Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
1. TYPES OF VERBS
1.1.Verbe auxiliare
1.1.1. DO
2
1.1.2. BE
1.1.3. HAVE
1.2. Verbe semi-auxiliare
1.3. Verbe modale
1.4. Verbe modale
1.5. Verbe semi-modale
1.6. Verbe regulate şi neregulate
1.7. Expresii verbale
Categoria verbului este una dintre cele mai importante categorii din gramatica
limbii engleze. Verbele din limba engleză au mai multe sub-categorii printre acestea fiind
verbe auxiliare şi verbe semiauxiliare.
Aceste verbe auxiliare şi semiauxiliare pot avea valori diferite. De exemplu, to
have, to be şi to get sunt folosite atât ca verbe principale cu înţeles de sine stătător dar, în
acelaşi timp, pot să îşi piardă înţelesul de bază atunci când însoţesc alte verbe în
alcătuirea timpurilor verbale compuse. În acest caz ele adoptă înţelesul verbelor pe care le
însoţesc.
3
A. Verbe auxiliare de timp: to have, shall/should, will/would.
B. Verbe auxiliare de mod: shall/should, may/might, to let.
C. Verbe auxiliare de aspect: to be, will/would.
D. Verbe auxiliare de diateză: to be, to get.
1. Atunci când fac parte din anumite structuri gramaticale ele îşi pierd înţelesul
de bază şi îl iau pe cel al structurilor din care fac parte.
4
'Yes, I do.'
You are going to go there, aren’t you?
4. Trebuie ştiut faptul că verbele auxiliare sunt folosite atât cu formele lungi cât şi cu
cele contrase. Formele lungi sunt folosite mai ales în engleza „oficială” în timp ce
formele scurte pot fi întâlnite mai mult în engleza de zi cu zi.
→ în răspunsuri scurte:
→ în propoziţii interogative:
A. TO BE
5
Cel mai des întâlnit verbul copulativ este TO BE.
Aşa cum am explicat mai sus, TO BE are sens de bază, el însemnând „a fi”.
Atunci când este asociat cu alte părţi de vorbire îl adoptă pe al acestora.
Este folosit ca verb principal, verb auxiliar (de aspect şi diateză), verb
copulativ şi echivalent modal:
Forma afirmativă este: am, are, is, is, is, are, are, are.
Formele interogativă şi negativă ale timpurilor prezent şi trecut se construiesc
fără ajutorul auxiliarului DO:
6
1. un aranjament cu caracter viitor:
2. o necesitate, o obligaţie:
B. TO HAVE
7
1. Verbul HAVE este folosit la interogativ şi negativ cu forma TO DO atunci când
este considerat verb principal cu sensul de “a avea” – arătând că deţinem ceva pentru o
perioadă scurtă de timp sau cu sensul de “a primi”, “a lua”.
2. Verbul HAVE poate fi folosit cu sensul de ‘a mânca’, ‘a se simţi bine’, sau ‘a lua’:
3. Atunci când este folosit ca verb auxiliar, TO HAVE ajută, la fel ca şi TO BE, la
formarea timpurilor compuse cum ar fi: prezentul continuu, trecutul continuu, viitorul
continuu, prezentul perfect, mai-mult-ca perfectul etc.
C. TO DO
8
Forma afirmativă este: do, do, does, does, does, do, do, do.
Formele interogativă şi negativă se construiesc cu ajutorul aceluiaşi verb.
9
Did you came here yesterday?
ATENŢIE!
Aşa cum am spus mai sus verbul to do poate fi folosit şi cu sensul de a face o
acţiune. În acest caz trebuie subliniată diferenţa de sens între acesta şi verbul make.
În general verbul do are sensul de a se implica într-o activitate:
Eg.: What are the children doing? They are making little cookies.
DO
Do bussiness; do harm; do good; do one’s best; do the garden; do a good job; do
the shopping; do a favour; do the washing up; do repairs; do one’s duty; do someone a
good turn; do an exercise; do one’s hair; do homework; do an examination; do justice; do
research; do something for the living etc.
10
MAKE
Make a journey; make an experiment; make a speech; make the best of it; make an
attempt; make an attempt; make a mistake; make fun of someone; make a complaint;
make arrangements; make a bargain; make the beds; make a fuss over…; make a
nuisance of oneself; make an progress; make an impression; make a profit; make an
accusation, make an appointment; make a proposal etc.
Aşa cum am specificat mai sus verbele TO BE, TO HAVE sau TO DO pot fi
folosite ca verbe semi-auxiliare atunci când ajută la formarea diferitelor timpuri
verbale. În limba engleză mai putem întâlni şi o serie de construcţii verbale care pot fi
considerate ca semi-auxiliare. Acestea sunt: be about to, be bound to, be certain to, have
got to, fail to, tend to, happen to, turn aut to, be going to, be sure to, have to, come to, get
to, appear to, seem to, proved to etc.
EXERCISES (EXERCIŢII)
1. He………….(not) busy.
2. We…………(not) interested.
11
3. They………..(not) pretty.
4. You…………(not) new.
5. She …………(not) ill. 1
3. Read the passages and underline the forms of the verb TO BE. (Citiţi acest
pasaj şi subliniaţi formele verbului TO BE):
12
3. I have a sister. Her name is Betty. She is also sixteen. We are twins.
4. Betty and I are students in the same high school. Betty’s favorite subject is
Spanish. Spanish is a beautiful language.
5. Our family is from northern California, but we live in San Diego. San Diego is in
the southern California.
6. The weather is generally worm in southern California. There is some snow in the
mountains but hardly any in the valleys. In the valleys it is usually sunny and hot.
That is why the movie industry is here. And the Scott family!
4. Talk or write about the Scott family using the words below. Supply the right
forms of the verb BE. (Vorbiţi sau scrieţi despre familia Scott folosind cuvintele de
mai jos. Completaţi cu formele verbului BE):
13
5. Ask your partner questions using the words below. Have your partner answer
your questions. (Puneţi întrebări colegului folosind cuvintele de mai jos. Colegul
vostru va răspunde la întrebări):
1. How old/you?
2. What/your favorite subject?
3. Why/this your favorite subject?
4. Where/you from?
5. Where/your parents from?
6. What/the population of your town/village?
7. What/the weather like in your area in winter/summer?
6. Write down yours partner’s answers to the questions above. Use your notes to
describe your partner to the class. (Scrieţi răspunsul colegului vostru la întrebările
de mai sus. Folosiţi-vă de acestea pentru a vă descrie colegul celorlalţi colegi):
7. Read this passage, translate it and say which are the forms of the verb BE.
(Citiţi acest fragment, traduceţi-l şi spuneţi care sunt formele verbului BE):
14
1. The United States is the fourth largest country in the world, in area. It has an area
of over 9 millions square kilometers. There are fifty states in the United States. Alaska is
the largest. Rhode Island is the smallest.
2. The United States is the third largest country in the world, in population. Its
population is over 260 million. The largest state is California with a population of 35
million. Alaska, which is the largest state in area, is one of the smallest states in
population. Its population is about one half million.
3. In general, the climate of the United States is temperate. There are differences,
however, from east to the west and from south to the north. In the northern half of the
country, there is snow in winter. In the southern half, there is less snow or no snow at all.
The East Coast is better than the West Coast. In the southwest, there are some dry, semi-
arid areas.
8. Make true sentences about yourself. Use the words below and suitable
adverbs of frequency: always, often, usually, seldom, sometimes, occasionally, never.
(Alcătuiţi propoziţii despre voi. Folosiţi cuvintele de mai jos şi adverbele de
frecvenţă):
Model: late
I’m never late.
3
Georgiana Gălăţeanu-Fârnoagă, Debora Parks, Exerciţii de Gramatică Engleză, Timpurile Verbale, Ed. Paralela 45,
Bucureşti, 2000, p. 19-27
15
9. Fill in the blanks with the suitable forms of the verb “TO BE”. (Completaţi
spaţiile libere cu formele corespunzătoare verbului “TO BE”):
10. Change the long, verbal forms into short ones. (Scrieţi formele verbale
contrase corespunzătoare exemplelor de mai jos):
1. She is my friend.
2. Are you not an assistant to the General Manager?
3. They are not interpreters, they are translators.
4. I am always early, I am never late for school.
5. It’s a new college, it is not an old one.
6. Are they not your teachers?
16
Model: He is a hard-working student.
Is he a hard-working student?
6. We aren’t guilty.
12. Give short answers to the following questions and translate them into
Romanian. (Daţi răspunsuri scurte întrebărilor de mai jos şi traduceţi-le în limba
română):
17
13. Translate into English. (Traduceţi în limba engleză):
UNIT II
FOCUS: PRONUMELE
2. CLASIFICARE
2.1. PRONUMELE PERSONAL
2.2. EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
2.3. EXERCIŢII
2. CLASIFICARE
4
Olea Ciuciuc, Eugenia Tănăsescu, Curs de Engleză Generală, Ed. Teora, Bucureşti, p. 21-23.
18
2.1. Pronumele personal
2.2. Pronumele posesiv
2.3. Pronumele „self”
2.4. Pronumele demonstrativ
2.5. Pronumele interogativ
2.6. Pronumele relativ
2.7. Pronumele indefinit
Eg.: I am a teacher.
He is a chemist.
Aşa cum bine ştim în limba română nu este întotdeauna nevoie să fie prezent
pronumele atunci când sunt folosite verbe. În limba engleză, din contră, nu este
propoziţie fără pronume, el fiind singurul indicator al celorlalte persoane.
ATENŢIE!
19
În limba engleză pronumele I se scrie întotdeauna cu literă mare.
Mai putem întâlni acest pronume în propoziţiile care nu au subiect clar definit
pentru a introduce vremea, distanţa sau timpul.
Pronumele personal pentru persoana a-III-a, numărul plural este they. Acesta
are aceeaşi formă pentru feminin şi masculin şi înţelesul lui poate fi dedus numai
din context.
ATENŢIE:
2. He/She sunt folosite pentru a înlocui unele substantive animate sau inanimate
care sunt de obicei neutre.
a. Formele de singular ale pronumelui personal sunt: I, You, He, She, It.
b. Formele de plural ale pronumelui personal sunt: We, You, They.
ATENŢIE:
Pronumele personal you aceeaşi formă pentru singular şi plural. În limba engleză
nu există forme anume pentru pronumele de politeţe aşa că aceasta formă este folosită în
acest scop. You se traduce prin dumneavoastră, dumneata, tu sau voi.
EXERCIŢII:
1. Translate the following sentences into Romanian and say which personal
pronouns are found in them. (Introduceţi următoarele propoziţii şi spuneţi ce
pronume personale se găsesc în ele):
1. I know you are highly interested in modern technique and you hope to become
an engineer.
22
2. Dora prefers design to anything else. She is found of inventing beautiful shapes
of all sorts of practical objects.
3. We are going to explain what a laser means. We have learnt of lot about that
wonderful discovery of modern times and we are really fascinated.
4. The laser is a device that generates an intense, highly concentrated beam of
light. Could you think that the laser is able to perform even medical operations?
5. Our friends Jack and Jill are often talking about the possibility of reaching some
planet belonging to another solar system of our galaxy. They have already
thought how to manage everything. You may guess that this is science fiction
for the time being.
6. The essence of life is just the same for both plants and animals. It is something
we cannot detect though we know about the existence of vital acids and their
activity.
Trăim pe o planetă minunată. Este cea mai prielnică vieţii dacă o comparăm cu
celelalte planete ale sistemului solar.
Ne putem bucura de condiţii excepţionale de lumină şi căldură.
Radiaţiile care vin de pretutindeni sunt moderate. De care factor suntem protejaţi
împotriva lor? În primul rând de existenţa învelişului gazos al Pământului.
De aceea trebuie să păstrăm acest înveliş cu foarte multă grijă. Nu se cuvine să-l
subţiem sau să-i stricăm echilibrata sa compoziţie cu nimic.
Natura este totuşi mai puternică decât noi şi a creat de-a lungul milioanelor de ani
condiţii de viaţă pe care nu le putem schimba fără a schimba viaţa însăşi, ceea ce este
imposibil.
