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XII
With accurate
readings Electronics
(C-2)
Practical Experiments Paper-I
www.vsagar.org
N O T ES S P AC E
Experiment 1 (Set-1)
Connection diagram –
r g
r . o
a
Circuit diagram of zener line regulator
Observation table –
g
Sr. Line voltage DC Output voltage
No. (Vin) (Vo)
a
1. 170V 4.8V
2. 180V 5.0V
s
3. 190V 5.1V
4. 200V 5.2V
v
5. 210V 5.4V
6. 220V 5.6V
7. 230V 5.6V
8. 240V 5.6V
9. 250V 5.6V
10. 260V 5.6V
11. 270V 5.6V
Formula –
SR Vo1 Vo 2
Vo1> Vo2, Take any
also,
two consecutive
SR
% SR 100 values of Vo
Vo1
Specifications of components –
Procedure –
g
3) Measure the DC output voltage of the circuit in this position of dimmerstat.
r
4) Repeat the above procedure as per given in observation table.
5) Plot a graph of line voltage versus output DC voltage.
o
6) Calculate percentage line regulation using the given formula.
Results –
r .
a
1) At minimum line voltage, the output voltage Vo = 4.8V.
2) At maximum line voltage, the output voltage Vo = 5.6V.
a g
v s
Experiment 2 (Set-1)
Connection diagram –
r g
r .
Circuit diagram of zener load regulatoro
a
Observation table –
g
Sr. Load current Output voltage
No. (IL) (Vo)
a
1. 0 (min.) VNL= 5.6V
2. 10mA 5.6V
s
3. 15mA 5.6V
4. 20mA 5.6V
v
5. 25mA 5.6V
6. 30mA 5.6V
7. 35mA 5.2V
8. 40mA 5.0V
9. 50mA 4.8V
10. Max. 50mA VFL= 4.8V
Formula –
V VFL
% LR NL 100
V NL
Where,
VNL Load voltage with no load current
VFL Load voltage with full load current
Specifications of components –
Procedure –
1) Switch on the circuit and keep load resistance (RL) in maximum resistance position.
2) Measure the output voltage of the circuit in this condition.
g
3) Note it down as VNL = 5.6V in observation table.
r
4) Now reduce the resistance of load by varying the pot in equal steps, note down
corresponding readings of output voltage and load current.
o
5) Reduce RL for maximum load current. Note down VFL = 4.8V in observation table.
.
6) Plot a graph of output DC voltage versus load current.
7) Calculate percentage load regulation using given formula.
Results –
a r
1) At maximum load resistance, the output voltage Vo = 5.6V and IL = 10mA.
2) At minimum load resistance, the output voltage Vo = 4.8V and IL = 50mA.
a g
v s
Experiment 3 (Set-1)
Connection diagram –
r g
r . o
Circuit diagram of LM 317 voltage regulator for line regulation
a
Observation table –
g
Sr. Line voltage DC Output voltage
No. (Vin) (Vo)
1. 170V 4.6V
a
2. 180V 4.7V
3. 190V 4.8V
s
4. 200V 4.9V
5. 210V 5.0V
v
6. 220V 5.0V
7. 230V 5.0V
8. 240V 5.0V
9. 250V 5.0V
10. 260V 5.0V
11. 270V 5.0V
Procedure –
1) First, calculate R2 using the formula, for given value of Vo = 5V. Consider R1 = 100.
R
Vo 1.25 2 1
R1
2) Solder calculated value of R2 in the circuit. For non–standard value of R2 use
series/parallel combination of standard resistors.
3) Measure output voltage for various values of line voltage as given in observation table.
4) Plot a graph of line voltage versus output voltage. For this, adjust dimmerstat in circuit.
5) Calculate percentage line regulation using the given formula.
Formula –
SR Vo1 Vo 2
Vo1> Vo2, Take any
also,
two consecutive
SR
% SR 100 values of Vo
Vo1
Specifications of components –
g
R2 = 300, all ¼W, carbon composition, 5% tolerance
LED Color: RED , VF = 1.65V
r
Diodes 1N4001 rectifier diode
Capacitor 1000F/25V electrolytic capacitor
Transformer
o
6V–0V–6V, 500mA secondary transformer
Dimmerstat 170V to 270V variable dimmerstat
Pin configurations –
r .
g a
s a
v
Pin configurations of IC LM317 and rectifier diode
Note: Do not change given value of R1 = 100. This value ensures minimum load current
requirement (which is 10mA) of the IC which is ILmin = 12.5mA at Vomin = 1.25V.
