv �
ex =
2( Es As + E p Aps )
�M u �
� + 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu - V p cot q - Aps f po �
P
ex = �d v �
Es As + E p Aps
�M u �
� + 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu - V p cot q - Aps f po � P
ex = �d v �
2 ( Ec Ac + Es As + E p Aps )
�M u �
ex = �d v 8th Ed. � Modifications to the 8th Ed.
( Ec Acor+Equation
2Article Es As + E p Aps ) Unchanged Editorial Updated New Removed
1.38
sxe = sx �80 in.
ag + 0.63 P
et + e c
ex = P
2
Upper Limits for Articles Affected by Concrete Compressive Strength
Articles Modified to Allow the Use of Reinforcement with a Specified

Minimum Yield Strength Up to 100 ksi
Anchors P
General P
General Strength Requirements P
Failure Modes to be Considered P
Determination of Anchor Resistance P
Seismic Design Requirements P
Installation P
Appendix E5
Crosswalk Between the 7th and 8th Editions

5.1 Scope 5.1
5.2 Definitions 5.2
5.3 Notation 5.3
5.4 Material Properties 5.4

5.4.1 General 5.4.1
5.4.2 Normal Weight and Structural Lightweight Concrete 5.4.2
5.4.2.1 Compressive Strength 5.4.2.1
5.4.2.2 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 5.4.2.2
5.4.2.3 Shrinkage and Creep 5.4.2.3
5.4.2.3.1 General 5.4.2.3.1
5.4.2.3.2 Creep 5.4.2.3.2
5.4.2.3.2-1 y ( t ,ti ) = 1.9ks khc k f ktd ti -0.118 5.4.2.3.2-1 y ( t ,ti ) =
5.4.2.3.2-2 ks = 1.45 – 0.13(V/S) ≥ 1.0 5.4.2.3.2-2
5.4.2.3.2-3 khc = 1.56 – 0.008H 5.4.2.3.2-3
5 5
5.4.2.3.2-4 kf = 5.4.2.3.2-4 kf =
1 + f ci� 1 + f ci�
t t
ktd = ktd =
5.4.2.3.2-5 100 - 4 f ci��
� 5.4.2.3.2-5 100 - 4 f ci��
�
12 � �+ t 12 � �+ t
� f ci�+ 20 � � f ci�+ 20 �
� t � � t �
C5.4.2.3.2-1 �26 e 0.36(V/S ) + t ��1.80 + 1.77 e -0.54(V/S ) � C5.4.2.3.2-1 �26 e 0.36(V/S ) + t ��1.80 + 1.77 e -0.54(V/S ) �
kc = � �� kc = � ��
� t �� 2.587 � � t �� 2.587 �
�
� 45 + t �
� �
� 45 + t �
�
� t � � t �
�26 e 0.36(V/S ) + t ��1.80 + 1.77 e -0.54(V/S ) � �26 e 0.36(V/S ) + t �� 1.80 + 1.77 e -0.54(V/S ) �
kc = � �� Revisions
7th Ed. With 2016 Interim � kc = � ��
8th Ed. �
� t �� 2.587 � � t �� 2.587 �
�
� 45 + t �
� �
� 45 + t �
�
� t � � t �
� 0.36(V/S ) + t �� 1064 - 94(V/S ) � � 0.36(V/S ) + t �� 1064 - 94(V/S ) �
C5.4.2.3.2-2
k s = �26e ��
C5.4.2.3.2-2
k s = �26e � � �
� t �� 923 � � t �� 923 �
5.4.2.3.3
� 45 + t
Shrinkage
� 5.4.2.3.3
� 45 + t �
-3
5.4.2.3.3-1 e sh = k s khs k f ktd 0.48 �10 5.4.2.3.3-1 e sh = ks khs k f ktd 0.48 �10-3
5.4.2.3.3-2 khs = (2.00 – 0.014 H) 5.4.2.3.3-2
5.4.2.4-1 Ec = 120, 000 K1 wc 2.0 f c�

0.33
5.4.2.4-1 Ec = 120,000 K1 wc 2.0 f c�
0.33
C5.4.2.4-1 Ec = 2,500 f c�
0.33
C5.4.2.4-1 Ec = 2,500 f c�
0.33
C5.4.2.4-2 Ec = 33, 000 K1 wc1.5 f c� C5.4.2.4-2 Ec = 33, 000 K1 wc1.5 f c�
C5.4.2.4-3 Ec = 1,820 f �
c
C5.4.2.4-3 Ec = 1,820 f �
c
5.4.2.5 Poisson’s Ratio 5.4.2.5

5.4.2.6 Modulus of Rupture 5.4.2.6
5.4.2.7 Tensile Strength 5.4.2.7
5.4.2.8 Concrete Density Modification Factors 5.4.2.8
5.8.2.2 Modifications for Lightweight Concrete 5.4.2.8
f ct
5.4.2.8-1
λ = 4.7 fct / √f’c ≤ 1.0
5.4.2.8-1 l = 4.7 �1.0
f c�
C5.4.2.8-1 5.4.2.8-2 0.75 �l = 7.5 wc �1.0
0.75 ≤ λ = 7.5 wc ≤ 1.0
5.4.3 Reinforcing Steel 5.4.3
5.4.3.1 General 5.4.3.1
5.4.3.3 Special Applications 5.4.3.3
5.4.4 Prestressing Steel 5.4.4
5.4.4.1 General 5.4.4.1
5.4.5 Post-Tensioning Anchorages and Couplers 5.4.5
5.4.6 Ducts 5.4.6
5.4.6.1 General 5.4.6.1
5.4.6.2 Size of Ducts 5.4.6.2
5.4.6.3 Ducts at Deviation Saddles 5.4.6.3
5.5 Limit States 5.5

5.5.1 General 5.5.1
5.5.1.1 Limit-State Applicability 5.5.1.1
5.6.1 General 5.5.1.1
5.6.2 Effects of Imposed Deformations 5.5.1.1
5.5.1.2 Design Methodologies 5.5.1.2
5.5.1.2.1 General 5.5.1.2.1
5.5.1.2.2 B-Regions 5.5.1.2.2
5.5.1.2.3 D-Regions 5.5.1.2.3
5.5.2 Service Limit State 5.5.2
5.5.3 Fatigue Limit State 5.5.3
5.5.3.1 General 5.5.3.1
5.5.3.1-1 g ( Df ) �( DF ) TH 5.5.3.1-1 g ( Df ) �( DF ) TH
5.5.3.2 Reinforcing Bars 5.5.3.2
5.5.3.2-1 ( DF ) TH = 24 - 20 f min / f y 5.5.3.2-1 ( DF ) TH = 26 -

22 f min
fy
5.5.3.2-2 ( DF ) TH = 16 - 0.33 f min 5.5.3.2-2 ( DF ) TH = 18 - 0.36 f min
5.5.3.3 Prestressing Tendons 5.5.3.3

5.5.3.4 Welded or Mechanical Splices of Reinforcement 5.5.3.4
5.5.4 Strength Limit State 5.5.4
5.5.4.1 General 5.5.4.1
5.5.4.2.1 Conventional Construction 5.5.4.2
5.5.4.2.2 Segmental Construction 5.5.4.2
0.25 ( e t - e cl ) 0.25 ( e t - e cl )
5.5.4.2.1-1 0.75 �f = 0.75 + �1.0 5.5.4.2-1 0.75 �f = 0.75 + �1.0
( e tl - e cl ) ( e tl - e cl )
0.15 ( e t - e cl ) 0.15 ( e t - e cl )
5.5.4.2.1-2 0.75 �f = 0.75 + �0.9 5.5.4.2-2 0.75 �f = 0.75 + �0.9
( e tl - e cl ) ( e tl - e cl )
5.5.4.3 Stability 5.5.4.3
5.5.5 Extreme Event Limit State 5.5.5
5.5.5 Extreme Event Limit State 5.5.5.1
5.5.4.2.3 Special Requirements for Seismic Zones 2, 3, and 4 5.5.5.2
5.7 Design for Flexural and Axial Force Effects 5.6

5.7.1 Assumptions for Service and Fatigue Limit States 5.6.1
5.7.2 Assumptions for Strength and Extreme Event Limit States 5.6.2
5.7.2.1 General 5.6.2.1
5.7.2.1-1 c 0.003 5.6.2.1-1 c 0.003

� �
d s 0.003 + e cl d s 0.003 + e cl
5.7.2.2 Rectangular Stress Distribution 5.6.2.2
5.7.3 Flexural Members 5.6.3
5.7.3.1 Stress in Prestressing Steel at Nominal Flexural Resistance 5.6.3.1
5.7.3.1.1 Components with Bonded Tendons 5.6.3.1.1
� c � � c �
5.7.3.1.1-1 1- k
f ps = f pu � � 5.6.3.1.1-1 1- k
f ps = f pu � �
� dp � � dp �
� � � �
� f py � � f py �
5.7.3.1.1-2 1.04 -
k = 2 � � 5.6.3.1.1-2 1.04 -
k = 2 � �
� f pu � � f pu �
� � � �
- a1 f c�
- a1 f c�
(b - bw )h f
c= c=
5.7.3.1.1-3 f pu 5.6.3.1.1-3 f pu
a1 f c�
b1bw + kAps
dp dp
- a1 f c�
- a1 f c�
(b - bw )h f
c= c=
7th Ed. With 2016 Interimf puRevisions 8th Ed. f pu
a1 f c�
b1bw + kAps
Article or Equation
dp Article or Equation
dp
Aps f pu + As f s - As��fs Aps f pu + As f s - As��fs
5.7.3.1.1-4 c= 5.6.3.1.1-4 c=
f pu f pu
a1 f c�b 1b + kAps a1 f c�b 1b + kAps
dp dp
5.7.3.1.2 Components with Unbonded Tendons 5.6.3.1.2
�d p - c � �d p - c �
5.7.3.1.2-1 f ps = f pe + 900 � �� f py 5.6.3.1.2-1 f ps = f pe + 900 � �� f py
�l e � �l e �
�2 l � �2 l �
5.7.3.1.2-2 l e = � i � 5.6.3.1.2-2 l e = � i �
�2 + N s � �2 + N s �
- a1 f c�
(b - bw )h f Aps f ps + As f s - As�f s�
- a1 f c�
(b - bw )h f
5.7.3.1.2-3 c= 5.6.3.1.2-3 c=
a1 f c�
b1 b w a1 f c�
b1 b w
Aps f ps + As f s - As�f s� Aps f ps + As f s - As�f s�

5.7.3.1.2-4 c= 5.6.3.1.2-4 c=
a1 f c�
b1 b a1 f c�
b1 b
C5.7.3.1.2-1 f ps = f pe + 15.0 (ksi) C5.6.3.1.2-1 f ps = f pe + 15.0 (ksi)
5.7.3.1.3 Components with Both Bonded and Unbonded Tendons 5.6.3.1.3

5.7.3.1.3a Detailed Analysis 5.6.3.1.3a
5.7.3.1.3b Simplified Analysis 5.6.3.1.3b
5.7.3.2 Flexural Resistance 5.6.3.2
5.7.3.2.1 Factored Flexural Resistance 5.6.3.2.1
5.7.3.2.1-1 M r = fM n 5.6.3.2.1-1 M r = fM n
5.7.3.2.2 Flanged Sections 5.6.3.2.2
5.7.3.2.2-1
a
2
) + As f s ( ds -
a
2
) -
5.6.3.2.2-1
a
2
) + As f s ( ds -
a
2
) -
As�� (
f s d s�-
2
a
) ( b - bw ) h f
+ a1 f c�
�a
�-
�2
hf
2
�
�
�
As�� (
f s d s�-
a
2
) ( b - bw ) h f
+ a1 f c�
�a
�-
�2
hf
2
�
�
�
5.7.3.2.3 Rectangular Sections 5.6.3.2.3
5.7.3.2.4 Other Cross-Sections 5.6.3.2.4
5.7.3.2.5 Strain Compatibility Approach 5.6.3.2.5
5.7.3.2.6 Composite Girder Section 5.6.3.2.6
5.7.3.3.2 Minimum Reinforcement 5.6.3.3
� �S �� S ��
5.7.3.3.2-1 ( g 1 f r + g 2 fcpe ) Sc - M dnc �S c - 1��
M cr = g 3 � 5.6.3.3-1 ( g 1 f r + g 2 fcpe ) Sc - M dnc �S c - 1��
M cr = g 3 �
� � nc �� nc ��
5.7.3.5 Moment Redistribution 5.6.3.4
5.7.3.6 Deformations 5.6.3.5
5.7.3.6.1 General 5.6.3.5.1
5.7.3.6.2 Deflection and Camber 5.6.3.5.2
3
�M cr � � �M � 3
� 3
�M cr � � �M � 3
�
5.7.3.6.2-1 1 - � ��I cr �I g
I e = � �I g + � cr 5.6.3.5.2-1 1 - � ��I cr �I g
I e = � �I g + � cr
�M a � � M
� � a �� M a � � M
� � a ��
Ig Ig
5.7.3.6.2-2 M cr = f r 5.6.3.5.2-2 M cr = f r
yt yt
5.7.3.6.3 Axial Deformation 5.6.3.5.3
5.7.4 Compression Members 5.6.4
5.7.4.1 General 5.6.4.1
5.7.4.2 Limits for Reinforcement 5.6.4.2
As Aps f pu As Aps f pu
5.7.4.2-1 + �0.08 5.6.4.2-1 + �0.08
Ag Ag f y Ag Ag f y
Aps f pe Aps f pe
5.7.4.2-2 �0.30 5.6.4.2-2 �0.30
Ag f c� Ag f c�
As Aps f pu f� As Aps f pu f�
5.7.4.2-3 + �0.135 c 5.6.4.2-3 + �0.135 c
Ag Ag f y fy Ag Ag f y fy
N/A but not greater than 0.015 5.6.4.2-4 As Aps f pu