23
3. Replace the subject nouns with feminine personal pronouns according
them a sentimental value. (Înlocuiţi pronumele subiecte prin pronume personale la
feminin, acordându-le un aspect sentimental):
4. Translate into Romanian the following sentences, in which the pronoun it was
used to indicate the time, the weather, the distance or is used as an impersonal
expression. (Traduceţi, în limba română, următoarele propoziţii în care pronumele
personal it este folosit pentru a indica timpul, vremea, distanţa ori este folosit ca şi
construcţie impersonală):
24
10.It appears the Sun will get its usual explosions very soon.5
UNIT III
FOCUS: ARTICOLUL
1. TEXT CU ARTICOLUL
2: EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
2.1 CLASIFICARE:
2.1.1 ARTICOLUL HOTĂRÂT
2.1.2 ARTICOLUL NEHOTĂRÂT
2.1.3 ARTICOLUL ZERO
3: EXERCIŢII
1. TEXT CU ARTICOLUL
Program s. = Program
Early adv. = Devreme
To get up v. = A se scula
To turn on v. = A porni
Teams s. = Echipe
Entertainment s. = Divertisment
To provide v. = A furniza
News s. = Ştiri
5
Mariana Ţăranu, Limba Engleză, Sinteză Gramaticală completă prin enunţuri şi exerciţii, Ed. Corint, Bucureşti, 2002, p.
88-91.
25
Piece of news s. = Ştire
Bathroom s. = Baie
Cold adv. = Rece
Shower s. = Duş
Morning s. = Dimineaţă
Opportunity s. = Şansă
To practice v. = A practica
Tunes s. = Acorduri muzicale
To rub v. = A freca
Face s. = Faţă
Neck s. = Gât
Towel s. = Prosop
Blood s. = Sânge
To run v. = A alerga
To feel v. = A simţi
Anything pr. = Orice
Can v. = A putea
To occur v. = A se întâmpla
During prep. = În timp ce
To practice v. = A practica
Neighborhood s. = Vecinătate
Soon adv. = Curând
Breakfast s. = Mic dejun
Unfortunately adv. = Din nefericire
Heavy adv. = Greu; aglomerat
Ride s. = Plimbare
v. = A călări
Riser s. = Matinal
To wake up v. = A se trezi
Downtown s. = Centru
To miss v. = A rata
Newspaper s. = Ziar
Anyway adv. = Oricum
Drive s. = Impuls
v. = A conduce
→ PHRASES
26
Out of habit = din obişnuinţă
To take a ride = a face o plimbare
→ TEXT:
Read and translate this text in Romanian. (Citiţi şi traduceţi acest text în
Română):
MY DAILY PROGRAM:
My program starts very early every day. The first thing I do is get up and turn on
the radio. I like listening to the ‘Radio Total’ in the morning because they have young
teams for entertainment and provide the latest news in an optimistic way.
Next, I go into the bathroom and if it is not very cold, I have a shower to start my
energetic morning and to have the opportunity of practicing some of the modern tunes
from the radio. If it is a cold morning, I just rub my face and my neck with a special
towel to make my blood run faster and soon I feel ready for anything can occur during
that day.
My favorite activity in the morning is to practice jogging in my neighborhood.
I often meet my friends and talk about this and that while running. A cold shower comes
next and soon I have breakfast. Like all the people who want to keep fit, I usually, have a
heavy breakfast. It gives you the energy you need for a busy day.
If I do not have enough time for jogging, I go to the office by bike. Unfortunately,
the traffic is too busy for a morning ride.
I am an early riser so I usually wake up at 6 o’clock. I go to my office at 8 a.m. and
go back at home at 4.30 p.m. I work 8 hours a day, which mean 40 hours a week.
27
Sometimes in the afternoon, I go downtown to see a film or a play. I watch TV
every evening and I never miss talk shows. I buy a newspaper every day, out of habit, but
I do not have enough time to read it. Anyway, I read the daily horoscope, which gives me
the drive for the everyday activities, of course, if it is optimistic. If not, I simply do not
believe it!6
2. EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
2.1 CLASIFICARE:
6
Olea Ciuciuc, Eugenia Tănăsescu, Curs de Engleză Generală, Ed. Teora, Bucureşti, p. 38.
28
- înaintea sunetelor semi consonantice reprezentate de obicei prin literele: u, y, w.
Eg.: the honor; the heir; the hour; the honest man.
Articolul hotărât identifică un membru anume al unei clase şi este folosit în mai
multe situaţii:
1. Articolul hotărât este folosit cu substantive al căror înţeles este dedus din
context.
Eg.: the door, the window, the table, the wind, the sky, the ground, the town hall, the
police station, the hospital, the radio, the press, the telephone, the sun, the moon, the
stars.
29
Tonight, the moon will be full.
2. Articolul hotărât apare înaintea unor substantive care sunt reprezentante ale
unei categorii de obiecte, fiinţe sau animale:
Eg.: I saw this house last month. The house was still in construction yesterday.
ATENŢIE:
În cazul denumirilor de instituţii alcătuite din doi termeni şi prepoziţia of, articolul
the apare chiar dacă unul din termeni este omis.
Eg.: the (river) Thames, the Tate (Gallery), the Pacific (Ocean) etc.
30
Eg.: the Alps, the Danube, the Thames, the Atlantic Ocean, the Sahara, the Lido, the
National Theatre, the British Museum etc.
Eg.:
I want to buy a magazine.
1. Este folosit pentru a introduce o noţiune, un obiect sau o persoană care este
necunoscută ascultătorului.
31
2. Articolul nehotărât mai este folosit atunci când cel sau cea despre care se
vorbeşte este reprezentantul unei clase şi nu este definit concret prin
comunicare:
32
1. Atunci când este folosit cu substantive nenumărabile, articolul zero indică o
cantitate nedefinită:
Există anumite categorii de nume proprii care sunt însoţite de articolul zero:
Nume de persoane
33
Diviziuni de timp: zilele săptămânii, lunile anului sau sărbători etc.
Denumiri geografice: nume de oraşe, ţări, continente, lacuri sau munţi etc:
Nume proprii însoţite de substantive comune denumind clădiri, străzi sau poduri
etc.
Eg.: Bran Castle, Westminster Abbey, Oxford Street, London Bridge etc.
3. EXERCIŢII
1. What is the right form of the indefinite article for the following nouns? (Care
este forma corectă de articol nehotărât?):
brother; economy; record; Eskimos; picture; dance; Australian; language; issue; problem;
bussiness; English; newspaper; youth; student; village; Italian; story; family; leaf, way
etc. 7
2. Read the following nouns and insert the corresponding indefinite and definite
articles. (Citiţi următoarele substantive utilizând articolul nehotărât şi hotărât
corespunzător):
7
Olea Ciuciuc, Eugenia Tănăsescu, Curs de Engleză Generală, Ed. Teora, Bucureşti, p. 21
34
programme; early-riser; breakfast; after-noon; friends; shower; talk-show; newspaper;
horoscope; energetic afternoon; day; blood; evening; activity; neighbourhood.
1. I am ……..politician.
2. ……capital of…….England is…….London.
3. They are ……..teachers.
4. …….University of Bucharest is in……….center of the city.
5. ……Times is one of ……..most interesting newspapers in…….United Kingdom
and ……..Northern Irland.
6. I always have………breakfast in………..morning.
7. To study in…….Athens is one of……. most desirable things
for……..archaeologists.
8. He hasn’t got ………punishment I think he deserves.
9. ……..car like that seems to be very cheap.
10. He is……right man for this job.
11. My husband is……..difficult man.
12. They want to become……….pilots.
4. Choose a job from the right column for each of the following people. (Alegeţi
din coloana din dreapta o slujba corespunzătoare fiecărei persoane de mai jos):
E.g.: I am a teacher.
We are teachers.
1. She is an economist.
2. Are you an assistant or a journalist?
3. An option is something you agree or disagree with.
4. He is an Englishman.
5. The engineer is not in the office.
6. A banker is a man who deals with the money.
7. The bookkeeper isn’t in.
8. Is an accountant a good mathematician?
9. Mr. McCloud is a trainer, he is not a trainee.
1. We are students.
2. The men are businessmen and the women are businesswomen.
3. The Browns are doctors.
36
4. Are you mechanics or drivers?
5. The Steinbecks aren’t politicians.
6. All my friends are officeworkers.
7. Loan officers are people who lend money.
8. Are your parents university lecturers?
9. They aren’t foreigners, they are strangers.
8. Use the definite article the before the following geographical names. (Folosiţi
articolul hotărât the înaintea următoarelor denumiri geografice):
9. Say if the following sentences are true or false. (Spuneţi dacă următoarele
propoziţii sunt adevarate sau false):
8
Olea Ciuciuc, Eugenia Tănăsescu, Curs de Engleză Generală, Ed. Teora, Bucureşti, p. 40-42
37
1. The European Regional Airlines Association deals with Europe’s air transport
system.
2. Today we are going to see the Antipa Museum.
3. The British Museum displays many interesting objects from remote countries.
4. The Intercontinental Hotel is the highest building in Bucharest.
5. We will get more electricity from the Cernavoda Atomic Power Station in the near
future.
6. The Titanic was a huge liner; its sinking could not be forgotten by anybody.
7. An old Romanian ship was called the Transylvania.
8. Have you ever read the Times?
9. Or have you read the Wall Street Journal?
10.The Nelson Monument in Trafalgar Square is very tall.
11.The Victoria Memorial can be seen in front of the Buckingham Palace.
12.The European Council has settled a great number of international affairs.
13.A lot of people have received important supplies from the Red Cross.
10. Translate the English using the definite article the. (Traduceţi în limba engleză
folosind articolul hotărât the):
38
11. Translate into Romanian using the definite article the. (Traduceţi în limba
română folosind articolul hotărât the):
12. Use the definite article the, to show a species or a category. (Folosiţi articolul
the pentru a desemna o specie sau o categorie):
13. Translate and then read the following dates using the article the. (Citiţi şi
traduceţi următoarele date, folosind articolul hotărât the).
39
14. Use the definite article the before the numerals to complete the sentences.
(Folosiţi articolul hotărât the înaintea numeralelor pentru a completa spaţiile
libere):
1. ………the first meridian of the world can be “seen” at Greenwich: it is just a steel
rail in the yard of the Observatory.
2. World War One (…….the first World War) and World War Two (……second World
War) meant awful periods in the history of the mankind.
3. Elisabeth I (…..first) was an important queen of England. She was the daughter of
Henry VIII. (….eight)
15. Complete the following sentences with your own ideas, observing that they
include groups of words in which was used the definite article. (Completaţi cu
propriile idei cele ce urmează, observând că includ grupuri de cuvinte în care s-a
folosit articolul hotărât):
………the day after tomorrow; ……..the day after yesterday; ……..all the year round;
……..the right time; ……..the time being; ……pass the time; ……..the street;…….the
bottom of the lake.
ARTICOLUL NEHOTĂRÂT
40
17. Translate into English. (Traduceţi în limba engleză):
18. Fill in the blanks with the indefinite article. (Completaţi spaţiile libere cu
articolul nehotărât):
19. Fill in the following sentences with names of professions using the indefinite
article before them. (Completaţi următoarele propoziţii cu nume de ocupaţii şi
profesii folosind articolul nehotărât înaintea lor):
41
1. Tom’s father works in an office, he is……….
2. His mother works in a hospital, she is……….
3. Tom’s elder brother reads law, he is…………
4. Tom’s younger sister knows how to play the piano, she will be…………..
5. Tom’s grandfather worked in the army, he was……….
20. Use the indefinite article instead of the numeral one in the following sentences.
(Folosiţi articolul nehotărât în locul numeralului one în următoarele propoziţii):
1. I have bought one doll and two teddy bears for my little nice.
2. My friend has bought one magazine for herself and three newspapers for her
family.
3. Fetch one knife and four carrots, please.
4. The painter has used several brushes for his oil color and one big palette.
21. Say which from the following sentences express truths and underline the
indefinite article. (Spuneţi care din următoarele propoziţii exprimă adevăruri şi
apoi subliniaţi articolele nehotărâte):
42
8. You cannot kill many flies at a blow.
9. They were in a nice mood when they lost their way in the wood.
10. Yesterday a comet appeared all of a sudden.
11.We are in a hurry to eat all the chocolates we find in a box.
12.We cannot make a comparison between summer and winter.
22. Answer the following questions and explain the exceptions. (Răspundeţi al
următoarele întrebări şi explicaţi excepţiile):
44
Abroad adv. = În străinătate
Adjective s. = Adjectiv
Airplane s. = Aeroplan
Attentive adj. = Atent
Care s. = Grijă
Community s. = 1. Comunitate
s. = 2. Colectiv
Comparison s. = Comparaţie
Contribution s. = Contribuţie
Development s. = Dezvoltare
Engine s. = Motor
To grow, grew, grown v. = 1. A creşte
v. = 2. A dezvolta
Healthy adj. = Sănătos
Hospital s. = Spital
Joyful adj. = 1. Bucuros
adj. = 2. Vesel
Life s. = Viaţă
Medical adj. = Medical
Motor s. = Motor
Musician s. = Muzician
To owe, -ed v. = A datora
v. = A deţine
Patient s. = 1. Pacient
adj. = 2. Răbdător
Philosopher s. = Filozof
Plant s. = Uzină
Power-station s. = Centrală electrică
Press-reporter s. = Reporter
Profession s. = Profesie
Research-work s. = Muncă de cercetare
Satisfaction s. = Satisfacţie
Science s. = Ştiinţă
Sculptor s. = Sculptor
To send sent sent v. = A trimite
Visit s. = Vizită
→ PHRASES:
45
To pay somebody a visit – a face cuiva o vizită
To give somebody (medical) care – a acorda cuiva îngrijire (medicală)
Anything else – orice altceva
To grow older – a îmbătrâni
He’s perfectly right – are perfectă dreptate
→ TEXT:
Read and translate this text in Romanian. (Citiţi şi traduceţi acest text în
Română):
46
you.’
