Use of English

Part 1
For questions 1- 8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each
gap.

Welcome to the Netherlands, a tiny country that only extends, at its broadest, 312 km north to
south, and 264 km east to west - (1) ... the land area increases slightly each year as a (2) ... of
continuous land reclamation and drainage. With a lot of heart and much to offer, 'Holland,' as
it is (3) ... known to most of us abroad - a name stemming (4) ... its once most prominent
provinces - has more going on per kilometre than most countries, and more English-speaking
natives. You'll be impressed by its (5) ... cities and charmed by its countryside and villages,
full of contrasts. From the exciting variety (6) ... offer, you could choose a romantic canal boat
tour in Amsterdam, a Royal Tour by coach in The Hague, or a hydrofoil tour around the biggest
harbour in the world - Rotterdam. In season you could visit the dazzling bulb fields, enjoy a
full day on a boat, or take a bike tour through the pancake-flat countryside spiced with
windmills. The possibilities are countless and the nationwide tourist office, which is on hand
to give you information and (7) ... reservations. You'll have (8) ... language problems here, as
the Dutch are true linguists and English is spoken here almost universally.

1. A) so B) despite C) in spite of D) although

2. A) whole B) consequently C) rule D) result
3. A) regularly B) occasionally C) commonly D) unusually
4. A) in B) from C) on D) of
5. A) historic B) historical C) historically D) historian
6. A) at B) in C) on D) for
7. A) sit B) catch C) do D) make
8. A) few B) a few C) little D) a little

Part 2
For questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the word which fits each gap. Use only
one word in each gap.

Cats

Cats of all kinds are present in the legends, religion, mythology, and history of (1) ... different
cultures. Cave paintings created by early humans display different types of wild cats (2) ...

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are now extinct, or no longer around. Many of these great beasts saw humans as food, but
were hunted by humans in return. Cats similar (3) ... the ones kept as pets today started
showing up in artwork thousands of years ago. For example, the ancient Egyptians believed
cats were the sacred, or special, animal of a goddess named Bast. They believed that Bast
often appeared as a cat, so many ancient Egyptians respected and honoured cats and kittens.
(4) ..., other cultures feared cats or thought that they brought illnesses and bad luck. Today,
with millions kept as pets in homes around the world, cats have become important members
of many families. No one knows for sure when or (5) ... cats became very popular household
pets. It's possible that people noticed how cats hunted mice and rats, (6) ... they set food and
milk out to keep the cats near their homes. This helped to prevent (7) ... many of these
rodents (8) ... coming into homes and eating people's food or spreading sickness.

Part 3
For questions 1- 8, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of
the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line.

About Fish and Aquariums

There are more than 200,000 species of fish inhabiting many (1) ... 1) DIFFER
waters. New species of fish are discovered every year. From the
deepest part of the seas thousands of feet down in total (2) ..., to the 2) DARK
beautiful aqua-blue waters of the coral reefs, to the streams, lakes,
and ponds of freshwater found throughout the world, fish have
adapted an incredible variety of life-forms, styles, and (3) ... . The 3) BEHAVE
group of aquatic animals we call fishes has evolved for over 400
million years to be the most (4) ... and diverse of the major vertebrate 4) NUMBER
groups. Forty-one percent of the world's fish species inhabit only
fresh water. This is pretty (5) ... considering that fresh water covers 5) AMAZE
only 1 percent of the world's surface. As you probably already know
salt water covers 70 percent of the earth's surface. So the number and
(6) ... of fresh water species to marine or saltwater species is all the 6) VARY
more mind-boggling. While they inhabit the smallest amount of
water, they have, in fact, adapted to a much (7) ... range of habitats 7) WIDE
and to a greater variety of water conditions. Let's take a closer look
at the unique adaptations of fish that have allowed them to live so (8) 8) SUCCESS
... in the medium we call water.

Part 4
For questions 1-6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two
and five words, including the word given.

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1) It wasn't Mark that you met in the shop.
HAVE
It _______________________________ Mark that you met in the shop.

2) She was just going to have her breakfast when the phone rang.
ABOUT
She was just___________________________ breakfast when the phone rang.

3) Steve didn't manage to complete his work.

FAILED
Steve ______________________________ his work.

4) How long has she been studying English?

BEGIN
When ___________________ studying English?

5) George wrote his last novel five years ago.