+ �0.015
Ag Ag f y
5.7.4.3 Approximate Evaluation of Slenderness Effects 5.6.4.3
Ec I g Ec I g
5.7.4.3-1 + Es I s 5.6.4.3-1 + Es I s
EI = 5 EI = 5
1 + bd 1 + bd
Ec I g Ec I g
5.7.4.3-2 5.6.4.3-2
EI = 2.5 EI = 2.5
1+ b 1+ b d
5.7.4.4 Factored AxialdResistance 5.6.4.4
5.7.4.4-1 Pr = fPn 5.6.4.4-1 Pr = fPn
5.7.4.4-2
� (
kc f c�Ag - Ast - Aps + f y Ast � ) 5.6.4.4-2
(
� )
Pn = 0.85 � � Pn = 0.85 � �
-
�
� A ps(f pe - E p e cu �
� ) -
�
� )
5.7.4.4-3
� (A
k f�
c c g
5.6.4.4-3
� (A
k f�
c c g
Pn = 0.80 � � Pn = 0.80 � �
-A ( f
�
� ps pe
- E p e cu ) �
� -A ( f
�
� ps pe
- E p e cu ) �
�
5.7.4.5 Biaxial Flexure 5.6.4.5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5.7.4.5-1 = + - 5.6.4.5-1 = + -
Prxy Prx Pry f Po Prxy Prx Pry f Po
5.7.4.5-2 ( Ag - Ast - Aps ) + f y Ast - Aps ( f pe - E p ecu )

Po = kc f c� 5.6.4.5-2 ( Ag - Ast - Aps ) + f y Ast - Aps ( f pe - E p e cu )
Po = kc f c�
M ux M uy M ux M uy
5.7.4.5-3 + �1.0 5.6.4.5-3 + �1.0
M rx M ry M rx M ry
5.7.4.6 Spirals and Ties 5.6.4.6
�_𝑠=0.45 (𝐴_𝑔/𝐴_𝑐 −1) (𝑓_𝑐^ 4 Asp
′)/𝑓_𝑦ℎ �Ag �f �
5.7.4.6-1 5.6.4.6-1 ρs = �0.45 � - 1� c
5.7.4.7 Hollow Rectangular Compression Members 5.6.4.7
5.7.4.7.1 Wall Slenderness Ratio 5.6.4.7.1
5.7.4.7.1-1 Xu 5.6.4.7.1-1 Xu
lw = lw =
t t
5.7.4.7.2 Limitations on the Use of the Rectangular Stress Block Method 5.6.4.7.2
5.7.4.7.2a General 5.6.4.7.2a
5.7.4.7.2b Refined Method for Adjusting Maximum Usable Strain Limit 5.6.4.7.2b
5.7.4.7.2c Approximate Method for Adjusting Factored Resistance 5.6.4.7.2c
5.7.4.7.2c-1 l w �15, then f w = 1.0 5.6.4.7.2c-1 l w �15, then f w = 1.0
5.7.4.7.2c-2 15 < l w �25, then fw = 1 - 0.025 ( l w - 15 ) 5.6.4.7.2c-2 15 < l w �25, then fw = 1 - 0.025 ( l w - 15 )
5.7.4.7.2c-3 25 < l w �35, then f w = 0.75 5.6.4.7.2c-3 25 < l w �35, then f w = 0.75
5.7.5 Bearing 5.6.5
5.7.5-1 Pr = fPn 5.6.5-1 Pr = fPn
5.7.5-2 Pn = 0.85 f c�
A1m 5.6.5-2 Pn = 0.85 f c�
A1m
A2 A2
5.7.5-3 m= �2.0 5.6.5-3 m= �2.0
A1 A1
A2 A2
5.7.5-4 m = 0.75 �1.50 5.6.5-4 m = 0.75 �1.50
A1 A1
5.7.6 Tension Members 5.6.6
5.7.6.1 Factored Tension Resistance 5.6.6.1
5.7.6.1-1 Pr = fPn 5.6.6.1-1 Pr = fPn

5.7.6.2 Resistance to Combinations of Tension and Flexure 5.6.6.2
5.7.3.4 Control Cracking by Distribution of Reinforcement 5.6.7
700 g e 700 g e
5.7.3.4-1 s � - 2d c 5.6.7-1 s � - 2d c
b s f ss b s f ss
dc dc
N/A βs = 1 + 5.6.7-2 βs = 1 +
0.7( h - d c ) 0.7( h - d c )
5.7.3.4-2 Ask �0.012 (dl - 30) 5.6.7-3 Ask �0.012 (d l - 30)
5.8 Shear and Torsion 5.7

5.8.1 Design Procedures 5.7.1
5.8.1.1 Flexural Regions 5.7.1.1
5.8.1.2 Regions Near Discontinuities 5.7.1.2
5.8.1.3 Interface Regions 5.7.1.3
5.8.1.4 Slabs and Footings 5.7.1.4
5.8.1.5 Webs of Curved Post-Tensioned Box Girder Bridges 5.7.1.5
5.8.2 General Requirements 5.7.2
5.8.2.1 General 5.7.2.1
5.8.6.3 Regions Requiring Consideration of Torsional Effects 5.7.2.1
5.8.2.1-2 Vr = fVn 5.7.2.1-1 Vr = fVn
5.8.2.1-1 Tr = fTn 5.7.2.1-2 Tr = fTn
5.8.2.1-3 Tu > 0.25fTcr 5.7.2.1-3
A 2 f pc Acp 2
5.8.2.1-4 Tcr = 0.125l f c� cp 1 + 5.7.2.1-4 Tcr = 0.126 K l f c�
pc 0.125l f c� pc
5.8.6.3-2 Tcr = 0.0632 K l f c�

2 Ao be 5.7.2.1-5 Tcr = 0.126 K l f c�
2 Ao be
f pc f pc
5.8.6.3-3 K = 1+ � 2.0 5.7.2.1-6 K = 1+ �2.0
0.0632 l f c� 0.126l f 'c
5.8.2.3 Transfer and Development Lengths 5.7.2.2
5.8.2.4 Regions Requiring Transverse Reinforcement 5.7.2.3
5.8.2.4-1 Vu > 0.5f ( Vc + V p ) 5.7.2.3-1 Vu > 0.5f ( Vc + Vp )

5.8.2.6 Types of Transverse Reinforcement 5.7.2.4
5.8.2.5 Minimum Transverse Reinforcement 5.7.2.5
bv s bv s
5.8.2.5-1 Av �0.0316 l f c� 5.7.2.5-1 Av �0.0316 l f c�
fy fy
5.8.2.7 Maximum Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement 5.7.2.6
5.8.2.7-1 smax = 0.8d v �24.0 5.7.2.6-1 smax = 0.8d v �24.0
5.8.6.6-1 5.7.2.6-1 smax = 0.8d v �24.0

smax = 0.8dv ≤ 36.0 in.
5.8.2.7-2 smax = 0.4d v �12.0 5.7.2.6-2 smax = 0.4d v �12.0
5.8.6.6-2 5.7.2.6-2 smax = 0.4d v �12.0

smax = 0.4dv ≤ 18.0 in.
5.8.2.8 Design and Detailing Requirements 5.7.2.7
5.8.2.9 Shear Stress on Concrete 5.7.2.8
Vu - fV p Vu - fV p
5.8.2.9-1 vu = 5.7.2.8-1 vu =
fbv d v fbv d v
Aps f ps d p + As f y d s Aps f ps d p + As f y d s
5.8.2.9-2 de = 5.7.2.8-2 de =
Aps f ps + As f y Aps f ps + As f y
C5.8.2.9-1 Mn C5.7.2.8-1 Mn
dv = dv =
As f y + Aps f ps As f y + Aps f ps
C5.8.2.9-2 D D C5.7.2.8-2 D D
de = + r de = + r
2 p 2 p
5.8.3 Sectional Design Model 5.7.3
5.8.3.1 General 5.7.3.1
5.8.3.2 Sections Near Supports 5.7.3.2
5.8.3.3 Nominal Shear Resistance 5.7.3.3
5.8.3.3-1 Vn = Vc + Vs + V p 5.7.3.3-1 Vn = Vc + Vs + V p
5.8.3.3-2 Vn = 0.25 f c�
bv d v + V p 5.7.3.3-2 Vn = 0.25 f c�
bv d v + V p
5.8.3.3-3 V c = 0.0316 b l f c�b v d v 5.7.3.3-3 V c = 0.0316 b l f c�b v d v

Av f y d v (cot q + cot a ) sin a Av f y d v (cot q + cot a ) sin a
5.8.3.3-4 Vs = 5.7.3.3-4 Vs =
s s
5.8.3.3-5 Vs = Av f y sin a �0.095l f c�

bv d v 5.7.3.3-5 Vs = Av f y sin a �0.095l f c�
bv d v
C5.8.3.3-1 Av f y d v cot q C5.7.3.3-1 Av f y d v cot q

Vs = Vs =
5.8.3.4
s
Procedures for Determining Shear Resistance 5.7.3.4
s
5.8.3.4.1 Simplified Procedure for Nonprestressed Sections 5.7.3.4.1
5.8.3.4.2 General Procedure 5.7.3.4.2
5.8.3.4.2-1 4.8 5.7.3.4.2-1 4.8

β= β=
(1 + 750ε s ) (1 + 750ε s )
4.8 51 4.8 51
5.8.3.4.2-2 b= 5.7.3.4.2-2 b=
(1 + 750e s ) ( 39 + s xe ) (1 + 750e s ) ( 39 + s xe )
5.8.3.4.2-3 θ = 29 + 3500e s 5.7.3.4.2-3 θ = 29 + 3500e s
 Mu   Mu 
 + 0.5 N u + Vu - V p - Aps f po   + 0.5 N u + Vu - V p - Aps f po 
5.8.3.4.2-4 d 5.7.3.4.2-4 d
es =  v  es =  v 
√(𝑉_𝑢^2+((0.9 𝑝_ℎ 𝑇_𝑢)/(2 𝐴_𝑜 ))^2 ) 2
5.8.2.1-6 5.7.3.4.2-5 �0.9 p T �
u
2
� 2 Ao �
5.8.2.1-7 5.7.3.4.2-6 Veff = Vu +
2 Ao
𝑉_𝑢+(𝑇_𝑢 𝑑_𝑠)/(2
7th Ed. 𝐴_𝑜 )Interim Revisions
With 2016 Tu d s 8th Ed.
Veff = Vu +
Article or Equation 2 AoArticle or Equation
1.38 1.38
5.8.3.4.2-5 sxe = sx 5.7.3.4.2-7 sxe = s x
ag + 0.63 ag + 0.63
5.8.3.5 Longitudinal Reinforcement 5.7.3.5
M N �V � M N �V �
5.8.3.5-1 Aps f ps + As f y � u + 0.5 u + � u - V p - 0.5Vs �
cot q 5.7.3.5-1 Aps f ps + As f y � u + 0.5 u + � u - V p - 0.5Vs �
cot q
dv f f fc � �fv
�
� dv f f fc � �fv
�
�
�V � �V �
5.8.3.5-2 As f y + Aps f ps �� u - 0.5Vs - V p �
cot q 5.7.3.5-2 As f y + Aps f ps �� u - 0.5Vs - V p �
cot q
�fv � �fv �
5.8.3.6 Sections Subjected to Combined Shear and Torsion 5.7.3.6
5.8.3.6.1 Transverse Reinforcement 5.7.3.6.1
5.8.3.6.2 Torsional Resistance 5.7.3.6.2
2 Ao At f y cot q 2 Ao At f y cot q
5.8.3.6.2-1 Tn = 5.7.3.6.2-1 Tn =
s s
5.8.3.6.3 Longitudinal Reinforcement 5.7.3.6.3
M 0.5 N u M 0.5 N u
5.8.3.6.3-1
f dv f 5.7.3.6.3-1
f dv f
2 2 2 2
�V � �0.45 ph Tu � �V � �0.45 ph Tu �
cot q � u - V p - 0.5Vs � + � � cot q � u - V p - 0.5Vs � + � �
�f � � 2 Ao f � �f � � 2 Ao f �
Tn ph Tn ph
5.8.3.6.3-2 Al = 5.7.3.6.3-2 Al =
2 Ao f y 2 Ao f y
5.8.4 Interface Shear Transfer—Shear Friction 5.7.4
5.8.4.1 General 5.7.4.1
5.8.4.4 Minimum Area of Interface Shear Reinforcement 5.7.4.2
5.8.4.4-1 0.05 Acv 5.7.4.2-1 0.05 Acv

Avf � Avf �
fy fy
5.8.4.1 General 5.7.4.3
5.8.4.1-1 5.7.4.3-1
Vri = fVni
5.8.4.1-2 5.7.4.3-2
Vri ³ Vui
5.8.4.1-3 5.7.4.3-3
5.8.4.1-4 5.7.4.3-4
5.8.4.1-5 5.7.4.3-5
Vni £ K2 Acv
5.8.4.1-6 5.7.4.3-6
Acv = bvi Lvi
5.8.4.3 Cohesion and Friction Factors 5.7.4.4
Computation of the Factored Interface Shear Force, Vui, for
5.8.4.2 Girder/Slab Bridges 5.7.4.5
Vu1 Vu1
5.8.4.2-1 vui = 5.7.4.5-1 vui =
bvi d v bvi d v
5.8.4.2-2 Vui = vui Acv = vui 12bvi 5.7.4.5-2 Vui = vui Acv = vui 12bvi
Pc Pc
5.8.4.2-3 Avpc = 5.7.4.5-3 Avpc =
ff y ff y
C5.8.4.2-1 C5.7.4.5-1
Mu2 = M1 + V1 Dℓ
Mu2 Mu2
C5.8.4.2-2 Cu 2 = C5.7.4.5-2 Cu 2 =
dv dv
M1 V1Dl M1 V1Dl
C5.8.4.2-3 Cu 2 = + C5.7.4.5-3 Cu 2 = +
dv dv dv dv
M 1 V1Dl M1 V1Dl
Cu 2 = 7th Ed.
+With 2016 Interim Revisions Cu 2 = + 8th Ed.
d v Article
d v or Equation dv d v or Equation
Article
M1 M1
C5.8.4.2-4 C1 = C5.7.4.5-4 C1 =
dv dv
C5.8.4.2-5 C5.7.4.5-5
Vh = Cu2 – C1
V1Dl V1Dl
C5.8.4.2-6 Vh = C5.7.4.5-6 Vh =
dv dv
V1 V1
C5.8.4.2-7 Vhi = C5.7.4.5-7 Vhi =
dv dv
5.8.4.1 General 5.7.4.6
5.6 Design Considerations 5.8

N/A 5.8.1
5.6.3 Strut-and-Tie Method 5.8.2
5.6.3.1 General 5.8.2.1
5.6.3.2 Structural Modeling 5.8.2.2
� �
�a � � �
�a �
C5.6.3.2-1 Vcr = �
0.2 - 0.1� �� f c�
bw d C5.8.2.2-1 Vcr = �
0.2 - 0.1� �� f c�
bw d
� �d �
� � �d �
�
5.6.3.3 Factored Resistance 5.8.2.3
5.6.3.3-1 Pr = fPn 5.8.2.3-1 Pr = fPn