Results –
1) Calculated value of R2 = 300 for given Vo = 5V.
2) The %SR of IC LM 317 = 8.7%.
Experiment 4 (Set-1)
Connection diagram –
r g
r . o
a
Circuit diagram of LM 317 voltage regulator for load regulation
Observation table –
g
Sr. Load current Output voltage
No. (IL) (Vo)
1. 0 (min.) VNL = 5V
a
2. 5mA 5.0V
3. 10mA 5.0V
s
4. 15mA 5.0V
5. 20mA 5.0V
v
6. 25mA 5.0V
7. 30mA 5.0V
8. 40mA 4.8V
9. 60mA 4.6V
10. Max. 100mA VFL = 4.5V
Procedure –
1) First, calculate R2 using the formula, for given value of Vo = 5V. Consider R1 = 100.
R
Vo 1.25 2 1
R1
2) Solder calculated value of R2 in the circuit. For non–standard value of R2 use
series/parallel combination of standard resistors.
3) Measure Vo and IL for various values of load resistance (RL). Adjust pot to change RL.
4) Plot a graph of output voltage versus load current. For this, adjust the dimmerstat in the
circuit.
5) Calculate percentage load regulation using the given formula.
Formula –
V VFL
% LR NL 100
V NL
Where,
VNL Load voltage with no load current
VFL Load voltage with full load current
Specifications of components –
g
LED Color: RED , VF = 1.65V
Diodes 1N4001 rectifier diode
r
Capacitor 1000F/25V electrolytic capacitor
Transformer 6V–0V–6V, 500mA secondary transformer
Pin configurations –
r . o
g a
s a Pin configurations of IC LM317 and rectifier diode
Note – do NOT change given value of R1 = 100. This value ensures minimum load current
v
requirement (which is 10mA) of the IC which is ILmin = 12.5mA at Vomin = 1.25V.
Results –
1) Calculated value of R2 = 300 for given Vo = 5V
2) The percentage LR of IC LM 317 = 10%
Experiment 5 (Set-1)
Circuit diagram –
r g
Circuit diagram of photo relay
r . o
a
Observation table –
g
Supply Transistor (T1) Transistor (T2)
Voltage Voltage Voltage
s a Vcc = 6V
Vbe = 0.62V
Vce = 0.2V
Vbe = 5.8V
Vce = 0.3V
v
Procedure –
1) Solder the circuit on the given tag board, with hot soldering iron.
2) Connect power supply to the circuit and test it under different light conditions.
3) Check that when light falls on LDR, the relay activates and LED glows. When LDR is dark,
the relay deactivates and the LED goes off.
4) For proper sensitivity of LDR, adjust the sensitivity pot in the circuit.
5) Measure voltage at base and collector of transistors in on and off conditions of relay.
6) From above voltages of transistor voltages, determine the operating region of the
transistor.
7) Switch off the circuit and disconnect the LDR from the circuit.
8) Measure the light and dark resistance of the LDR using DMM.
9) Note down the values of LDR, dark resistance = 1M and light resistance = 22.
10) Disconnect the relay coil from the circuit. Measure its resistance using DMM. Note it down
as relay resistance = 300.
Specifications of components –
Pin configurations
r g
r . o
Results –
g a
1) The dark resistance = 1M and light resistance = 22
a
2) The relay coil resistance = 300
3) In ‘ON’ condition of the circuit, T1 is in ON condition and T2 is in ON conditions.
v s
Experiment 6 (Set-1)
Circuit diagram –
r g
r . o
Circuit diagram of opamp as inverting DC amplifier
a
Observation table –
g
Measured Calculated
Sr. Vin Vo Gain
R1 RF gain gain
Nos. (Volts) (Volts) difference
a
(Vo/Vin) (RF/R1)
1.2V -1.2V 1 1 0
1 10k 10k
s
2.0V -2.1V 1.05 1 0.05
0.5V -1.0V 2 2 0
2 5k 10k
v
1.5V -3.2V 2.13 2 0.13
0.8V -2.7V 3 3.33 0
3 3.3k 10k
1.6V -5.5V 3.44 3.33 0.11
Take two readings with different input voltages for each value of R1
Procedure –
1) First solder R1 = 10k and RF = 10k. Now switch on the circuit.