WAS
It ________________________________________George wrote his last novel.

6) Nobody took any notice of his bad behaviour.

ATTENTION
Nobody ___________________________________ his bad behaviour.

Use of English
Part 1
For questions 1- 8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each
gap.

The Story of Gold

The story of gold is an adventure involving kings, queens, pirates, explorers, conquerors, and
the native peoples they conquered. Throughout history, gold has woven a magic spell over
those it touched. Gold is beautiful and rare; a soft shiny metal that can be moulded into many
(1) ... . It has been used for money, jewellery, and to decorate special buildings such (2) ...
palaces and places of worship. (3) ... the precious metal was discovered, prospectors rushed to
mine it, starting new cities and countries as they went. Gold and the people who love it have

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helped shape the world we live (4) ... today. Gold is one of many elements, or substances that
cannot be changed by normal chemical means, that are found in the Earth's crust. Gold has a
warm, sunny colour and (5) ... it does not react (6) ... air, water, and most chemicals, its shine
never fades. In its natural (7) ... , gold is soft and easily shaped. When heated to 1,062 Celsius
it melts and can be poured into moulds to form coins, gold bars, and other objects. Stories have
been told, movies (8) ... and legends born about the discovery of the world's great gold deposits.
It is a saga of dreams, greed, ambition and exploration.

1. A) formats B) outlines C) shapes D) lines

2. A) as B) like C) many D) to
3. A) Whoever B) However C) Forever D) Wherever
4. A) at B) in C) for D) on
5. A) yet B) despite C) because D) so
6. A) with B) in C) of D) at
7. A) estate B) stage C) state D) position
8. A) done B) made C) composed D) built

Part 2
For questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the word which fits each gap. Use only
one word in each gap.

Gutenberg

Before Gutenberg (1394 – 1468), all books had to be copied by hand. The so-called
‘manuscripts’ of medieval times were laboriously hand-written, usually by monks (1) ...
devoted years (2) ... the work. Earlier attempts had been made to produce printing ‘blocks’.
The designs on playing cards (3) ... example were carved from wooden blocks which were
inked and then printed onto cards. There are even examples of whole pages in books being
hand carved and printed. Gutenberg however came up with the idea of printing using, not whole
page blocks, but letter blocks. (4) ... he was a goldsmith (5) ... trade, he knew how to mould
metal into whatever shape was needed. He made thousands of tiny blocks of ‘type’, (6) ... with
a letter raised on it, which could be lined up and clamped into position in a ‘forme’ (page
block). The type could be linked, paper laid on top, and the whole thing compressed by turning
a handle. When released, the paper had the page printed on it. Years of work went into this
invention. Gutenberg (7) ... to make the letters, develop an ink which would cling to metal
(most didn’t), build the forme, and above (8) ... find the money to do all this while not working
as a goldsmith.

Part 3

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For questions 1- 8, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of
the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line.

Luxemburg

The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is a constitutional monarchy

headed by Grand Duke Henri of the House of Nassau. 1) STRONG
Economically, the (1) ... of its banking and (2) ... institutions has 2) FINANCE
attracted more than 200 foreign banks, including the headquarters
of the European Investment Bank. The 480,000 (3) ... have among 3) RESIDE
the highest income levels per capita of any country in the world.
Agriculture is still (4) ... . Around half of the total land area is 4) IMPORT
farmed, though less than 5% of Luxembourgers now live and work
on farms. Despite problems caused by overproduction of
European wines in general, the vineyards are still (5) ... . And the 5) COMPETE
enchanting Luxembourg countryside, (6) ... its northern reaches in 6) PARTICULAR
the Ardennes, is a popular holiday destination for Luxembourgers
and (7) ... from neighbouring countries. Having played a key role 7) VISIT
in establishing the institutions that evolved into the European
Union, Luxembourg today hosts the secretariat of the European
Parliament. In such a small country, with bigger neighbours on its
doorstep, Luxembourgers have a distinctive individuality that
even extends to the (8) ... language, Letzebuergesch, which is 8) NATION
vaguely related to both French and German, yet quite different
from both.

Part 4
For questions 1-6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two
and five words, including the word given.

1) Was it necessary for her to spend so much money on it?

HAVE
Did ________________________________ spend so much money on it?

2) She's driving too fast for me to keep up with her.