5.6.3.4 Proportioning of Ties 5.8.2.4
5.6.3.4.1 Strength of Tie 5.8.2.4.1
Pn = f y Ast + Aps ( f pe + f y ) Pn = f y Ast + Aps �
5.6.3.4.1-1 5.8.2.4.1-1 �f pe + f y �
�
5.6.3.4.2 Anchorage of Tie 5.8.2.4.2
5.6.3.5 Proportioning of Node Regions 5.8.2.5
5.6.3.5.1 Strength of the Node Face 5.8.2.5.1
5.6.3.5.1-1 5.8.2.5.1-1
Pn = fcuAcn
5.6.3.5.2 Effective Cross-Sectional Area of Node Face 5.8.2.5.2
5.6.3.5.3 Limiting Compressive Stress at the Node Face 5.8.2.5.3
5.6.3.5.3a General 5.8.2.5.3a
5.6.3.5.3a-1 5.8.2.5.3a-1
fcu = mνf ′c
5.6.3.5.3b Back Face of a CCT Node 5.8.2.5.3b
5.6.3.6 Crack Control Reinforcement 5.8.2.6
5.6.3.6-1 Av 5.8.2.6-1 Av
�0.003 �0.003
bw sv bw sv
5.6.3.6-2 Ah 5.8.2.6-2 Ah
�0.003 �0.003
bw sh bw sh
Application of the Strut-and-Tie Model to the Design of the General
5.10.9.4 5.8.2.7
Zone
5.10.9.4.1 General 5.8.2.7.1
5.10.9.4.2 Nodes 5.8.2.7.2
5.10.9.4.3 Struts 5.8.2.7.3
5.10.9.4.4 Ties 5.8.2.7.4
5.13.2.2 Diaphragms 5.8.2.8
5.13.2.4.2 Alternative to Strut-and-Tie Model 5.8.2.9
5.10.9.5 Elastic Stress Analysis 5.8.3
5.10.9.6 Approximate Stress Analyses and Design 5.8.4
5.13.2.3 Detailing Requirements for Deep Beams 5.8.4.1
5.13.2.4 Brackets and Corbels 5.8.4.2
5.13.2.4.1 General 5.8.4.2.1
5.13.2.4.1-1 M u = Vu av + N uc (h - d ) 5.8.4.2.1-1 M u = Vu av + N uc (h - d )
5.13.2.4.2 Alternative to Strut-and-Tie Model 5.8.4.2.2
Vn = 0.2 f c�
bw d e
5.13.2.4.2-1
Vn = 0.2 f c�
bw d e 5.8.4.2.2-1 Vn = 0.2 f c�
bd e
5.13.2.4.2-2 Vn = 0.8 bw d e 5.8.4.2.2-2 Vn = 0.8 bd e
Vn = ( 0.2 - 0.07 av / d ) f c�
bw d e �0.2 - 0.07 av �
5.13.2.4.2-3 5.8.4.2.2-3 Vn = � �f c�
bd e
� de �
Vn = ( 0.8 - 0.28 av / de ) bw d �0.8 - 0.28 av �
5.13.2.4.2-4 5.8.4.2.2-4 Vn = � �bd e
� de �
2 Avf 2 Avf
5.13.2.4.2-5 As � + An 5.8.4.2.2-5 As � + An
3 3
5.13.2.4.2-6 Ah �0.5 ( As - An ) 5.8.4.2.2-6 Ah �0.5 ( As - An )
An �N uc / ff y N
5.13.2.4.2-7 5.8.4.2.2-7 An � uc
ff y
5.13.2.5 Beam Ledges 5.8.4.3
5.13.2.5.1 General 5.8.4.3.1
5.13.2.5.2 Design for Shear 5.8.4.3.2
5.13.2.5.3 Design for Flexure and Horizontal Force 5.8.4.3.3
5.13.2.5.4 Design for Punching Shear 5.8.4.3.4
N/A 5.8.4.3.4-1 S > 2d f + W
N/A 5.8.4.3.4-2 bw + 2av > L + 2d f
5.13.2.5.4-1 Vn = 0.125 l f c�
(W + 2 L + 2d e ) d e 5.8.4.3.4-3 Vn = 0.125l f c�
bo d f
5.13.2.5.4-2 Vn = 0.125 l f c�
( W + L +d e ) d e 5.8.4.3.4-3 Vn = 0.125l f c�
bo d f
5.13.2.5.4-3 ( 0.5W + L + d e + c ) d e
Vn = 0.125l f c� 5.8.4.3.4-3 Vn = 0.125l f c�
bo d f
N/A 5.8.4.3.4-4 bo = W + 2 L + 2d f
N/A 5.8.4.3.4-5 bo = 0.5W + L + d f + c £ W + 2 L + 2d f
p
N/A 5.8.4.3.4-6 bo = (D + d f ) + D
2
p
N/A 5.8.4.3.4-7 bo = (D + d f ) + D + c £ p (D + d f ) + D
4 2 2
5.13.2.5.5 Design of Hanger Reinforcement 5.8.4.3.5
5.13.2.5.5-1 Ahr ( 0.5 f y ) 5.8.4.3.5-1 0.5 Ahr f y ( W + 3av )

Vn = ( W + 3av ) Vn =
s
s
Ahr f y Ahr f y
5.13.2.5.5-2 Vn = S 5.8.4.3.5-2 Vn = S
s s
Ahr f y
( )
Ahr f y
5.13.2.5.5-3 Vn = 0.063l f c�
bf d f + ( W + 2d )
f
5.8.4.3.5-3 (
Vn = 0.063l f c�
bf d f )+ s
( W + 2d )
f
s
5.13.2.5.6 Design for Bearing 5.8.4.3.6
5.10.9.7 Design of Local Zones 5.8.4.4
5.10.9.7.1 Dimensions of Local Zone 5.8.4.4.1
5.10.9.7.2 Bearing Resistance 5.8.4.4.2
5.10.9.7.2-1 Pr = ff n Ab 5.8.4.4.2-1 Pr = ff n Ab
A A
5.10.9.7.2-2 f n = 0.7 f ci� 5.8.4.4.2-2 f n = 0.7 f ci�
Ag Ag
5.10.9.7.2-3 f n = 2.25 f ci� 5.8.4.4.2-3 f n = 2.25 f ci�
0.33 0.33
5.10.9.7.2-4
�E � 5.8.4.4.2-4
�E �
n /t �0.08 � b � n /t �0.08 � b �
�fb � �fb �
5.10.9.6 Approximate Stress Analyses and Design 5.8.4.5
5.10.9.6.1 Limitations of Application 5.8.4.5.1
5.10.9.6.2 Compressive Stresses 5.8.4.5.2
0.6 Pu k 0.6 Pu k
f ca = f ca =
5.10.9.6.2-1 � �1 1 � � 5.8.4.5.2-1 � �1 1 � �
1+ l c � - �
Ab � � 1+ l c � - �
Ab � �
� �b t �
� � �b t �
�
� � eff �
� � � eff �
�
� s �� n� � s �� n�
5.10.9.6.2-2 k =1+ � 2- �� 0.3 + � 5.8.4.5.2-2 k =1+ � 2- �� 0.3 + �
� a eff �� 15 � � a eff �� 15 �
5.10.9.6.2-3 k=1 5.8.4.5.2-3 k=1
5.10.9.6.3 Bursting Forces 5.8.4.5.3
5.10.9.6.3-1 � a� 5.8.4.5.3-1 � a�
1 -
Tburst = 0.25 �Pu � �+ 0.5 | S ( Pu sin a ) | 1 -
Tburst = 0.25 �Pu � �+ 0.5 | S ( Pu sin a) |
� h� � h�
5.10.9.6.3-2 d burst = 0.5 ( h - 2e) + 5e sin a 5.8.4.5.3-2 d burst = 0.5 ( h - 2e) + 5e sin a
5.10.9.6.4 Edge Tension Forces 5.8.4.5.4
5.10.9.3.6 Multiple Slab Anchorages 5.8.4.5.5
5.10.9.3.6-1 � a� 5.8.4.5.5-1 � a�
1- �
T1 = 0.10 Pu � 1- �
T1 = 0.10 Pu �
� s� � s�
5.10.9.3.6-2 � a� 5.8.4.5.5-2 � a�
1- �
T2 = 0.20 Pu � 1- �
T2 = 0.20 Pu �
� s� � s�
5.9 Prestressed Concrete 5.9

5.9.1 General Design Considerations 5.9.1
5.9.1.1 General 5.9.1.1
5.9.1.2 Specified Concrete Strengths 5.9.1.2
5.9.1.4 Section Properties 5.9.1.3
5.9.1.5 Crack Control 5.9.1.4
5.9.1.3 Buckling 5.9.1.5
5.9.1.6 Tendons with Angle Points or Curves 5.9.1.6
N/A 5.9.2
5.9.2 Stresses Due to Imposed Deformation 5.9.2.1
5.9.2-1 = F 1- e
F� ( -y ( t , ti )
) 5.9.2.1-1 = F 1- e
F� ( -y ( t , ti )
)
5.9.2-2 F� ( )
= F 1 - e -y ( t ,ti ) / y ( t , ti ) 5.9.2.1-2 ( )
= F 1 - e -y ( t ,ti ) / y ( t , ti )
F�
5.9.3 Stress Limitations for Prestressing Tendons 5.9.2.2
5.9.4 Stress Limits for Concrete 5.9.2.3
5.9.4.1 For Temporary Stresses before Losses 5.9.2.3.1
5.9.4.1.2 Tensile Stresses 5.9.2.3.1b
5.9.4.2 For Stresses at Service Limit State after Losses 5.9.2.3.2
5.9.4.2.2 Tension Stresses 5.9.2.3.2b
5.8.5 Principal Tensile Stresses in Webs of Segmental Concrete Bridges 5.9.2.3.3
VQg
N/A 5.9.2.3.3-1 t =
I g bw
VQg Tpc
N/A 5.9.2.3.3-2 t = + 2
I g bw Acp
VQg T
N/A 5.9.2.3.3-3 t = +
I g Bw 2 Ao bw
N/A 5.9.2.3.3-4 f min =

1
2
(( f pcx + f pcy - ) (f pcx
+ f pcy ) + ( 2t )
2
)
2
N/A C5.9.2.3.3-1 f max =

1
2
(( f pcx + f pcy + ) (f pcx
+ f pcy ) + ( 2t
2
) )
2
5.9.5 Loss of Prestress 5.9.3

5.9.5.1 Total Loss of Prestress 5.9.3.1
5.9.5.1-1 Df pT = Df pES + Df pLT 5.9.3.1-1 Df pT = Df pES + Df pLT

5.9.5.1-2 Df pT = Df pF + Df pA + Df pES + Df pLT 5.9.3.1-2 Df pT = Df pF + Df pA + Df pES + Df pLT
5.9.5.2 Instantaneous Losses 5.9.3.2

5.9.5.2.1 Anchorage Set 5.9.3.2.1
5.9.5.2.2 Friction 5.9.3.2.2
5.9.5.2.2a Pretensioned Construction 5.9.3.2.2a
5.9.5.2.2b Post-Tensioned Construction 5.9.3.2.2b
5.9.5.2.2b-1 Df pF = f pj ( 1 - e -( Kx + m a ) ) 5.9.3.2.2b-1 Df pF = f pj ( 1 - e -( Kx + m a ) )
5.9.5.2.2b-2 (
Df pF = f pj 1 - e -m (a+ 0.04) ) 5.9.3.2.2b-2 (
Df pF = f pj 1 - e -m( a+ 0.04) )
C5.9.5.2.2b-1 a = 2 2
av + ah C5.9.3.2.2b-1 a = 2 2
av + ah
C5.9.5.2.2b-2 a = SDa = S D a v2 + D a 2h C5.9.3.2.2b-2 a = SDa = S D a v2 + Da 2h

5.9.5.2.3 Elastic Shortening 5.9.3.2.3
5.9.5.2.3a Pretensioned Members 5.9.3.2.3a
Ep Ep
5.9.5.2.3a-1 Df pES = f cgp 5.9.3.2.3a-1 Df pES = f cgp
E ct E ct
Aps f pbt ( I g + em 2 Ag ) - em M g Ag Aps f pbt ( I g + em 2 Ag ) - em M g Ag
Df pES = Df pES =
C5.9.5.2.3a-1 Ag I g Eci C5.9.3.2.3a-1 Ag I g Eci
Aps ( I g + em 2 Ag ) + Aps ( I g + em 2 Ag ) +
Ep Ep
5.9.5.2.3b Post-Tensioned Members 5.9.3.2.3b
N - 1 Ep N -1 Ep
5.9.5.2.3b-1 Df pES = f cgp 5.9.3.2.3b-1 Df pES = f cgp
2 N E ci 2 N E ci
2
C5.9.5.2.3b-1 Df pES = C5.9.3.2.3b-1