Eva: ‘As a teacher, I love my profession but I think there’s nothing which brings more
satisfaction in life than research work, which means your contribution to the development
of science.’10
2. EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
ATENŢIE!
2. Adjectivele descriptive. Acest tip de adjective arată calităţile sau defectele unui
obiect sau ale unei persoane.
10
Virgiliu Ştefănescu-Drăgăneşti, Adrian Nicolaescu, Victor Hanea, Limba Engleză Curs Practic, Ed. Ştiinţifică, Bucureşti,
pag. 270-271
47
3. Adjective cantitative. Aşa cum sugerează şi numele aceste adjective indică
cantitatea: much, none, some any, enough, all, whole, half, few etc.
4. Adjectivele demonstrative: this, that, such, the same, the other, these, those, a,
an, any, a certain, such, some, another.
În cazul în care două sau mai multe adjective însoţesc un substantiv locul lor în
propoziţie este următorul:
48
1. la adjectivele care descriu obiecte se începe cu numărul acestora apoi
urmează însuşirile, vârsta, marimea, forma, culoarea, materialul.
Eg.: Many, interesting, new, all shaped, multicolored, silk cloths were sitted on chairs.
Eg.: In that room were five, beautiful, tall, young, international models.
Un alt lucru care trebuie reţinut este următorul: în limba engleză locul adjectivelor
în propoziţie poate depinde şi de forma adjectivelor. Mai precis, adjectivele scurte sunt
aşezate înaintea adjectivelor lungi.
ATENŢIE!
- adjectivele care intră în alcătuirea unor nume proprii pot să stea după
substantiv.
49
Eg.: Alfred the Great, William the Conqueror
- când anumite cuvinte se temină în: - body, -one, thing adjectivul stă după.
Eg.: John felt bad at the thought he abandoned his mates. (guilty)
After failing the examination she felt badly a whole week. (unhappy)
În cazul verbelor: be, become, taste, feel, look, smell, sound există anumite
diferenţe în folosirea lor ca adjective sau adverbe. Ele sunt folosite ca şi adjective atunci
când actiunea se referă la subiectul propoziţiei şi ca adverbe atunci când actiunea
propoziţei se referă la verb.
50
Eg.: The girl tastes the coffee she wants to buy.
The coffee tasted by John was good.
2.4. GRADELE DE COMPARAŢIE ALE ADJECTIVELOR
1. GRADUL POZITIV
Arată forma obişnuită a unui adjectiv aşa cum se găseşte într-un dicţionar.
2. GRADUL COMPARATIV
51
Compară calităţile sau defectele a două sau mai multe adjective la diverse grade. În
limba engleză există două tipuri de comparaţie:
A. Comparaţia scurtă
B. Comparaţia lungă
ATENŢIE!
52
Eg.: dry – drier – the driest
3. Adjectivele terminate în –e sau –ee pierd e final înaintea lui –er sau –est.
4. Există unele adjective care au fie numai comparaţie scurtă sau numai comparaţie
lungă. Adjective ca: fit, huge, calm, just, keen, kind, plain rare, stiff, vague etc. se
compară în mod scurt în timp ce adjectivele de genul active, civil, common, hostile,
constant, prudent, pleasant or sudden preferă comparaţia lungă. Tot în această ultimă
categorie se încadrează şi adjective de tipul: carefull şi different.
► Comparativul de inferioritate
► Comparativul de egalitate
► Comparativul de superioritate
53
Se formează prin adăugarea cuvintelor the most în faţa adjectivului.
3. GRADUL SUPERLATIV
Gradul superlativ se formează în funcţie de numărul de silabe din care este alcătuit
adjectivul.
Adjectivele formate din două sau mai multe silabe sunt precedate de the most.
Când primul element este un adjectiv care îşi păstrează sensul acesta se schimbă la
comparativ şi superlativ:
54
ill-paid – worse-paid – the worst-paid
Când cele două elemente formează un tot din punct de vedere al sensului,
comparaţia se realizează cu more şi the most.
Există în limba engleză o categorie specială de adjective care nu formează gradele de
comparaţie ca restul adjectivelor. Acest tip de comparaţie poartă numele de comparaţie
neregulată a adjectivelor. Acestea sunt:
3. EXERCIŢII (EXERCISES):
1. Put the adjectives in brackets in the correct order. (Puneţi adjectivele din
paranteză în ordinea corectă):
55
5. She is……doctor. (woman, English, young, a, pleasant)
6. I hate…..ladies. (three, ugly, those, old, boring)
7. ….books are on sale this week. (or, new, geography, old, and, good, bad)
8. …..classes end at 8 o’clock. (teacher’s, the, interesting, afternoon)
9. …..blouses are for you. (up-to-date, silk, three, these)
10. Mr. Brown is wearing …..suit. (long, a, becoming, very, grey)
11. Peter has already read…..books. (English, several, easy, very)
12.………acts were presented in a Romanian film. (Michael, courageous, brave, the,
Brave’s, and)
13. I’d like to have……..teacher as you. (good, so, intelligent, and, a)
14. …….laugh was heard. (musical, a, malicious, but)
15.This museum has…….paintings. (Spanish, old, very, valuable, many)
16.I bought a pair of…….shoes. (leather expensive Italian handmade)
17.I’m looking for……….clock radio. (white, a, Taiwanese, cheap, for my bedside
table)
18.The car he drives is……..sports car. (well-maintained, second-hand, a, with a low
2mileage)
19.I have in my dining room …..dining-table (well-plished, beautiful, the, antique,
mahogany, English) I bought from John.
20.I lost…….trainers (canvas, American, a pair of, grey and red, which I use for
jogging)
21.We live in a…….cottage (stone build, small, old, country)
22.I’m going to buy a…..dress (cotton, summer, pink and white, for my holiday)11
11
Mihai M. Zdrenghea, Anca L. Greere, A Practical English Gramar with exercises, Ed. Clusium, 1999, Cluj-Napoca, pag.
91
56
1. That was a ……..mountain. (high, highly)
2. Treat him………..(fair, fairly)
3. Birds can fly…….in the sky. (high, highly)
4. Still waters run….(deep, deeply)
5. He was…….shocked. (deep, deeply)
6. The swan ……in the lake. (deep, deeply)
7. The book cost…..(dear, dearly)
8. He loves his son……(dear, dearly)
9. He acted (cool, cooly)
10.This is a …..task. (hard, hardly)
11.He works……for the exams. (hard, hardly)
12.He has……..worked this week. (hard, hardly)
13.He was…..to me. (kind, kindly)
14.Boxers are not allowed to hit…..(low, lowly)
15.His position is……..(low, lowly)
16.That was……..a good attempt. (pretty, prettily)
17. I’ll sell you the car ……(cheap, cheaply)
18.Send this letter…..(express, expressly)
19.You played me……..; you shall pay for it. (false, falsely)
20.I did not; you accused me …..(false, falsely)
21.I got off first in the race but managed to come…..(last, lastly)
22.And,…..I’d like to thank all those who helped me. (last, lastly)
23.We’ve been receiveing a lot of junk mail……(late, lately)
24.I don’t think you’ve been treated very….. (just, justly)
25.I……fell off the edge of the platform! (near, nearly)12
12
Mihai M. Zdrenghea, Anca L. Greere, A Practical English Gramar with exercises, Ed. Clusium, 1999, Cluj-Napoca, pag.
102
57
3. Using the expression as………..as to indicate the quality, translate into English
the following sentences. (Folosind expresia as……..as pentru a indica egalitatea
traduceţi în limba engleză următoarele propoziţii):
eu.
58
4. Domnul Brown este un neguţător mai cinstit decât domnul Smith.
5. Şti care este trecătoarea cea mai îngustă din Carpaţi?
6. Este un lucru mai nobil să taci decât să pronunţi vorbe rele drept răspuns.
7. Una dintre cele mai plăcute zile din viaţa studenţilor a fost serbarea dedicată
teatrului englez.
8. Este o atitudine mai politicoasă să spui “thank you” decât “thanks”.
9. Se pare că iarna este mai severă în emisfera nordică a pământului.
10. Cel mai simplu lucru este să spui adevărul.
11. Afişul a devenit mai galben din cauza soarelui.
1. Lucrarea lui Tom a fost mai puţin interesantă decât cea a lui Victor.
2. Poate că a fost cea mai puţin interesantă dintre toate lucrările.
3. Luna este mai puţin interesantă decât pământul.
4. Muntele Omul este mai înalt decât muntele Ceahlău.
5. Oltul este unul dintre cele mai lungi râuri din România.
6. Arcul de Triumf din Bucureşti este mare, dar nu tot atât de mare ca cel din Paris.
7. Muntele Retezat este unul dintre cei mai înalţi munţi din ţara noastră.
59
8. Oltul este mai lung decât Prahova.
9. Dunărea este mai puţin adâncă decât Marea Neagră.
8. Put the following words in the necessary order. (Puneţi cuvinte următoare în
ordine):
1. More than beautiful Our and garden than is their larger garden.
2. That more interesting meci than was the shorter other one but.
3. And more lasting That pair of shoes than her sister’s she bought was cheaper.
4. The T-shirts thinner worn by than were their teams and our more expensive.
10. Read the following text and notice the use of the comparative of equality.
(Citiţi următorul text şi observaţi folosirea comparativului de egalitate):
13
Mariana Ţăranu, Limba Engleză, Sinteză Gramaticală completă prin enunţuri şi exerciţii, Ed. Corint, Bucureşti, 2002, p.
59-64.
60
As hungry as a bear – as full as a tick.
11. Give the comparative of superiority to the following adjectives. (Spuneţi care
este comparativul de superioritate al următoarelor adjective):
Sweet; lazy; fond; unhappy; clumsy; good; bad; old; far; fresh.
12. Give the comparative of inferiority for the following adjectives. (Spuneţi
care este comparativul de inferioritate al următoarelor adjective):
Rapid; little; interesting; cold; tall; clever; intelligent; far; ill; quick.
61
13. Give the superlative to the following adjectives. (Spuneţi care este superlativul
următoarelor adjective):
Amazing; old; near; little; high; quick; captivating; obsolete; good; fast.
14. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms (comparative or superlative) of the
adjective in brackets:
15. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms (comparative or superlative) of the
adjective in brackets:
62
4. Cartierul Ferentari este cel mai murdar din Bucureşti.
5. Care este grupa cu cel mai mic număr de studenţi?
6. În această regiune este mai multă zăpadă decât în restul ţării.
7. Prietena mea a fost la munte. Erau foarte multe cabane acolo.
8. Care este cel mic număr de ani din familia ta?
9. Cine cheltuieşte mai puţin în familia ta?
10. Eu nu am mers la mare. Era prea mult soare.14
14
Olea Ciuciuc, Eugenia Tănăsescu, Curs de Engleză Generală, Ed. Teora, Bucureşti, p.131-132.
63
UNIT V
FOCUS: ADVERBUL
1: TEXT CU ADVERBUL
2: EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
2.1. TIPURI DE ADVERBE
2.2. FORMA ADVERBELOR
2.3. COMPARATIA ADVERBELOR
3: EXERCIŢII
→ PHRASES:
64
→ TEXT:
Read and translate this text in Romanian. Identify the adverbs in the
following text. (Citiţi şi traduceţi acest text în română. Identificaţi adverbele în
textul de mai jos):
Once a tram, a trolley-bus, a car and a bycicle met at crossing. As they were
waiting for the green light, they began to talk.
The car said to the bycicle, ´Why do people use you? You are so slow! When you
do not move you cannot stand – you fall on your side. I have four wheels and I move very
quickly and I can carry not one man, but five. I am more useful than you.´
´It depends on when and where´, said the little bycicle.
Then the tram began to speak.
´I am more useful than you´ it said to the car. ´You can carry five people and I can
carry more than one hundred. I am more useful than you.´
´It depends on when and where´, said the bycicle again.
Then the trolley-bus spoke.
´I think I am more useful´, said the trolley-bus to the tram. ´You make so much
noise! I am better than you.´
´It depends on when and where´, said the bycicle for the third time.