ENOUGH
She ______________________________________ for me to keep up with her.

3) Susan and Frank don't like each other.

WELL
Susan and Frank don't ________________________________ with each other.

4) It's possible that he hasn't been informed about his uncle's death.
MIGHT
He _________________________________ informed about his uncle's death.

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5) Mark is very patient, he'll never give up.
TOO
Mark is ___________________________ give up.

6) I'm sorry I didn't go to college.

REGRET
I _____________________________________ to college.

Use of English
Part 1
For questions 1- 8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each
gap.

Part 2
For questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the word which fits each gap. Use only
one word in each gap.

Part 3
For questions 1- 8, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of
the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line.

Part 4

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For questions 1-6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two
and five words, including the word given.

Use of English
Part 1
For questions 1- 8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each
gap.

Part 2
For questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the word which fits each gap. Use only
one word in each gap.

Part 3
For questions 1- 8, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of
the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line.

Part 4
For questions 1-6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two
and five words, including the word given.

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 Use of English
Part 1
For questions 1- 8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each
gap.

Part 2
For questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the word which fits each gap. Use only
one word in each gap.

Part 3
For questions 1- 8, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of
the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line.

Part 4
For questions 1-6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two
and five words, including the word given.

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Part 1
1D 2D 3C 4B 5A 6C 7D 8A
1ALTHOUGH => (CONJUNCTION) expresses the idea of contrast.
ALTHOUGH + SUBJECT + VERB
2AS A RESULT OF => anything that is due to something already done.
AS A RESULT OF + NOUN
3COMMONLY KNOWN => widely known usually or by most people.
4 STEM FROM => to be caused by, to come from (something or someone).
5 HISTORIC => something important or influential in history. (HISTORIC
BUILDING/EVENT/MOMENT/PLACE/SPOT).
HSTORICAL => refers to anything from the past, important or not. (HISTORICAL
NOVEL/EVIDENCE/SOCIETY/CONTEXT).
6 ON OFFER => for sale, often cheaply.
7 MAKE A RESERVATION => when you arrange to have something such as a seat on an
aircraft or a table at a restaurant kept for you.
8 FEW => not many | A FEW => some | used with countable nouns
LITTLE => not much | A LITTLE => some | used with uncountable nouns

Part 2
1MANY => used with plural nouns and verbs, especially in negative sentences and
questions, to mean 'a large number of '.
2WHICH | THAT => used after a noun to show what thing or things you mean.
3SIMILAR TO => almost the same.
4HOWEVER | NEVERTHELESS => used when you are adding a fact or piece of
information that seems surprising, or seems very different from what you have just said.
5HOW => used to ask or talk about the way in which something happens or is done.
6SO => CONJUNCTION
SO =>used to say that someone does something because of the reason just stated.
7TOO + MANY => ADVERB + DETERMINER
TOO => more than is required, desirable or suitable.

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8GAP 8 (FROM) ... helped to prevent too many of these rodents from coming into homes
and eating people's food ... ↑_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _↑
PREVENT + FROM => VERB + PREPOSITION
PREVENT sb FROM (doing) sth => to stop someone doing something or something
happening.

Part 3
GAP 1 (DIFFERENT) ... species of fish inhabiting many different waters. New species of fish
are discovered every year. From ... ↑_ _ _ _
DIFFER => DIFFERENT | VERB => ADJECTIVE
ENT => SUFFIX (IN ADJECTIVES) that is or does something.
(INDEPENDENT/SILENT/EFFICIENT).
GAP 2 (DARKNESS) ... of feet down in total darkness to the beautiful aqua-blue waters of
the coral reefs ... ↑_ _ _ _
DARK => DARKNESS | VERB => NOUN
NESS => SUFFIX (IN NOUNS) state : condition : quality.
(FRESHNESS/FITNESS/SADNESS)
Examples:
1). The sky darken and it started to rain. DARK + EN => VERB
2). His hair was a darkish brown colour. DARK + ISH => ADJECTIVE
3). The house was in total darkness. DARK + NESS => NOUN
GAP 3 (BEHAVIOURS) ... life-forms, styles, and behaviours. The group of aquatic animals
we call fishes has ... ↑_ _ _ _
BEHAVE => BEHAVIOURS | VERB => NOUN
OUR => SUFFIX (IN NOUNS) state, condition, or
activity.(LABOUR/FAVOUR/GLAMOUR)
Examples:
1). The boy was punished for misbehaviour. MIS + BEHAVIOUR => NOUN
2). The headmaster praised the good behaviour of the pupils. BEHAV + IOUR => NOUN
3). There are a lot of children with behavioural difficulties. BEHAV + IORAL => ADJECTIVE
GAP 4 (NUMEROUS) ... years to be the most numerous and diverse of the major vertebrate
groups ... ↑_ _ _ _
NUMBER => NUMEROUS | NOUN => ADJECTIVE
OUS => SUFFIX (IN ADJECTIVES) having the nature or quality of.
(POISONOUS/MARVELLOUS/FABULOUS)
Examples:
1). The files are in numerical order. NUM + ERICAL => ADJECTIVE
2). The girls in the team outnumber the boys. OUT + NUMBER => VERB
3). Her faults are too numerous. NUM + EROUS => ADJECTIVE
GAP 5 (AMAZING) ... water. This is pretty amazing considering that fresh water covers only
1 percent of the ... ↑_ _ _ _
AMAZE => AMAZING | VERB => ADJECTIVE