2N Ag I g Eci
Aps ( I g + em 2 Ag ) +
Ep
2
Df pES =
7th 2 NWith 2016 Interim2RevisionsAg I g Eci
Ed. 8th Ed.
A ( I g + em Ag ) +
Articlepsor Equation Ep Article or Equation
A Asp2
C5.9.5.2.3b-2 N = N 1 + N 2 sp2 C5.9.3.2.3b-2 N = N1 + N2
Asp1 Asp1
5.9.5.2.3c Combined Pretensioning and Post-Tensioning 5.9.3.2.3c
5.9.5.3 Approximate Estimate of Time Dependent Losses 5.9.3.3
f pi Aps f pi Aps
5.9.5.3-1 Df pLT = 10.0 g h g st + 12.0g h g st + Df pR 5.9.3.3-1 Df pLT = 10.0 g h g st + 12.0 g h g st + Df pR
Ag Ag
5.9.5.3-2 g h = 1.7 - 0.01H 5.9.3.3-2 g h = 1.7 - 0.01H
5 5
5.9.5.3-3 g st = 5.9.3.3-3 g st =
(1 + f ci�
) (1 + f ci�
)
5.9.5.4 Refined Estimates of Time-Dependent Losses 5.9.3.4
5.9.5.4.1 General 5.9.3.4.1
5.9.5.4.1-1 5.9.3.4.1-1
5.9.5.4.2 Losses: Time of Transfer to Time of Deck Placement 5.9.3.4.2
5.9.5.4.2a-1 Df pSR = e bid E p K id 5.9.3.4.2a-1 Df pSR = ebid E p K id
1 1
5.9.5.4.2a-2
K id = 5.9.3.4.2a-2
K id =
E p Aps � Ag e pg
2
� E p Aps � Ag e 2pg �
1+ 1+
� [ 1 + 0.7ψb ( t f ,ti ) ]
� 1+ 1+
� [ 1 + 0.7ψb ( t f ,ti ) ]
�
Eci Ag � I g � Eci Ag � I g �
Ep Ep
5.9.5.4.2b-1 Df pCR = f cgp ψ b ( td , ti ) K id 5.9.3.4.2b-1 Df pCR = f cgp ψ b ( td , ti ) K id
Eci Eci
5.9.5.4.2c-1
f pt�f pt � 5.9.3.4.2c-1
f pt�f pt �
Df pR1 = � - 0.55 � Df pR1 = � - 0.55 �
K L �f py � K L �f py �
f pt �f pt � Revisions �f pt 8th Ed.
f pt �
Df pR1 =7th Ed.�
With -2016
0.55Interim
� Df pR1 = - 0.55 �
�Article
K L �Article
f py or Equation
� K L �f py or Equation
�
�f log (24t ) �f pt � 3(Df pSR + Df pCR
�� )�
C5.9.5.4.2c-1 Df pR1 = � pt � - 0.55 ��
�1 - �KidC5.9.3.4.2c-1
K �log(24ti ) �f � f pt
�
� L � py ��
�
��
5.9.5.4.3 Losses: Time of Deck Placement to Final Time 5.9.3.4.3
5.9.5.4.3a-1 Df pSD = e bdf E p K df 5.9.3.4.3a-1 Df pSD = e bdf E p K df
1 1
K df = K df =
5.9.5.4.3a-2 5.9.3.4.3a-2
� Ac e 2pc �
E p Aps � Ac e 2pc �
E p Aps
1+ � 1+ [ 1 + 0.7ψb ( t f , ti ) ]
� 1+ 1+
� [ 1 + 0.7ψb ( t f , ti ) ]
�
Eci Ac � I c � Eci Ac � I c �
Ep Ep
Df pCD = f �
Eci cgp � b f i( )
ψ t , t - ψb ( td , ti ) �K df
�
Df pCD = f �
�
5.9.5.4.3b-1 5.9.3.4.3b-1
E E
ψ+ p Df cd b �
�t ,t �
� K ψ+ p Df cd b �
�t ,t �
� K
Ec �f d � df Ec �f d � df
5.9.5.4.3c-1 Df pR 2 = Df pR 1 5.9.3.4.3c-1 Df pR 2 = Df pR 1
5.9.5.4.3d Shrinkage of Deck Concrete 5.9.3.4.3d
Ep Ep
5.9.5.4.3d-1 Df pSS =
Ec
Df cdf K df �
1 + 0.7ψ b t f , t d
� ( )�
�
5.9.3.4.3d-1 Df pSS =
Ec
Dfcdf K df �
1 + 0.7ψ b t f , t d
� ( )�
�
e ddf Ad Ec deck �1 e pc ed � e ddf Ad Ec deck
5.9.5.4.3d-2 Df cdf = � - �
5.9.3.4.3d-2 Df cdf =
[ 1 + 0.7ψ ( td f
, td ) ] �Ac Ic � [ 1 + 0.7ψ ( t d f
, td ) ]
5.9.5.4.4 Precast Pretensioned Girders without Composite Topping 5.9.3.4.4
5.9.5.4.5 Post-Tensioned Nonsegmental Girders 5.9.3.4.5
N/A 5.9.3.5
5.9.5.5 Losses for Deflection Calculations 5.9.3.6
N/A 5.9.4
5.10.3.3 Minimum Spacing of Prestressing Tendons and Ducts 5.9.4.1
5.10.3.3.1 Prestensioning Strand 5.9.4.1
5.11.4 Development of Prestressing Strand 5.9.4.3
5.11.4.1 General 5.9.4.3.1
5.11.4.2 Bonded Strand 5.9.4.3.2
5.11.4.2-1 � 2 � 5.9.4.3.2-1 � 2 �
l d �k �f ps - f pe �db l d �k �f ps - f pe �db
� 3 � � 3 �
f pe l px f pe l px
5.11.4.2-2 f px = 5.9.4.3.2-2 f px =
60db 60db
l - 60db l - 60db
5.11.4.2-3 f px = f pe +
px
( l d - 60db
(f -f )
) ps pe
5.9.4.3.2-3 f px = f pe +
px
( l d - 60db )
( f ps - f pe )
5.11.4.3 Partially Debonded Strands 5.9.4.3.3
5.10.10 Pretensioned Anchorage Zones 5.9.4.4
5.10.10.1 Splitting Resistance 5.9.4.4.1
5.10.10.1-1 Pr = f s As 5.9.4.4.1-1 Pr = f s As
5.10.10.2 Confinement Reinforcement 5.9.4.4.2
N/A 5.9.5
N/A 5.9.5.1
5.10.3.3.2 Post-Tensioning Ducts—Girders Straight in Plan 5.9.5.1.1
5.10.3.3.3 Post-Tensioning Ducts—Girders Curved in Plan 5.9.5.1.2
5.10.3.5 Couplers in Post-Tensioning Tendons 5.9.5.3
5.10.4 Tendon Confinement 5.9.5.4
5.10.4.1 General 5.9.5.4.1
5.10.4.2 Wobble Effect in Slabs 5.9.5.4.2
5.10.4.3 Effects of Curved Tendons 5.9.5.4.3
5.10.4.3.1 Design for In-Plane Force Effects 5.9.5.4.4
5.10.4.3.1a In-Plane Force Effects 5.9.5.4.4a
5.10.4.3.1a-1 Pu 5.9.5.4.4a-1 Pu
Fu -in = Fu - in =
R R
5.10.4.3.1b Shear Resistance to Pull-out 5.9.5.4.4b
5.10.4.3.1b-1 Vr = fVn 5.9.5.4.4b-1 Vr = fVn
5.10.4.3.1b-2 Vn = 0.15d eff l f ci� 5.9.5.4.4b-2 Vn = 0.15d eff l f ci�
5.10.4.3.1b-3 d duct 5.9.5.4.4b-3

d eff = d c +
4
5.10.4.3.1b-4 d duct 5.9.5.4.4b-4 d duct
d eff = t w - d eff = t w -
2 2
5.10.4.3.1b-5 d duct �sduct 5.9.5.4.4b-5
d eff = d c + +
4 2
5.10.4.3.1c Cracking of Cover Concrete 5.9.5.4.4c
� SF � � SF �
5.10.4.3.1c-1 � u -in h � hds2 5.9.5.4.4c-1 � u -in h � hds2
M end = � ds �
M end = � ds �
12 12
� SF �2 � SF �
5.10.4.3.1c-2 � u -in h �hds 5.9.5.4.4c-2 � u - in h � hds2
M mid = � ds �
M mid = � ds �
24 24
5.10.4.3.1c-3 f cr = ff r 5.9.5.4.4c-3 f cr = ff r
5.10.4.3.1d Regional Bending 5.9.5.4.4d
5.10.4.3.1d-1 fcont SFu -in hc 5.9.5.4.4d-1 fcont SFu -in hc

Mu = Mu =
4 4
5.10.4.3.2 Out-of-Plane Force Effects 5.9.5.4.5
5.10.4.3.2-1 Pu 5.9.5.4.5-1 Pu
Fu - out = Fu - out =
pR pR
5.10.5 External Tendon Supports 5.9.5.5
5.10.9 Post-Tensioned Anchorage Zones 5.9.5.6
5.10.9.1 General 5.9.5.6.1
5.10.9.2 General Zone and Local Zone 5.9.5.6.1
5.10.9.2.1 General 5.9.5.6.1
5.10.9.2.2 General Zone 5.9.5.6.2
5.10.9.2.3 Local Zone 5.9.5.6.3
5.10.9.2.4 Responsibilities 5.9.5.6.4
5.10.9.3 Design of the General Zone 5.9.5.6.5
5.10.9.3.1 Design Methods 5.9.5.6.5a
5.10.9.3.2 Design Principles 5.9.5.6.5b
5.10.9.3.4 Intermediate Anchorages 5.9.5.6.7
5.10.9.3.4a General 5.9.5.6.7a
5.10.9.3.4b Crack Control Behind Intermediate Anchors 5.9.5.6.7b
5.10.9.3.4b-1 Tia = 0.25Ps - f cb Acb 5.9.5.6.7b-1 Tia = 0.25Ps - f cb Acb
5.10.9.3.4c Blister and Rib Reinforcement 5.9.5.6.7c

5.10.9.3.5 Diaphragms 5.9.5.6.8
5.10.9.3.7 Deviation Saddles 5.9.5.6.9
5.10 Details of Reinforcement 5.10

5.10.2 Hooks and Bends 5.10.2
5.10.2.1 Standard Hooks 5.10.2.1
5.10.2.2 Seismic Hooks 5.10.2.2
5.10.2.3 Minimum Bend Diameters 5.10.2.3
5.10.3 Spacing of Reinforcement 5.10.3
5.10.3.1 Minimum Spacing of Reinforcing Bars 5.10.3.1
5.10.3.1.1 Cast-in-Place Concrete 5.10.3.1.1
5.10.3.1.2 Precast Concrete 5.10.3.1.2
5.10.3.1.3 Multilayers 5.10.3.1.3
5.10.3.1.4 Splices 5.10.3.1.4
5.10.3.1.5 Bundled Bars 5.10.3.1.5
5.10.3.2 Maximum Spacing of Reinforcing Bars 5.10.3.2
5.10.6 Transverse Reinforcement for Compression Members 5.10.4
5.10.6.1 General 5.10.4.1
5.10.6.2 Spirals 5.10.4.2
5.10.6.3 Ties 5.10.4.3
5.10.7 Transverse Reinforcement for Flexural Members 5.10.5
5.10.8 Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement 5.10.6
1.30bh 1.30bh
5.10.8-1 As � 5.10.6-1 As �
2 ( b + h) f y 2( b + h) f y
5.10.8-2 0.11 �As �0.60 5.10.6-2 0.11 �As �0.60
1.3 Ag 1.3 Ag
C5.10.8-1 As � C5.10.6-1 As �
Perimeter ( f y ) Perimeter ( f y )
5.10.12 Reinforcement for Hollow Rectangular Compression Members 5.10.7
5.10.12.1 General 5.10.7.1
5.10.12.2 Spacing of Reinforcement 5.10.7.2
5.10.12.3 Ties 5.10.7.3
5.10.12.4 Splices 5.10.7.4
5.10.12.5 Hoops 5.10.7.5
5.11 Development and Splices of Reinforcement 5.10.8

5.11.1 General 5.10.8.1
5.11.1.1 Basic Requirements 5.10.8.1.1
5.11.1.2 Flexural Reinforcement 5.10.8.1.2
5.11.1.2.1 General 5.10.8.1.2a
5.11.1.2.2 Positive Moment Reinforcement 5.10.8.1.2b
C5.11.1.2.2-1 Mn C5.10.8.1.2b-1 Mn
ld � + la l d � + la
Vu Vu
5.11.1.2.3 Negative Moment Reinforcement 5.10.8.1.2c
5.11.1.2.4 Moment Resisting Joints 5.10.8.1.2d
5.11.2 Development of Reinforcement 5.10.8.2
5.11.2.1 Deformed Bars and Deformed Wire in Tension 5.10.8.2.1
5.11.2.1.1 Tension Development Length 5.10.8.2.1a
�λ �λ cf �λ rc �λ er � �λ �λ cf �λ rc �λ er �
5.11.2.1.1-1
l d
= l db �� rl
� λ
�
�
5.10.8.2.1a-1
l d
= l db �� rl
� λ
�
�
� � � �
fy fy
5.11.2.1.1-2 l db = 2.4db 5.10.8.2.1a-2 l db = 2.4db
f c� f c�
5.11.2.1.2 Modification Factors which Increase ℓd 5.10.8.2.1b
5.11.2.1.3 Modification Factors which Decrease ℓd 5.10.8.2.1c
db
5.11.2.1.3-1 0.4 �l rc = �1.0 5.10.8.2.1c-1
cb + ktr
db db
5.11.2.1.3-1 0.4 �l rc = �1.0 5.10.8.2.1c-2 lrc =
cb + ktr cb + ktr
5.11.2.1.3-2 5.10.8.2.1c-3
ktr = 40Atr/(sn)
5.11.2.1.3-3 ( As required ) 5.10.8.2.1c-4 ( As required )

l er = ( l er = (
As provided ) As provided )
5.11.2.2 Deformed Bars in Compression 5.10.8.2.2
5.11.2.2.1 Compressive Development Length 5.10.8.2.2a
N/A 5.10.8.2.2a-1 l d = l db ler lrc

0.63 d b f y 0.63 db f y
5.11.2.2.1-1 l db � 5.10.8.2.2a-2 l db �
f c� f c�
5.11.2.2.1-2 l db �0.3 d b f y 5.10.8.2.2a-3 l db �0.3 db f y