At that time they saw a green light. They began to move. They wanted to see which
of them was the quickest. Soon the bycicle fell behind. The other three moved on, but as
the tram and the trolley-bus had to stop, they fell behind the car too.
Then suddenly the tram went of the trails and had to stop.
65
And the trolley-bus said to the train, ´I hink you will stay here for a long time. I do
not need any rails. Good-bye!´ And it ran on. But soon it came to its last stop and had to
go back.
At that time the car was moving very quickly. It came to a place were there was a
bridge across a river. But some men were repairing the bridge and the car had to look for
a place to cross the river. When it came to a village on the other side of the river, it saw
the the bycicle there.
´How did you cross the river?´ asked the car.
The men who were repairing the bridge left a little place for me to cross the river.
And so here I am. Do you remember what I said? It depends upon when and where.´15
2. EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
Ca şi în limba română, adverbul din limba engleză este partea de vorbire care
determină, în principal, un verb şi care arată caracteristicile unei acţiuni, mai precis locul,
timpul sau modul în care se desfăşoara acţiunea.
Există totuşi şi cazuri în care adverbele modifică sensul adjectivelor, altor adverbe,
substantivelor sau chiar a unor propoziţii:
15
Monica Milcoveanu, Engleza Rapida, Ed. Steaua Nordului, Bucuresti, 2008, pag. 157-158
66
2.1.1 Adverbul de mod
2.1.2 Adverbe de loc
2.1.3 Adverbe de timp
2.1.4 Adverbe de frecvenţă
2.1.5 Adverbe de opinie
2.1.6 Adverbe interogative
Este unul dintre cele mai cunoscute şi mai des folosite adverbe datorită terminaţiei
–ly. Această terminaţie a devenit de altfel marca adverbului din limba engleză.
Adverbul de mod aşa cum îi arată şi denumirea arată modul în care se desfăşoară o
acţiune şi răspunde la întrebarea: how?
67
Adverbe de mod care arată sentimentele persoanei care face acţiunea: angrily,
bitterly, oldly, calmly, cherfully, furiously, gladly, gloomly, greatfully, hapilly, impatiently,
miserably.
Acest tip de adverbe oferă informaţii despre locul în care are loc acţiunea dar şi
despre direcţia sau destinaţia acesteia. Adverbele de loc răspund la întrebările: where?
where to? from where? which way? etc.
Adverbe de loc care arată locaţia: abroad, ahead, anywhere, around, ashore,
away, downstairs, upstairs, everywhere, here, there, inland, midway, nearly, nowhere etc.
Adverbe de loc care arată destinaţia: ashore, home, inside, near, next door,
outside etc.
68
Eg.: He came home a minute ago.
It is near.
She lives next door.
Adverbe de loc care arată direcţia: ahead, along, back, backwards, forward, left,
clockwise, east, north, south, west etc.
ATENŢIE!
69
Atunci când ne referim la adverbe de timp exacte indicatorii de timp sunt zilele,
lunile sau anii: yesterday, today, tomorrow, Sunday, Wensday, in 1980, last week sau
anumite momente ale zilei, evenimente concrete din an ca: at noon, in the afternoon,
in the evening, at luch, at dawn, at night, on Christmas, on Easter, on New Year’s Eve etc.
ATENŢIE!
Eg.: Our group will still meet at 12 o’clock sharp, on Sunday, August 22nd 2009.
You have an appointment with our project manager at 8 o’clock, Monday
morning, July 4th 2009.
Există în limba engleză un adverb de timp des folosit şi anume ago. Acest adverb
are formă de trecut dar el indică întotdeauna o acţiune prezentă şi mai mult trebuie însoţit
de repere temporare.
Dacă vrem subliniem faptul că acţiunea a avut loc în trecut, ago trebuie înlocuit
cu before.
70
Alte adverbe de timp des folosite în limba engleză sunt: all day long, any more,
no longer, briefly, forever, over night. Există şi expresii adverbiale de tipul: after, before,
during, for, from....to...., in, since, until etc.
În limba engleză adverbul for indică în general lungimea de timp a unei acţiuni.
Dar există şi situaţiile în care vrem să subliniem într-un mod oarecum exagerat că această
acţiune a durat prea mult.
Dacă acţiunea nu este definită clar din punct de vedere temporar se folosesc
adverbe ca: about, almost, around, more than, nearly etc.
71
Acest tip de adverbe arată cât de des sau de rar are loc o acţiune: often, seldom,
rarely, never, ever etc.
A. Adverbe de frecvenţă bine definite sunt acel tip de adverbe care indică timpul
concret al unei acţiuni: daily, nightly, monthly etc. În general, acest tip de adverbe este
aşezat la sfârşitul propoziţiei.
Locul adverbelor de frecvenţă indefinite este după verbul to be ori după alte
timpuri verbale. Există totuşi anumite adverbe de frecvenţă care sunt aşezate la
începutul propoziţiei pentru a sublinia ceva. Acestea sunt: never, ever, in no
circumstances, only by, only when etc
72
Eg.: Never, has he behave like this.
In no circumstances, must he have this building.
Only by chance, we saw him.
Aceste adverbe arată opinia cuiva despre un anumit eveniment de care a auzit sau
la care a participat. Aceste adverbe pot avea grade diferite de intensitate.
73
Eg.: What you say is absurdely.
Curiously, they did not reply.
Fortunately, the people saw the accident.
Sadly, he could no longer move his leg.
What you did was unnecessarely.
Din punct de vedere al formei adverbele din limba engleză pot fi:
a. Cuvinte simple sau compuse: here, soon, then, when, how, abroad, anywhere,
somewhere, well etc.
74
Put it anywere.
Există şi excepţii de această regulă. De exemplu adjectivul true pierde e-ul final
atunci când terminaţia -ly este adăugată. Aceeaşi situaţie se aplică şi în cazul adjectivului
whole – wholly.
75
Eg.: He seemed truly disturbed by the current situation.
ATENŢIE!
1. bright/brightly
76
Eg.: His face was bright/brightly.
2. dear/dearly
3. fair/fairly
2. deep/deeply: deep = adânc din punct de vedere literar cât şi figurat; deeply =
folosit figurat cu sensul „din toată inima/sufletul”
77
Eg.: This road is direct.
You will come directly here!
4. easy/easily: easy = înseamnă uşor dar este foarte des întâlnit în expresii de
tipul: take it easy; go easy; easily = cu uşurinţă
78
Ca şi în cazul adjectivelor, există adverbe care nu se pot compara după regula
generală, ele având forme speciale. Acestea sunt:
A. COMPARAŢIA SCURTĂ
ADVERBUL: LATE
B. COMPARAŢIA LUNGĂ
ADVERBUL: FLUENTLY
Gradul pozitiv: He speaks fluently severeal foreign languages.
Gradul compartiv de superioritate: This candidate speaks more fluently
than others.
de egalitate: English is spoken as fluently as French today.
de inferioritate: Her brother speaks less fluently than
his sister.
Gradul superlativ: For an outsider you speak German very well.
79
3. EXERCIŢII
80
10. În timpul discursului s-a ridicat şi a plecat.
11.Tot nu a terminat să se aranjeze pentru petrecere.
12. Mă întâlnescu cu John a doua zi.
13. Sistematic uită să stingă lumina la baie.
14. S-ar putea să aibă dreptate.
15. Nu mi-e deloc frică.
16. Cel mai probabil asta se va întâmpla.
17. Contrar tuturor aşteptărilor, el a luat examenul.
18. Este un student mult mai bun decât se spune despre el.16
Abrupt, aimless; anxious; attentive; bitter; brave; cautious; confortable; coward; early;
efficient; equal; fast; fatal; frearless; friendly; glad; good; hard; hopeful; humble;
immediate; kind; late; lively; lovely; loyal; long; lucky, mental; merry, motherly; near;
noble; noisy; patient; poor; proud; right; scornful; sensible; silly; simple; skilful; steady;
straight; sudden; suitable; sweet; terrible; truthful; wrong.
6. Write these sentences again. Put the words in brackets in the right place.
(Citiţi propoziţiile din nou. Puneţi cuvintele din paranteză la locul potrivit.):
82
1. She answers to my letters. (rarely)
2. The shops close on Saturday afternoon. (always)
3. We work after 6 o’clock. (never)
4. We spend our holidays abroad. (sometimes)
5. Do you buy gramaphone records? (ever)
83
18. The gate was wide opened.
19. The two parties differ widely in opinion.
20. The carstopped short only some inches from the pedestrian.
21. I met him shortly.
22. His lecture will begin at ten o’clock sharp.
23. The road turns sharp(ly) to the right.
24. He drove his car clear of the blazing petrol.
25.It is clearly impossible to talk him out of his plans.
26. She was sleeping sound(ly) on the couch.
27. Last week Dinamo were soundly beaten by Steaua.
28. He worked hard over the weekend.
29.They can hardly expect me to do all that work in one week.
30. Do not speak so fast.
31. Many people should eat and drink less.
8. Supply the correct forms of the adverbs in brackets. (Spuneţi care sunt
formele corecte ale adverbelor din paranteză):
(confortable).
6. Then they search the house (thorough).
7. (Sad) Mrs. Brown watched her jewel box being emptied.
8. When she was asked if anything in the box was of a sentimental value to her, she
85
1.3.3: EXERCIŢII
86
Nephew s. = Nepot To want v. = A vrea
(de unchi /
mătuşă)
Next adj. = Următor; Without prep = Fără
următoare
Non- s. = Nefumător The other adj. Celălalt, cealaltă,
smoker nehot = Ceilalţi, celelalte
Permission s. = Permisiune
→ PHRASES:
→ TEXT:
Read and translate this text in Romanian. (Citiţi şi traduceţi acest text în
Română):
88
(Everybody begins to write.)18
1.3.2.1 INTRODUCERE
18
Virgiliu Ştefănescu-Drăgăneşti, Adrian Nicolaescu, Victor Hanea, Limba Engleză Curs Practic, Ed. Ştiinţifică, Bucureşti,
pag. 142-143
89
Spre deosebire de alte categorii de verbe din limba engleză, verbele modale nu apar
niciodată însoţite de aceasta.
ATENŢIE!
În limba română pot exista mai multe negaţii în aceeaşi propoziţie, în schimb, în
limba engleză, nu se poate folosi decât o singură negaţie în propoziţie: “I tell you
nothing”, „They can’t say anything.”
90
Ex.: You must not say a word.
You may not like it.
5. verbele modale sunt defective. Acest lucru presupune lipsa anumitor forme
pentru timpuri trecute sau viitoare.
În general, forma de bază a verbelor modale: can, must sau may este folosită
numai pentru timpul prezent. Atunci când aceste forme trebuie folosite la alte timpuri
verbale cum ar fi trecut sau viitor, ele sunt înlocuite de anumite construcţii verbale care
prin alcătuirea lor permit această trecere. Aceste construcţii verbale poartă numele de
echivalenţi modali şi ei sunt:
CAN – TO BE ABLE TO
MUST – HAVE TO
MAY – BE ALLOWED TO / BE PERMITTED TO
ATENŢIE!
Formele could, might, would, should sugerează o atitudine mai reţinută din partea
vorbitorului, o formă politicoasă de a exprima ceva, fiindcă sunt mai puţin directe în
propoziţiile interogative şi atunci când adresăm invitaţii.
91
A. CAN – COULD:
Acest verb modal este unul dintre cele mai des folosite în limba engleză şi se
traduce prin: a putea, a fi în stare de, a şti, a se pricepe la.
În limba engleză verbul modal can este asociat cu verbul modal may, amândouă
indicând acelaşi lucruri. Diferă numai exprimarea şi gradul de incertitudine. De exemplu:
92
- Forma CAN este cea a modului Indicativ.
- Forma de negativ a lui CAN variază în funcţie de engleza britanică sau cea
americană. În cea britanică este folosită forma CANNOT în timp ce în cea
americană este mai des întâlnită forma despărţită CAN NOT.
- Forma COULD este o formă de trecut şi are ca formă de negativ COULD NOT.
EXCEPŢIE!
CAN exprimă capacitatea fizică sau intelectuală de efectuare a unei acţiuni prin
urmare este însoţit mereu de verbe de percepţie fizică cum ar fi: feel, hear, notice,
perceive, see, smell, taste and touch sau mintală: believe, forget, imagine, recall,
remember, think etc.
Can mai poate fi folosit şi cu verbe de tipul guess, tell, see sau know
93
sau de verbele get, become sau seem folosite mai ales în avertismente.