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ING => SUFFIX (IN ADJECTIVES) used to make the present participle of regular verbs.
(LOVING/SATISFYING/INTERESTING)
Examples:
1). To my amazement she suddenly stood on her head. AMAZE + MENT => NOUN
2). Amazingly, Gina finished medical school in two years. AMAZ + INGLY => ADVERB
3). Glasgow is an amazing city. AMAZ + ING => ADJECTIVE
GAP 6 (VARIETY) ... the number and variety of fresh water species to marine or saltwater
species is ... ↑_ _ _ _
VARY => VARIETY | VERB => NOUN
TY => SUFFIX (IN NOUNS) Latin origin, denoting quality, state.
(UNITY/PLURALITY/EQUALITY)
Examples:
1). Various people have told me about her. VARI + OUS => ADJECTIVE
2). The engine works at a variable speed. VARI + ABLE => ADJECTIVE
3). There's a great variety of experience in this job. VARI + ETY => NOUN
GAP 7 (WIDER) ... adapted to a much wider range of habitats and to a greater variety of
water conditions. ... ↑_ _ _ _
WIDE => WIDER | ADJECTIVE => ADJECTIVE
ER => SUFFIX (IN ADJECTIVES) makes comparative adjectives and adverbs.
(HOTTER/LONGER/STRONGER)
Examples:
1). What is the width of this material? WID + TH => NOUN (INTERNAL CHANGE)
2). The city is going to widen the road. WIDE + N => VERB
3). Steve has travelled widely. WIDE + LY => ADVERB
GAP 8 (SUCESSFULLY) ... allowed them to live so successfully in the medium we call water
... ↑_ _ _ _
SUCCESS => SUCCESSFULLY | NOUN => ADVERB
LY => SUFFIX (IN ADVERBS) in a specified manner. (VIRTUALLY/SADLY/SLOWLY)
Examples:
1). He tried to find her but was unsuccessful. UN + SUCCESSFUL => ADJECTIVE
2). They have successfully finished the project. SUCCESS + FULLY => ADVERB
3). The prince is third in succession to the throne. SUCCESS + ION => NOUN

Part 4
ANSWERS 1: COULDN'T HAVE BEEN | COULD NOT HAVE BEEN | CAN'T HAVE
BEEN
NEGATIVE LOGICAL ASSUMPTION
COULDN'T/CAN'T + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE is used to say that we believe something
was impossible.
Similar Conversions
I'm sure he's not German. => He can't be German. CAN'T + INFINITIVE (PRESENT INFINITIVE)
I'm sure he isn't playing football now. => He can't be playing football now. CAN'T + BE + GERUND
(PRESENT CONTINUOUS INFINITIVE)

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I'm sure he didn't do it. => He couldn't/can't have done it. COULDN'T/CAN"T + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
(PERFECT INFINITIVE)