5.11.2.3 Bundled Bars 5.10.8.2.3
5.11.2.4 Standard Hooks in Tension 5.10.8.2.4
5.11.2.4.1 Basic Hook Development Length 5.10.8.2.4a
�l l l �
N/A 5.10.8.2.4a-1 l dh = l hb �� rc cw er �
� l �
� fy � �_ℎ𝑏=(38.0𝑑_𝑏)/60.0
38.0db (𝑓_𝑦/(√(𝑓′_𝑐 ) ))
5.11.2.4.1-1 l hb = � � 5.10.8.2.4a-2
60.0 �l f ��
� c �
5.11.2.4.3 Hooked-Bar Tie Requirements 5.10.8.2.4c
5.11.2.5 Welded Wire Fabric 5.10.8.2.5
5.11.2.5.1 Deformed Wire Fabric 5.10.8.2.5a
f y - 20.0 f y - 20.0
5.11.2.5.1-1 l hd �0.95db 5.10.8.2.5a-1 l hd �0.95db
λ f c� λ f c�
Aw f y Aw f y
5.11.2.5.1-2 l hd �6.30 5.10.8.2.5a-2 l hd �6.30
sλw f c� sλw f c�
5.11.2.5.2 Plain Wire Fabric 5.10.8.2.5b
Aw f y Aw f y
5.11.2.5.2-1 l d = 8.50 5.10.8.2.5b-1 l d = 8.50
s w l f c� s w l f c�
5.11.2.6 Shear Reinforcement 5.10.8.2.6
5.11.2.6.1 General 5.10.8.2.6a
5.11.2.6.2 Anchorage of Deformed Reinforcement 5.10.8.2.6b
0.44 db f y 0.44 d b f y
5.11.2.6.2-1 le � 5.10.8.2.6b-1 le �
l f c� l f c�
5.11.2.6.3 Anchorage of Wire Fabric Reinforcement 5.10.8.2.6c
5.11.2.6.4 Closed Stirrups 5.10.8.2.6d
5.11.3 Development by Mechanical Anchorages 5.10.8.3
5.11.5 Splices of Bar Reinforcement 5.10.8.4
5.11.5.1 Detailing 5.10.8.4.1
5.11.5.2 General Requirements 5.10.8.4.2
5.11.5.2.1 Lap Splices 5.10.8.4.2a
5.11.5.2.1-1 Smax = 5.10.8.4.2a-1 S max =
kAl f ul kAl f ul
5.11.5.2.2 Mechanical Connections 5.10.8.4.2b
5.11.5.2.3 Welded Splices 5.10.8.4.2c
5.11.5.3 Splices of Reinforcement in Tension 5.10.8.4.3
5.11.5.3.1 Lap Splices in Tension 5.10.8.4.3a
5.11.5.3.2 Mechanical Connections or Welded Splices in Tension 5.10.8.4.3b
5.11.5.4 Splices in Tension Tie Members 5.10.8.4.4
5.11.5.5 Splices of Bars in Compression 5.10.8.4.5
5.11.5.5.1 Lap Splices in Compression 5.10.8.4.5a
5.11.5.5.1-1 l c = 0.5mf y d b 5.10.8.4.5a-1 l c = 0.5mf y db
5.11.5.5.1-2 (
l c = m 0.9 f y - 24.0 db ) 5.10.8.4.5a-2 (
l c = m 0.9 f y - 24.0 db )
5.11.5.5.2 Mechanical Connections or Welded Splices in Compression 5.10.8.4.5b
5.11.5.5.3 End-Bearing Splices 5.10.8.4.5c
5.11.6 Splices of Welded Wire Fabric 5.10.8.5
5.11.6.1 Splices of Welded Deformed Wire Fabric in Tension 5.10.8.5.1
5.11.6.2 Splices of Welded Smooth Wire Fabric in Tension 5.10.8.5.2
5.10.11 Provisions for Seismic Design 5.11

5.13.4.6 Seismic Requirements 5.11
5.10.11.1 General 5.11.1
5.10.11.2 Seismic Zone 1 5.11.2
5.10.11.3 Seismic Zone 2 5.11.3
5.10.11.3 General 5.11.3.1
5.13.4.6.2 Zone 2 5.11.3.2
5.13.4.6.2a General 5.11.3.2.1
5.13.4.6.2b Cast-in-Place Piles 5.11.3.2.2
5.13.4.6.2c Precast Reinforced Piles 5.11.3.2.3
5.13.4.6.2d Precast Prestressed Piles 5.11.3.2.4
5.10.11.4 Seismic Zones 3 and 4 5.11.4
5.10.11.4.1 Column Requirements 5.11.4.1
5.10.11.4.1a Longitudinal Reinforcement 5.11.4.1.1
5.10.11.4.1b Flexural Resistance 5.11.4.1.2
5.10.11.4.1c Column Shear and Transverse Reinforcement 5.11.4.1.3
5.10.2.2 Seismic Hooks 5.11.4.1.4
5.10.11.4.1d Transverse Reinforcement for Confinement at Plastic Hinges 5.11.4.1.4
f c� 4 Asp f c�
5.10.11.4.1d-1 r s �0.12 5.11.4.1.4-1 rs = �0.12
fy ( dc s ) f yh
f c��Ag � f c��Ag �
5.10.11.4.1d-2 Ash �0.30 shc � - 1� 5.11.4.1.4-2 Ash �0.30 shc � - 1�
f y �Ac � f yh �Ac �
f c� f c�
5.10.11.4.1d-3 Ash �0.12shc 5.11.4.1.4-3 Ash �0.12shc
fy f yh
5.10.11.4.1e Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement for Confinement 5.11.4.1.5
5.10.11.4.1f Splices 5.11.4.1.6
5.10.11.4.2 Requirements for Wall-Type Piers 5.11.4.2
5.10.11.4.2-1 Vr = 0.253l f c�
bd , 5.11.4.2-1 Vr = 0.253l f c�
bd ,
5.10.11.4.2-2 Vr = fVn 5.11.4.2-2 Vr = fVn
5.10.11.4.2-3 Vn = �
� + rh f y �
0.063l f c� �bd 5.11.4.2-3 Vn = �
� + rh f y �
0.063l f c� �bd
5.10.11.4.3 Column Connections 5.11.4.3
5.10.11.4.3-1 Vn �0.380 bd l f c� 5.11.4.3-1 Vn �0.380 bd l f c�

5.10.11.4.4 Construction Joints in Piers and Columns 5.11.4.4
5.10.11.4.4-1 Vn = ( Avf f y + 0.75Pu ) 5.11.4.4-1 Vn = ( Avf f y + 0.75 Pu )

5.13.4.6.3 Zones 3 and 4 5.11.4.5
5.13.4.6.3a General 5.11.4.5.1
5.13.4.6.3b Confinement Length 5.11.4.5.2
5.13.4.6.3c Volumetric Ratio for Confinement 5.11.4.5.3
5.13.4.6.3d Cast-in-Place Piles 5.11.4.5.4
5.13.4.6.3e Precast Piles 5.11.4.5.5
5.13 Specific Members 5.12

5.14 Provisions for Structure Types 5.12
5.13.1 Deck Slabs 5.12.1
5.14.4 Slab Superstructures 5.12.2
5.14.4.1 Cast-in-Place Solid Slab Superstructures 5.12.2.1
5.14.4.1-1 100 5.12.2.1-1 100

�50% �50%
L L
5.14.4.1-2 100 f pe 5.12.2.1-2 100 f pe

�50% �50%
L 60 L 60
5.14.4.2 Cast-in-Place Voided Slab Superstructures 5.12.2.2
5.14.4.2.1 Cross-Section Dimensions 5.12.2.2.1
5.14.4.2.2 Minimum Number of Bearings 5.12.2.2.2
5.14.4.2.3 Solid End Sections 5.12.2.2.3
5.14.4.2.4 General Design Requirements 5.12.2.2.4
5.14.4.2.5 Compressive Zones in Negative Moment Area 5.12.2.2.5
5.14.4.2.6 Drainage of Voids 5.12.2.2.6
5.14.4.3 Precast Deck Bridges 5.12.2.3
5.14.4.3.1 General 5.12.2.3.1
5.14.4.3.2 Shear Transfer Joints 5.12.2.3.2
5.14.4.3.3 Shear-Flexure Transfer Joints 5.12.2.3.3
5.14.4.3.3a General 5.12.2.3.3a
5.14.4.3.3b Design 5.12.2.3.3b
5.14.4.3.3c Post-Tensioning 5.12.2.3.3c
5.14.4.3.3d Longitudinal Construction Joints 5.12.2.3.3d
5.14.4.3.3e Cast-in-Place Closure Joint 5.12.2.3.3e
5.14.4.3.3f Structural Overlay 5.12.2.3.3f
5.14.1 Beams and Girders 5.12.3
5.14.1.1 General 5.12.3.1
5.14.1.2 Precast Beams 5.12.3.2
5.14.1.2.1 Preservice Conditions 5.12.3.2.1
5.14.1.2.2 Extreme Dimensions 5.12.3.2.2
5.14.1.2.3 Lifting Devices 5.12.3.2.3
5.14.1.2.4 Detail Design 5.12.3.2.4
5.14.1.2.5 Concrete Strength 5.12.3.2.5
5.14.1.4 Bridges Composed of Simple Span Precast Girders Made Continuous 5.12.3.3
5.14.1.4.1 General 5.12.3.3.1
5.14.1.4.2 Restraint Moments 5.12.3.3.2
5.14.1.4.3 Material Properties 5.12.3.3.3
�A � �A �
C5.14.1.4.3-1 e effective = e sh � c � C5.12.3.3.3-1 e effective = e sh � c �
�Atr � �Atr �
5.14.1.4.4 Age of Girder When Continuity Is Established 5.12.3.3.4
5.14.1.4.5 Degree of Continuity at Various Limit States 5.12.3.3.5
5.14.1.4.6 Service Limit State 5.12.3.3.6
5.14.1.4.7 Strength Limit State 5.12.3.3.7
5.14.1.4.8 Negative Moment Connections 5.12.3.3.8
5.14.1.4.9 Positive Moment Connections 5.12.3.3.9
5.14.1.4.9a General 5.12.3.3.9a
5.14.1.4.9b Positive Moment Connection Using Mild Reinforcement 5.12.3.3.9b
5.14.1.4.9c Positive Moment Connection Using Prestressing Strand 5.12.3.3.9c
5.14.1.4.9c-1 (l dsh - 8) 5.12.3.3.9c-1 (l dsh - 8)

f psl = f psl =
0.228 0.228
5.14.1.4.9c-2 (l dsh - 8) 5.12.3.3.9c-2 (l dsh - 8)
f pul = f pul =
0.163 0.163
5.14.1.4.9d Details of Positive Moment Connection 5.12.3.3.9d
5.14.1.4.10 Continuity Diaphragms 5.12.3.3.10
5.14.1.3 Spliced Precast Girders 5.12.3.4
5.14.1.3.1 General 5.12.3.4.1
5.14.1.3.2 Joints between Segments 5.12.3.4.2
5.14.1.3.2a General 5.12.3.4.2a
5.14.1.3.2b Details of Closure Joints 5.12.3.4.2b
5.14.1.3.2c Details of Match-Cast Joints 5.12.3.4.2c
5.14.1.3.2d Joint Design 5.12.3.4.2d
5.14.1.3.3 Girder Segment Design 5.12.3.4.3
5.14.1.3.4 Post-Tensioning 5.12.3.4.4
5.14.1.5 Cast-in-Place Girders and Box and T-Beams 5.12.3.5
5.14.1.5.1 Flange and Web Thickness 5.12.3.5.1
5.14.1.5.1a Top Flange 5.12.3.5.1a
5.14.1.5.1b Bottom Flange 5.12.3.5.1b
5.14.1.5.1c Web 5.12.3.5.1c
5.14.1.5.2 Reinforcement 5.12.3.5.2
5.14.1.5.2a Deck Slab Reinforcement Cast-in-Place in T-Beams and Box Girders 5.12.3.5.2a
5.14.1.5.2b Bottom Slab Reinforcement in Cast-in-Place Box Girders 5.12.3.5.2b
5.13.2.2 Diaphragms 5.12.4
5.14.2 Segmental Construction 5.12.5
5.14.2.1 General 5.12.5.1
5.14.2.2 Analysis of Segmental Bridges 5.12.5.2
5.14.2.2.1 General 5.12.5.2.1
5.14.2.2.2 Construction Analysis 5.12.5.2.2
5.14.2.2.3 Analysis of the Final Structural System 5.12.5.2.3
5.14.2.3 Design 5.12.5.3
5.14.2.3.1 Loads 5.12.5.3.1
5.14.2.3.2 Construction Loads 5.12.5.3.2
5.14.2.3.3 Construction Load Combinations at the Service Limit State 5.12.5.3.3
5.14.2.3.4 Construction Load Combinations at Strength Limit States 5.12.5.3.4
5.14.2.3.4a Superstructures 5.12.5.3.4a
5.14.2.3.4a-1 5.12.5.3.4a-1
5.14.2.3.4a-2 5.12.5.3.4a-2
5.14.2.3.4b Substructures 5.12.5.3.4b
5.14.2.3.5 Thermal Effects During Construction 5.12.5.3.5
5.14.2.3.6 Creep and Shrinkage 5.12.5.3.6
C5.14.2.3.6-1 Ec C5.12.5.3.6-1 Ec
Eeff = Eeff =
y (t , t i ) + 1 y (t , ti ) + 1
5.14.2.3.7 Prestress Losses 5.12.5.3.7
5.8.6 Shear and Torsion for Segmental Box Girder Bridges 5.12.5.3.8
5.8.6.1 General 5.12.5.3.8a
5.8.6.2 Loading 5.12.5.3.8b
5.8.6.5 Nominal Shear Resistance 5.12.5.3.8c
5.8.6.5-1 Vn = Vc + Vs 5.12.5.3.8c-1 Vn = Vc + Vs
5.8.6.5-2 Vn = 0.379 l f c�bv dv 5.12.5.3.8c-2 Vn = 0.379λ f c�bv d
5.8.6.5-3 Vc = 0.0632 K l f c�bv dv 5.12.5.3.8c-3 Vc = 0.0632λK f c�bv d
Av f y d v Av f y d
5.8.6.5-4 5.12.5.3.8c-4 Vs =
Vs = s
s
f pc f pc
5.8.6.3-3 K = 1+ � 2.0 5.12.5.3.8c-5 K = 1+ �2.0
0.0632 l f c� 0.0632 l f c'
�Vu � � Tu � �Vu � � Tu �
5.8.6.5-5 � +�
� �0.474 l f c�
� 5.12.5.3.8c-6 � � +� �0.474λ
� f c�
�bv d v � �2 Ao be � �v � �2 Ao be
b d �
5.8.6.4 Torsional Reinforcement 5.12.5.3.8d
5.8.6.4-1 Tu �f Tn 5.12.5.3.8d-1 Tu �fTn
2 Ao At f y 2 Ao At f y
5.8.6.4-2 Tn = 5.12.5.3.8d-2 Tn =
s s
Tu ph Tu ph
5.8.6.4-3 A ³ 5.12.5.3.8d-3 A ³
2 f Ao f y 2 f Ao f y
Mu Mu
5.8.6.4-4 5.12.5.3.8d-4 Ar e d =
(0.9d e f y ) (0.9d e f y )
5.8.6.6 Reinforcement Details 5.12.5.3.8e
5.14.2.3.8 Provisional Post-Tensioning Ducts and Anchorages 5.12.5.3.9
5.14.2.3.8a General 5.12.5.3.9a
5.14.2.3.8b Bridges with Internal Ducts 5.12.5.3.9b
5.14.2.3.8c Provision for Future Dead Load or Deflection Adjustment 5.12.5.3.9c
5.14.2.3.9 Plan Presentation 5.12.5.3.10
5.14.2.3.10 Box Girder Cross-Section Dimensions and Details 5.12.5.3.11
5.14.2.3.10a Minimum Flange Thickness 5.12.5.3.11a
5.14.2.3.10b Minimum Web Thickness 5.12.5.3.11b
5.14.2.3.10c Length of Top Flange Cantilever 5.12.5.3.11c
5.14.2.3.10d Overall Cross-Section Dimensions 5.12.5.3.11d
5.14.2.3.11 Seismic Design 5.12.5.3.12
5.14.2.4 Types of Segmental Bridges 5.12.5.4
5.14.2.4.1 General 5.12.5.4.1
5.14.2.4.2 Details for Precast Construction 5.12.5.4.2
5.14.2.4.3 Details for Cast-in-Place Construction 5.12.5.4.3
5.14.2.4.4 Cantilever Construction 5.12.5.4.4
5.14.2.4.5 Span-by-Span Construction 5.12.5.4.5
5.14.2.4.6 Incrementally Launched Construction 5.12.5.4.6
5.14.2.4.6a General 5.12.5.4.6a
5.14.2.4.6b Force Effects Due to Construction Tolerances 5.12.5.4.6b
5.14.2.4.6c Design Details 5.12.5.4.6c
5.14.2.4.6d Design of Construction Equipment 5.12.5.4.6d
5.14.2.5 Use of Alternative Construction Methods 5.12.5.5
5.14.2.6 Segmentally Constructed Bridge Substructures 5.12.5.6
5.14.2.6.1 General 5.12.5.6.1
5.14.2.6.2 Construction Load Combinations 5.12.5.6.2
Longitudinal Reinforcement of Hollow, Rectangular Precast
5.14.2.6.3 5.12.5.6.3
Segmental Piers
5.14.3 Arches 5.12.6
5.14.3.1 General 5.12.6.1
5.14.3.2 Arch Ribs 5.12.6.2
5.14.5 Additional Provisions for Culverts 5.12.7
5.14.5.1 General 5.12.7.1
5.14.5.2 Design for Flexure 5.12.7.2
5.14.5.3 Design for Shear in Slabs of Box Culverts 5.12.7.3
� A Vd � � A Vd �
5.14.5.3-1 0.0676 l f c�+ 4.6 s u e �
Vc = � bd e 5.12.7.3-1 0.0676 l f c�+ 4.6 s u e �
Vc = � bd e
� bd e M u � bd M
� e u �
N/A 5.12.7.3-2 Vc �0.126l f c�

bd e
5.13.3 Footings 5.12.8
5.13.3.1 General 5.12.8.1
5.13.3.2 Loads and Reactions 5.12.8.2
5.13.3.4 Moment in Footings 5.12.8.4
5.13.3.5 Distribution of Moment Reinforcement 5.12.8.5
5.13.3.5-1 � 2 � 5.12.8.5-1 � 2 �
A s - BW = A s - SD � � A s - BW = A s- SD � �
� b + 1� �b + 1�
5.13.3.6 Shear in Slabs and Footings 5.12.8.6
5.13.3.6.1 Critical Sections for Shear 5.12.8.6.1
5.13.3.6.2 One-Way Action 5.12.8.6.2
5.13.3.6.3 Two-Way Action 5.12.8.6.3
� 0.126 � � 0.126 �
5.13.3.6.3-1 Vn = �
0.063 + �l f c�
bo d v �0.126 l f c�
bo d v 5.12.8.6.3-1 Vn = �
0.063 + �l f c�
bo d v �0.126 l f c�
bo d v
� bc � b
� c �
5.13.3.6.3-2 Vn = Vc + Vs �0.192 l f c�bo d v 5.12.8.6.3-2 Vn = Vc + Vs �0.192 l f c�bo d v
Vc = 0.0632 l f c�
bo d v
5.13.3.6.3-3 Vc = 0.0632 l f c�
bo d v 5.12.8.6.3-3 Vc = 0.0632 l f c�
bo d v
Av f y d v Av f y d v
5.13.3.6.3-4 Vs = 5.12.8.6.3-4 Vs =
s s
5.13.3.7 Development of Reinforcement 5.12.8.7
5.13.3.8 Transfer of Force at Base of Column 5.12.8.8
5.13.4 Concrete Piles 5.12.9
5.13.4.1 General 5.12.9.1
5.13.4.2 Splices 5.12.9.2
5.13.4.3 Precast Reinforced Piles 5.12.9.3
5.13.4.3.1 Pile Dimensions 5.12.9.3.1
5.13.4.4 Precast Prestressed Piles 5.12.9.4
5.13.4.4.1 Pile Dimensions 5.12.9.4.1
5.13.4.4.2 Concrete Quality 5.12.9.4.2
5.13.4.4.3 Reinforcement 5.12.9.4.3
5.13.4.5 Cast-in-Place Piles 5.12.9.5
5.13.4.5.1 Pile Dimensions 5.12.9.5.1
N/A 5.13
N/A 5.13.1
N/A 5.13.2
N/A 5.13.2.1
N/A 5.13.2.2
N/A 5.13.2.3
N/A 5.13.3
N/A 5.13.4
5.12 Durability 5.14

5.12.1 General 5.14.1
N/A 5.14.2
N/A 5.14.2.1
N/A 5.14.2.2
N/A 5.14.2.3
N/A 5.14.2.4
N/A 5.14.2.5
5.12.2 Alkali-Silica Reactive Aggregates 5.14.2.6
N/A 5.14.2.7
5.12.4 Protective Coatings 5.14.4
5.14.2.3.10e Overlays 5.14.5
5.12.5 Protection for Prestressing Tendons 5.14.6
5.15 References 5.15
Appendix A5 Basic Steps for Concrete Bridges Appendix A5

A5.1 General A5.1
A5.2 General Considerations A5.2
A5.3 Beam and Girder Superstructure Design A5.3
A5.4 Slab Bridges A5.4
A5.5 Substructure Design A5.5
Appendix B5 General Procedure for Shear Design with Tables Appendix B5

B5.1 Background B5.1
B5.2 Sectional Design Model—General Procedure B5.2
√(𝑉_𝑢^2+((0.9 𝑝_ℎ 𝑇_𝑢)/(2 𝐴_𝑜 ))^2 ) 2
5.8.2.1-6 B5.2-1 �0.9 p T �
u
2
� 2 Ao �
5.8.2.1-7 B5.2-2 Veff = Vu +
2 Ao
7th Ed. With 2016 Interim Revisions Tu d s 8th Ed.
Veff = Vu +
Article or Equation 2 AoArticle or Equation
�M u � �M u �
B5.2-1 � + 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu - Vp cot q - Aps f po � B5.2-3 � + 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu - V p cot q - Aps f po �
ex = �dv � ex = �d v �
2( Es As + E p Aps ) 2( Es As + E p Aps )
�M u � �M u �
� + 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu - V p cot q - Aps f po � � + 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu - V p cot q - Aps f po �
B5.2-2 B5.2-4
ex = �d v � ex = �d v �
�M u � �M u �
B5.2-3 � + 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu - V p cot q - Aps f po � B5.2-5 � + 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu - V p cot q - Aps f po �
ex = �d v � ex = �d v �
2 ( Ec Ac + Es As + E p Aps ) 2 ( Ec Ac + Es As + E p Aps )
1.38 1.38
B5.2-4 s xe = sx �80 in. B5.2-6 s xe = s x �80 in.
ag + 0.63 ag + 0.63
et + e c et + ec
CB5.2-1 ex = CB5.2-1 ex =
2 2
Upper Limits for Articles Affected by Concrete Compressive

Appendix C5 Appendix C5
Strength
Articles Modified to Allow the Use of Reinforcement with a

Appendix D5 Appendix D5
Specified Minimum Yield Strength Up to 100 ksi
Scope P
Definitions P
Notation P
General P
Normal Weight and Lightweight Concrete P
Compressive Strength P
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion P
General P
Creep P
y ( t ,ti ) = 1.9k s k hc k f ktd ti -0.118 P
ks = 1.45 – 0.13(V/S) ≥ 1.0 P
khc = 1.56 – 0.008H P
5
kf = P
1 + f ci�
t
ktd =
100 - 4 f ci��
� P
12 � �+ t
� f ci�+ 20 �
� t �
�26 e 0.36(V/S ) + t ��1.80 + 1.77 e -0.54(V/S ) � P
kc = � ��
� t �� 2.587 �
�
� 45 + t �
�
� t �
�26 e 0.36(V/S ) + t �� 1.80 + 1.77 e -0.54(V/S ) �
kc = � ��
8th Ed. � Modifications to the 8th Ed.
� t �� 2.587 �
�
� 45 + t �
�
� t �
� 0.36(V/S ) + t �� 1064 - 94(V/S ) �
ks = �26e � � �
P
� t �� 923 �
� 45 + t
Shrinkage
�
P
-3
e sh = ks khs k f ktd 0.48 �10 P
khs = (2.00 – 0.014 H) P

Ec = 120, 000 K1 wc 2.0 fc�
0.33
P
Ec = 2,500 f c�
0.33
P
Ec = 33, 000 K1 wc1.5 f c� P
Ec = 1,820 f �
c P
Poisson’s Ratio P
Modulus of Rupture P
Tensile Strength P
f ct
l = 4.7 �1.0 P
f c�
0.75 �l = 7.5 wc �1.0 P
Reinforcing Steel P
General P
Special Applications P
General P
Post-Tensioning Anchorages and Couplers P
Post-Tensioning Ducts P
General P
Size of Ducts P
Ducts at Deviation Saddles P
Limit States and Design Methodologies P

General P
Design Methodologies P
General P
B-Regions P
D-Regions P
Fatigue Limit State P
General P
g ( Df ) �( DF ) TH P
Reinforcing Bars and Welded Wire Reinforcement P
22 f min
( DF ) TH = 26 - P
fy
( DF ) TH = 18 - 0.36 f min
P
Welded or Mechanical Splices of Reinforcement P
General P
0.25 ( e t - e cl )
0.75 �f = 0.75 + �1.0 P
( e tl - e cl )
0.15 ( e t - e cl )
0.75 �f = 0.75 + �0.9 P
( e tl - e cl )
Stability P
Extreme Event Limit State P
General P
Special Requirements for Seismic Zones 2, 3, and 4 P
Design for Flexural and Axial Force Effects – B Regions P

Assumptions for Service and Fatigue Limit States P
Assumptions for Strength and Extreme Event Limit States P
General P
c 0.003 P
�
d s 0.003 + e cl
Rectangular Stress Distribution P
Flexural Members P
Stress in Prestressing Steel at Nominal Flexural Resistance P
Components with Bonded Tendons P
� c �
1- k
f ps = f pu � � P
� dp �
� �
� f py �
1.04 -
k = 2 � � P
� f pu �
� �
- a1 f c�
(b - bw )h f
c=
f pu P
a1 f c�
b1bw + kAps
dp
- a1 f c�
(b - bw )h f
c=
8th Ed. f pu Modifications to the 8th Ed.
a1 f c�
b1bw + kAps
Article or Equation
dp Unchanged Editorial Updated New Removed
Aps f pu + As f s - As��fs
c=
f pu P
a1 f c�b 1b + kAps
dp
Components with Unbonded Tendons P
�d p - c �
f ps = f pe + 900 � �� f py P
�l e �
�2 l �
l e = � i � P
�2 + N s �
- a1 f c�
(b - bw ) h f
c= P
a1 f c�
b1 b w
c= P
a1 f c�
b1 b
f ps = f pe + 15.0 (ksi) P
Components with Both Bonded and Unbonded Tendons P
Detailed Analysis P
Simplified Analysis P
Factored Flexural Resistance P
M r = fM n P
Flanged Sections P
a
2
) + As f s ( ds -
a
2
) -
P
As�� (
f s d s�-
2
a
) ( b - bw ) h f
+ a1 f c�
�a
�-
�2
hf
2
�
�
�
Rectangular Sections P
Other Cross-Sections P
Strain Compatibility Approach P
Composite Girder Sections P
Minimum Reinforcement P
� �S ��
( g 1 fr + g 2 fcpe ) Sc - M dnc �S c - 1��
M cr = g 3 � P
� � nc ��
Moment Redistribution P
Deformations P
General P
Deflection and Camber P
3
�M cr � � �M � 3
�
1 - � ��I cr �I g
I e = � �I g + � cr P
�M a � � M
� � a ��
Ig
M cr = f r P
yt
Axial Deformation P
Compression Members P
General P
Limits for Reinforcement P
As Aps f pu
+ �0.08 P
Ag Ag f y
Aps f pe
�0.30 P
Ag f c�
As Aps f pu f�
+ �0.135 c P
Ag Ag f y fy
As Aps f pu
+ �0.015 P
Ag Ag f y
Approximate Evaluation of Slenderness Effects P
Ec I g
+ Es I s P
EI = 5
1 + bd
Ec I g
P
EI = 2.5
1+ b
Factored AxialdResistance P
Pr = fPn P
(
� ) P
Pn = 0.85 � �
-
�
� )
� (A
k f�
c c g
P
Pn = 0.80 � �
-A ( f
�
� ps pe
- E p e cu ) �
�
Biaxial Flexure P
1 1 1 1
= + - P
Prxy Prx Pry f Po
( Ag - Ast - Aps ) + f y Ast - Aps ( f pe - E p e cu )

Po = kc f c� P
M ux M uy
+ �1.0 P
M rx M ry
Spirals, Hoops, and Ties P
4 Asp �Ag �f �
ρs = �0.45 � - 1� c P
Hollow Rectangular Compression Members P
Wall Slenderness Ratio P
Xu P
lw =
t
Limitations on the Use of the Rectangular Stress Block Method P
General P
Refined Method for Adjusting Maximum Usable Strain Limit P
Approximate Method for Adjusting Factored Resistance P
l w �15, then f w = 1.0 P
15 < l w �25, then fw = 1 - 0.025 ( l w - 15 ) P
25 < l w �35, then f w = 0.75 P

Bearing P
Pr = fPn P
Pn = 0.85 fc�
A1m P
A2
m= �2.0 P
A1
A2
m = 0.75 �1.50 P
A1
Tension Members P
Resistance to Tension P
Pr = fPn P
Resistance to Combined Tension and Flexure P
Control Cracking by Distribution of Reinforcement P
700 g e
s � - 2d c P
b s f ss
dc
βs = 1 + P
0.7( h - d c )
Ask �0.012 (d l - 30)
Design for Shear and Torsion – B Regions P

Design Procedures P
Flexural Regions P
Regions Near Discontinuities P
Interface Regions P
Slabs and Footings P
Webs of Curved Post-Tensioned Box Girder Bridges P
General P
General P
Vr = fVn P
Tr = fTn P
Tu > 0.25fTcr P
Acp 2
Tcr = 0.126 K l f c� P
pc
Tcr = 0.126 K l f c�
2 Ao be P
f pc
K = 1+ �2.0 P
0.126l f 'c
Transfer and Development Lengths P
Regions Requiring Transverse Reinforcement P
Vu > 0.5f ( Vc + V p ) P
Types of Transverse Reinforcement P
Minimum Transverse Reinforcement P
bv s
Av �0.0316 l f c� P
fy
Maximum Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement P
smax = 0.8d v �24.0 P
smax = 0.8d v �24.0 P
smax = 0.4d v �12.0 P
smax = 0.4d v �12.0 P