Aşa cum am mai spus forma can este folosită numai la timpul Prezent. Atunci cand
acţiunea a avut loc în trecut sau va avea loc în viitor aceasta formă nu mai poate fi
folosită deoarece nu arată aceste transformări. În această situaţie, can trebuie înlocuit cu o
construcţie care să reflecte acest lucru.
Dacă acţiunea a avut loc în trecut există două moduri de a exprima acest lucru:
Acţiunea a avut loc într-un trecut foarte aproape de momentul vorbirii. În
acest caz, este folosită forma COULD.
Acţiunea a avut loc într-un trecut mai îndepărtat. Prin urmare, se foloseşte
echivalentul modal al lui can to be able to. Trebuie reţinut faptul că folosirea acestui
echivalent modal este determinată de existenţa unor intervale de timp concrete cum ar fi:
yesterday, for an hour, at 8 o’clock etc.
Dacă acţiunea va avea loc în viitor can va fi înlocuit cu will able to.
- verbul CAN este adeseori folosit în locul verbului MAY, în vorbirea familiară, pentru a
exprima cerea, refuzul sau acordarea permisiunii sau pentru idea de a-i fi permis ceva
cuiva.
- exprimă o posibilitate, mai precis realizarea unei acţiuni care depinde de anumite
înprejurări concrete.
95
Eg.: She could have helped me.
(But she didn’t)
2. COULD este forma de trecut a lui can şi are aceeaşi formă pentru toate persoanele
la Indicativ şi Condiţional. Când este urmat de Infinitivul simplu se traduce prin: putea,
ştia, era în stare de.
- Formulele CAN şi COULD sunt mai uzuale în vorbire în timp ce BE ABLE TO sună
formal.
I can guess what you want to say.
I can tell from this moment that the plan will not work.
96
1.3.3 EXERCIŢII
97
1. ……………..you stand on your heady? Yes, I…………..when I was at school,
I…………now.
2. When I have passed my driving test, I …………………..hire a car from our local
garage.
3. At the end of the month the Post Office will send him an enormous bill which
he…….not pay.
4. I ………..remember the address. …………..you not even remember the street?
5. When the fog lifts, we…………. see where we are.
6. You’ve put too much in your rucksack; you never ………..carry all that.
7. When I was a child I ………(not) understand adults, and now that I am an adult
I……….(not) understand children.
8. Don’t try to look at all the pictures in the gallery. Otherwise when you get home you…
not….remember any of them.
9. When I first went to France, I …….read French, but I …….(not) speak it.
10. ……..you type? Yes, I……type but I ……do shorthand.
11. I’m locked in. I………get out.
12. I think I………come next week. I am very busy these days.
98
8. ………..you see her face? No, I ……..see her face.
9. ……. you see the clock? It’s over the door. What time is it?
10. Everybody……..fall ill.
11. John…….write because he has ink, paper and pen.
12. ………..we send a letter without a stamp on the envelope? No, we……..
13. This man………..see; he’s blind.
14. It was a long time ago; I…….remember it now.
15. Blind men…….see. They…..see anything.
16. Deaf men…..hear. They…..hear anything.
17. I……do all the exercises as they’re quite easy.
18. I……forget our walking along the river on that wonderful evening.
19. ……you taste anything particular in the soup? No, I……
20. I…..smell something burning.
4. În propoziţiile care urmează, folosiţi CAN sau CAN’T împreună cu unul dintre
aceste verbe: hear, look, read, see, understand, walk. (In the following sentences use
CAN or CAN’T with one of these verbs: hear, look, read, see, understand, walk):
99
5. Traduceţi în limba română. (Translate into Romanian):
a. Must cu aceeaşi formă la toate persoanele, are valoare de Indicativ prezent şi viitor
în funcţie de adverbul de timp care îl însoţeşte.
- Must exprimă o obligaţie sau o concluzie logică şi se traduce prin a trebui să.
- Antonimul lui MUST este NEEDN’T des folosit în engleza britanică sau DON’T
NEED TO care este caracteristic englezei americane. Ambele exprimă absenţa
obligaţiei şi se traduc prin: nu trebuie să, nu este nevoie/necesar să. Cu ajutorul acestor
forme se formulează deducţii negative.
19
Ion Vladoiu, Verbele modale englezesti, ed. AN-DA, Bucuresti, pag. 83-84
100
Eg.: I must attend all my classes to graduate this faculty.
3. verbul must este des utilizat în articole de lege, regulamente etc. pentru a exprima
obligativitatea respectării lor. Forma negativă exprimă interdicţia.
Eg.: „All the citizens of Romania must comply with the laws as derived from the
ratified Constitution.”
„Pedestrians must not cross the street when the traffic light is red.”
5. Must mai exprimă reproşul faţă de o acţiune din prezent, exprimat prin forma
interogativă:
101
Eg.: Must you always react like this?
7. exprimă invitaţii cu caracter formal sau oferte în situaţia de gazdă sau musafir:
Must – puternic accentuat este folosit în engleza britanică pentru a exprima ceea ce
trebuie neapărat făcut şi se regăseşte sub forma unei recomandări sau a unui sfat ferm
adresat subiectului propoziţiei.
2. NEED
Need are un regim mai special în limba engleză deoarece este doar un verb semi-
modal. Această denumire se referă la faptul că există două aspecte ale acestui verb: unul
de verb obişnuit – to need (a avea nevoie de, a-i fi necesar, a-i trebui) – şi unul modal,
des întâlnit în engleza britanică, folosit numai în propoziţiile negative şi interogative.
102
ATENŢIE!
- Forma negativă, needn’t poate fi urmată doar de un verb la infinitiv: NEEDN’T DO. Ea
exprimă absenţa necesităţii şi reflectă doar opinia vorbitorului.
- NEED este folosit pentru a exprima absenţa necesităţii efectuării unei acţiuni mai ales
la forma negativă şi se traduce prin „nu e nevoie”, „nu e cazul”:
103
1.3.3 EXRCIŢII
104
8. You (show) your passport when reached the border?
9. I (pay) in cash next week, or can I give you a card?
10. I want to be an airline pilot. What qualifications you (have) to be a pilot?
11. You (not/decide) today. You can tell me tomorrow.
12. I arrived late yesterday because I (wait) a long time for the bus.
13. We (work) on Saturday mornings. That’s our job.
14. Tim (do) some washing-up today; it’s his turn to help the kitchen.
15. I’m not content with my present results. I (work) harder from now on.
105
5. Transformaţi propoziţiile de la exerciţiul numărul 3 în propoziţii negative
folosind forma needn’t. (Make negative sentences from exercise 3 using need not). 20
UNIT VI (CONTINUARE)
PART II
FOCUS: 1.3. VERBELE MODALE
1.3.1: TEXTE CU VERBELE MODALE
1.3.2: EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
1.3.2.2 CONTINUARE: MAY
1.3.2.3 ALTE VERBE MODALE
1.3.3: EXERCIŢII
20
Ion Vladoiu, Verbele modale englezesti, ed. AN-DA, Bucuresti, pag. 152-158
106
Auntie s. = Mătuşică Interesting adj. = Interesant
Behind prep. = În spatele, Joke s. = Glumă
îndărătul
Can v. = A putea, Lady s. = Doamnă
a fi în stare de
To change v. = A (se) schimba To leave s. = A lăsa
To come v. = A merge Madam s. = Doamnă
along împreună (numai la V.)
May v. = 1. A putea Phrase s. = Expresie
A avea voie
2. a fi posibil
To mean v. = 1. A avea Polite adj. = Politicos
înţeles de
2. A însemna
To mind v. = A da atenţie la; To strike v. = A bate
a-i păsa de
Mine pron. = Al meu, a mea, Time s. = Timp
pos. ai mei,
ale mele
Must v. = A trebui; Tomorrow adv. = Mâine
a fi necesar
Nephew s. = Nepot To want v. = A vrea
(de unchi /
mătuşă)
Next adj. = Următor; Without prep = Fără
următoare
Non- s. = Nefumător The other adj. Celălalt,
smoker nehot = cealaltă,
Ceilalţi,
celelalte
Permission s. = Permisiune
→ PHRASES:
107
You mean – vrei să spui (că)
Ladies and gentlemen – doamnelor şi domnilor
In that case – în acest caz
I don’t mind – nu-mi pasă; nu mă deranjează
I say, Victor – ascultă Victor
To be interested in – a se interesa de
From time to time – din când în când
Next time – data viitoare
To take a dictation; to do a dictation – a scrie o dictare
As usual – ca de obicei
→ TEXT:
Read and translate this text in Romanian. (Citiţi şi traduceţi acest text în
Română):
108
DAN: Of course you must, if you want to be polite. There may be non-smokers among
them, too. So you mustn’t smoke without their permission. But you have their
permission, so you may smoke.
ADRIAN: Thank you, ladies and gentlemen.
GEORGE: May I open the window behind you Alexandra? I don’t like cigarette smoke.
ALEXANDRA: Yes, you may. But in this case I think I want to change my place.
PAUL: You can change it with mine if you like. I don’t mind an open window behind me.
MARIA: I say, Victor, tell your sister she can come and see me tomorrow evening. I have
an interesting English book to show her.
VICTOR: May I come along with her? You know I am very much interested in English
books.
MARIA: Certainly you may. It’s a pleasure.
EVA: Now, friends, I think we must have a dictation today. You cannot only speak here.
From time to time you must also write. All of you may not like it but we must do this,
too. Our teacher wants us to do it.
ADRIAN: Can’t we leave it for the next time? I feel I can’t dictation today.
LIZA: You mustn’t say that Adrian. I am sure you can do a very good dictation, as usual.
You may be a little tired today because we know you work very hard, but we are sure you
can do it all right.
EVA: All right then. Let us begin. Dictation.
(Everybody begins to write.) 21
21
Virgiliu Ştefănescu-Drăgăneşti, Adrian Nicolaescu, Victor Hanea, Limba Engleză Curs Practic, Ed. Ştiinţifică, Bucureşti,
pag. 142-143
109
MAY şi MIGHT au acelaşi regim cu CAN şi COULD, ele arătând posibilitatea
sau permisiunea. Acest verb este folosit mai mult în stilul formal, oficial pentru a
exprima: urare, dorinţă; speranţă sau temere; mirare, nedumerire; iritare sau
reproş; sugestie sau scop etc.
MAY are aceeaşi formă la toate persoanele, la singular sau la plural
- forma negativă este MAY NOT.
- se traduce prin s-ar putea, e posibil să.
MAY/MIGHT exprimă:
MAY
1. cererea sau acordarea permisiunii într-o formă mai oficială decât CAN:
- folosirea lui might cu acelaşi sens indică un grad mai mare de nesiguranţă:
3. exprimă posibilitatea:
110
Eg.: He may be here now.
MIGHT
2. exprimarea unei cereri insistente sau atunci când vorbitorul este iritat de
neîndeplinirea unei acţiuni trecute:
EXERCIŢII:
1. Completaţi spaţiile libere cu may sau can. (Fill in the blanks with may or can):
111
8. We …..find mum when we get there.
9. She…..pass the examination; she has worked hard all the summer.
10. She…..pass the examination, but we doubt about it.
11. Tom isn’t going to eat it; I………well give it to the dog.
12. Nobody knows how people first came to these islands. They…….have sailed from
South America on rafts.
13. ………..you tell me if there are any letters for me this morning?
14. If we ………give him a blood transfusion, we…….be able to save his life.
15. He………..have got to the station by now.
16. Everybody……..be taken ill.
17. Everybody………be ill, not only these two boys, if they ate the same cake.
18. Anyone………learn English if he/she tries hard enough.
19. John………be at the races this afternoon.
20. Jane……….not like the color. No, she……not.
2. Completaţi spaţiile goale folosind might sau might not şi verbele din paranteză.
(Complete these sentences, using might or might not and the verbs in brackets):
1. I …… (buy) her this doll for her birthday party. She likes dolls.
2. Take the jersey with you. It……….(be) cold tonight.
3. We……..(go) to Switzerland this winter, but we haven’t booked yet.
4. I……..(go) by car because there will be a lot of traffic.
5. They………(come) to the party this evening. They’re very busy. They have a lot of
things at home.
6. What are you going to do tonight? I’m not sure. I……..(stay) at home. I’m tired.
7. I know Helen is at school today. But I don’t know where she is at the moment. She…..
(be) at the gym, or she …..(be) in the chemistry lab.
8. Don’t worry to much about that mistake. It……(be) important.
112
9. I’ll try to change the time of my flight, but it …..(be) possible. The planes are often full
at this time of the year.
10. You …….(find) a good hotel if you go to the main street – there are lots of hotels
there.
113
5. ……….go in this park?
6. ……….read your letter from Susan?
7. Granny says……….go swimming whenever we like.
8. I’ve got an interview tomorrow morning. …….record it on tape?
9. She couldn’t come because she ……..to.
10. ………feed the animals at the Zoo yesterday – it’s forbidden.
