Chapter

IV :

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

Internal Loadings
Developed in Structural TDM

Members

Subjects:
Chapter IV: Internal Forces

IV.1 Internal Loadings at a Specified Point. (Ref. P. 133-138)

IV.2 Shear and Moment Functions . (Ref. P. 139-149)

IV.3 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Beam . (Ref. P. 150-162) TDM

IV.4 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Frame . (Ref. P. 163-167)

IV.5 Moment Diagrams Constructed by the Method of Superposition. .

(Ref. P. 168-172)

IV.1 Internal Loadings at a Specified Point

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

 Section Method to define the internal forces:

N: Normal Axis
V: Shear Forces
M: Bending Moment
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 After calculation tehj Forces  Stresses

 Sign Convention: As Show, and based on Right or left section

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IV.1 Internal Loadings at a Specified Point

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

 Procedures: Applying the method of sections to determine the internal
normal force, shear force, and bending moment at a specific location in a
structural member or function of x.

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Support Reactions
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1. Determine the member’s support reactions
2. If the member is part of a pin-connected structure, OR FIXED….

Free-Body Diagram
1. Keep all distributed loadings, couple moments, and forces
2. pass an imaginary section perpendicular to its axis
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3. Draw a free-body diagram
4. At the section indicate the unknown resultants N, V, and M

IV.1 Internal Loadings at a Specified Point

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

Equations of Equilibrium
1. Moments should be summed at the section about axes that pass through
the centroid of the member’s cross-sectional area, in order to eliminate the
unknowns N and V and thereby obtain a direct solution for M.
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2. If the solution of the equilibrium equations yields a quantity having a
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negative magnitude, the assumed directional sense of the quantity is
opposite to that shown on the free-body diagram.

IV.1 Internal Loadings at a Specified Point

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

Example 4.3: The 9-k force in Figure a is supported by the floor panel DE,
which in turn is simply supported at its ends by floor beams. These beams
transmit their loads to the simply supported girder AB. Determine the internal
shear and moment acting at point C in the girder.
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IV.1 Internal Loadings at a Specified Point

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

Example 4.3: Solution

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IV.2 Shear and Moment Functions

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

 M, V function of X values  Equations (Linear, Parabolic, etc…)

 How to select the different location of ( x interval) …. Related to the
applied load system

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 What are the relation between the W, V and M

IV.2 Shear and Moment Functions

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

Example 4.4: Determine the shear and moment in the beam shown in Figure
herein as a function of x.

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IV.2 Shear and Moment Functions

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

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IV.2 Shear and Moment Functions

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

Example 4.5: Determine the shear and moment in the beam shown in Figure
herein as a function of x.

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IV.2 Shear and Moment Functions

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

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IV.2 Shear and Moment Functions

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

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IV.3 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Beam

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

 Relation Between M. V and W:

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IV.3 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Beam

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

 Modified relations should be considered while Concentrated forces and

moments are applied

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 Discontinuity within the diagrams for concentrated forces and moments

Summary:
1. W defines the slope of the V function (W positve upward)
2. V is the primitive of W, M is the primitive of V
3. Variation of V …. Variation of M
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4. Integration of Function ( sign consideration, directions & interval)

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IV.3 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Beam

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

Example 4.10: Draw the shear and moment diagrams for each of the beams
shown herein

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IV.3 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Beam

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

Example 4.12: Draw the shear and moment diagrams for each of the beams
shown herein. Rollers at A & C B & E are pinned

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IV.3 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Beam

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

Example 4.12: Solution

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IV.3 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Beam

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

Example 4.12: Solution

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IV.4 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Frame

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

 Same Procedure but working by elements

 Determine the reaction, and then the FBD
 Section Method to be used with the same concepts: Section perpendicular to
the element axis
 Loads to be presented into two components: parallel and perpendicular to TDM

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the element axis
 For concrete section:
Designers often draw the moment diagram positive on the tension side of
the frame  if the moment produces tension on the outer surface of the
frame, the moment diagram is drawn positive on this side.
Since concrete has a low tensile strength, it will then be possible to tell at a
glance on which side of the frame the reinforcement steel must be placed.
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In this text, however, we will use the opposite sign convention and always
draw the moment diagram positive on the compression side of the member.

IV.4 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Frame

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

Example 4.13: Draw the moment diagram for the tapered frame shown in
figure herein. Assume the support at A is a roller and B is a pin.

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IV.4 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Frame

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

Example 4.13: Solution

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IV.4 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Frame

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

Example 4.14: Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the frame shown in
Figure herein. Assume A is a pin, C is a roller, and B is a fixed joint.
Neglect the thickness of the members

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IV.4 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Frame

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

Example 4.14: Solution

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IV.4 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Frame

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

Example 4.15: Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the frame shown in
Figure herein. Assume A is a pin, C is a roller, and B is a fixed joint.

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IV.4 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Frame

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

Example 4.15: Solution

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IV.4 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Frame

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

Example 4.15: Solution

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IV.5 Moment Diagrams Constructed by the Method of Superposition

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

 NB: Method provided by Hibbeler is to
consider the beam fixed at its end and treat each
load (exterior including the reactions)
individually.

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IV.5 Moment Diagrams Constructed by the Method of Superposition

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

 NB: Other Method mentioned also by Hibbeler

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IV.5 Moment Diagrams Constructed by the Method of Superposition

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

Example 4.16: Draw the moment diagrams for the beam shown at the top of figure
herein. using the method of superposition. Consider the beam to be cantilevered
from the support at B.

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IV.5 Moment Diagrams Constructed by the Method of Superposition

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

Example 4.16: Solution

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IV.5 Moment Diagrams Constructed by the Method of Superposition

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

Example 4.17: Draw the moment diagrams for the beam shown at the top of figure
herein. Using the method of superposition. Consider the beam to be cantilevered
from the pin at A.

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IV.5 Moment Diagrams Constructed by the Method of Superposition

Chapter IV: Internal Forces

Example 4.17: Solution

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