Design and Detailing Requirements P
Shear Stress on Concrete P
Vu - fV p
vu = P
fbv d v
Aps f ps d p + As f y d s
de = P
Aps f ps + As f y
Mn
dv = P
As f y + Aps f ps
D D
de = + r P
2 p
Sectional Design Model P
General P
Sections Near Supports P
Vn = Vc + Vs + V p P
Vn = 0.25 f c�
bv d v + V p P
V c = 0.0316 b l f c�b v d v P
Av f y d v (cot q + cot a) sin a

Vs = P
s
Vs = Av f y sin a �0.095l f c�
bv d v P
Av f y d v cot q P
Vs =
s
Procedures for Determining Shear Resistance Parameters β and θ P
Simplified Procedure for Nonprestressed Sections P
General Procedure P
4.8
β= P
(1 + 750ε s )
4.8 51
b= P
(1 + 750e s ) ( 39 + sxe )
θ = 29 + 3500e s P
 Mu 
 + 0.5 N u + Vu - V p - Aps f po 
d P
es =  v 
Es As + E p Aps
2
�0.9 p T � P
u
2
� 2 Ao �
Tu d s
Veff = Vu + P
2 Ao
Tu d s 8th Ed. Modifications to the 8th Ed.
Veff = Vu +
2 AoArticle or Equation Unchanged Editorial Updated New Removed
1.38
sxe = sx P
ag + 0.63
M N �V �
Aps f ps + As f y � u + 0.5 u + � u - Vp - 0.5Vs �
cot q P
dv f f fc � �fv
�
�
�V �
cot q P
�fv �
Sections Subjected to Combined Shear and Torsion P
Transverse Reinforcement P
Torsional Resistance P
2 Ao At f y cot q
Tn = P
s
M 0.5 N u
f dv f P
2 2
�V � �0.45 ph Tu �
cot q � u - V p - 0.5Vs � + � �
�f � � 2 Ao f �
Tn ph
Al = P
2 Ao f y
Interface Shear Transfer—Shear Friction P
General P
Minimum Area of Interface Shear Reinforcement P
0.05 Acv
Avf � P
fy
Interface Shear Resistance P
P
Vri = fVni
P
Vri ³ Vui
P
P
P
Vni £ K2 Acv
P
Acv = bvi Lvi
Cohesion and Friction Factors P
Computation of the Factored Interface Shear Force for Girder/Slab
Bridges P
Vu1
vui = P
bvi d v
Vui = vui Acv = vui 12bvi P
Pc
Avpc = P
ff y
P
Mu2 = M1 + V1 Dℓ
Mu2
Cu 2 = P
dv
M1 V1Dl
Cu 2 = + P
dv dv
M1 V1Dl
Cu 2 = + 8th Ed. Modifications to the 8th Ed.
dv d v or Equation
Article Unchanged Editorial Updated New Removed
M1
C1 = P
dv
P
Vh = Cu2 – C1
V1Dl
Vh = P
dv
V1
Vhi = P
dv
Interface Shear in Box Girder Bridges P
Design of D-Regions P
General P
Strut-and-Tie Method (STM) P
General P
Structural Modeling P
� �
�a �
Vcr = �
0.2 - 0.1� �� f c�
bw d P
� �d �
�
Factored Resistance P
Pr = fPn P
Proportioning of Ties P
Strength of Tie P
Pn = f y Ast + Aps �
�f pe + f y �
� P
Anchorage of Tie P
Proportioning of Node Regions P
Strength of a Node Face P
P
Pn = fcuAcn
Effective Cross-Sectional Area of the Node Face P
Limiting Compressive Stress at the Node Face P
General P
P
fcu = mνf ′c
Back Face of a CCT Node P
Crack Control Reinforcement P
Av
�0.003 P
bw sv
Ah
�0.003 P
bw sh
Application to the Design of the General Zones of Post-Tensioning
Anchorages P
General P
Nodes P
Struts P
Ties P
Application to the Design of Pier Diaphragms P
Application to the Design of Brackets and Corbels P
Elastic Stress Analysis P
General P
General Zones of Post-Tensioning Anchorages P
Approximate Stress Analysis and Design P
Deep Components P
Brackets and Corbels P
General P
M u = Vu av + N uc (h - d ) P
Alternative to Strut-and-Tie Model P
Vn = 0.2 f c�
bd e P
Vn = 0.8 bd e P
�0.2 - 0.07 av �
Vn = � �f c�
bd e P
� de �
�0.8 - 0.28 av �
Vn = � �bd e P
� de �
2 Avf
As � + An P
3
Ah �0.5 ( As - An ) P
N
An � uc P
ff y
Beam Ledges P
General P
Design for Shear P
Design for Flexure and Horizontal Force P
Design for Punching Shear P
S > 2d f + W P
bw + 2av > L + 2d f P
Vn = 0.125l f c�
bo d f P
Vn = 0.125l f c�
bo d f P
Vn = 0.125l f c�
bo d f P
bo = W + 2 L + 2d f P
bo = 0.5W + L + d f + c £ W + 2 L + 2d f P
p
bo = (D + d f ) + D P
2
p
bo = (D + d f ) + D + c £ p (D + d f ) + D P
4 2 2
Design of Hanger Reinforcement P
0.5 Ahr f y ( W + 3av ) P
Vn =
s
Ahr f y
Vn = S P
s
Ahr f y
(
Vn = 0.063l f c�
bf d f )+ s
( W + 2d )
f
P
Design for Bearing P
Local Zones P
Dimensions of Local Zone P
Bearing Resistance P
Pr = ff n Ab P
A
f n = 0.7 f ci� P
Ag
f n = 2.25 f ci� P
0.33
�E �
n /t �0.08 � b � P
�f b �
General Zone of Post-Tensioning Anchorages P
Limitations of Application P
0.6 Pu k
f ca =
� �1 1 � � P
1+ l c � - �
Ab � �
� �b t �
�
� � eff �
�
� s �� n�
k=1+ � 2- �� 0.3 + � P
� a eff �� 15 �
k=1 P
Bursting Forces P
� a�
1 -
Tburst = 0.25 �Pu � �+ 0.5 | S ( Pu sin a) | P
� h�
d burst = 0.5 ( h - 2e) + 5e sin a P
Edge Tension Forces P
Multiple Slab Anchorages P
� a�
1- �
T1 = 0.10 Pu � P
� s�
� a�
1- �
T2 = 0.20 Pu � P
� s�
Prestressing P
General Design Considerations P
General P
Design Concrete Strengths P
Section Properties P
Crack Control P
Buckling P
Tendons with Angle Points or Curves P
Stress Limitations P
Stresses Due to Imposed Deformation P
= F 1- e
F� ( -y ( t , ti )
) P
( )
= F 1 - e -y ( t ,ti ) / y ( t , ti )
F� P
Stress Limitations for Prestressing Steel P
Stress Limits for Concrete P
For Temporary Stresses before Losses P
Tensile Stresses P
For Stresses at Service Limit State after Losses P
Tensile Stresses P
Principal Tensile Stresses in Webs P P
VQg
t = P
I g bw
VQg Tpc
t = + 2
P
I g bw Acp
VQg T
t = + P
I g Bw 2 Ao bw
f min =
1
2
(( f pcx + f pcy - ) (f pcx
+ f pcy ) + ( 2t )
2
)
2
P
f max =
1
2
(( f pcx + f pcy + ) (f pcx
+ f pcy ) + ( 2t
2
) )
2
P
Prestress Losses P
Total Prestress Loss P
Df pT = Df pES + Df pLT P
Df pT = Df pF + Df pA + Df pES + Df pLT P
Instantaneous Losses P
Anchorage Set P
Friction P
Df pF = f pj ( 1 - e -( Kx + m a ) ) P
(
Df pF = f pj 1 - e -m (a+ 0.04) ) P
a = 2 2
av + ah P
a = SDa = S D a v2 + D a 2h P
Elastic Shortening P
Ep
Df pES = f cgp P
E ct
Df pES =
Ag I g Eci P
Aps ( I g + em 2 Ag ) +
Ep
N - 1 Ep
Df pES = f cgp P
2 N E ci
2
Df pES = P
2N Ag I g Eci
Aps ( I g + em 2 Ag ) +
Ep
2
Df pES =
2N 8th Ed. Ag I g Eci Modifications to the 8th Ed.
Aps ( I g + em 2 Ag ) +
Article or Equation Ep Unchanged Editorial Updated New Removed
A
N = N 1 + N 2 sp2 P
A sp1
Combined Pretensioning and Post-Tensioning P
Approximate Estimate of Time Dependent Losses P
f pi Aps
Df pLT = 10.0 g h g st + 12.0 g h g st + Df pR P
Ag
g h = 1.7 - 0.01H P
5
g st = P
(1 + f ci�
)
Refined Estimates of Time-Dependent Losses P
General P
P
Losses: Time of Transfer to Time of Deck Placement P
Df pSR = ebid E p K id P
1
K id =
E p Aps � Ag e 2pg � P
1+ 1+
� [ 1 + 0.7ψb ( t f ,ti ) ]
�
Eci Ag � I g �
Ep
Df pCR = f cgp ψb ( td , ti ) K id P
Eci
Relaxation of Prestressing Strands P
f pt�f pt � P
Df pR 1 = � - 0.55 �
K L �f py �
�f pt 8th Ed.
f pt � Modifications to the 8th Ed.
Df pR 1 = - 0.55 �
�Article
K L �f py or Equation Unchanged Editorial Updated New Removed
�
Δ𝑓_𝑝𝑅1=[𝑓_𝑝𝑡/(𝐾_𝐿^′ ) log(𝑡)/log(𝑡_𝑖 ) (𝑓_𝑝𝑡/𝑓_𝑝𝑦 −0.55)]
[1−3(Δ𝑓_𝑝𝑆𝑅+Δ𝑓_𝑝𝐶𝑅 )/𝑓_𝑝𝑡 ] 𝐾_𝑖𝑑
P
Losses: Time of Deck Placement to Final Time P

Df pSD = ebdf E p K df P
1
K df =
� Ac e 2pc �
E p Aps P
1+ � 1+ [ 1 + 0.7ψb ( t f , ti ) ]
�
Eci Ac � I c �
Ep
Df pCD = f �
�
P
E
ψ+ p Df cd b �
�t ,t �
�K
Ec �f d � df
Relaxation of Prestressing Strands P
Df pR 2 = Df pR1 P
Shrinkage of Deck Concrete P
Ep
Df pSS =
Ec
Df cdf K df �
1 + 0.7ψ b t f , td
� ( )�
� P
e ddf Ad Ec deck �1 e pc ed �
Df cdf = � - � P
[ 1 + 0.7ψ ( t d f
, td ) ] �Ac Ic �
Precast Pretensioned Girders without Composite Topping P
Post-Tensioned Nonsegmental Girders P
Losses in Multi-Stage Prestressing P
Losses for Deflection Calculations P
Details for Pretensioning P
Maximum Spacing of Pretensioning Strand in Slabs P
Development of Pretensioning Strand P
General P
Bonded Strand P
� 2 �
l d �k �f ps - f pe �db P
� 3 �
f pe l px
f px = P
60db
l - 60db
f px = f pe +
px
( l d - 60db )
( f ps - f pe ) P
Debonded Strands P
Pretensioned Anchorage Zones P
Splitting Resistance P
Pr = f s As P
Confinement Reinforcement P
Details for Post-Tensioning P
Minimum Spacing of Post-Tensioning Tendons and Ducts P
Post-Tensioning Ducts—Girders Straight in Plan P
Post-Tensioning Ducts—Girders Curved in Plan P
Maximum Spacing of Post-Tensioning Ducts in Slabs P
Couplers in Post-Tensioning Tendons P
Tendon Confinement P
General P
Wobble Effect in Slabs P
Effects of Curved Tendons P
Design for In-Plane Force Effects P
In-Plane Force Effects P
Pu P
Fu - in =
R
Shear Resistance to Pull-out P
Vr = fVn P
Vn = 0.15d eff l f ci� P
d duct P
d eff = d c +
4
d duct P
d eff = t w -
2
d duct �sduct P
d eff = d c + +
4 2
Cracking of Cover Concrete P
� SF �
M end = � ds �
12
� SF �
M mid = � ds �
24
f cr = ff r P
Regional Bending P
fcont SFu -in hc P
Mu =
4
Out-of-Plane Force Effects P
Pu P
Fu - out =
pR
External Tendon Supports P
Post-Tensioned Anchorage Zones P
General P
General P
General P
General Zone P
Local Zone P
Responsibilities P
Design of the General Zone P
Design Methods P
Design Principles P
Intermediate Anchorages P
General P
Crack Control Behind Intermediate Anchors P
Tia = 0.25Ps - f cb Acb P
Blister and Rib Reinforcement P
Diaphragms P
Deviation Saddles P
Reinforcement P
Concrete Cover P
Concrete Cover P
Hooks and Bends P
Standard Hooks P
Seismic Hooks P
Minimum Bend Diameters P
Minimum Spacing of Reinforcing Bars P
Cast-in-Place Concrete P
Precast Concrete P
Multilayers P
Splices P
Bundled Bars P
Maximum Spacing of Reinforcing Bars P
Transverse Reinforcement for Compression Members P
General P
Spirals P
Ties P
Transverse Reinforcement for Flexural Members P
Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement P
1.30bh
As � P
2 ( b + h) f y
0.11 �As �0.60 P
1.3 Ag
As � P
Perimeter ( f y )
Reinforcement for Hollow Rectangular Compression Members P
General P
Ties P
Splices P
Hoops P
Development and Splices of Reinforcement P