2) Connect DC voltmeter at the output of the circuit. Adjust VR1 to change input voltage
between 0–2V, for taking two different values of input voltage.
3) Measure input/output voltage in each case. Note down the values in observation table.
4) Repeat step 1 to step 3 for different values of R1 i.e. replace R1 with new value by
soldering new resistor. While soldering, every time switch off the circuit.
5) Obtain calculated and observed gain of circuit in each combination of R1 and RF.
6) Compare calculated and measured gain and obtain the difference.
Formulas –
1) The output voltage of inverting amplifier is given by –
Rf
Vo V1
R1
2) The theoretical gain of the circuit is given by –
Rf
gain
R1
3) The observed gain of the circuit is given by –
Vo
gain
Vi
Specifications of components –
g
Diodes 1N4001, silicon rectifier diode
r
Operational amplifier, Supply voltage = 18Vmax,
IC 741 Input offset voltage = 2mV, input bias current = 80nA,
CMRR = 90dB, input impedance = 2M
o
Output impedance = 75, slew rate = 0.5V/sec.
.
Capacitor 1000F/25V electrolytic capacitor
Resistors 10k, 5k, 3.3k, carbon type 5% tolerance
r
Potentiometer 10k, carbon composition type
Transformer 230V/6–0–6V, 500mA step down, center tapped
Pin configurations –
g a
s a
v
Result – write down the result for any one reading.
1) The theoretical gain = 3.33 and observed gain = 3.44
2) Gain difference = 0.11
Experiment 7 (Set-1)
Circuit diagram –
r g
r . o
Circuit diagram of opamp as non-inverting DC amplifier
a
Observation table –
g
Measured Calculated
Sr. Vin Vo Gain
R1 RF gain gain
Nos. (Volts) (Volts) difference
a
(Vo/Vin) (RF/R1)
1.2V 2.4V 2 2 0
1 10k 10k
s
2.0V 4.2V 2.1 2 0.1
0.5V 1.2V 2.4 3 0.6
2 5k 10k
v
0.8V 2.5V 3.125 3 0.125
0.3V 1.2V 4 4.33 0.33
3 3.3k 10k
0.6V 2.5V 4.17 4.33 0.16
Take two readings with different input voltages for each value of R1
Procedure –
1) First solder R1 = 10k and RF = 10k in the circuit. Now switch on the circuit.
2) Connect DC voltmeter at the output of the circuit. Adjust VR1 to change input voltage
between 0–2V, for taking two different values of input voltage.
3) Measure input/output voltage in each case. Note down the values in observation table.
4) Repeat step 1 to step 3 for different values of R1 i.e. replace R1 with new value by
soldering new resistor.
5) Obtain calculated and observed gain of circuit in each combination of R1 and RF.
6) Compare calculated and measured gain and obtain the difference.
Formulas –
1) The output voltage of non-inverting amplifier is given by –
R
Vo 1 f V1
R1
2) The theoretical gain of the circuit is given by –
Rf
1 = gain
R1
3) The observed gain of the circuit is given by –
Vo
gain
Vi
Specifications of components –
g
Type of the component Specifications
Diodes 1N4001, silicon rectifier diode
r
Operational amplifier, Supply voltage = 18Vmax,
IC 741 Input offset voltage = 2mV, input bias current = 80nA,
o
CMRR = 90dB, input impedance = 2M
Output impedance = 75, slew rate = 0.5V/sec.
.
Capacitor 1000F/25V electrolytic capacitor
Resistors
r
10k, 5k, 3.3k, carbon type 5% tolerance
Potentiometer 10k, carbon composition type
Transformer 230V/6–0–6V, 500mA step down, center tapped
Pin configurations –
g a
s a
v
Result – write down the result for any one reading.
1) The theoretical gain = 4.33 and observed gain = 4.17
2) Gain difference = 0.16
Experiment 8 (Set-1)
Circuit diagram –
r g
r . o
Circuit diagram of opamp as inverting adder
a
Observation tables –
g
Input voltages Observed Calculated
Sr.
output voltage output voltage
Nos. V1 V2 V3
(Vo) (Vo)
s a1.