11. Passengers……..take one bag onto the plane.
12. I think……join you.
13. ……..go in if you’re under 18.
22
Ion Vladoiu, Verbele modale englezesti, ed. AN-DA, Bucuresti, pag. 127-129
114
Shall şi Should pot fi folosite atât ca verbe auxiliare de timp sau mod în engleza
oficială mai ales în Marea Britanie cât şi ca verbe modale arătând obligaţie, datorie sau
interdicţie.
Forma SHALL este folosită în general la modul Indicativ, timpul Prezent şi se
traduce cu „a nu vrea să…..”. Forma negativă este SHALL NOT.
Atunci când această formă apare de în compania unor verbe ca: asume, be afraid,
be sure, believe, doubt, expect, hope, etc. arată un viitor care nu poate fi controlat de
noi.
Atunci când este folosit ca verb modal, shall este caracteristic englezei britanice
mai ales la forma interogativă. Engleza americană preferă forma should I la toate
persoanele.
În general, atunci când se foloseşte forma shall I... se solicită sfaturi, dispoziţii
sau instrucţiuni etc.
Forma SHOULD este o formă de trecut şi este folosită de regulă cu verbe ca: like,
prefer, love, care, hate, prefer şi wish etc. Ea arată absenţa sau prezenţa necesităţii sau
obligaţiei. Ea este folosită în stilul formal al englezei britanice, în emisiunile postului
BBC, sau în sus-estul Angliei.
115
SHOULD poate apărea în construcţii de tipul: IF…..SHOULD (DO) arătând un
grad mai mare de improbabilitate.
O altă forma a lui SHOULD este aceea de verb modal şi arată necesitatea şi
obligaţia în formă de sfat sau recomandare.
Eg.: You should go there; you may actually have some fun.
If I should do this it might not came out as we planed.
WILL, WOULD
116
Ele arată acţiuni care au loc în viitor sau impun o condiţie.
WILL este des folosit şi ca verb modal şi exprimă voinţă, refuz, hotărâre, comenzi,
promisiuni şi ameninţări, rugăminţi, invitaţii, obiceiuri etc.
WOULD este şi el folosit ca verb modal pentru a arăta dorinţa sau preferinţa cuiva
pentru ceva sau varinta pliticoasă de a solicita ceva.
Eg.: In the old days people would behave more politely then today.
117
FOCUS: VERBELE MODALE (continuare)
PARTE PRACTICĂ
2. The boy (…..not) reach the sweets because they were on a top shelf.
3. The singer (…..not) sing tomorrow because he had a cold.
4. I (………) stay in bed later as I didn’t go to work yesterday.
5. You (…….) easily recognize her; she has got blonde hair and blue eyes.
6. They (……) come right now; they have finished their work.
7. I (……..) smell something burning in the kitchen.
8. It was so cold outside I (…….not) walk the dog for more than 20 minutes.
9. Mozart (…….) play the piano when he was 5 years old.
to go now.
118
to open the window.
to use Eurocard.
to get a traveler’s check.
to spend all the money on books.
to phone her.
5. Folosiţi forma „could” pentru a exprima o cerere politicoasă. (Use the form
could to ask something politely):
119
Could you show me the way?
7. Folosiţi verbul modal „may” pentru a cere permisiunea. (Use the modal verb
„may” to ask for permission):
1. You enter a crowded cafeteria and see a vacant seat. Ask for permission to sit down.
2. You are late at a class and you want to come in. Ask for permission to come in.
3. You want to see a TV show and it is off. Ask for permission to see it again.
4. You want to take off your coat because it is too hot in that room. Ask for permission
to take off your coat.
5. You want too see a sweater that you intend to buy. Ask for permission to see a sweater.
120
3. I (……not) get my driving license until I was 18.
4. You (…..) join the army when you are 18.
5. He (…….) drive a motorbike next year.
121
21. If you hurried, you …..(catch) the train.
22. If you had hurried indeed, you….(catch) the train.
122
2. Don’t take school books home with you.
3. Don’t make a noise in the corridors.
4. Arrive for lessons on time.
5. Don’t write on school books.
6. Bring your own pens and paper.
7. Don’t talk in class.
8. Air the classrooms at break.
9. Play in the schoolyard.
10.Don’t fight each other.
12. Cu următoarea listă de activităţi alcătuiţi propoziţii astfel încât ele să exprime
ceea ce trebuie să facem, ceea ce trebuie să nu facem sau pe care alţii nu sunt nevoiţi
să le facă. (Following is a list of activities. Some of them we MUST DO, some we
MUST NOT DO, and others we DON’T HAVE TO DO. Make appropriate sentences
for each of them):
123
9. buy expensive clothes
10. go swimming
11. obey the law
12. disturb your neighbors
13. visit the neighbors
17. În fiecare din următoarele propoziţii cineva va face ceva. Întrebaţi dacă
persoana sau persoanele în cauză trebuie să facă acel lucru, aşteptând un răspuns
negativ şi dând un răspuns negativ. (În each of the following sentences somebody is
going to do something. Ask if the person or the persons concerned need do things,
expecting a negative reply and give a negative reply.)
14. Alcătuiţi propoziţii folosind forma HAD TO. (Build up sentences using the
form HAD TO)
124
Ex.: 1. carry luggage
They had to carry their luggage themselves.
2. chop firewood.
3. fetch water
4. clean rooms
5. wash clothes
6. cook meals
7. make beds
UNIT VII
23
Ion Vlădoiu, Verbe modale englezeşti, Ed. AN-DA, Bucureşti pag 82 – 84; 127 – 129; 152 - 158
125
FOCUS: TIMPURILE VERBALE
1. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (PREZENTUL SIMPLU)
1.1: TEXT CU PREZENTUL SIMPLU
1.2: EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
1.2.1 FOLOSIRE
1.2.2 FORMARE
1.3: EXERCIŢII
→ PHRASES:
126
In the same time = în acelaşi timp
As in terms = în termeni; referitor la
To look for = a căuta
The very subject = chiar subiectul
Just over half = puţin peste jumătate
To live on = a trăi pe
By use = prin obişnuinţă
→ TEXT:
Read and translate this text in Romanian. (Citiţi şi traduceţi acest text în
Română):
INDIANS OR AMERICANS
America is not just another country. It is a superpower but, in the same time, we
can speak about it in terms of its population centers, economic statistics, educational
systems, arts and crafts, politics and problems etc. Most readers, like most tourists, set
out in search of America wanting to find what they are looking for and are very
displeased with their guides if they don’t find it. We all know and feel that America – that
dream and that promise, those myths, legends and hopes – is somewhat different. The
very subject of America attracts opinions and judgments as no other country does.
The United States is one of the few countries that have no ‘official’ language or
languages. English is the common language by use but it is not the national language by
law. About 30 million Americans speak a language other than English at home. It is
estimated that some 20 million people in the United States may have some Indian blood.
127
However, only about 1,4 million people identify themselves as Indian (American
Indian, Eskimo, etc) in the 1980 census. Just over half of these live on or near federal
reservations. The rest is scattered throughout the population. No Indian has to stay in a
reservation. Less than 30 Indians were city residents in 1940 and today are over 700, 000.
Nineteen metropolitan areas have 5,000 or more Indians; the Los Angeles urban complex
has about 82,000.
Over 10 percent of the more than 200 Indian reservations have 5000 or more
Indians, the largest being the Navajo with some 166,000 Indians. Most of the 500 or so
tribes and groups recognized by US Government have few members. In only five states
(Alaska, Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma and South Dakota) Indians make more than
5% of the population.
All American Indians are citizens of the US.24
EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
1.2.1 FOLOSIRE
Timpul Prezentul Simplu (The Simple Present Tense) este unul dintre cele mai
importante noţiuni de gramatică din limba engleză şi, prin urmare, va fi primul studiat în
acest suport de seminar.
În ceea ce priveşte timpurile verbale există o deosebire importantă între timpurile
verbale româneşti şi cele englezeşti: aspectul. Spre deosebire de timpurile verbale
româneşti, cele englezeşti au aspectul simplu şi continuu.
24
Olea Ciuciuc, Eugenia Tănăsescu, Curs de Engleză Generală, Ed. Teora, Bucureşti, p. 78
128
În limba engleză există următoarele timpuri verbale:
Timpul Present Tense Simple exprimă o acţiune generală (mai precis obiceiuri,
evenimente sau fapte care se repetă urmând un anumit model) sau adevăruri general
valabile cum ar fi proverbe sau lucruri de necontestat. Adverbele care însoţesc de obicei
acest tip de prezent sunt: every day/month/year, always, usually, often, sometimes,
seldom, ever, never, once a day etc.
129
He usually runs two hours in the park.
- comentarii sportive:
Eg.: The goal-keeper misses the ball and one more goal is scored.
- declaraţii:
- titluri de ziare:
1.2.2 FORMARE
Din punct de vedere al formei, Prezentul Simplu este identic cu infinitivul scurt.
Ceea ce îl diferenţiază de alte timpuri verbale este terminaţia –s sau –es care se adaugă la
persoana a-III-a, nr. singular. Această terminaţie implică anumite schimbări în structura
verbului cum ar fi:
1. Verbele care se termină în –ss; -ch; -sh; -x adaugă terminaţia –es care se pronunţă
[iz]
130
Eg.: I confess – he confesses
I push – he pushes
I teach - he teaches
I box - he boxes
Eg.: I go – he goes
I do – he does
În schimb, cele care se termină în y dar este precedat de o vocală adaugă numai un –s
şi se pronunţă [z]:
Acest timp verbal are trei forme: afirmativă, negativă şi interogativă. Formele
interogativă şi negativă au nevoie de verbul auxiliar to do pentru a se forma.
De exemplu, pentru a forma negativul se adaugă forma do sau does între subiect
şi forma de infinitiv scurt a verbului de conjugat şi negaţia not.
131
Eg.: They do not want to enter there.
She does not say a word.
O altă subdiviziune a timpului Prezentul Simplu este Prezentul Istoric mai rar
folosit în limbajul de zi cu zi dar foarte des întâlnit în povestiri, prezentări istorice,
naraţiuni sau pentru a dramatiza o situaţie sau un eveniment:
Eg.: ‘To make England more prosperous, Elisabeth Tudor wants to find a peaceful
answer to the English Reformation. The Queen also encourages merchant expansion. She
recognizes Spain as her rival and enemy.’
Eg.: ‘The lord tells his butler to call him a taxi. The butler, who never contradicts his
master, says: Yes sir, you are a taxi.’
Activităţi programate oficial sau acţiuni care fac parte dintr-un program
stabilit pentru viitorul apropiat.
Eg.: The train for Liverpool leaves in five minutes. On July the 1st our school
organizes a trip to the Old Valley. The students who go on this trip have been told that the
coach leaves at 7 a.m. sharp.
132
ATENŢIE!
În limba engleză există anumite categorii de verbe care folosesc numai aspectul
simplu precum:
133
to require etc.
6. to taste – stare permanentă: I tasted his food and it is always too salty.
134
o acţiune temporară cu un anume scop: I’m tasting the baby’s
juice to see if it is sweet enough.
1. Our children don’t play in the street. (usually – in the park not far from our house)
2. Mrs. Jones goes shopping on Tuesdays and Fridays. (seldom – at weekends)
3. As a rule, my parents leave for work at 7.30 a.m. (never – so early – on Saturday or
Sunday)
4. How often do you go on trips? (once a month)
5. Romanian families spend a lot of money on heating their homes in winter. (in
summer – any money)
6. People who live in the country keep their doors locked by night. (never – by day)
25
Ioana Maria Turai, Gramatica limbii engleze, Ed. Corint, Bucureşti, 2006
135
7. Do you ever go to work by taxi? (sometimes – when I’m late)
8. Children usually have a cup of milk for breakfast. (not – for lunch – as a rule)
9. Bill often rides his bike on his way to work in fine weather. (never – in rainy
weather)
10.Professor Johnson delivers a course on Public Health every Wednesday. (not – on
any other day)
1. I am an engineer.
2. I am a graduate in Automatics.
3. I can speck two foreign languages, German and French.
4. This is the first job I am applying from.
5. I live in this town.
6. No, I am not married yet.
7. I have a driving license but I don’t have my own car.
8. I enjoy traveling so I am eager to represent the company’s interests wherever I
3. Put in the correct form of the Present Progressive. (Completaţi spaţiile libere
cu forma corectă a structurii Prezent Simplu):
26
Ioana Maria Turai, Gramatica limbii engleze, Ed. Corint, Bucureşti, 2006
136
3. My neighbours (shake) the carpets right now.
4. Turn the following sentences into the question form and then into the negative
form. (Transformaţi următoarele propoziţii la interogativ şi negativ):
5. Put in the correct form of the Present Tense Simple. (Completaţi spaţiile
libere cu forma corectă a timpului Prezentul Simplu):
138
7. Turn the following sentences into the negative form. (Treceţi următoarele
propoziţii la negative.)