ANSWERS 2: ABOUT TO HAVE HER

IDIOM
BE + ABOUT TO + INFINITIVE => to be going to do something very soon.
Similar Conversions
I was almost falling asleep when I heard a crash. => I was about to fall asleep when I heard
a crash. BE + ABOUT TO + INFINITIVE
He is about to go mad, I'm afraid. => He is on the point of going mad, I'm afraid. BE + ON THE
POINT OF + GERUND
Our company is on the point of going bankrupt. => Our company is on the verge of going
bankrupt. BE + ON THE VERGE OF + GERUND
ANSWERS 3: FAILED TO COMPLETE
ACHIEVEMENT
FAIL + TO + INFINITIVE => to not succeed in achieving something.
Similar Conversions
Susan managed to beat him at tennis yesterday. => Susan succeeded in beating him at
tennis yesterday. SUCCEED + IN + GERUND
He failed to get into art college. => He didn't manage to get into art college. MANAGE + TO +
INFINITIVE
John didn't manage to write the essay for tomorrow. => John wasn't able to write the essay
for tomorrow. BE + ABLE TO + INFINITIVE
ANSWERS 4: DID SHE BEGIN
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS => PAST SIMPLE
HOW LONG (HAVE YOU) => WHEN (DID YOU)
Similar Conversions
When did you leave university? => How long ago did you leave university? WHEN + PAST SIMPLE
=> HOW LONG AGO + PAST SIMPLE
When did you leave university? => How long is it since you left university? WHEN + PAST SIMPLE
=> HOW LONG IS IT SINCE + PAST SIMPLE
When did you begin playing football? => How long have you been playing football? PAST
SIMPLE => PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

ANSWERS 5: FIVE YEARS AGO WHEN | FIVE YEARS AGO THAT

CLEFT SENTENCE
Cleft sentences are used to help us focus on a particular part of the sentence and to
emphasise what we want to say.
Similar Conversions
Jim took Pam to the theatre last week. => It was Jim who took Pam to the theatre last week.
EMPHASIS ON THE SUBJECT
Jim took Pam to the theatre last week. => It was last week when Jim took Pam to the theatre.
EMPHASIS ON THE ADVERBIAL
Jim took Pam to the theatre last week. => It was Pam that Jim took to the theatre last week.
EMPHASIS ON THE OBJECT

NSWERS 6: PAID ANY ATTENTION TO/PAID ATTENTION TO

IDIOM
Pay attention to => to watch, listen to, or think about someone or something carefully.
Similar Conversions

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Boys, listen carefully to what I'm saying! => Boys, take notice of what I'm saying! TAKE NOTICE
OF (IDIOM)
Boys, listen carefully to what I'm saying! => Boys, pay attention to what I'm saying! PAY
ATTENTION TO (IDIOM)
Boys, listen carefully to what I'm saying! => Boys, concentrate on what I'm saying!
CONCENTRATE ON (VERB + PREPOSITION)

Part 1
GAP 1 (SHAPES) ... metal that can be moulded into many shapes. It has been used for
money, jewellery, and ... ↑_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _↑
MOULD something into a SHAPE => COLLOCATION
SHAPE => (NOUN) the form of the outer edges or surfaces of something.
Other Fixed Phrases and Idioms:
OUT OF SHAPE => in a bad state of health or physical fitness.
IN SHAPE => in a good state of health or physical fitness.
TAKE SHAPE => to develop and become more complete or organized.
GAP 2 (AS) ... jewellery, and to decorate special buildings such as palaces and places of
worship... ↑_ _↑
SUCH AS => FIXED PHRASE
SUCH AS => FOR EXAMPLE, used when giving an example of something.
Common Errors:
She can play many musical instruments like as the guitar, the piano, and the violin. X
She can play many musical instruments such as the guitar, the piano, and the violin. V
GAP 3 (WHEREVER) ... places of worship. Wherever the precious metal was discovered,
prospectors rushed to ... ↑_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _↑
WHEREVER => CONJUNCTION
WHEREVER => in any place, no matter where.
WHEREVER + VERB
Common Errors:
Where ever she is, she will be thinking of you. X
Wherever she is, she will be thinking of you. V WHEREVER is written as one word!
GAP 4 (IN) ... helped shape the world we live in today. Gold is one of many elements, or
substances that cannot ... ↑__↑
LIVE + IN => VERB + PREPOSITION
LIVE IN => if you live in a place, you have your home there.
Common Errors:
This is the world we live on. X
This is the world we live in. V
GAP 5 (BECAUSE) ... a warm, sunny colour and because it does not react with air, water,
and most ... ↑_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _↑