2.
3.
2V
3V
-0.5V
1V
1V
-1.2V
-3V
1V
-0.8V
-0.3V
-5.2V
+2.2V
0V
-5V
+2.5V
v
4. 0.2V 0.3V 0.5V -1.2V -1.0V
5. -0.1V -0.2V -0.4V +0.8V +0.7V
V1 V2 V3 Vo
2V 1V -3V 0 Volts
Procedure –
1) Note that circuit’s gain = unity, since RF = R1.
2) Switch on the circuit and adjust all three input voltages V1, V2 and V3 between 0–3V.
Measure the output voltage.
3) Repeat the same procedure for at least five different combinations of V1, V2 and V3 with
negative values.
4) Thus, take three positive input voltage combinations and two negative combinations.
5) Compare observed with calculated output voltages. Tabulate the readings.
6) Now, adjust V1, V2 and V3 such that output will be zero for all non–zero input voltages.
Formula –
Specifications of components –
g
IC 741 Input offset voltage = 2mV, input bias current = 80nA,
CMRR = 90dB, input impedance = 2M
r
Output impedance = 75, slew rate = 0.5V/sec.
Capacitor 1000F/25V electrolytic capacitor
Resistors
o
10k, 5k, 3.3k, carbon type 5% tolerance
Potentiometer 10k, carbon composition type
.
Transformer 230V/6–0–6V, 500mA step down, center tapped
Pin configurations –
a r
a g
v
Result –
s
1) The gain of the circuit = 1 (unity)
2) For Vo = 0, the non-zero values of V1 = 2V, V2 = 1V and V3 = -3V
Experiment 9 (Set-1)
Circuit diagram –
r g
r . o
Circuit diagram of IC 555 as monostable multivibrator
Observation table –
Sr. Resistor
g a
Capacitor Time measured Time calculated Time
a
No. Value (R1) Value (C1) (sec) (sec) difference
1 100k 10F 1.5sec 1.1sec 0.4sec
s
2 220k 10F 3sec 2.42sec 0.48sec
3 470k 10F 5sec 5.17sec 0.17sec
v 4
Procedure –
1M 10F 14sec 11.0sec 3.0sec
1) Construct the circuit on given circuit board, by soldering different components and wires.
2) Note the color code values of given resistors.
3) Connect any one value of resistor (R) and capacitor (C), as per given in the observation
table.
4) Switch on the circuit and push the trigger switch (S1) momentarily. Do not push the switch
for a long time.
5) The LED must glow. Measure the time for which the LED glows, using stopwatch.
6) Take five readings for five different values of (R), as shown in observation table.
7) Calculate the time for each of the RC combination.
8) Compare observed time, calculated time and obtain difference between them.
Formula –
The pulse width i.e. the time for which LED remains on is given by –
T = 1.1 x R1 x C1
Where, R1 is in ohms and C1 is in Farad
Specifications of components –
g
all carbon type 5% tolerance
Transformer 230V/6–0–6V, 500mA step down, center tapped
Pin configurations –
. o r
a r
Brief theory –
a g
s
Pin–1: it is connected to ground of power supply.
Pin–2: it is called trigger pin. It triggers i.e. starts up time cycle of IC, when its voltage is less than ⅓ of
v
supply voltage. Hence, output of IC becomes high.
Pin–3: it is output pin. It gives complementary output condition. Thus, it can source or sink a maximum
current of 200mA into the load resistor.
Pin–4: it is reset pin. When it is +ve, the IC works normally. However when it is –ve, the IC stops its working,
whatever may be the signal at pin–2.
Pin–5: control voltage pin. It is used to change the threshold voltage of the IC. When it is not in use, it is
returned to ground through a small capacitor of 0.01F to avoid noise pickup.
Pin–6: it is threshold pin. It finalizes the time cycle of the IC, when its voltage becomes ⅔ of power supply
voltage or control voltage. Hence, output of IC becomes low.
Pin–7: it is discharge pin. It becomes active through internal transistor, when output of IC is low. It
discharges external capacitor into itself.
Pin–8: it is connected to +ve terminal of power supply, generally 3V to 18V.