8. Put the time expressions between the brackets in the right place. (Introduceţi
adverbele din paranteze la locul corespunzător):
139
9. Translate into English. (Traduceţi în limba engleză):
140
10. Read the following in the third person singular. Do not change the object if it
is plural. (Citiţi următoarele propoziţii la persoana a-III-a singular. Nu schimbaţi
subiectul propoziţiei dacă este la plural):
141
25.Their dog barks at night.
26.Their neighbors often complain.
27.Tom enjoys driving at night.
28.He engages new staff every spring.
29.Tom looks every well.
30.They sell fresh grape juice here.
31.He charges more than other photographers.
32.She cuts her husband’s hair.
33.They pick the apples in October.
34.The last train leaves at midnight.
35.He relaxes during weekends.
36.She refuses to discuss it.28
UNIT VIII
FOCUS: TIMPURILE VERBALE (CONTINUARE)
1. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE (PREZENTUL CONTINUU)
1.1: TEXT CU PREZENTUL CONTINUU
1.2: EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
1.2.1 FORMARE
1.2.2 FOLOSIRE
1.3: EXERCIŢII
28
A.J. Thomson, A.V. Martinet, A Practical English Grammar, Exercises 1, Ed. Oxford University Press, Bucureşti, 2008,
pag. 49-51.
142
Season s. = Sezon Cloud s. = Nor
Sultry adj. = Înăbuşitor Sign s. = Semn
Threatening adj. = Ameninţător Thunder s. = Tunet
→ PHRASES:
→ TEXT:
Read and translate the following text. (Citiţi şi traduceţi următorul text):
143
Betty: Winter. But why do you like summer? As far as I’m concerned, I hate sultry
heat and the days when the sky covers with threthening clouds, signs of thunder
storms which follows. Or do you like when it’s raining cats and dogs or when
it’s hailing?
Ann: Of course I don’t. But after that the weather improves. The rainbow showed up
in the sky lets us know about it. Besides, summer is the best season for holiday,
you must admit. Don’t tell me you don’t like going to the mountains or to the
seaside in summer. Everybody does.
Betty: I do, of course, but…..
Ann: And you’re a vegetarian. Well, in summer there are so many fruits, ripe and
ready to be picked: cherries, strawberries, peaches, apricots. I really can’t see
what could like about winter. It is so bitterly cold; sometimes the frost and the
cold winds are unbearable. The rivers, lakes and ponds are frozen.
Betty: How can’t you see the lovely scenary?! The roofs of the houses and the trees
which are all covered by a layer of snow! The snow glistens in the sun, and so
do the icicles hanging from the eaves. Beside, this layer of now is not only
beautiful but also useful, as it protects the seed of plants from the frost. In my
opinion nothing in the world compares to the first snowfall. The image of the
large snowflackes falling from the sky is absolutely wonderful. But I am not the
only one who loves winter. Many people do, people who enjoy skating, skiing,
not to mention the children whose joy of making snowmen, sliding and throwing
snowballs to one another can’t be described. As you see, for me the winter is not
just cold and frost.
Ann: Well, I guess you’re right. Anyway, I’m sure I’ll always like the summer best.29
29
Olea Ciuciuc, Eugenia Tanasescu, Curs de Engleza Generala, Ed. Teora, Bucuresti, 1998, pag. 88
144
1.2.1 FORMARE
Eg.: He is coming.
145
2. Verbele terminate în – ie transformă terminaţia în y şi adaugă – ing:
To die – dying
To lie – lying
To tie – tying
30
Ioana Maria Turai, Gramatica Limbii Engleze, ed. Corint, Bucureşti, 2006, pag.341
146
1.2.2 FOLOSIRE
1. Acţiuni care se desfăşoară fie în prezent, fie în momentul vorbirii, fie în general:
2. Există şi situaţia în care timpul Prezentul Continuu este folosit pentru a arăta
calitatea sau starea sufletească a unei persoane:
Notă: Dacă într-o frază există două acţiuni care au loc în acelaşi timp, la timpul Prezentul
Continuu, numai o singură formă de participiu se adaugă aceasta făcând parte din cel de-
al doilea verb:
Eg.: John was planting and watering a flower in the same time.
3. Prezentul Continuu este folosit în acţiuni care au loc în prezent şi care includ
momentul vorbirii. Acest aspect este adesea însoţit de adverbe şi locuţiuni
adverbiale de timp ca: today/this morning/afternoon/evening/year/month etc.
Eg.: We are having an exam today. We have just handed the written papers
and now we are waiting for the results.
147
4. Acest timp mai poate indica o acţiune care se desfăşoară într-un viitor apropiat
fiind folosită în general cu verbe de mişcare ca: tomorrow, next Monday, next
week, these days, soon.
În schimb verbe ca: gaze, listen, look at, observe (watch), stare şi watch implică o
folosire deliberată a simţurilor şi pot fi folosite cu timpul continuu:
Eg.: Watch!
I’m watching but I don’t see anything unusual.
He is listening to a tape, but he is wearing earphones so nobody else hears
148
it.
adore, apreciate (value), care for (like), desire, detest, dislike, fear, hate, like, love,
mind (care), respect, value, want, wish.
Eg.: He’s enjoying his holiday in the Artic zone. He hates turistic places and
he doesn’t mind the cold.
E. VERBE AUXILIARE
1.3. EXERCIŢII:
149
model, which are related with the sentences below, with the help of the words in
brackets):
1. Our children don’t play in the street. (usually – in the park not far from our home)
2. Mrs. Jones goes shopping on Tuesdays and Fridays. (seldom – at weekends )
3. As a rule, my parents leave for work at 7.30 a.m. (never – so early – on Saturday
and Sunday)
4. How often do you go on trips? (once a month)
5. Romanian families spend a lot of money on heating their houses in winter. (in
summer – any money).
6. People who live in the country keep their doors locked by night. (never by day)
7. Do you ever go to work by taxi? (sometimes – when I’m late)
8. Children usually have a cup of milk for breakfast. (not for lunch – as a rule)
9. Bill often rides his bike on his way to work in fine weather. (never – in rainy
weather)
10. Professor Johnson delivers a course on Public Health every Wednesday. (not – on
any other day)
2. Situation. (Situaţie):
Bob White has been accepted for an interview with the manager of a big
company. He has to answer the manager’s questions. Here are Bob’s answers. Tell
which were the questions he was asked and then give the answers. (Bob White a fost
150
acceptat la un interviu cu directorul unei companii mari. El trebuie să răspundă la
întrebările directorului. Spuneţi ce întrebări i s-au pus şi apoi relataţi răspunsurile):
1. I am an engineer.
2. I am a graduate in Automatics.
3. I cand speak two foreign languages, German and French.
4. This is the first job I am applying for.
5. I live in this town.
6. No, I am not married yet.
7. I have a driving licence, but I do not have my own car.
8. I enjoy travelling, so I am eager to represent the company’s interests whenever I
might be sent if I am offered the job.
1. Does the scientist know how much his invention would cost/how much costs his
inventions?
2. Do you know where Jane’s purse is/where is Jane’s purse?
3. The children are/are going to school now.
4. Neither Bill nor his brother speaks/is speaking French.
5. We happen to meet quite often when we come/are coming out from work.
6. Tim never sleeps/is never sleeping more than six hours a night.
7. Drivers must never speak on thir mobile phone while they drive/are driving.
8. Mind the traffic lights before you cross/are crossing the road.
9. I’ll find out the truth as soon as I get/am getting his letter.
10. I don’t know where works his father/his father works.
151
4. Fill up the following sentences according to the model, using the words in
brackets. (Completaţi propoziţiile de mai jos potrivit modelului folosind cuvintele
din paranteză):
Model: a. Children enjoy staying in the open when spring comes. (so – the
grown-ups)
Children enjoy staying in the open when spring comes, and so
do the grown-ups.
b. Taking too many pills doesn’t make you good. (neither thinking
about your illness all the time)
Taking too many pills doesn’t make you good and neither
thinking about your illness all the time)
1. Teachers hold on to the idea that young people should be adviced what to do
152
5. Build up questions derived from the sentences bellow, using the words in
brackets and the Present Continuous Tense. (Construiţi întrebări derivate din
propoziţiile de mai jos, folosind cuvintele din paranteză şi prezentul continuu.)
153
6. Reframe the following sentences, using the Present Continuous Tense, to
express activities planed for the future. Some words would be omitted. (Reformulaţi
următoarele propoziţii, folosind timpul Prezentul Continuu, pentru a exprima
activităţii viitoare. Anumite cuvinte ar putea fi omise.)
1. The Archers have deceided to plant some trees in their garden this week-end.
2. Sheila has planned to change her job for a better one this year.
3. The Government has in view to allot a considerable sum of money for the
modernization of schools this year.
4. The students have deceided to start a course on computers next week.
5. Jim’s parents have saved money to send him to a summer camp.
6. The greengrocer has just unloaded a hundred pounds of fruit to sell today.
7. As Dick hasn’t enough money to buy a new car, he intends to buy a second hand
one.
8. Mrs Wood, our history teacher, is ready to begin the first class of the day in a few
minutes.
9. I hope that the pop star is willing to give autographs at the end of the show.
10. As I have taken my car to be repaired, I have deceided to walk for a day or two.31
7. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Continuous Tense. (Puneţi verbele
din paranteză la timpul Prezentul Continuu)
31
Ioana Maria Turai, Gramatica Limbii Engleze, ed. Corint, Bucureşti, 2006, pag. 343 -346
154
1. She (not work), she (swim) in the river.
2. He (teach) his boy to ride.
3. Why Ann (not wear) her new dress?
4. The airplane (fly) at 2.000 metres.
5. What Tom (do) not? He (clean) his shoes.
6. This fire (go) out. Somebody (bring) more coal?
7. It (rain)? Yes, it (rain) very hard. You can’t go out yet.
8. Why you (mend) that old shirt?
9. You (not tell) the truth? How do you know that I (not tell) the truth.
10. Who (move) the furniture about upstairs? It’s Tom. He (paint) the front bedroom.
11. Mrs. Jones (sweep) the steps outside her house.
12.What you (read) now? I (read) Crime and Punishment.
13.It is a lovely day. The sun (shine) and the birds (sing).
14.Someone (knock) at the door. Shall I answer it? I (come) in a minute. I just (wash)
my hands.
15.She always (ring) up and (ask) questions.
16.Why you (make) a cake? Someone (come) to tea?
17.Where is Tom? He (lie) under the car.
18.Can I borrow your pen or you (use) it at the moment?
19.You (do) anything this evening? No, I’m not. Well, I (go) to the cinema. Would you
like to come with me?
20.We (have) breakfast at 8.00 tomorrow as Tom (catch) an early train.
21.Ann usually does shopping, but I (do) it today as she is not well.
22.Why do you (type) so fast? You (make) a lot of mistakes.
23.Mother (rest) now. She always rests after lunch.
24.They (dig) an enormous hole just outside my gate. What they (do) that for? I don’t
know. Perhaps they (look) for oil.
25.What (make) that terrible noise? It’s the pneumatic drill. They (repair) the road.
155
26.The children are very quiet. Go and see what they (do). They (cut) up some £5
notes.
27.What you (wait) for? I (wait) for my change; the boy just (get) it.
28.I can’t hear what you (say); the traffic (make) too much noise.
29.She always (lose) her glasses and (ask) me to look for them.
30. Mother: What are you (look) at? Something (happen) in the street?
31.Child: Yes. The house opposite is on fire! Come and look!
Mother: I can’t. I (bath) the babies. It is the Fire Brigade here?
32.Child: Yes. Fire engines (rush) up and the firemen (jump) up and (unroll) their
hoses.
33.Smoke (pour) from the windows! People (stop) to watch. A policeman (try) to
move them on.
34.An old man (climb) out of the first floor window. A fireman (help) him! Two boys
(slide) down a rope!
35.A woman (wave) from the attic and a fireman (go) up a ladder to help her!
36.Now he (come) down again! He (carry a baby). The crowd (cheer)!