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BECAUSE => CONJUNCTION
BECAUSE => (CONJUNCTION), used when you are giving the reason for something.
BECAUSE + SUBJECT + VERB
Common Errors:
She couldn't go because her illness. X
She couldn't go because she was ill.V
GAP 6 (WITH) ... sunny colour and because it does not react with air, water, and most
chemicals, its shine never fades ... ↑_ _ _↑
REACT + WITH => VERB + PREPOSITION
REACT WITH => If a chemical substance reacts, it changes when it is mixed with another
chemical substance.
Common Errors:
Hydrogen reacts on oxygen to form water. X
Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water.V
GAP 7 (STATE) ... chemicals, its shine never fades. In its natural state , gold is soft and
easily shaped. When heated ... ↑_ _ _↑
NATURAL + STATE => COLLOCATION
NATURAL STATE => a wild primitive state untouched by civilization.
Other Collocations:
NATURAL DEATH, NATURAL DISASTER, NATURAL RESOURCES.
NATURAL HABITAT, NATURAL COLOUR, THE NATURAL WORLD.
GAP 8 (MADE) ... other objects. Stories have been told, movies made and legends born
about the ... ↑_ _ _↑
MAKE + MOVIE => COLLOCATION
MAKE A MOVIE => produce a film.
Common Errors:
They don't do movies like that any more. X
They don't make movies like that any more.V

Part 2
GAP 1 (WHO/THAT) ... hand-written, usually by monks who/that devoted years to the work.
Earlier attempts ... ↑_ _ _ _ _↑
WHO/THAT => RELATIVE PRONOUN
WHO/THAT => used to show which person or people you mean.
Common Errors:
His mother, that was tired out, gave him a snack. X in non-defining clauses THAT cannot replace WHO!
The man that telephoned was a friend of yours. V in defining relative clauses we can use WHO or THAT!
The man who telephoned was a friend of yours. V in defining relative clauses we can use WHO or THAT!
GAP 2 (TO) ... hand-written, usually by monks who devoted years to are now extinct, or no
longer around ... ↑_ _ _ _ _ _↑
DEVOTE + TO => VERB + PREPOSITION
DEVOTE sth TO sth => to give up your time, money etc. to something.
Common Errors:
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He devotes her life for music. X
He devotes her life to music. V
GAP 3 (FOR) ... The designs on playing cards for example were carved from wooden blocks
which were ... ↑_ _ _↑
FOR + EXAMPLE => FIXED PHRASE
FOR EXAMPLE => used to give an example of what you are saying.
Other Fixed Phrases and Idioms:
MAKE AN EXAMPLE OF SOMEBODY => to punish somebody as a warning to others not
to do the same thing.
SET AN EXAMPLE => to behave in a way that shows other people how to behave.
COLLOCATIONS => CLASSIC/TYPICAL/PRIME/GOOD EXAMPLE.
GAP 4 (BECAUSE) ... blocks, but letter blocks. Because he was a goldsmith by trade, he
knew how ... ↑_ _ _ _ _↑
BECAUSE + SUBJECT + VERB
BECAUSE => (CONJUNCTION), used when you are giving the reason for something.
BECAUSE + SUBJECT + VERB
Common Errors:
She couldn't go because her illness. X
She couldn't go because she was ill. V
GAP 5 (BY) ... he was a goldsmith by trade, he knew how to mould metal into whatever shape
was needed. ... ↑_ _↑
BY + TRADE => FIXED PHRASE
BY TRADE => by profession.
Common Errors:
He's an electrician on trade. X
He's an electrician by trade. V
GAP 6 (EACH) ... thousands of tiny blocks of 'type', each with a letter raised on it, which
could be lined up and ... ↑_ _ _ _
EACH => DETERMINER
EACH => every one of two or more things or people, considered separately.
Common Errors:
Each members of the club was given a medal. X
Each member of the club was given a medal. V EACH + SINGULAR NOUN!

GAP 7 (HAD) ... into this invention. Gutenberg had to make the letters, develop an ink which
would cling ... ↑_ _↑
HAD + TO => MODAL VERB
HAD TO => the past participle of 'have to'. If you have to do something, you must do it
because it is necessary or because someone makes you do it.
Common Errors:
She has to get up at 6 o'clock tomorrow. Her train leaves at 7. X
She has to get up at 6 o'clock tomorrow. Her train leaves at 7. V You HAVE TO do sth because of a rule or the
situation!

