UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY

TOPIC: ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS BY USING

HVAC SCHEDULING SYSTEMS

SUBMITTED BY:
QASIM RAZA (F2016019018)
SHAHEER ABDULLAH (F2016019109)
SECTION A

SUBMITTED TO:
MA’AM ASFA JAVED
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS BY USING HVAC SCHEDULING SYSTEMS

Contents
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................. 3
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 3
TYPES OF SCHEUDLING .......................................................................................................................... 4
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................. 5
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS BY USING HVAC SCHEDULING SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT

In this article there is a brief discussion on heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) scheduling
techniques for buildings towards energy-efficiency operations. The scheduling techniques are basically
divided into three main categories that are described as the fundamental or basic techniques,
conventional techniques and advanced techniques. The basic scheduling technique involves solely the
manipulation of the ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ states of the HVAC system whereas the conventional scheduling
technique uses pre-cooling or pre-warming techniques to scale back the increase demand with the
employment of many set point temperatures. The characteristics, moreover because the energy and value
saving potentials for every strategy are conferred. The advanced scheduling technique is the improved
version of the basic and also the standard scheduling techniques is found to own the best energy and
value saving potential. The constraints of the scheduling techniques have conjointly been known and
attainable solutions to beat these limitations and improve the scheduling performance. The restrictions
of scheduling techniques have been mentioned briefly with detailed and significant solutions.
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS BY USING HVAC SCHEDULING SYSTEMS

1. INTRODUCTION

Energy conservation measure (ECM) is a process conducted in a very building for the aim of reducing
energy consumption caused by the electrical systems similar to lighting, heating, ventilation and air con
systems. ECM is additionally some way to work out many potential alternatives for reducing energy
consumption and deciding that alternatives should be enforced. Energy conservation should be dodged
sacrificing the comfort of the occupants within the buildings.[1]

There are two basic ways in which of preserving energy exploitation the ECM approach. the primary
technique involves physical alterations or additions to the prevailing system within the building love
complete system replacements or installation of sensors for lighting system, and therefore the second
technique needs solely changes to the operation of the system love scheduled lightings or air conditioning
operating times.[2-3]

Since the utilization of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system accounts for during all the
best proportion of energy use in a building, ECM for HVAC systems may be a well-liked analysis topic
and has attracted several building house owners in their effort to attenuate the buildings' energy
consumption.[1-2-3]

2. TYPES OF HVAC SCHEDULING

HVAC scheduling techniques are divided into three classes;

1. Basic techniques,
2. Conventional techniques
3. Advanced techniques.

The basic scheduling technique involves only the manipulation of the ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ states of the HVAC
system. Meanwhile, in the conventional scheduling technique, the set point temperatures of the HVAC
system are manipulated and this is the most popular technique implemented in buildings. Advance
scheduling is the improved technique that is based on the basic and the conventional scheduling techniques
or the combinations of both.

2.1 Basic HVAC scheduling techniques

The basic HVAC programing technique has been mentioned in nice details wherever four straightforward
techniques of programing the operation of a HVAC system been projected. The four scheduling techniques
mentioned are: interruption, early switch-off, demand reduction and alternate switch-on/off. It’s been
concluded that every of the techniques has the potential to cut back the quantity of voltage consumed by
the HVAC.[3] The consequences of mixing a number of the four techniques have conjointly been
mentioned. Within the building within which the fundamental techniques were tested, the HVAC heating
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS BY USING HVAC SCHEDULING SYSTEMS

set point temperature was fastened at 22 1C throughout the operation amount from 0900 to 2100 h that is
that the traditional occupied hours of the building.

2.1.1Interruption
For a heating, the primary strategy of the fundamental HVAC programing technique is finished by
interrupting the HVAC operation by shift it off for many hours throughout the occupied amount. The HVAC
is switched on from 0900 till 2100 h, however throughout the warmest amount of the day, the HVAC is
turned off for many hours (e.g. 1200 till 1500 h), and so the HVAC are going to be operational once more
till it's transitioned at 2100 h.

Meanwhile, for the air-conditioning system, interruption also can be done throughout identical hours
considering that there'll be less individuals within the building as most square measure out for lunch.
However, the interruption ought to solely be finished just one or 2 hours to avoid the house from turning
into too heat.

2.1.2 Early Switch off (ESO)

The second strategy involves early switch-off of the HVAC system in order to reduce the energy
consumption. This approach needs correct data on the occupants' time of occupation within the building to
confirm that the first turn off technique doesn't cause abundant discomfort to them.

2.1.3 Demand Reduction (DR)

The third strategy is done by pre-heating the space during the off-peak period (from 2000 until 0800 h)
several hours before the space is occupied, for example, from 0600 to 0700 h. This is done to take the
advantage of the lower electrical pricing during the off-peak period and to reduce the HVAC demand.
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS BY USING HVAC SCHEDULING SYSTEMS

2.1.4 Alternate Switch-On/Off (ASOO)

The fourth strategy in the basic HVAC scheduling approach is done by alternately switching on and off the
HVAC system during the operational hours. The HVAC is repeatedly turned on and off, for example, every
30 min or one hour intervals.

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are accountable for providing thermal comfort
and recent air to assembling occupants. This is often no little task, and as a result, HVAC systems consume
a mean of thirty ninth of a facility’s energy use. These systems are usually a number of the largest sources
of energy waste, however additionally give a number of the biggest opportunities for each energy and
monetary savings.
Many enhancements to HVAC energy potency among the “low hanging fruit” and might be achieved at
very little or no price. Larger comes may also acquire themselves quickly. These enhancements create
hanging a balance between comfort and potency simple, and facilitate ensure:

• Worker productivity

• Occupant satisfaction

• Personal health

• Lower operative prices throughout the life cycle of the ability

• Reduced risk exposure to unsteady energy costs

2.2 Conventional HVAC scheduling technique

 ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS BY USING HVAC SCHEDULING SYSTEMS

REFERENCES

[1] Rahman MM, Rasul MG, Khan MMK. Energy conservation measures in an institutional
building in sub-tropical climate in Australia. Applied Energy 2010;87(10):2994–3004.
[2]ASHRAE. 2009. Handbook of Fundamentals, Chapter 19 – Energy Estimating and Modeling
Methods, Atlanta.

[3]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228430356_Energy_performance_assessment_of_H
VAC_systems_by_inspection_and_monitoring

[4]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259972860_A_review_of_different_strategies_for_
HVAC_energy_saving
[5] Sustainable Facilities Tool: HVAC System Overview"

[6] "geothermal heat pumps and power saving". ny-engineers.com. Retrieved 30 Dec 2017.

[7] "Heating and Air Conditioning". www.nuclear-power.net. Retrieved 2018-02-10.

[8] "What Does SEER Stand For?". allclimate.net. Retrieved 2015-09-07.

[9] Keeping cool and green, The Economist 17 July 2010, p. 83

[10] ISO. "Building environment standards". www.iso.org. Retrieved 2011-05-14.

[11] ISO. "Building environment design—Indoor environment—General principles". Retrieved 14 May 2011.

[12] "HVAC Training". HVACTraining.net. Retrieved 2013-07-10.

[13] "Certification basics/101". NATE. Archived from the original on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2013-07-1