General P
Basic Requirements P
Flexural Reinforcement P
General P
Positive Moment Reinforcement P
Mn P
l d � + la
Vu
Negative Moment Reinforcement P
Moment Resisting Joints P
Deformed Bars and Deformed Wire in Tension P
Tension Development Length P
�λ �λ cf �λ rc �λ er �
l d
= l db �� rl
� λ
�
�
P
� �
fy
l db = 2.4d b P
f c�
Modification Factors which Increase ℓd P
Modification Factors which Decrease ℓd P
P
0.4 ≤ λrc ≤ 1.0
db
lrc = P
cb + ktr
P
ktr = 40Atr/(sn)
( As required )
l er = ( P
As provided )
Deformed Bars in Compression P
Compressive Development Length P
l d = l db ler lrc P
0.63 db f y
l db � P
f c�
l db �0.3 db f y P
Bundled Bars P
Standard Hooks in Tension P
Basic Hook Development Length P
�l l l �
l dh = l hb �� rc cw er � P
� l �
�_ℎ𝑏=(38.0𝑑_𝑏)/60.0
(𝑓_𝑦/(√(𝑓′_𝑐 ) ))
P
Hooked-Bar Tie Requirements P
Welded Wire Reinforcement P
Welded Deformed Wire Reinforcement P
f y - 20.0
l hd �0.95db P
λ f c�
Aw f y
l hd �6.30 P
sλw f c�
Welded Plain Wire Reinforcement P
Aw f y
l d = 8.50 P
s w l f c�
Shear Reinforcement P
General P
Anchorage of Deformed Reinforcement P
0.44 d b f y
le � P
l f c�
Anchorage of Wire Fabric Reinforcement P
Closed Stirrups P
Development by Mechanical Anchorages P
Splices of Bar Reinforcement P
Detailing P
Lap Splices P
2πAsp f ytr l s
S max = P
kAl ful
Mechanical Connections P
Welded Splices P
Splices of Reinforcement in Tension P
Lap Splices in Tension P
Mechanical Connections or Welded Splices in Tension P
Splices in Tie Members P
Splices of Bars in Compression P
Lap Splices in Compression P
l c = 0.5mf y db P
(
l c = m 0.9 f y - 24.0 db ) P
Mechanical Connections or Welded Splices in Compression P
End-Bearing Splices P
Splices of Welded Wire Reinforcement P
Splices of Welded Deformed Wire Reinforcement in Tension P
Splices of Welded Smooth Wire Reinforcement in Tension P
Seismic Design and Details P

Seismic Design and Details
General P
Seismic Zone 1 P
Seismic Zone 2 P
General P
Concrete Piles
General P
Seismic Zones 3 and 4 P
Column Requirements P
Column Shear and Transverse Reinforcement P
4 Asp f c�
rs = �0.12
( dc s ) f yh P
f c��Ag �
Ash �0.30 shc � - 1� P
f yh �Ac �
f c�
Ash �0.12shc P
f yh
Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement for Confinement P
Splices P
Requirements for Wall-Type Piers P
Vr = 0.253l f c�
bd , P
Vr = fVn P
Vn = �
� + rh f y �
0.063l f c� bd
�
P
Column Connections P
Vn �0.380 bd l f c� P
Construction Joints in Piers and Columns P
Vn = ( Avf f y + 0.75 Pu ) P
Concrete Piles
General P
Confinement Length P
Volumetric Ratio for Confinement P
Precast Piles P

Deck Slabs P
Slab Superstructures P
Cast-in-Place Solid Slab Superstructures P
100
�50% P
L
100 f pe P
�50%
L 60
Cast-in-Place Voided Slab Superstructures P
Cross-Section Dimensions P
Minimum Number of Bearings P
Solid End Sections P
General Design Requirements P
Compressive Zones in Negative Moment Area P
Drainage of Voids P
Precast Deck Bridges P
General P
Shear Transfer Joints P
Shear-Flexure Transfer Joints P
General P
Design P
Post-Tensioning P
Longitudinal Construction Joints P
Cast-in-Place Closure Joints P
Structural Overlay P
Beams and Girders P
General P
Precast Beams P
Preservice Conditions P
Extreme Dimensions P
Lifting Devices P
Detail Design P
Concrete Strength P
Bridges Composed of Simple Span Precast Girders Made Continuous P
General P
Restraint Moments P
�A �
e effective = e sh � c � P
�Atr �
Age of Girder When Continuity Is Established P
Degree of Continuity at Various Limit States P
Negative Moment Connections P
Positive Moment Connections P
General P
Positive Moment Connection Using Nonprestressed Reinforcement P
Positive Moment Connection Using Prestressing Strand P
(l dsh - 8) P
f psl =
0.228
(l dsh - 8) P
f pul =
0.163
Details of Positive Moment Connection P
Continuity Diaphragms P
Spliced Precast Girders P
General P
Joints Between Spliced Girders P
General P
Details of Closure Joints P
Details of Match-Cast Joints P
Joint Design P
Girder Segment Design P
Post-Tensioning P
Cast-in-Place Box Girders and T-Beams P
Flange and Web Thickness P
Top Flange P
Bottom Flange P
Web P
Reinforcement P
Deck Slab Reinforcement Cast-in-Place in T-Beams and Box Girders P
Bottom Slab Reinforcement in Cast-in-Place Box Girders P
Diaphragms P
Segmental Concrete Bridges P
General P
Analysis of Segmental Bridges P
General P
Construction Analysis P
Analysis of the Final Structural System P
Design P
Loads P
Construction Loads P
Construction Load Combinations at the Service Limit State P
Construction Load Combinations at Strength Limit States P
Superstructure Load Effects and Structural Stability P
P
P
Substructures P
Thermal Effects During Construction P
Ec
Eeff = P
y (t , ti ) + 1
Prestress Losses P
Alternative Shear Design Procedure P
General P
Loading P
Vn = Vc + Vs P
Vn = 0.379λ f c�bv d P
Vc = 0.0632λK f c�bv d P
Av f y d
Vs = P
s
f pc
K = 1+ �2.0 P
0.0632 l f c'
�Vu � � Tu �
� � +� �0.474λ
� f c� P
b d 2 A b
�v � � o e �
Torsional Reinforcement P
Tu �fTn P
2 Ao At f y
Tn = P
s
Tu ph
A ³ P
2 f Ao f y
Mu
Ar e d = P
(0.9d e f y )
Reinforcement Details P
Provisional Post-Tensioning Ducts and Anchorages P
General P
Bridges with Internal Ducts P
Provision for Future Dead Load or Deflection Adjustment P
Plan Presentation P
Box Girder Cross-Section Dimensions and Details P
Minimum Flange Thickness P
Minimum Web Thickness P
Length of Top Flange Cantilever P
Overall Cross-Section Dimensions P
Seismic Design P
Types of Segmental Bridges P
General P
Details for Precast Construction P
Details for Cast-in-Place Construction P
Cantilever Construction P
Span-by-Span Construction P
Incrementally Launched Construction P
General P
Force Effects Due to Construction Tolerances P
Design Details P
Design of Construction Equipment P
Use of Alternative Construction Methods P
Segmentally Constructed Bridge Substructures P
General P
Construction Load Combinations P
Longitudinal Reinforcement of Hollow, Rectangular Precast Segmental
Piers P
Arches P
General P
Arch Ribs P
Culverts P
General P
Design for Flexure P
Design for Shear in Slabs of Box Culverts P
� A Vd �
0.0676 l f c�+ 4.6 s u e �
Vc = � bd e P
� bd e M u �
Vc �0.126l f c�
bd e P
Footings P
General P
Loads and Reactions P
Moment in Footings P
Distribution of Moment Reinforcement P
� 2 � P
A s - BW = A s - SD � �
� b + 1�
Shear in Slabs and Footings P
Critical Sections for Shear P
One-Way Action P
Two-Way Action P
� 0.126 �
Vn = �
0.063 + �l f c�
bo d v �0.126 l f c�
bo d v P
� b c �
Vn = Vc + Vs �0.192 l f c�bo d v P
Vc = 0.0632 l f c�
bo d v P
Av f y d v
Vs = P
s
Transfer of Force at Base of Column P
Concrete Piles P
General P
Splices P
Pile Dimensions P
Reinforcement P
Pile Dimensions P
Concrete Quality P
Reinforcement P
Pile Dimensions P
Reinforcement P
Anchors P
General P
General Strength Requirements P
Failure Modes to be Considered P
Determination of Anchor Resistance P
Seismic Design Requirements P
Installation P
Durability P
Design Concepts P
Major Chemical and Mechanical Factors Affecting Durability P
General P
Corrosion Resistance P
Freeze-Thaw Resistance P
External Sulfate Attack P
Delayed Ettringite Formation P
Alkali-Silica Reactive Aggregates P
Alkali-Carbonate Reactive Aggregates P
Concrete Cover P
Concrete Cover P
Protective Coatings P
Deck Protection Systems P
Protection for Prestressing Tendons P
References P
Basic Steps for Concrete Bridges P

General P
General Considerations P
Beam and Girder Superstructure Design P
Slab Bridges P
Substructure Design P
General Procedure for Shear Design with Tables P

Background P
Sectional Design Model—General Procedure P
2
�0.9 p T � P
u
2
� 2 Ao �
Tu d s
Veff = Vu + P
2 Ao
Tu d s 8th Ed. Modifications to the 8th Ed.
Veff = Vu +
2 AoArticle or Equation Unchanged Editorial Updated New Removed
�M u �
� + 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu - V p cot q - Aps f po � P
ex = �d v �
2( Es As + E p Aps )
�M u �
ex = �d v � P
Es As + E p Aps
�M u �
ex = �d v � P
2 ( Ec Ac + Es As + E p Aps )
1.38
sxe = sx �80 in. P
a g + 0.63
et + e c
ex = P
2
Upper Limits for Articles Affected by Concrete Compressive Strength
Articles Modified to Allow the Use of Reinforcement with a Specified

Minimum Yield Strength Up to 100 ksi

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Crosswalk Between the 7th Edition of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications with the

Article/Equation No. Article Change

8th Edition: N/A Removed

Article/Equation No. Article Change

7th Edition: N/A

This sheet has been locked to prevent unintentional overwrights.

7th Ed. With 2016 Interim Revisions 8th Ed.

5.4 Material Properties 5.4

5.4.2.3.2-1 y ( t ,ti ) = 1.9ks khc k f ktd ti -0.118 5.4.2.3.2-1 y ( t ,ti ) =

5.4.2.3.2-2 ks = 1.45 – 0.13(V/S) ≥ 1.0 5.4.2.3.2-2

5.4.2.3.2-3 khc = 1.56 – 0.008H 5.4.2.3.2-3

5.4.2.3.3-2 khs = (2.00 – 0.014 H) 5.4.2.3.3-2

5.4.2.4 Modulus of Elasticity 5.4.2.4

5.4.2.4-1 Ec = 120, 000 K1 wc 2.0 f c�

C5.4.2.4-2 Ec = 33, 000 K1 wc1.5 f c� C5.4.2.4-2 Ec = 33, 000 K1 wc1.5 f c�

5.4.2.5 Poisson’s Ratio 5.4.2.5

5.5 Limit States 5.5

5.5.3.2-1 ( DF ) TH = 24 - 20 f min / f y 5.5.3.2-1 ( DF ) TH = 26 -

5.5.3.3 Prestressing Tendons 5.5.3.3

5.5.4.2.1-1 0.25 ( e t - e cl ) 5.5.4.2-1 0.25 ( e t - e cl )

5.6 Design Considerations 5.8

5.6.3.3-1 Pr = fPn 5.8.2.3-1 Pr = fPn

5.7 Design for Flexural and Axial Force Effects 5.6

5.7.3.1.3 Components with Both Bonded and Unbonded Tendons 5.6.3.1.3

5.7.3.4-1 700 g e 5.6.7-1 700 g e

5.7.4.2-1 As Aps f pu 5.6.4.2-1 As Aps f pu

5.7.4.4-1 Pr = fPn 5.6.4.4-1 Pr = fPn

5.7.4.5-2 ( Ag - Ast - Aps ) + f y Ast - Aps ( f pe - E p ecu )

5.7.4.7.2c-1 l w �15, then f w = 1.0 5.6.4.7.2c-1 l w �15, then f w = 1.0

5.7.5-1 Pr = fPn 5.6.5-1 Pr = fPn

5.7.6.1-1 Pr = fPn 5.6.6.1-1 Pr = fPn

5.8 Shear and Torsion 5.7

5.8.2.1-1 Tr = fTn 5.7.2.1-2 Tr = fTn

5.8.2.1-2 Vr = fVn 5.7.2.1-1 Vr = fVn

5.8.2.1-3 Tu > 0.25fTcr 5.7.2.1-3

5.8.2.4-1 Vu > 0.5f ( Vc + V p ) 5.7.2.3-1 Vu > 0.5f ( Vc + Vp )

5.8.2.7-1 smax = 0.8d v �24.0 5.7.2.6-1 smax = 0.8d v �24.0

5.8.2.7-2 smax = 0.4d v �12.0 5.7.2.6-2 smax = 0.4d v �12.0

5.8.3.3-3 V c = 0.0316 b l f c�b v d v 5.7.3.3-3 V c = 0.0316 b l f c�b v d v

Av f y d v (cot q + cot a) sin a Av f y d v (cot q + cot a) sin a

5.8.3.4.3 Simplified Procedure for Prestressed and Nonprestressed Sections N/A

5.8.3.5-1 M N �Vu � 5.7.3.5-1 M N �Vu �

5.8.4.2-1 Vu1 5.7.4.5-1 Vu1

C5.8.4.2-2 Mu2 C5.7.4.5-2 Mu2

C5.8.4.2-6 V1Dl C5.7.4.5-6 V1Dl

N/A 5.9.2.3.3-4 f min =

5.8.6 Shear and Torsion for Segmental Box Girder Bridges

5.8.6.1 General 5.12.5.3.8a

5.8.6.3-2 Tcr = 0.0632 K l f c�

5.8.6.4-1 Tu �f Tn 5.12.5.3.8d-1 Tu �fTn

5.8.6.5-2 Vn = 0.379 l f c�bv dv 5.12.5.3.8c-2 Vn = 0.379λ f c�bv d

5.8.6.5-3 Vc = 0.0632 K l f c�bv dv 5.12.5.3.8c-3 Vc = 0.0632λK f c�bv d

5.8.6.6-1 5.7.2.6-1 smax = 0.8d v �24.0

5.8.6.6-2 5.7.2.6-2 smax = 0.4d v �12.0

5.9 Prestressed Concrete 5.9

5.9.5.1-1 Df pT = Df pES + Df pLT 5.9.3.1-1 Df pT = Df pES + Df pLT

5.9.5.1-2 Df pT = Df pF + Df pA + Df pES + Df pLT 5.9.3.1-2 Df pT = Df pF + Df pA + Df pES + Df pLT

5.9.5.2 Instantaneous Losses 5.9.3.2

C5.9.5.2.2b-2 a = SDa = S D a v2 + D a 2h C5.9.3.2.2b-2 a = SDa = S D a v2 + Da 2h

C5.9.5.2.3b-1 Df pES = C5.9.3.2.3b-1

C5.9.5.2.3b-2 Asp2 C5.9.3.2.3b-2 Asp2

5.9.5.4.2a-1 Df pSR = e bid E p K id 5.9.3.4.2a-1 Df pSR = ebid E p K id