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GAP 8 (ALL) ... build the forme, and above all find the money to do all this while not working
... ↑_ _ _↑
ABOVE + ALL => IDIOM
ABOVE ALL => most important of all; especially.
Other Fixed Phrases and Idioms:
AT ALL => in any way.
ALL OVER => over the whole of a person, thing; everywhere.
ALL IN ALL => when everything is considered.

Part 3
GAP 1 (STRENGTH) ... Economically, the strength of its banking and financial institutions
has attracted more ... ↑_ _ _ _
STRONG => STRENGTH | ADJECTIVE => NOUN (INTERNAL CHANGE)
INTERNAL CHANGE (IN NOUNS) (WIDE => WIDTH | SEE => SIGHT | CHOOSE =>
CHOICE)
Examples:
1). He did exercises to strengthen his muscles. STRENGTH + EN => VERB
2). Her greatest strength is her sense of humour. STRONG => STRENGTH (INTERNAL CHANGE)
3). Jack was strongly opposed to the idea. STRONG + LY => ADVERB
GAP 2 (FINANCIAL) ... of its banking and financial institutions has attracted more than 200
foreign banks, including ... ↑_ _ _ _
FINANCE => FINANCIAL | NOUN => ADJECTIVE
IAL => SUFFIX (IN ADJECTIVES) typical of. (CELESTIAL/INITIAL/DICTATORIAL)
Examples:
1). She isn't financially dependent on her husband. FINANCIAL + LY => ADJECTIVE
2). Mark is an expert in finance. FINANCE => NOUN
3). It was a great album, but not exactly a financial success. FINANC + IAL => ADJECTIVE
GAP 3 (RESIDENTS) ... Bank. The 480,000 residents have among the highest income levels
per capita of any country in the world ... ↑_ _ _ _
RESIDE => RESIDENT(S) | VERB => NOUN
ENT => SUFFIX (IN NOUNS) the agent that performs an action.
(OPPONENT/PRESIDENT/STUDENT)
Examples:
1). This district is mainly residential. RESIDENT + IAL => ADJECTIVE
2). He is now resident in Holland. RESID + ENT => NOUN
3). She spent two weeks at her winter residence. RESIDE + NCE => NOUN
GAP 4 (IMPORTANT) ... Agriculture is still important. Around half of the total land area is
farmed, though less than ... ↑_ _ _ _
IMPORT => IMPORTANT | VERB => ADJECTIVE
ANT => SUFFIX (IN ADJECTIVES) that is or does something.
(SIGNIFICANT/TOLERANT/IRRELEVANT)
Examples:
1). Catherine has an important job. IMPORT + ANT => ADJECTIVE

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2). This is a matter of great importance. IMPORT + ANCE => NOUN
3). This company is the EU largest importer of agricultural produce. IMPORT + ER => NOUN
GAP 5 (COMPETITIVE) ... vineyards are still competitive And the enchanting Luxembourg
countryside, ... ↑_ _ _ _
COMPETE => COMPETITIVE | VERB => ADJECTIVE
IVE => SUFFIX (IN ADJECTIVES) tending to; having the nature of.
(EXPLOSIVE/ACTIVE/DESCRIPTIVE)
Examples:
1). Most children are competitive. COMPETIT + IVE => ADJECTIVE
2). All 300 competitors finished the race. COMPETIT + ORS => NOUN
3). Have you entered the painting competition. COMPETIT + ION => NOUN
GAP 6 (PARTICULARLY) ... countryside, particularly its northern reaches in the Ardennes,
is a popular holiday ... ↑_ _ _ _
PARTICULAR => PARTICULARLY | ADJECTIVE => ADVERB
LY => SUFFIX (IN ADVERBS) in a specified manner. (VIRTUALLY/SADLY/SLOWLY)
Examples:
1). She was particularly pleased to see her mother. PARTICULAR + LY => ADVERB
2). Tim gave the police all particulars about the accident. PARTICULAR + S => NOUN
3). She should pay particular attention to pronunciation. PARICULAR => ADJECTIVE
GAP 7 (VISITORS) ... Luxembourgers and visitors from neighbouring countries. Having
played a key role in ... ↑_ _ _ _
VISIT => VISITOR(S) | VERB => NOUN
OR => SUFFIX (IN NOUNS) a person or thing that. (CONDUCTOR/REDACTOR/ACTOR)
Examples:
1). We're expecting visitors next month. VISIT + OR => NOUN
2). She would like to visit London someday. VISIT => VERB
3). Our official visiting hours are 11:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. VISIT + ING => ADJECTIVE
GAP 8 (NATIONAL) ... extends to the national language, Letzebuergesch, which is vaguely
related to both French ... ↑_ _ _ _
NATION => NATIONAL | NOUN => ADJECTIVE
AL => SUFFIX (IN ADJECTIVES) connected with.
(MAGICAL//GEOGRAPHICAL/FICTIONAL).
Examples:
1). What nationality are you? I'm Russian. NATION + ALITY => NOUN
2). Many countries have national health service. NATION + AL => ADJECTIVE
3). The railways in Britain were nationalised in 1947. NATION + ALISE(D) => VERB