156
UNIT IX
FOCUS: REVISION UNIT
THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE VS. THE PRESENT
CONTINUOUS TENSE (EXERCISES)
TIMPUL PREZENTUL SIMPLU VS. TIMPUL PREZENTUL
CONTINUU (EXERCIŢII)
1. Put the verbs in brackets into the Simple Present or the Present Continuous
Tense. (Puneţi verbele din paranteză la timpul prezentul simplu sau continuu):
1. Cuckoos (not build) nests. They (use) the nests of other birds.
2. You can not see Tom now: he (have) a bath.
3. He usually (drink) coffee but today he (drink) tea.
4. ´What she (do) in the evening?´ ´She usually (play) cards or (watch) TV.´
5. I will not go out now as it (rain) and I (not have) an umbrella.
6. The last train (leave) the station at 11.30.
7. He usually (speak) so quickly that I (not understand) him.
8. Ann (make) a dress for herself at the moment. She (make) all her own clothes.
9. Hardly anyone (wear) a hat nowadays.
157
10. ´I’m afraid I have broken one of your coffee cups.´
11. I (wear) my sun glasses today because the sun is very strong.
12.Tom cannot have the newspaper now because his aunt (read) it.
13.I am busy at the moment. I (redecorate) the room.
14.The kettle (boil) now. Shall I make the tea?
15.´You (enjoy) yourself or would you like to leave now?´ ´I (enjoy) myself very
much. I (want) to stay to the end.´
16.´How you (get) to work as a rule?´ ´I usually (go) by bus but tomorrow I (go) in
Tom’s car.´
17. ´Why you (put) on your coat?´ ´I (go) for a walk. You (come) with me? Yes, I’d
love to come. You (mind) if I bring my dog?´
18. ´How much you (owe) him? I (owe) him £5. You (intend) to pay him?´
19. ´You (belong) to your local library? Yes, I do. You (read) a lot? Yes, quite a lot.
How often you (change) the books? I (change) one every day.´
20. Mary usually (learn) languages very quickly but she (not seem) able to learn
modern Greek.
21. I always (buy) lottery tickets but I never (win) anything.
22. You (like) this necklace? I (give) it to my daughter for her birthday.
23. ´I will not tell you my secret unless you (promise) not to tell anyone.´ ´I (promise).
´
24. You always (write) with your left hand?
25. ´You (love) him?´ ´No, I (like) him very much but I (not love) him.´
26.´You (dream) at night?´ ´Yes, I always (dream) and because I (eat) too much supper
I (have) nightmares.´
27. The milk (smell) sour. You (keep) the milk a long time?
28. These workmen are never satisfied; they always (complain).
29. We (use) this room today because the window in the other room is broken.
30. He always (say) that he will mend the window but he never (do) it.
158
31. You (know) why an apple (fall) down and not up?
32. ´You (write) to him tonight?´ ´Yes, I always (write) to him on his birthday. You
(want) to send any messages?´
33. Tom and Mr. Pitt (have) a long conversation. I (wonder) what they (talk) about?
34. ´You (believe) all the newspapers say?´ ´No, I (not believe) any of it.´ ´Then why
you (read) newspapers?´
35.This car (make) a very strange noise. You (think) it is all right? Oh, that noise (not
matter). It always (make) a noise like that.
36.The fire (smoke) horribly. I cannot see across the room. I (expect) that the birds
(build) a nest in the chimney. Why you (not put) wire across the tops of your
chimney? Tom (do) that sometimes but it (not seem) to make any difference.
2. Put the verbs in the brackets into the Simple Prezent Tense or Prezent
Continuous Tense. (Puneţi verbele din paranteză la Timpul Prezentul Simplu sau la
cel Continuu):
1. ´What Tom (think) of the Budget?´ ´He (think) it is most unfair.´´I (agree) with
him.´
2. What this one (cost)? It (cost) forty pence.
3. You (hear) the wind? It (blow) very strongly tonight.
4. You (see) my car keys anywhere? No, I (look) for them but I (not see) them.
5. He never (listen) to what you say. He always (think) about something else.
6. This book is about a man who (desert) his family and (go) to live on a Pacific
Island.
7. You (understand) what the lecturer is saying? No, I (not understand) him at all.
8. What you (have) for breakfast usually? I usually (eat) a carrot and (drink) a glass
of cold water.
159
9. When the curtain (rise) we (see) a group of workers. They (picket) a gate factory.
10.Why you (walk) so fast today? You usually (walk) quite slowly. I (hurry) because I
(meet) my mother at 4 o’clock and she (not like) to be kept waiting.
11. I (wish) that dog would lie down. He (keep) jumping up in my lap. I (think) he
(want) to go for a walk.
12. You (recognize) that man? I (think) that I have seen him before but I (not
remember) his name.
13. Look at that crowd. I (wonder) what they (wait) for.
14. This massage has just arrive and the man (wait) in case you (want) to send a reply.
15. Stop! You (not see) the notice? I (see) it but I cannot read it because I (not wear)
my glasses. What it (say)? It say „These premisses are patrolled by guard dogs.”
16. She always (borrow) from me and she never (remember) to pay me back.
17. You (need) another blanket or you (feel) warm enough?
18. It (save) time if you (take) the path through the woods? No, it (not matter) which
path you take.
19. I (save) up because I (go) abroad in July.
20. I (think) it is a pity you do not take more exercises. You (get) fat.
21. The plane that you (look) at now just (take) off from Paris.
22. Tom never (do) any work in the garden; he always (work) on his car.
23. What he (do) to his car now? I (think) he (polish) it.
24.That film (come) to the local cinema next week. You (want) to see it?
25. How Peter (get) on at school? Very well. He (seem) to like the life.
26.Why Mrs. Pitt (look) so angry? Mr. Pitt (smoke) a cigarette and (drop) the ash on
the carpet.
27. This is our itinerary. We (leave) home on the 8th, (arrive) in Paris on the 9th,
(spend) the day in Paris and (set) out that night for Venice. That (sound) most
interesting. You must tell all about it when you (get) back.
160
28. This story is about a boy. Who (make) friends with a snake which he (find) in his
garden. Then he (go) away but he (not forget) the snake and some years later he
(return) and (look) for it.
29. He (find) the snake who (recognize) his old friend and (coil) around him
affectionately. But unfortunately, the snake is now a full grown boa constrictor and
its embrase (kill) the poor boy.
30. The snake (feel) sorry about this? I (not know). The story (end) there.
31. How you (end) a letter that (begin), „Dear Sir”? I always (put), „Yours truly”, but
Tom (prefer) „Yours faithfully”.
32. What the word ‚catastrophe’ (mean)? It (mean) ‚disaster’.
33. What you (wait) for? I (wait) for the shop to open. But it (not open) till 9.00. I
(know) but I (want) to be early, as their sale (start) today.
34. Why you (smoke) a cigar Mrs. Pitt? You (not smoke) cigars as a rule. I (smoke) it
because I (want) the ash. This book (say) the cigar ash mixed with oil (remove)
heat stains from wood.
35. Who (own) this umbrella. I (not know). Everybody (use) it but nobody (know)
who (own) it.
36. You (mind) if I (ask) you a question? That (depend) on the question. It (concern)
your brother. I (refuse) to answer any question about my brother.32
3. Make questions at Present Tense using the verbs below and the noun „answer”.
(Alcătuiţi întrebări folosind timpul Prezentul Simplu, verbele de mai jos şi
substantivul „răspuns”):
32
Ioana Maria Turai, Gramatica Limbii Engleze, ed. Corint, Bucureşti, 2006, pag. 52 - 54
161
3. know 7. check 10. look at 13. like 16. see
4. read 8. repeat 11. need 14. want 17. guess
5. wait for 9. have 12. give 15. type 18. recall
4. Put the verbs in italics in the Simple or Continuous Present Tense to practice
the contrast between habitual actions and actions in progress now or planned for
the near future. (Puneţi verbele din paranteză la timpul prezentul simplu sau
continuu pentru a exersa contrastul dintre acţiunile obişnuite şi acţiunile în
desfăşurare în momentul vorbirii sau planificate pentru viitorul apropiat):
5. In pairs, ask and answer questions about television in your country. Use verbs in
the Simple and Continuous Present Tense. (În perechi, puneţi şi răspundeţi la
întrebări despre televiziunea din ţara ta. Folosiţi verbe la Prezentul Simplu sau
Continuu):
162
1. How many television channels do you have in your country?
2. Are television companies expanding their hours right now?
3. Are there any changes taking place in TV programming this year? If yes, which are
these changes?
4. How much does a good television set cost?
5. Do you have a color or black and white TV? Give reasons for your choice.
6. How old is your TV set? When are you buying a new one?
7. In what roomof the house do you keep your television?
8. Who watches television most in your family?
9. How often do you watch television?
10.What is your favorite program? Describe the program
11.Are you watching your favorite program this week? If yes, on what evening?
12.Do you buy the TV program? If yes, how often do you buy it?
13. What information does the Tv program contain?
14.Does the public ever participate as the audience at the tapings of the TV shows? If
yes, what kind of shows do they attend?
15.Are soap operas popular in your country?
16.Are they showing any this month? If yes, what are they about?
17. What do you think about television in general? Is it useful or harmful? Give
reasons for your answer.
6. Put the verbs in italics in the Simple or Continuous Present Tense. (Puneţi
verbele din paranteză la timpul prezentul simplu sau continuu):
Dear Parents,
27.We (now, prepare) for our much-expected San Diego trip. Our big day will be
Tuesday, May 25th.
163
33.The day (begin) at 7.00 a.m. by checking-in at the school front office. At 7.30 a.m.
we (board) the train for the trip south. We (arrive) in Oceanside around 9.30 a.m.
Next, we (board) a bus for the trip to the San Diego Wild Animal Park.
28.We (spend) all the day there. Our train back to Los Angeles (leave) Oceanside at
6.30 and (arrive) at Union Station at 8.30 p.m.
29.We (know) you (read) our schedule carefully and (wonder) why we (not return) on
an earlier train.
30.Since the elementary students (study) plants and animals this term, we (think) it
best to spend as much time as we can in the Park.
31.The trip (cost) $35.00 for each elementary student and $50.000 for each parent
who (want) to join us.
32.We (look) forward to this exciting educational experience and (hope) you (share)
our enthusiasm.
Sincerely,
Elementary School Teacher
7. Put the verbs in italics in the Simple Present Tense to express sequences of
short (non-durative) actions. Note the use of the Continuous Present Tense for
actions of comparatively longer duration. (Puneţi verbele din paranteză la timpul
prezentul simplu pentru a exprima acţiuni scurte şi care nu durează. Remarcaţi
folosirea prezentului continuu pentru actiuni de lungă durata):
164
1. The musician are tuning up their violins. (conductor, come, bow the audience, start
conducting)
2. Two candles are burning on the mantlepiece. (The old lady come in, go to the
fireplace, put out the candles).
3. It is raining. (Alex put on his raincoat, catch a bus, go to work)
4. Someone is approaching the house. (Judy hurry down the steps, run to the gate,
open the gate)
5. A door is opening to the left. (A man come in, greed everybody, sit down)
34. Put the verbs in italics in the Simple or Continuous Present Tense. (Puneţi
verbele din paranteză la prezentul simplu sau continuu):
33
Georgiana Galateanu-Farnoaga, Deborah Parks, Execitii si Teste de Gramatica Engleza, Ed. Paralela 45, Bucuresti, 2000,
pag. 77-84
165
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Olea Ciuciuc, Eugenia Tănase, Curs de Engleză Generală, Ed. Teora, Bucureşti, 1998.
Georgiana Galateanu-Farnoaga, Deborah Parks, Execiţii si Teste de Gramatică Engleză,
Ed. Paralela 45, Bucureşti, 2000.
Mihai M. Zdrenghea, Anca L. Greere, A Practical English Gramar with exercises, Ed.
Clusium, 1999.
Mariana Ţăranu, Limba Engleză, Sinteză Gramaticală completă prin enunţuri şi exerciţii,
Ed. Corint, Bucureşti, 2002.
Virgiliu Ştefănescu-Drăgăneşti, Adrian Nicolaescu, Victor Hanea, Limba Engleză Curs
Practic, Ed. Ştiinţifică, Bucureşti.
Ioana Maria Turai, Gramatica Limbii Engleze, ed. Corint, Bucureşti.
Ion Vlădoiu, Verbele Modale Englezeşti, Ed. AN-DA, Bucureşti.
Jean Brossard, Sylvie Chevalier, Gramatica Alfabetică a Limbii Engleze, Ed. Teora,
Bucureşti, 1998.
Dumitru Chiţoran, Irina Panovf, Ioana Poenaru, Exerciţii de Gramatică Engleză, Ed.
Teora, Bucureşti,1955.
Constantin Paidos, English Grammar, Theory and Practice, Ed. Polirom, Bucureşti,
2001.
Leon Leviţchi, Gramatica Limbii Engleze, Ed. Teora, Bucureşti, 1994.
Leon Leviţchi, Ioan Preda, Gramatica Limbii Engleze, Ed. Mondero, Bucureşti, 1992.
166
CONTENT
167