Part 4

ANSWERS 1: SHE HAVE TO

STRONG OBLIGATION
HAVE TO is used for facts, not for personal feelings.

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Similar Conversions
It's forbidden to park in here. => You mustn't park in here. MUSTN'T + BARE INFINITIVE
Is it necessary for you to write the report for tomorrow? => Do you have to write the report
for tomorrow? HAVE + TO + INFINITIVE
There's no need to go there. => You don't need to go there. NEED + TO + INFINITIVE

ANSWERS 2: IS NOT DRIVING SLOWLY ENOUGH | ISN'T DRIVING SLOWLY

ENOUGH
COMPARISON (DEGREE)
TOO | ENOUGH are used with adjectives and adverbs. Too means more than necessary, and
it precedes the adjective.
Similar Conversions
She is too young to drink alcohol. => She isn't old enough to drink alcohol. TOO + ADJECTIVE =>
NOT + ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH
Tom is more handsome than Mark. => Mark isn't as handsome as Tom. MORE + ADJECTIVE +
THAN => NOT AS + ADJECIVE + AS
I've never seen such a bad film before. => It's the worst film I've ever seen. IT'S + SUPERLATIVE ...
EVER ...

ANSWERS 3: GET ON WELL

PHRASAL VERB
GET ON WELL WITH sb => if people get on, they like each other and have a friendly
relationship with each other.
Similar Conversions
She stopped smoking when her baby was born. => She gave up smoking when her baby was
born. STOP => GIVE UP
I can't bear that noise any longer. => I can't put up with that noise any longer. BEAR => PUT UP
WITH
I know that she's lying but I will learn the truth. => I know that she's lying but I will find out
the truth. LEARN => FIND OUT

ANSWERS 4: MIGHT NOT HAVE BEEN

POSSIBILITY (PAST)
MIGHT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Similar Conversions
Perhaps he will work a lot. => He may work a lot. PRESENT INFINITIVE
Perhaps she will be watching TV. => She might be watching TV. PRESENT CONTINUOUS INFINITIVE
Perhaps Alan was ill yesterday. => Alan may have been ill yesterday. PERFECT INFINITIVE

ANSWERS 5: TOO PATIENT TO | TOO PATIENT TO EVER

COMPARISON (DEGREE)
TOO + ADJECTIVE + TO + VERB
Similar Conversions
She is too young to drink alcohol. => She isn't old enough to drink alcohol. TOO + ADJECTIVE =>

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NOT + ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH
Tom is more handsome than Mark. => Mark isn't as handsome as Tom. MORE + ADJECTIVE +
THAN => NOT AS + ADJECIVE + AS
I've never seen such a bad film before. => It's the worst film I've ever seen. IT'S + SUPERLATIVE ...
EVER ...

ANSWERS 6: REGRET NOT GOING | REGRET NOT HAVING GONE

VERB PATTERN
REGRET + GERUND
Similar Conversions
Would you like to go to the cinema with me? => Do you fancy going to the cinema with me?
WOULD LIKE TO + INFINITIVE => FANCY + GERUND
Could you help me with that suitcase? => Would you mind helping with that suitcase? COULD
+ INFINITIVE => WOULD ... MIND + GERUND
She prefers reading books to watching films. => She prefers to read books rather than watch
films. PREFER + GERUND + TO + GERUND

Part 1

Part 2

Part 3

Part 4

Part 1

Part 2

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Part 3

Part 4

Part 1

Part 2

Part 3

Part 4

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